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复习材料

复习材料
复习材料

术语翻译

1. consecutive interpreting 即席翻译

2. fuzzy wording 模糊表达性

3. quality maxim 质准则

4. 一次性陈述one-time presentation

5. 语义场field

6. 临场准备last-minute preparation

7. 推导性重构inferential reconstruction

8. 百科知识 world knowledge 9. hyper-unit 超级单位

10. sight interpreting 视阅翻译

11. 即席翻译 consecutive interpreting

12. 功能单位 functional units

13. 推导性重构 inferential reconstruction

14. advanced preparation 会前准备 15. relevant maxim 关系准则

16. conference simultaneous interpreting 会

议传译

17. ideational scaffolding 心理框架

18. one-time presentation 一次性

19. 耳语传译 whispering interpreting

20. 国际会议口译协会 International Association of Conference 21. 交替翻译 alternating interpreting 22. 方式准则 Relevant Maxim 23. fuzzy wording 模糊表达性 24. simultaneous interpreting 同声传译 25. top-down 自上而下 26. 双语人 27. 视阅翻译 sight interpreting 28 语域 29. common core 英语共核

30. functional units 功能单位 31. inferential elaboration 推导性发挥 32. in-conference preparation 会中准备 33. whispering interpreting 耳语传译 34. 笔记阅读 note-reading 35. 国际译联FIT 36 目标语target language 37. 会议传译 conference simultaneous interpreting 38 量准则 Quality Maxim 39. last-minute preparation 临场准备 40 shorthand outlines 速记符号 句子翻译: 1. 初步核算,全年国内生产总值246619亿元,比上一年增长11.4%,加快0.3个百分点,连续5年增速达到或超过10%。 According to preliminary estimation,the gross domestic product (GDP) for the year was 24,661.9 billion yuan,up by 11.4 percent,or 0.3 percentage point higher than that in the previous year, representing a fifth successive year of over 10 percent growth. 2 从现代市场经济发展的理论和实践角度看,货币政策应该更加透明,更加和社会公众及业界取得共识,也就是更可预期的。 Viewed from the perspective of the theory and practice of modern market economy ?s development,our monetary policy should be more transparent,that is ,it should be more in line with the expectations of the public and of the business community. 3. 我们在确定今年的经济政策时,要防止经济增长由偏快转为过热。这样才能使我们更好地解决经济运行中的一些问题。 In making the economic policy for this year,we want to prevent a fast-growing economy from becoming an over-heated one.Only by so dong will it be possible for us to better address the problems occurring in the economy of this country. 4. 请问周行长,中国现有外汇储备已占世界外汇储备总量的20%,您认为这会给央行带来什么样的挑战。 I have a question for Mr.Zhou.The present foreign exchange reserves of China have accounted for 20 per cent of the world foreign exchange reserves.What kind of challenge do you think it will bring for the central Bank of China? 5周行长,您好, 备受关注的国有商业银行股份制改革已经进行三年,作为国有商业银行改革领导办公室的负责人,您如何评价改革的进展情况? Good morning,Mr.Zhou.The reform of state-owned commercial banks,which has been a focus,has been going on for 3 years.As a director of this reform leading office,what‘s your opinion about the progress of this reform? 6. 我们刚度过了最成功的一年,我们很高兴能够在此时向大家报告绩优配股的消息,不过我们仍在面对不稳定的时期,今天的议程所反映的,是在不久的将来所面临的挑战的严重性。 We‘ve just finished our most successful year and we are happy to be able to report record dividends at this time,but we are facing uncertain times.Our agenda today reflects the serious nature of the challenges in the near future. 7. 改革开放以来,我国的吸收外商投资工作取得了巨大成就,吸收外资额连续15年位居发展中国家首位。 Since the beginning of her Reform and Opening-up,China has made remarkable achievements in attracting foreign investment and has been the top foreign direct investment recipient among developing countries for 15 consecutive years.

8. 我们在认真履行自己的诺言,凡是对台湾同胞有利的事,我们一定要努力去做,而且要把它做好。We are conscientiously honoring what we have said,that is ,we will do everything in our power that is in the interest of our people in Taiwan.And we will try to do it well.

9 从总体来讲,随着中国社会主义市场经济的建立和成熟,货币政策应该更加透明、更加可预期,和社会公众、业界有更好的沟通,这是一个大趋势。

As a whole,with the establishment and maturity of our Chinese Socialist Market Economy,monetary policies should be more transparent ,more expectant,and have a better communication with the social public and business community.It is the mainstream.

10.谢谢媒体对我们金融改革的关注和支持,当然也谢谢媒体一贯对中央银行各项工作的关注和支持。Many thanks to the media community for all the attention to and support for our financial reform,and for your consistent concern and support for the central bank‘s work.

11第三届中国-东盟商务与投资峰会与中国-东盟建立对话关系15周年纪念峰会同期举办,这是中国与东盟关系史上具有重要历史意义的大事。

It is of great significance in the China-ASEAN history that the 3rd China-ASEAN Business&Investment Summit is held in conjunction with the China-ASEAN Commemorative Summit for the 15th anniversary of the establishment of China-ASEAN dialogue partnership.

12 在这里我想借用―同一个世界,同一个梦想‖的奥运理念,祝愿全世界客商以投洽会(CIFIT)为平台,在全球经济一体化进程中实现同发展、共繁荣的梦想。

Here,I want to borrow the Olympic slogan of ―One World,One Dream‖ and wish the business people from around the world the realization of their dreams for common development and common prosperity in the globalization process through the platform of the CIFIT.

13 中国幅员辽阔,自然资源丰富,廉价劳动力充裕,税收低,消费者市场不断增长,基础设施不断改善。此外,中国还有稳定的社会政治环境以及诱人的投资政策。

China is a massive land with abundant natural resources,cheap labor,low taxation,a growing consumer market,and improving infrastructure in addition to a stable social and political environment with attractive investment policies.

14金秋十月,我们在广州迎来了第100届中国出口商品交易会,迎来了来自五湖四海的嘉宾朋友。

In this golden autumn season of October,we welcome in Guangzhou the opening of the 100th Session of China Export Commodities Fair,and our guests and friends from all over the world.

15 此次工商峰会以―创新促进合作‖为主题,立意高远,体现了鲜明的时代特点。科学技术是第一生产力,创新是人类社会发展最重要的动力。

This summit with the theme of Partnership through Innovation is set on a high vision and freshly aligned with the times.Science and technology is the first force of productivity whilst innovation is the most primary source of power for societal development.

16.我们也鼓励中国企业―走出去‖,按照国际通行规则扩大对外直接投资,在研发、生产、销售等方面与外国伙伴联合开展创新经营。

We also encourage Chinese enterprises to go global,expand direct investment overseas according to international practice,and launch innovation-oriented cooperation with foreign partners in research and development ,production and marketing.

17.在今晚的酒宴上,我们请到了一位来宾,他将就人们对新加坡新的港口设备应有何预期,以及该国此举对本地商情会有何影响向我们发表演说。

Tonight at the banquet,we have a guest speaker who will tell us all about what to expect from the new port facilities in Singapore,and how that will affect the business climate here.

18 另外,国家注资也获得了明显收益,实现了国有投资的保值增值,这也给下一步工作打下了基础。What‘s more,the state capital injection also gets obvious benefits and achieves the value insurance and increment of state investment.All this has helped lay a foundation for our further work.

19中国政府十分重视同加拿大双边经贸关系的发展,并且非常赞赏加中贸易理事会为加强我们这两个伟大的国家商业界的联系而做出的努力和起到的桥梁作用。

The Chinese government attaches great importance to the development of bilateral economic and trade relations with Canada serving as a bridge linking the business communities of our two great nations.

20.我们刚度过了最成功的一年,我们很高兴能够在此时向大家报告绩优配股的消息,不过我们仍在面对不稳定的时期,今天的议程所反映的,是在不久的将来所面临的挑战的严重性

We‘ve just finished our most successful year and we are happy to be able to report record dividends at this time,but we are facing uncertain times.Our agenda today reflects the serious nature of the challenges in the near future.

21We Americans admire your accomplishments, your economy, your hard work, creativity and vision, your efforts against hunger and poverty, and your work with us on peace and stability in Korea and South Asia.

美国人民非常敬仰你们的成就、你们的经济、你们的勤劳、创造力和远见、你们为摆脱饥饿和贫穷所付出的努力,以及为了维护朝鲜和南亚的和平与稳定而与我们的合作。

22.The EU is a single and dynamic market of half billion people, using the euro — one of the world‘s two most important currencies.

欧盟现在是一个有活力的单一市场,有5亿人口,所使用的欧元是世界上最为重要的两种货币之一。23.Marketing naturally affects the other activities of the firm, such as finance, accounting, production, and personnel, and is also affected by them.

市场营销很自然地影响到公司的其他行为,如财政、会计、生产和人事等,并且反过来也受这些行为的影响。

24.You see, I do business on a commission basis. A commission on your prices would make it easier for me to promote sales. Even 1 to 2 percent would help.

你知道,我们要靠佣金来做生意。从你们的价格中收取佣金,便于我方推销。即便是只有1%或2%也可以。

25.We would like His Honor to visit the city of Frankfurt at his earliest convenience, so as to give us an opport unity to return the warm reception and hospitality we‘ve enjoyed here.

希望市长先生在其方便的时候访问法兰克福市,以便使我们能有机会来回报我们在这里受到的热情款待。

26.The candidates then go through the client‘s own interview procedure, possibly along with the other candidates that apply directly to the company in response to the advertisement.

接着,候选人有可能和其他看了广告而前去应聘的人一起进入猎头客户自己所安排的面试。

27.Maybe so, but I‘m afraid that in case of damage or pilferage, the insurance company will refuse compensation on the ground of improper packaging, or packaging unsuitable for sea voyage. 可能是吧。不过我担心一旦发生受损或盗窃,保险公司会以包装不当或不合适海运为由而拒绝赔偿。28.This morning, the stock markets in the Asian region all plummeted. And Shanghai Stock Exchange witnessed a 3% decline and Hong Kong 1.7% decline. At the same time, the RMB exchange rate against the US dollar has hit a historical high since 2005.

今天早上亚洲股市下滑,上海跌了3%,香港跌了1.7%,美元兑日元跌到了12年的最低点,人民币兑美元上升到了自2005年的最高点。

29.As to the price of technology, the minimum generally accepted is 5 percent of the sales price of all licensed items made and sold during the term of the agreement, in addition to an initial down payment of USD 100,000.

关于技术的报酬问题,我们除了要10万美元的入门费之外,在协议有效期内,凡生产和销售的许可商品,我们至少还要按净销售价的5%提成。

30.This is an exciting time for the computer industry worldwide, and we are excited to have the opportunity to participate in this workshop. Thank you for the invitation and the warm reception. 对全世界电脑工业界而言,这是令人兴奋的时刻,我们很高兴能有这个机会来参加研讨会,谢谢你们的邀请和热情接待。

31 On behalf of all the members of my mission, I would like to take this opportunity to extend our sincere thanks to our host for their earnest invitation and the gracious hospitality we have received since we set foot on this charming land.

我愿借此机会,代表我们代表团的全体成员,对我们东道主的盛情邀请,对我们一踏上这块充满魅力的土地便受到的友好款待,向东道主表示真诚的感谢。

32.I am delighted to be back in Beijing for the 7th ASEM Summit and to be given this opportunity to address this important school that nurtures your nation‘s leaders of tomorrow.

我很高兴能再次来到北京参加第七届亚欧首脑会议,并且得到在贵院这一培养中国未来领导人的重要学府做演讲的机会。

33 We agree, but the know-how we promise to transfer to the joint venture company is what we are adopting in our production at the moment, and you‘ll pay for it in the form of royalties apart from a certain initial down payment, right?

这我们同意,但我们答应转让给合资企业的专有技术,是指我们正在生产中使用的技术。而且除一笔入门费之外,你们还将以提成方式予以报酬,对吗?

34 What began as a seemingly isolated issue with sub-prime loans in the United States a year ago gradually spread, showing once again that in the world economy of today, markets and investments know no boundaries.

一年前发生在美国的次级贷款这一看似孤立的事件已逐渐蔓延开来。这再次说明市场和投资在今天的世界经济中已超越国界。

35.Now in Europe, the executive search industry is worth 10 billion dollars a year, with a lot of that business being conducted in the UK.

如今在欧洲,经理人才招聘这一行业年产值达100亿美元,其中有相当大一部分是在英国进行的。

36 But we hope very much that Argentina will pull through this period, and I think that the reforms that Argentina has put in place over the years will stand it in good stead for the medium and long term, and I think the growth prospects are good.

但是我们非常希望阿根廷能渡过难关,而且这些年来的经济改革将在中长期内起到良好的作用,我认为阿根廷的经济增长前景是光明的。

37.In addition, even the sum of USD 100,000 hardly covers all the expenses spent on technological information, drawings, personnel training, etc., not to mention the traveling expenses we‘ll have to pay for this job of technology transfer.

况且即使10万美元也不够技术情报、图纸、人员培训等方面所有的开销,更不用说我们为了技术转让必须开支的那些差旅费了。

38.We keep hearing all about the globalization of markets and supply chains and so on but why has global sourcing suddenly become so widespread?

最近总是听到人们在谈起市场、供应链等的全球化问题,为什么全球采购一下子变得这样广泛?

39.I believe both the Chinese and Americans aspire to many of the same things: to provide for our families, to teach our children, to build our communities, to protect our earth, to shape our own futures and pass brighter possibilities on to our children.

我相信中国人民与美国人民在许多方面有着共同的渴望。我们都希望能维持家庭、教育子女、建设家园、保护地球、创造我们自己的未来,并为子孙后代提供更光明的未来。

40.I am delighted to be back in Beijing for the 7th ASEM Summit and to be given this opportunity to address this important school that nurtures your nation‘s leaders of tomorrow.

我很高兴能再次来到北京参加第七届亚欧首脑会议,并且得到在贵院这一培养中国未来领导人的重要学府做演讲的机会。

篇章翻译

1Thank you for the key to your city and for this magnificent welcome. Here in this ancient capital, China seems very young to me tonight, blessed with both a proud history and promise of tomorrow. Xi‘an was perhaps the most open and culturally advanced city in the entire world. From this place, trade routes extended through Asia to Europe and Africa. And to this place great thinkers came, spreading philosophy and new ideas that have contributed to the greatness of Chin

I look forward to seeing the Terracotta Warriors, the old city walls, the Muslim Quarter. I look forward to learning more about China‘s great contributions to the store of human knowledge, from medince and printing to mathemetics and astronomy, discoveries on which so much of the whole world‘s progress is based. And I want to see more of a new nation you are building on a scale even the emperors couldn‘t have foreseen.

The China that gave us printing, now boasts fax machines, computers and cellular phones. Xi‘an is home to filmmakers, Internet explorers, businesspeople of every description. Here in this city, famous for calligraphy, a new chapter in China‘s story is being w ritten. We Americans admire your accomplishments, your economy, your hard work, creativity and vision, your efforts against hunger and poverty, your work with us on peace and stability in Korea and South Asia. A new day is dawning for the Chinese people, f or China‘s greatness lies as always with its people.

谢谢你们交给我西安城门的钥匙,也谢谢你们的盛情欢迎。今晚,在古城西安,中国似乎变得年轻起来,它不仅拥有悠久的历史,也拥有着光明的未来。西安曾经是世界上最开放、文化最先进的城市。从这里开始,贸易路线从亚洲一直延伸到欧洲、非洲。也是在这里,伟大思想家的哲学和新思想流传开来,为中国的强大做出了贡献。

我非常盼望能去参观兵马俑、古城墙、清真寺,也非常盼望着借机多了解中国。从医药、印刷术到数学、天文,中国对人类知识宝库的积累做出了伟大的贡献。你们的发现为全世界的发现奠定了基础。我还想多看看你们在各方面的新面貌,这些是古代的皇帝们想也想不到的。

中国人民过去发明了印刷术,如今又以传真机、电脑、移动电话为傲。西安是电影制片、国际互联网搜索器、商业人士的家乡。这个以书法闻名的城市正在书写着中国历史的新篇章。美国人民非常敬仰你们的成就、你们的经济、你们的勤劳、创造力和远见、你们为摆脱饥饿和贫穷所付出的努力,以及为了维护朝鲜和南亚的和平与稳定而与我们的合作。中国人民就要迎来新的一天了。国家的伟大成就和人民的努力从来都是不可分离的。

2 I'm Steve Brown from the Zeneca Public Affairs Department. I'm here today to tell you a little bit more about the merger between Zeneca and the Swedish pharmaceuticals company Astra. So, first of all, the boards of Astra and Zeneca have announced that there is to be an all-share merger of the two companies. The new company will be called AstraZeneca. I'll begin by going through the rationale for the merger and listing some of its benefits. Then I'll go on to give some details about the new board and talk about the financial effects of the merger. And finally, I'll give a brief summary of the terms, including details about dividends and so on.

The merger is a natural step for both partners as they both share the same science-based culture as well as a common vision concerning the future of the industry. The benefits of this move are many. To begin with, the merged group will have an enhanced ability to create long-term growth and increased value for its shareholders. Furthermore, it'll be able to deliver the full potential of its existing and future products through the joint strength and worldwide presence of its global sales and marketing operations. In fact, based on the joint pharmaceutical sales for last year, the AstraZeneca group will be the third largest pharmaceutical company in the world.

我是来自珍尼卡公共事务部门的斯蒂夫布朗。今天我在这里要向各位通报一下我们珍尼卡公司和瑞典阿斯特拉制药公司合并的有关情况。首先要告诉大家的是,这两家公司的董事会已正式宣布双方将进行全股合并。新公司将命名为阿斯特拉珍尼卡制药有限公司。我首先给大家通报一下合并的初衷并列举一些由此带来的利益。然后我再详细介绍一下新的董事会构成情况以及合并以后对财务方面的影响。最后,我再想

给各位简要说明一些合同条款,包括利润分红等的有关细节。

本次合并对双方而言都是自然的发展步骤,因为双方享有相同的以科技为本的文化,并对本行业发展具有相同的理念。这一举措带来的收益是很大的。首先,合并后的集团公司将实现强强联合,取得长期的增长,给股东创造更大的价值。而且通过联合双方在全球范围内的销售和市场营销运作的强势,可以充分挖掘现有及未来产品的潜力。事实上,从制药两家公司去年的销售总额来看,阿斯特拉珍尼卡集团公司将成为世界上第三大制药公司。

3 There is a fairly standard operating procedure for the delivery of headhunting assignments. It begins with the client giving the head hunter exclusive instructions and a brief to fill a vacancy. Head hunter‘s first task is to target potential companies, then individuals within these companies, either through desk research or strict extensive contact networks. The headhunters then speak to those individuals, who match the specified criteria closely, and are the most appropriate for the job in question.

The headhunter then meets a number of potential candidates, either at their own offices, or at a neutral location. Of course, these meetings have to be arranged and held with the utmost discretion. The headhunter then puts together the curriculum vitae and presents his findings to the client. At this meeting, the client is given a short list of about 8 candidates, and selects 3 or 4 of them for interview. This number gives a good chance of a successful candidate being hired. The candidates then go through the client‘s own interview procedure, possibly along with the other candidates that apply directly to the company in response to the advertisement. Afterwards, the headhunter gives professional advice to both sides and facilitates the offer process to make sure that the whole assignment ends with a successful hire.

猎头搜索有一个完整的流程:从客户给猎头公司独家的指示及所需要填补的职位空缺开始。猎头第一个任务是锁定可能的公司,然后锁定这个公司里的某些职员,这主要通过调查或严格且广泛的关系网。接下来猎头者便与最接近具体要求、最合适空缺职位的个人谈话。

之后,猎头者在他们自己的办公室或双方约定的地点会与一些入选者会面,当然,这些会面必须在最严格保密的安排下进行。然后,猎头者把有关的个人简历资料汇集到一起并向客户报告他的收获。通过这些会面,猎头者会选出八个候选人,挑3到4个进行面试,这样就为成功的应聘者提供了被录用的机会。接着,候选人有可能和其他看了广告而前去应聘的人一起进入猎头客户自己所安排的面试,然后,猎头者会向两边提出他们专业的建议,以保证整个猎头流程的成功以及客户成功地聘用合适的人才。

4 In the area of services and support, HP now provides consulting services in Windows 95, NT and Desktop Exchange. We've created a joint Enterprise Solution Center with Microsoft. And we at HP have created a strong support offering for NT. We're collaborating in the area of high availability. I'll have more to say about that later, when I talk about our PC strategy. In the area of security, Microsoft has endorsed Ver Secure, the cryptography technology developed by HP that the United States government has just approved for export. HP OpenView is the only management platform that is certified for Microsoft BackOffice, and parts of OpenView are being bundled with the next release of Microsoft's Systems Management Server. In the area of messaging, HP is working with Microsoft on interoperability between HP OpenMail — our messaging backbone product —and Microsoft Exchange. And finally, we're working on customer-specific solutions in our Enterprise Solution Center, and we're collaborating on platforms geared to the particular needs of the telecom industry and small businesses. In 1997, HP helped to develop with the long distance service of China Telecom a network management system using HP OpenView which links over 400 switches across China. This key connection between China and the rest of the world is powered by HP 9000 servers and workstations. So... we have a firm commitment to integrating the Unix and NT environments... and lots of development efforts and results to show we're serious.

关于服务和支持,惠普现提供有关Windows95,NT和Desktop Exchange方面的咨询。我们与微软公司共同建立了一个企业解决方案中心。而惠普公司为NT提供强有力的支持。我们在高度可用性方面进行合作。稍后等我谈到PC战略时将对此详加论述。谈到安全问题,微软公司已表示支持惠普公司开发的安全加密技术VerSecure,这一技术最近刚获得美国政府的允许可以出口。HP OpenView 是目前唯一针对Microsoft BackOffice开发的管理平台,Openview的一部分正与微软的系统管理服务器捆绑在一起,拟在近期推出。在消息接发当面,目前惠普正在微软研发HP OpenMail——我们的消息接发主干产品——与Microsoft Exchange之间的互用性。

最后,我们的企业解决方案中心正在研制以客户为主的解决方案,我们的协作侧重电信业和小型企业需要的各类平台。1997年,中国邮电电信总局长途电话网三期网管工程采用HP Openview作为网管平台,对遍布中国的400多台长途交换机加强监测与控制。这一将中国和世界各地连在一起的系统是由HP9000服务器和工作站驱动的。因此,我们承诺可确保UNIX和NT环境的结合,我们的一系列开发努力和成果表明我们是认真的。

5This greater interdependence is not limited to the financial sector. The new challenges of today are global in nature and therefore, they demand a global response. This applies to issues such as climate change, energy security, terrorism prevention, trafficking and organized crime. We can no longer meet these challenges by closing the door and simply looking after our own house.

Instead, we must reach out and seek cooperation, wherever cooperation is more effective. The world is currently witnessing the broadest and deepest wave of globalization ever producing great opportunities but also some risks. Globalisation has helped hundreds of millions from poverty and provided businesses with the possibility to invest and expand abroad. But those same businesses know that they can no longer live on past achievements. Workers around the world fear for their jobs. Globalisation increases competition and exposes weaknesses and poor commercial decisions.

When we speak of globalization, it is important to understand that openness and interdependence are the rules of the game. That is why we are so strongly in favour of a truly multilateral approach. These challenges cannot be solved by protectionism, isolation and economic nationalism. We must continue to strive for open and inclusive societies and for open and modern economies.、

我们之间日益加深的相互依存并不局限于金融领域。今天我们面临的许多新挑战都是全球性的,因此需要全球做出共同应对。这其中包括了气候变化、能源安全、制止恐怖主义、贩卖毒品和有组织犯罪等。我们已经不能以关起门来独善其身的方式应对这些挑战。相反,我们必须伸出双手寻求合作,因为合作能够更有效地解决这些问题。

世界正经历着一波最为广泛和深刻的全球化浪潮,这为我们提供了巨大的机会,但同时也带来了一些风险。全球化已经帮助数以亿计的人们摆脱了贫困,并且给企业提供了进行海外投资和扩张的机会。但那些企业也意识到不能够满足于已取得的成就。世界各地的工人们在为自己的工作担心。全球化使竞争加剧,并且使企业弱点和糟糕的商业决策得以暴露。

提到全球化,我们必须清楚公开和相互依存是其游戏的规则。这也是我们强烈支持多边方式的原因所在。这些挑战不能依靠保护主义、孤立主义和经济民族主义加以解决。我们必须继续争取社会的公开和包容,使经济更加公开和现代化。

6 We have developed cooperation in all fields: from scientific research to education, from energy to the environment, from transportation to tourism, and in many other areas. We have supported China‘s accession to the WTO and have welcomed China‘s increasingly important role in various international organizations. In other words, we have demonstrated through our policies and actions, our interest in and support for your stability, prosperity and success. We will continue to engage in China‘s development, just as we wish for China itself to become more and more engaged in global affairs, in a way that reflects China‘s growing global position.

Our bilateral dialogue on human rights serves the same purpose. In this important year when we celebrate the 60th anniversary of the UN Universal Declaration of Human Rights, it is imperative to redouble our efforts in ensuring that all human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. Human rights are universal; they belong to each and every individual around the world.

I hope you – the people of the great nation of China – will join us in celebrating the 60th anniversary and contribute to the spreading and consolidation of human rights.

从科学研究到教育,从能源到环境,从交通到旅游,以及在许多其他领域,我们都进行了合作。我们支持中国加入世界贸易组织并欢迎中国在许多国际组织内发挥重要作用。换句话说,我们已经通过政策和行动表明了对中国稳定、繁荣和成功的兴趣和支持。我们将继续参与中国的发展,同时我们希望中国能够更多地参与全球事务,这样才能反映出中国日益提升的国际地位。

我们在人权问题上的双边对话具有同样目的。今年是联合国《世界人权宣言》发表60周年的重要年份,我们必须加倍努力,以保障全人类与生俱来的自由和人格平等。人权是普遍的,它属于世界上的每一个人。我希望你们,伟大的中国人民,与我们一起庆祝人权宣言发表60周年并且为推广和加强人权做出贡献。

7 One year after I joined Starbucks, I went on a trip to Italy, a business trip, for Starbucks and while visiting Italy, I became curious, and intrigued with the phenomenon of the Italian coffee bar. For example, there were 1500 coffee bars alone in the city of Milan and what I saw in the coffee bar was not just great coffee but the sense of community and human connection. Starbucks only sold pounds of coffee for home consumption. They never sold one cup of coffee. It was a different business. It was a business created for home use. So I rushed back from Italy with tremendous enthusiasm and excitement and sat down with the founders of the company and said, ―I‘ve seen the future. The future is the Italian coffee bar and what we can create is the sense of community‖. How enthusiastic and excited I was and that‘s that‘s how disappointed and non-interested they were. With the idea they…once again, they turned me down. We have different strategies. He was the owner; I was the employee. He was the boss, and he was in charge and I had to follow that, but the way that I thought about this over a period of almost two years is that I couldn‘t allow this incredible opportunity that I saw in Italy and what I thought was an opportunity to create a different kind of business in America to go by and so I guess you can say for almost about two years, I just continued to be so frustrated and disappointed, and disappointed in myself that I wasn‘t ta king action and that I found myself really unhappy and I had to kind of look myself in the mirror and say, ―Ok, it‘s up to you. You are responsible for what you want to do.‖ And that‘s why I decided to leave.

在我加入公司一年后,星巴克派我去意大利出差。当我在意大利的时候,我对当地的咖啡店非常非常地好奇,并被其所吸引。就光米兰一个城市,就有1500家咖啡店。在这些咖啡店里,我能看到的不仅仅是好的咖啡,更是一种社区的交流以及人们之间互动。当时星巴克只是销售以磅计数的咖啡豆给普通家庭,从

来没有出售过任何咖啡饮品。这是一种为家庭所创建的营运方式,因此在意大利之行后,我带着对咖啡饮品的热情,回到了西雅图,坐下来告诉星巴克的创始人,我已经看到了我们的未来:那就是意大利的咖啡店加上我们为社区所创造的一个交流平台。当时我是充满着热情。可是使我非常失望的是创始人对这个主意并不感兴趣,再一次拒绝了我。我们在策略上有一种不同的意见。他是老板,我是雇员。当然是由他来做决定的,我只能遵命。反复地思考了几乎有两年之后,我认为我绝对不能放弃。在意大利咖啡店所看到的如此好的一个机会,那也让我看到了为美国创造一个完全不同商业模式的契机。你也可以说在这两年当中,我为不能够实现这一梦想而感到非常地失望和烦躁。我是为自己的无能为力而感到失望。我当时非常不开心,只能朝着镜子对自己说:现在就看你的了,完全由你来决定该怎么做。那也就是为什么我当时决定要离开的原因。

8 When you are trying to raise money from a sophisticated investor, you have to create for them

a very bright picture, a vision of what the company is going to look like and ultimately what it is you are trying to accomplish. But you also obviously have to create an economic return. I should tell you this: the first business plan was over a five-year period, I believe that we could open 100 stores. And things were going so badly that I actually rewrote the business plan and crossed out 100 and wrote 75 stores and even then, people said that there was no way that you were going to open 75 stores in five years. It‘s impossible. Well there were 11,000 today. When I walked into the Starbucks store for the first time, I had an emotional experience and that emotional experience was that I could feel and see that this rough diamond was not yet polished, but it had so many assets and so many unique characteristics that if positioned properly, could be something of extraordinary quality and so that gave me the idea and perhaps gave me the confidence. But also I recognized that the Starbuck‘s name, the name itself I believed, was a magic and the people who were working for the company were so passionate about the coffee and the customer. And I believe that, if given the opportunity to grow the business and expend it and I wasn‘t just kidding—I really believe that we could make history.

当你希望从一个具有丰富经验的投资者那里得到投资的时候,你必须为他们展现一个非常美好的前景以及公司的远景,并且以后希望完成的使命是什么。当然同时你也必须要创造一个经济的回报。我来告诉你这个我的第一个商业计划是在5年内计划开100家店,但是事与愿违,我不得不重新做了当年的商业计划,并且花去了100,改成了开75家店。及时这样,人们当时也完全不相信我能够在五年内开75家店。这是一件不可能的事。而如今我们已经开了11000家。

当我第一次走进星巴克店的时候,我心里非常地激动,当时的这种感性的经历让我深深地感受到了,如此一个具有价值和个性的公司,就像一块没有被抛光过的钻石一样。如果定位准确,必定可以成为一个非常有价值的企业。这就给了我一个想法,或者是给了我一种信心。同时我也认为,就星巴克这个名字来说便是一个奇迹。在星巴克工作的所有伙伴们是对咖啡和顾客有如此多的热情。我相信只要找准了一个机会,去发展它的事业,有序地扩大规模。我真的不开玩笑,我的确认为我们可以创造历史。

1第一,大力发展技术贸易。建设创新型国家,中国需要扩大技术引进和再创新。到2010年,中国的高技术产品进出口额要达到8000亿美元。目前,英国对华技术出口远落后于欧盟其他大国。我希望英方能尽快消除其中存在的政策限制和干扰,切实扩大对华技术出口,促进双边贸易的全面、平衡和健康发展。第二,积极开展联合创新。中国正在实施国家中长期科技发展规划,调动一切力量推动科技进步和经济社会发展。我期待英国企业充分利用中国的广阔市场和科技资源,积极来华设立研发中心,同中国企业建立技术合作战略联盟。我们也鼓励中国企业―走出去‖,按照国际通行规则扩大对外直接投资,在研发、生产、销售等方面与外国伙伴联合开展创新经营。

第三,加强能源环保领域合作。中国正在建设节约型和环境友好型社会,对环保产品和新能源的需求越来越大。英国在节能环保领域拥有世界领先的经验和技术,特别是在风能、生物能等可再生能源技术的研究开发上具有明显优势。希望中英两国企业在油气资源勘探开发、节能技术研究、新能源和可再生能源的利用等方面扩大合作。

第四,切实加强知识产权合作。我多次强调:今后世界经济的竞争就是知识产权的竞争。近年来,中国不断加大知识产权保护力度,建立了较为完备的知识产权保护法律体系。中国在保护知识产权方面的态度历来是鲜明的,行动是坚决的。我希望中英双方共同努力,继续加强知识产权方面的合作,为创新发展提供坚实的后盾。

First,robustly developing bilateral trade in technology.To build an innovative country,China needs larger-scale technology import and re-innovation.By 2010,China‘s hi-tech import and export will have reached 800 billion USD.At present,the China-UK technology trade is less than ideally matched with our respective economic strength.I hope that the UK will pursue a more open policy to increase technology export to China and promote comprehensive,balanced and healthy development of bilateral trade.

Second,actively cooperating on innovation.China is implementing her national medium-and long-term scientific and technological development program by mobilizing all players involved in a bid to promote scientific progress and economic and social development.We welcome UK business to fully tap the broad market and scientific and technological resources in China,by setting up research and development centers here and forming technology alliances with local

enterprises.We also encourage Chinese enterprises to go global,expand direct investment overseas according to international practice,and launch innovation-oriented cooperation with foreign partners in research and development,production and marketing.

Third,reinforcing cooperation in energy and environmental protection.China is witnessing an increasing demand for environmentally-sound products and new energy while it endeavors to build a resources-conserving and environmentally-friendly society.The UK boasts leading experience and technology in energy conservation and environmental protection,and enjoys pronounced advantages in the R&D of renewable energy including wind power and bio-energy.We hope that business from both countries can expand cooperation in oil and gas exploitation,research and development of energy-saving technology,and utilization of alternative and renewable energy. Fourth,cementing cooperation in the protection of intellectual property rights.I have expounded repeatedly that the future competition between economies will be the competition in this connection.In recent years,China has built up a relatively complete legal regime on IPRs thanks to the gradually intensified efforts in this regard.China‘s attitude to IPR pr otection is always clear-cut,and its action always resolute.I hope that China and the UK can work together and strengthen IPR cooperation in order to provide a strong assurance for innovation.

2世界上没有放之四海而皆准的发展道路和发展模式,也没有一成不变的发展道路和发展模式,必须适应国内外形势的新变化、顺应人民过上更好生活的新期待,结合自身实际、结合时代条件变化不断探索和完善适合本国情况的发展道路和发展模式,不断增加全社会的生机活力,真正做到与时代发展同步伐、与人民群众共命运。

历史是继续前进的基础,也是开创未来的启示。中国仍然是世界上最大的发展中国家,中国基本实现现代化,实现全体中国人民共同富裕,还有很长的路要走。中国过去30年的快速发展,靠的是改革开放。中国未来的发展,也必须靠改革开放。改革开放是决定当代中国命运的关键抉择,也是13亿中国人民的共同抉择。中国人民将坚定不移地沿着改革开放的伟大道路走下去,继续为全面建设小康社会、进而基本实现现代化而奋斗,继续为人类和平与发展的崇高事业而奋斗。

There is no ready or unchanging path or model of development that suits all countries in the world.We must explore and improve our development path and model in keeping with China‘s national conditions.In doing so,we must adapt to new trends both at home and abroad and meet the people‘s growing expectation for a better life.We must make the Chinese society more vibrant.And we must truly keep up with the trend of the times and share the same destiny with the people.

History provides the basis for making new progress.It is also a source of inspiration guiding our efforts to pursue a better future.China remains the biggest developing country in the world.It still has a long way to go before it can basically achieve modernization and bring about common prosperity for all its people.Reform and opening-up are what have made fast development in China possible in the last 30 years;and they also hold the key to China‘s future development.Reform and opening-up are a crucial choice that has shaped China today,a choice made by the 1.3 billion Chinese people.The Chinese people are dedicated to the great cause of reform and opening-up,and will continue to build a society of initial prosperity in all respects and realize basic modernization in China and contribute further to the noble cause of peace and development of mankind.

3对外开放是中国的基本国策。改革开放28年来,中国经济社会发展取得了举世瞩目的成就。国内生产总值从改革开放初期的2165亿美元,增长到2006年的2.6万亿美元,年均增长9.6%,由世界第15位跃升到第4位;进出口额从206亿美元增长到1.7万亿美元,由第32位升至第3位;累计吸收外商直接投资超过7000亿美元,连续16年居发展中国家之首位;中国企业在海外直接投资超过730亿美元(不含金融领域的投资),2006年当年达到161亿美元,海外投资跃升至世界第13位。

中国经济实现持续快速发展得益于对外开放和积极有效利用外资。利用外资是对外开放基本国策的重要内容。28年来,外商在华累计投资设立了近60万家企业,涉及农业、制造业、服务业等几乎所有领域,成为促进中国经济增长不可或缺的重要因素。2006年,外商投资企业工业增加值、进出口额、引进技术、缴纳税收占全国的比重分别达到29%、59%、51%和21%,直接就业人员超过2800万人,占全国城镇劳动就业人口的10%以上。截至2006年底,来华投资的国家和地区近200个,世界500强企业中480多家在华投资,外商投资设立的研发机构超过850个。28年对外开放的实践证明,积极合理吸收外资促进了中国经济持续快速健康发展,在中国建立和完善社会主义市场经济体制中发挥了重要作用。Opening-up is China‘s basic state policy. Over the past 28 years of reform and opening-up, China has won remarkable achievements in economic and social development,, China‘s GDP has increased from 216.5 billion USD at the outset of the reform and opening-up to 2.6 trillion USD in 2006, with an annual growth rate of 9.6%,raising China‘s global ranking from No.15 to No.4.China‘s imports and exports have gone up from 20.6 billion USD to 1.7 trillion USD, up from No.32 to No.3.China has accumulatively attracted more than 700 billion USD of FDI, ranking No.1 for 16 consecutive years among developing countries. The overseas direct investment (financial sector investment not included)by Chinese enterprises has exceeded 73 billion USD and stood at 16.1 billion USD in the year of 2006 alone, jumping to the 13th place in the world.

China‘s sustained and rapid economic growth is attributed to the opening-up and the effective

utilization of foreign direct investment. Attracting FDI is an important element of the basic state policy of opening-up.28 years of foreign investment has resulted in nearly 600,000 companies in China, covering virtually all sectors such as agriculture, manufacturing and services. They have become an indispensable factor behind China‘s economic growth. In 2006 foreign invested enterprises accounted for 29%, 59%, 51% and21% respectively of China‘s tot al industrial added value, import and export volume, technology transfer, and tax revenue. These enterprises directly employ more than 28 million people, or more than 10% of the total workforce in Chinese cities and towns. By the end of 2006, nearly 200 countries and regions and more than 480 Fortune 500 companies had invested in China. Over 850 R&D facilities had been set up in China with foreign investment. The opening-up in the past 28 years is a testimony that wise and active use of foreign investment has promoted sustained, rapid and sound economic development in China and has played an important role in shaping and improving the socialist market economy.

4改革开放以来,上海和东盟十国的经贸交流与合作取得了长足发展,呈现出以下三个显著特点:一是已经具备了良好的发展基础。中国和东盟互为重要的贸易伙伴关系,我国现为东盟第四大贸易伙伴,东盟为我国第五大贸易伙伴。2005年,上海与东盟十国的贸易额达到220亿美元,比2000年增长了3倍,年平均增长率达到30%以上,今年前8个月贸易额同比增长也在20%以上。二是已经形成了互动的发展局面。双方相互投资规模不断扩大,领域不断拓展,合作向纵深发展。截至2005年底,东盟十国在上海的投资项目累计达到2860个,合同外资额达到64.8亿美元。同时,东盟是上海企业对外工程承包、对外投资的重点地区之一。截至2006年9月,上海企业对东盟十国的投资项目有43个,双方的投资涉及纺织服装、商业零售、食品加工、汽车配件、房地产、国际贸易、农业、矿业等众多领域。三是已经显示出广阔的发展前景。中国与东盟已经确定了农业、人力资源开发、相互投资、湄公河流域开发、交通、能源、文化、旅游和公共卫生等十大重点合作领域。并且在执法、青年交流、非传统安全等20多个领域也开展了广泛合作。当前,中国-东盟自由贸易区的建设进展顺利,7000余种商品已开始全面减税,相信2010年自由贸易区建成后,将使双方的经贸合作进入一个新的发展阶段,为上海拓展与东盟的经贸合作创造更为有利的条件。

Since the start of the reform and opening-up Shanghai‘s business exchanges and cooperation with ASEAN countries has made much headway, showing the following features. Firstly, a good foundation for development has been laid. China and ASEAN countries are important trade partners to each other. China is now the forth largest trading partner of ASEAN while ASEAN is the fifth largest trading partner of China. In 2005, Shanghai‘s trade volume with 10 ASEAN countries totaled US$22 billion, tripling that of 2000, with an annual growth rate of over 30%. The trade volume in the first eight months of this year also showed an increase of over 20% compared to the corresponding period of last year. Secondly, an interactive situation of developments has come into being. The mutual investment has kept growing with an expanding scope and deepening cooperation. By the end of 2005, 10 ASEAN countries‘ investment projects in Shanghai added up to 2,860 with the contractual foreign capital reaching US$6.48 billion. Meanwhile, ASEAN is one of the important regions for Shanghai‘s enterprises to undertake project contracting and overseas investment. By September 2006, Shanghai had 43 investment projects in ASEAN countries. The mutual investment covers the areas of textiles and garments, retail business, food processing, automobile parts real estate, international trade, agriculture, and mining industries. Thirdly, a broad prospect of development has emerged. China and ASEAN have identified ten key areas for cooperation such as agriculture, HR development, mutual investment, development of Mekong Valley, transportation, energy, culture, tourism and public health. We have also carried out extensive cooperation in more than twenty fields including law enforcement, youth exchanges and unconventional security. At present, the construction of China-ASEAN Free Trade Area is going on smoothly with over 7,000 varieties of commodity starting to have an all-round tariff cut. I believe that by 2010 when the Free Trade Area is completed, the bilateral economic and the trade cooperation will enter on a new phase of development, creating even better conditions for Shanghai‘s expansion of its economic and trade cooperation with ASEAN countries.

5广州是广东省省会,广东省政治、经济、科技、教育和文化中心。广州地处广东省东南部,珠江三角洲北缘,濒临南海,毗邻香港和澳门,是华南地区的交通通讯枢纽和贸易口岸,是中国的―南大门‖。广州市辖八区和四个县级市,总面积7434.4平方公里,人口674.14多万人,共设105个街道办事处、76个镇。市区平均每天有流动人口170多万人。

广州是一座具有两千多年悠久历史的文化名城。早在公元前九世纪的周代,这里的―百越‖人和长江中游的楚国人已有来往,特建―楚庭‖,这是广州最早的名称。秦始皇33年(公元前214年),秦统一岭南,岭南地区设立了南海、桂林、象三个郡,郡下面设县,其中南海郡管辖番禺、龙川等四个县。到公元226年,孙权为了便于统治,由原交州分出南海、苍梧四郡,新设置广州。广州又称为―羊城‖,相传古代的广州有五仙人,骑着五只羊,各携带一串谷穗降临此处,赠谷穗给居民,祝福此地五谷丰登、永无饥荒,后仙人飘然而去,留下五羊化为石头。今越秀公园建有以此传说为题材的―五羊石像‖。

Guangzhou is the provincial capital of Guangdong as well as its political, economic, scientific, technological, educational and cultural center. It is located in the southern part of the province, on the northern edge of the Pearl River Delta. It lies between longitude 112 degrees 57 minutes

and 114 degrees 3 minutes east and latitude 22 degrees 26 minutes and 23 degrees 56 minutes north. Bordering on the South China Sea and adjacent to Hong Kong and Macao, it is the communications and telecommunications hub and trading port of South China and is therefore known as the South Gateway to China. Guangzhou governs eight districts and four county-level cities, covering 105 sub-district offices and 76 towns, with a total area of 7,433.4 square kilometers and a population of more than 6.7414 million. The daily flowing population is over 1.7 million.

Guangzhou is a famous cultural city with a history of more than 2,000 years. As early as the Zhou Dynasty in the 9th century BC, there were exchanges between ―Baiyue‖ people at Guangzhou and people of the Chu State. Hence the name of Chu Ting, which was the earliest name of the city. In the thirty-third year of the reign of Qinshihuang, or the First Emperor of the Qin Dynasty(214BC), Qin unified the regions south of the Five Ridges, where the three prefectures of Nanhai, Guilin and Xiang were set up, with counties under their jurisdiction. Nanhai Prefecture, for example, governed four counties including Panyu and Longchuan. In the year 226, Sun Quan, the King of Wu, in order to strengthen his rule, divided Jiaozhou into four prefectures and Guangzhou was thus established. Guangzhou is otherwise called Yangcheng, or the Five-Goat City. Legend has it that long long ago, five celestials, riding five goats with rice ears in their mouths, arrived in Guangzhou. The celestials gave the rice ears to the residents, wishing them good luck with bumper harvests and no famines from them on. The celestials flew away, leaving the five goats, which then turned into stone. In their memory, a special Five-Goat Sculpture was later built in the Yuexiu Park.

6关于政府改革和机构改革,我们已经讲了很多。我今天就你这个问题再讲三个方面的看法。第一,政府及其所有的机构都是属于人民的,遵守宪法及法律是政府工作的根本原则,政府的任务就是保护人的自由、财产和安全。我们所说的公共服务,就是要为人民的根本利益服务,我们要在继续加强经济调节、市场监管的同时,更加重视社会管理和公共服务。第二,要使政府的工作在阳光下运行,这就需要公开、透明。只有政府了解基层和群众的情况,它才能够进步;也只有人民了解政府行为的真实情况,人民才能给政府以有力的支持和合理的批评。我和我在座的同事们都懂得一个道理:只有把人民放在心上,人民才能让你坐在台上。第三,我想讲一个公共财政的问题,这是很少涉及的问题。我们要推进财政体制改革,使公共财政更好地进行结构调整和促进经济发展方式的转变,更好地改善民生和改善生态环境。其实一个国家的财政史是惊心动魄的。如果你读它,会从中看到不仅是经济的发展,而且是社会的结构和公平正义。在这5年,我要下决心推进财政体制改革,让人民的钱更好地为人民谋利益。

I think we have said a lot about the reform of the government institutions. And to address your question, I would like to add three more points.

Firstly, I think the government and all its institutions belong to the people. To abide by the Constitution and other laws is the basic principle that the government should follow in its work. The mission of the government is to protect the freedom, property and safety of the people. Serving the fundamental interests of the people is what we mean by providing public services to the people. While we need to further strengthen economic regulation and market supervision, we will also pay more attention to public administration and public services.

Secondly, the government should do its work in a way that features transparency and openness. Only when the government knows what happens at the community level and what people wants, can this government make progress. And only when people know what the government really does, can they give stronger support and make more constructive criticism against the work of the government. I think all my colleagues sitting at this podium and I myself are perfectly aware of one thing, that is, only when you have the interests of the people at heart, will they support you in the office.

And thirdly, I would like to make a point on public finance, an issue which is rarely talked about. In public finance, we will continue to press forward with the reform of the public finance system so that it can be better used to encourage and facilitate our efforts to readjust the economic structure, transform the economic development pattern, improve the livelihood of the people, and protect and improve the environment. As a matter of fact, it can be quite a stirring experience to read the history of the public finance of a country. If you read the history of this country, you will appreciate not only its economic development but also what is good in its social structure, and the existing equity and justice.

In the next five years, I‘m resolved to advance the public finance system reform, so that people‘s money will be better spent on serving the interests of the people.

7两会期间我一直在上网,广大网民向我提问题、提建议,甚至为我分忧,多达数百万条。参与的恐怕有上亿人。这么多群众以如此高的热情关注―两会‖,特别是关心政府的工作,使我深受感动。他们的意见、批评都是对政府的信任、支持、鼓励和鞭策。我常常一边看网,脑子里就想一段话,就是―民之所忧,我之所思;民之所思,我之所行‖。群众之所以用这么大的精力来上网写问题、提建议,是要政府解决问题的。在这里我不可能一一回答大家的问题,确实在众多问题中,排在第一位的是物价问题。去年下半年以来,物价上涨过快,给群众生活,特别是低收入群体带来很大的困难。如何控制物价过快上涨,抑制通货膨胀,不仅是老百姓关注的问题,也是政府的重要任务。

我们提出了今年CPI确定为4.8%左右的预测目标。说句老实话,实现这一目标是不容易的,特别是今年头两个月我们遇到了历史上罕见的冰雪灾害,这就给控制物价带来更大的压力。我们依然没有改变这个目标,主要出于两点。第一,它表明政府的决心,要把控制物价和抑制通货膨胀作为今年政府工作的首要任务。第二,它稳定老百姓对物价的预期。在物价上涨较快时,物价的预期比物价上涨本身更可怕。我们之所以提出这样的目标,也是有根据的。

During the two sessions of the NPC and the CPPCC, I have also taken some time to surf on the internet and I can see on the Internet that many Internet users have given their comments and left their postings as well as suggestions and some have even tried to share the burden on my shoulders. I can see these postings in the number of millions with the heating rates as high as over 100 million. So many people are interested in the goings-on of the two sessions with so much enthusiasm. They are so much concerned about the work of the government and followed the work of the government with interest. This has greatly touched me. I think all their comments including criticisms are a kind of trust, support, or encouragement given to the government.

And sometimes when I was surfing on the Internet, I was also pondering over the following lines ―What people are concerned about is what preoccupies my mind, and what preoccupies the minds of the people is what I need to address.‖ Our people have spent so much time and energy surfing on the Internet to leave postings and make suggestions on the work of the government because they want their government to solve problems. Of course on this occasion it is impossible for me to address all the questions left on the Internet.

It is true that there are so many problems and I can see that on top of all of these problems, the biggest concern is the price rise. Last year, particularly in the latter half, the prices level rose at an excessively fast rate, which has made the lives of people, particularly those low-income groups, more difficult. And how to control the price rise from growing too fast and how to hold down inflation is not only a concern of the people, but also an important responsibility that the government should take upon itself.

Yes, we did set goal as a predicted one that we need to hold down the CPI for this year to a level of about 4.8%. To be very honest with you, it is not an easy job to attain this goal. This is especially so given the fact that in the first two months of this year, China was hit by the disaster of sleet and snow-storms rarely seen in history. And this has made it even more difficult for us to control the inflation owning to the increased inflationary pressure on us. However, in spite of this, we have no plan to change this predicted goal, mainly out of the following two considerations:

First, we believe that by setting this goal we have shown the resolve of the government to control the price rise and curb inflation. I think this will also be the top priority on the agenda of the government this year.

Second, by so doing, we want to address people‘s concerns for price rises. When prices rise at a rather rapid pace, usually such concern is more fearful than the price rises themselves. And I think we have set this goal because we have well-founded confidence in what we have.

8改革开放以来,我国的吸收外商投资工作取得了巨大成就,吸收外资额连续15年位居发展中国家首位。2007年吸收外资达到747亿美元,呈现平稳增长、结构优化、质量提高的良好态势。可以说,目前外资已成为我国国民经济重要组成部分,成为增加税收、扩大就业以及经济增长的重要力量之一。吸收外资数量经过15年的快速增长期后,今后几年时间内,中国吸收外资将进入全面提升质量的关键时期。外资将逐步成为中国自主创新、产业升级、区域协调发展方面越来越重要的力量。

与此同时,中国对外投资也将处于腾飞的新起点。截至2007年底,我国累计对外投资近千亿美元。2007年,非金融类对外直接投资达187.2亿美元,比2002年的25亿美元增长近7倍。目前,在有着13亿人口的中国,人均GDP已突破2000美元。因此,无论是从国家综合实力而言,还是从企业的现实需求来看,我国对外投资都已经处在一个历史发展的新起点。

因此说,今年的―投洽会‖从内容和形式都要紧贴―引进来‖和―走出去‖的现实需求,同时,紧紧抓住经济全球化和国际产业加快转移的历史性机遇,抓住两岸经贸往来出现的积极因素,办出一届高水平、有特色的―投洽会‖。

Since the beginning of her Reform and Opening-up, China has made remarkable achievements in attracting foreign investment and has been the top foreign direct investment recipient among developing countries for 15 consecutive years. In 2007, China‘s t otal inward investment reached 74.7 billion USD, showing a sound momentum that features steady growth, an optimized structure and better quality. It is fair to say that foreign investment has become a key component of China‘s national economy and one of the major driving forces for taxation, employment and economic growth. With 15 years of rapid growth in its inward foreign investment, China will enter in the few years ahead a crucial period when the quality of such investment will be improved overall. Foreign investment will gradually become a more and more important player in contributing to independent innovation, industrial upgrading and balanced regional development in China.

At the same time, China is at a new starting point in making outward investment. By the end of 2007, the outward investment aggregate almost hit 100 million USD. In 2007, China‘s non-financial outward investment reached 18.72 billion USD, nearly 8 times the amount in 2002,

which was 2.5 billion USD. Now in China, a nation with 1.3 billion people, the per capita GDP is already above 2,000 USD. Therefore, either in terms of the comprehensive national strength or of the actual needs of the business, China is already poised on a new standing point for outward investment.

As a result, the next CIFIT should be able to satify the practical needs of ―inviting in‖ and ―going global‖ in both form and content, grasp the historical opportunities brought about by economic globalization and the accelerated international industrial shift, capitalize on the positive factors in the economic and trade exchanges across the Taiwan Strait, and become a successful fair with distinctive features.

材料成型基础期末复习习题集

材料成型基础习题集 一.解释名词 1.开放式浇注系统:浇口的总截面积大于直浇口的截面积的浇注系统。合金在直浇口中不停 留而直接进入铸型的浇注系统。该浇注系统流动性好,但缺乏挡渣作用。 2.封闭式浇注系统:浇口的总截面积小于直浇口的截面积的浇注系统。直浇口被合金灌满而 使渣漂浮在上部,具有较好的挡渣作用,但影响合金的流动性。 3.顺序凝则:通过合理设置冒口和冷铁,使铸件实现远离冒口的部位先凝固,冒口最后凝固 的凝固方式。 4.同时凝则:通过设置冷铁和补贴使铸件各部分能够在同一时间凝固的凝固方式。 5.孕育处理:在浇注前往铁水中投加少量硅铁、硅钙合金等作孕育剂,使铁水产生大量均匀 分布的晶核,使石墨片及基体组织得到细化。 6.可锻铸铁:是白口铸铁通过石墨化退火,使渗碳体分解而获得团絮状石墨的铸铁。 7.冒口:是在铸型储存供补缩铸件用熔融金属的空腔。 8.熔模铸造:用易熔材料如蜡料制成模样,在模样上包覆若干层耐火涂料,制成型壳,熔出 模样后经高温焙烧,然后进行浇注的铸造方法。 9.离心铸造:使熔融金属浇入绕水平轴、倾斜轴或立轴旋转的铸型,在惯性力的作用下,凝 固成形的铸件轴线与旋转铸型轴线重合的铸造方法。 10.锻造比:即锻造时变形程度的一种表示方法,通常用变形前后的截面比、长度比或高度比 来表示。 11.胎模锻造:是在自由锻设备上使用可移动模具生产模锻件的一种锻造方法。 12.拉深系数:指板料拉深时的变形程度,用m=d/D表示,其中d为拉深后的工件直径,D 为坯料直径。 13.熔合比:熔化焊时,母材加上填充金属一起形成焊缝,母材占焊缝的比例叫熔合比。 14.焊缝成形系数:熔焊时,在单道焊缝横截面上焊缝宽度(B)与焊缝计算厚度(H)的比值 (φ=B/H)。 15.氩弧焊:是以氩气作为保护气体的气体保护电弧焊。 16.电渣焊:是利用电流通过液体熔渣产生的电阻热做为热源,将工件和填充金属熔合成焊缝 的垂直位置的焊接方法。 17.点焊:是利用柱状电极在两块搭接工件接触面之间形成焊点而将工件焊在一起的焊接方 法。 18.冷裂纹敏感系数:依据钢材板厚、焊缝含氢量等重要因素对焊接热影响区淬硬性的影响程 度。 二.判断正误 1、垂直安放的型芯都要有上下型芯头. (√) 2、熔模铸造不需要分型面. (√) 3、型芯烘干的目的主要是为了提高其强度. (√) 4、确定铸件的浇注位置的重要原则是使其重要受力面朝上. (╳) 改正:确定铸件的浇注位置的重要原则是使其重要受力面朝下. 5、钢的碳含量越高,其焊接性能越好. (╳) 改正:钢的碳含量越高,其焊接性能越差. 6、增加焊接结构的刚性,可减少焊接应力. (√)

材料成型工艺基础部分复习题答案

材料成型工艺基础(第三版)部分课后习题答案 第一章 ⑵.合金流动性决定于那些因素?合金流动性不好对铸件品质有何影响? 答:①合金的流动性是指合金本身在液态下的流动能力。决定于合金的化学成分、结晶特性、粘度、凝固温度围、浇注温度、浇注压力、金属型导热能力。 ②合金流动性不好铸件易产生浇不到、冷隔等缺陷,也是引起铸件气孔、夹渣、縮孔缺陷的间接原因。 ⑷.何谓合金的收縮?影响合金收縮的因素有哪些? 答:①合金在浇注、凝固直至冷却至室温的过程中体积和尺寸縮减的现象,称为收縮。 ②影响合金收縮的因素:化学成分、浇注温度、铸件结构和铸型条件。 ⑹.何谓同时凝则和定向凝则? 答:①同时凝则:将浇道开在薄壁处,在远离浇道的厚壁处出放置冷铁,薄壁处因被高温金属液加热而凝固缓慢,厚壁出则因被冷铁激冷而凝固加快,从而达到同时凝固。 ②定向凝则:在铸件可能出现縮孔的厚大部位安放冒口,使铸件远离冒口的部位最先凝固,靠近冒口的部位后凝固,冒口本身最后凝固。 第二章 ⑴.试从石墨的存在和影响分析灰铸铁的力学性能和其他性能特征。 答:石墨在灰铸铁中以片状形式存在,易引起应力集中。石墨数量越多,形态愈粗大、分布愈不均匀,对金属基体的割裂就愈严重。灰铸铁的抗拉强度低、塑性差,但有良好的吸震性、减摩性和低的缺口敏感性,且易于铸造和切削加工。石墨化不充分易产生白口,铸铁硬、脆,难以切削加工;石墨化过分,则形成粗大的石墨,铸铁的力学性能降低。 ⑵.影响铸铁中石墨化过程的主要因素是什么?相同化学成分的铸铁件的力学性能是否相同? 答:①主要因素:化学成分和冷却速度。 ②铸铁件的化学成分相同时铸铁的壁厚不同,其组织和性能也不同。在厚壁处冷却速度较慢,铸件易获得铁素体基体和粗大的石墨片,力学性能较差;而在薄壁处,冷却速度较快,铸件易获得硬而脆的白口组织或麻口组织。 ⑸.什么是孕育铸铁?它与普通灰铸铁有何区别?如何获得孕育铸铁? 答:①经孕育处理后的灰铸铁称为孕育铸铁。 ②孕育铸铁的强度、硬度显著提高,冷却速度对其组织和性能的影响小,因此铸件上厚大截面的性能较均匀;但铸铁塑性、韧性仍然很低。 ③原理:先熔炼出相当于白口或麻口组织的低碳、硅含量的高温铁液,然后向铁液中冲入少量细状或粉末状的孕育剂,孕育剂在铁液中形成大量弥散的石墨结晶核心,使石墨化骤然增强,从而得到细化晶粒珠光体和分布均匀的细片状石墨组织。 ⑻.为什么普通灰铸铁热处理效果没球墨铸铁好?普通灰铸铁常用热处理方法有哪些?目的是什 么? 答:①普通灰铸铁组织中粗大的石墨片对基体的破坏作用不能依靠热处理来消除或改进;而球墨铸铁的热处理可以改善其金属基体,以获得所需的组织和性能,故球墨铸铁性能好。 ②普通灰铸铁常用的热处理方法:时效处理,目的是消除应力,防止加工后变形;软化退火,目的是消除白口、降低硬度、改善切削加工性能。 第三章 ⑴.为什么制造蜡模多采用糊状蜡料加压成形,而较少采用蜡液浇铸成形?为什么脱蜡时水温不应达到沸点? 答:蜡模材料可用石蜡、硬脂酸等配成,在常用的蜡料中,石蜡和硬脂酸各占50%,其熔点为50℃~60℃,高熔点蜡料可加入塑料,制模时,将蜡料熔为糊状,目的除了使温度均匀外,对含填充料的蜡料还有防止沉淀的作用。

《材料力学》学习资料

00习题 要求: 1.将题目转化为Microsoft Word文档; 2.解题过程用Microsoft Word文档,公式用公式编辑器,只交电子文档作业; 3.期末考试前必须作对所有所给题目,否则不能参加期末考试,请于指定时间前交作业。第一题(2010年3月5日前交该题作业)星期五 1.21 Determine the smallest allowable cross-sectional areas of members BD, BE, and CE of the truss shown. The working stresses are 20 000 psi in tension and 12 000 psi in compression. (A reduced stress in compression is specified to reduce the danger of buckling.)

Solution The free-body diagram of homogeneous BC in Fig.(b). The equilibrium equation are 0243616,0=-?=∑Ay F P M , P=24(kips)=24000(lb) The free-body diagram of truss in Fig.(c). The equilibrium equation are 0368)16 648816 6448(316,0=?-+? ++?+?=∑BD Ay E P P M , P BD =-8.944(kips) (Compression) 088, 0=-=∑CE Ay B P P M P CE =24(kips) (Tension ) 016 64436707.0, 0=++ --=∑BD BE Ay y P P P F P BE =-11.32(kN) (Compression) The normal stress of a member CE, DE and DF is )./(1200089442in lb A lb A P BD BD BD BD ≤== σ (Compression) A BD =0.745(in.2) )./(12000113202in lb A lb A P BE BE BE BE ≤== σ (Compression)

材料力学期末考试复习题及答案

二、计算题: 1.梁结构尺寸、受力如图所示,不计梁重,已知q=10kN/m,M=10kN·m,求A、B、C处的约束力。 2.铸铁T梁的载荷及横截面尺寸如图所示,C为截面形心。已知I z=60125000mm4,y C=157.5mm,材料许用压应力[σc]=160MPa,许用拉应力[σt]=40MPa。试求:①画梁的剪力图、弯矩图。②按正应力强度条件校核梁的强度。 3.传动轴如图所示。已知F r=2KN,F t=5KN,M=1KN·m,l=600mm,齿轮直径D=400mm,轴的[σ]=100MPa。试求:①力偶M的大小;②作AB轴各基本变形的力图。③用第三强度理论设计轴AB 的直径d。 4.图示外伸梁由铸铁制成,截面形状如图示。已知I z=4500cm4,y1=7.14cm,y2=12.86cm,材料许用压应力[σc]=120MPa,许用拉应力[σt]=35MPa,a=1m。试求:①画梁的剪力图、弯矩图。②按正应力强度条件确定梁截荷P。 5.如图6所示,钢制直角拐轴,已知铅垂力F1,水平力F2,实心轴AB的直径d,长度l,拐臂的长度a。试求:①作AB轴各基本变形的力图。②计算AB轴危险点的第三强度理论相当应力。

6.图所示结构,载荷P=50KkN,AB杆的直径d=40mm,长度l=1000mm,两端铰支。已知材料E=200GPa,σp=200MPa,σs=235MPa,a=304MPa,b=1.12MPa,稳定安全系数n st=2.0,[σ]=140MPa。试校核AB杆是否安全。 7.铸铁梁如图5,单位为mm,已知I z=10180cm4,材料许用压应力[σc]=160MPa,许用拉应力[σt]=40MPa,试求:①画梁的剪力图、弯矩图。②按正应力强度条件确定梁截荷P。 8.图所示直径d=100mm的圆轴受轴向力F=700kN与力偶M=6kN·m的作用。已知M=200GPa,μ=0.3,[σ]=140MPa。试求:①作图示圆轴表面点的应力状态图。②求圆轴表面点图示方向的正应变。③按第四强度理论校核圆轴强度。 9.图所示结构中,q=20kN/m,柱的截面为圆形d=80mm,材料为Q235钢。已知材料E=200GPa,σp=200MPa,σs=235MPa,a=304MPa,b=1.12MPa,稳定安全系数n st=3.0,[σ]=140MPa。试校核柱BC是否安全。

高分子材料成型工艺学期末考试复习

名词解释: 1.降解:聚合物在成型、贮存或使用过程中,因外界因素如物理的(热、力、光、电、超声波、核辐射等),化学的(氧、水、酸、碱、胺等)及生物的(霉菌、昆虫等)等作用下所发生的聚合度减少的过程。 2.比热容单位质量材料升高1度时所需的热量,单位KJ/Kg.K 3.表观密度指料粒在无外压力下包含空隙时的密度 4.解取向:在热的作用下取向的大分子链趋向紊乱无序的自发过程称为解取向。 5.拉伸取向:大分子链、链段等结构单元在拉伸应力作用下沿受力方向的取向。 6.偶联剂:增强塑料中,能提高树脂和增强材料界面结合力的化学物质. 偶联剂分子是一类多官能团物质,它的一端可与无机物表面的化学基团反应,形成牢固的化学键合,另一端则有亲有机物的性质,可与有机物分子反应或物理缠绕,从而把两种性质不同的材料牢固结合起来。 7.抗静电剂:是一类能够降低塑料表面电阻率,增大漏电速率,使静电不能在塑料表面积累的化合物. 8.注射速率:指注射机单位时间内的最大注射量,是螺杆的横截面积与其前进速度的乘积. 9.挤出胀大:亦称出口膨胀,是指塑料熔体被强迫挤出口模时,挤出物尺寸大于口模尺寸,截面形状也发生变化的现象。 10压延效应:是将接近粘流温度的物料通过一系列相向旋转着的平行辊筒的间隙,使其受到挤压或延展作用,成为具有一定厚度和宽度的薄片状制品。 1.熔点Tm 是指结晶性聚合物中大分子链从有序状态转变到无序粘流态所需要的温度。 2结晶度 不完全结晶的高聚物中晶相所占的质量分数或体积分数。 3.取向 高聚物分子和某些纤维状填料,在成型过程中由于受到剪切流动(剪切应力)或受力拉伸时而沿受力方向作平行排列的现象。 4.等规度 聚合物中等规异构体所占比例称为等规指数,又称等规度。 5固化速率:是热固性塑料成型时特有的也是最重要的工艺性能.它衡量热固性塑料成型时化学反应的速度 等规指数:聚合物中等规异构体所占的比例。 比热容:单位质量材料升高1℃时所需要的热量,单位为KJ/Kg?K。 熔体质量流动速率:在一定的温度和载荷下,熔体每10分钟从标准的测定仪所挤出的物料质量,单位g/10min。 热塑性塑料:加热时可以变软以至熔融流动并可塑制成一定形状,冷却后固化定

《材料成形技术基础》习题集答案

填空题 1.常用毛坯的成形方法有铸造、、粉末冶金、、、非金属材料成形和快速成形. 2.根据成形学的观点,从物质的组织方式上,可把成形方式分为、、 . 1.非金属材料包括、、、三大类. 2.常用毛坯的成形方法有、、粉末冶金、、焊接、非金属材料成形和快速成形作业2 铸造工艺基础 2-1 判断题(正确的画O,错误的画×) 1.浇注温度是影响铸造合金充型能力和铸件质量的重要因素。提高浇注温度有利于获得形状完整、轮廓清晰、薄而复杂的铸件。因此,浇注温度越高越好。(×) 2.合金收缩经历三个阶段。其中,液态收缩和凝固收缩是铸件产生缩孔、缩松的基本原因,而固态收缩是铸件产生内应力、变形和裂纹的主要原因。(O) 3.结晶温度范围的大小对合金结晶过程有重要影响。铸造生产都希望采用结晶温度范围小的合金或共晶成分合金,原因是这些合金的流动性好,且易形成集中缩孔,从而可以通过设置冒口,将缩孔转移到冒口中,得到合格的铸件。(O) 4.为了防止铸件产生裂纹,在零件设计时,力求壁厚均匀;在合金成分上应严格限制钢和铸铁中的硫、磷含量;在工艺上应提高型砂及型芯砂的退让性。(O) 5.铸造合金的充型能力主要取决于合金的流动性、浇注条件和铸型性质。所以当合金的成分和铸件结构一定时;控制合金充型能力的唯一因素是浇注温度。(×) 6.铸造合金在冷却过程中产生的收缩分为液态收缩、凝固收缩和固态收缩。共晶成分合金由于在恒温下凝固,即开始凝固温度等于凝固终止温度,结晶温度范围为零。因此,共晶成分合金不产生凝固收缩,只产生液态收缩和固态收缩,具有很好的铸造性能。(×)7.气孔是气体在铸件内形成的孔洞。气孔不仅降低了铸件的力学性能,而且还降低了铸件的气密性。(O) 8.采用顺序凝固原则,可以防止铸件产生缩孔缺陷,但它也增加了造型的复杂程度,并耗费许多合金液体,同时增大了铸件产生变形、裂纹的倾向。(O) 2-2 选择题 1.为了防止铸件产生浇不足、冷隔等缺陷,可以采用的措施有(D)。 A.减弱铸型的冷却能力; B.增加铸型的直浇口高度; C.提高合金的浇注温度; D.A、B和C; E.A和C。 2.顺序凝固和同时凝固均有各自的优缺点。为保证铸件质量,通常顺序凝固适合于(D),而同时凝固适合于(B)。 A.吸气倾向大的铸造合金; B.产生变形和裂纹倾向大的铸造合金; C.流动性差的铸造合金; D.产生缩孔倾向大的铸造合金。 3.铸造应力过大将导致铸件产生变形或裂纹。消除铸件中残余应力的方法是(D);消除铸件中机械应力的方法是(C)。 A.采用同时凝固原则; B.提高型、芯砂的退让性; C.及时落砂; D.去应力退火。 4.合金的铸造性能主要是指合金的(B)、(C)和(G)。 A.充型能力;B.流动性;C.收缩;D.缩孔倾向;E.铸造应力;F.裂纹;G.偏析;H.气孔。

生活中的材料力学

生活中的材料力学 罗晖淼 摘要:在我们身边的每一个角落都运用到了材料力学的原理。学完材料力学之后,用另一个角度去剖析生活中的材料力学现象,别有一番风味。 关键字:应力集中,动载荷,稳定性 一:应力集中 大家可能都有过类似的体验,那就是有些零食的外包装非常平整美观,可是却 不实用,它们经常因为撕不开而遭到我们的嫌弃。相反,有些小零食的包装袋上会有一排锯齿的形状,而当我们沿着锯齿的凹槽撕的时候,无论这个包装所用的材料多么特殊,都能轻松地撕开一个大口子。这是为什么呢?这其实运用到了圣维南原理。当我们沿着锯齿的凹槽撕的时候,手指所加的力是垂直于包装袋的,因此切应力都集中在了凹槽处,即产生应力集中现象。此时凹槽处的切应力会急剧增大,那么只要手指稍稍用力,就很容易从这个凹槽将包装袋撕开。

这种应用应力集中的现象生活中还有很多。比如掰黄瓜,有时候我们想把黄瓜

掰成两段时,往往会先用指甲在黄瓜中间掐一个小缝,然后双手用力一掰,黄瓜就很容易被掰成两段。同样的,因为在小缝处应力集中,黄瓜上作用的两个力矩使得缝隙处的切应力急剧增大,于是黄瓜中间截面发生脆断。再比如撕布条,如果一块完整的布条要将其撕成两半是很困难的,除非有很大的力把它拉断,而我们一般人是没有那么大的力气的,怎么办呢?通常我们会用剪刀在布条上剪出一个小缺口,然后沿着缺口撕开布条,其原理和食品包装袋是一样的。 既然应力集中给我们的生活带来了这么多的便利,那是不是应力集中越多越好呢?其实并不是,在工程上,基本都需要避免应力集中。像那些大桥,飞机,机床,建筑等大型工业结构,为了保证其坚固耐用寿命长,容易发生应力集中的地方如铆钉连接都需要特别地注意。所以工字钢并不是标准的工字型,在直角处都改造成了弧线形过度,就是为了防止工字钢因应力集中而断裂。 工程上的这些问题可比生活中的小问题严重得多,一个小问题都有可能导致重大的事故。曾经有一起飞行事故:飞机起落架里的一个小零件由于应力集中而发生断裂,卡在那里,导致起落架无法放下。不过还好,凭借飞行员高超的技术最终还是平安降落了。 二:动载荷 这里其实运用到了冲击载荷的知识。自由落体冲击是的动荷因数为:

材料力学期末总复习题及答案要点

材料力学模拟试题 一、填空题(共15分) 1、(5分)一般钢材的弹性模量E=GPa;吕材的弹性模量E=GPa 2、(10分)图示实心圆锥杆受扭转外力偶作用,材料的剪切弹性模量为G,该杆的 η man1、(5(A)各向同性材料;(B)各向异性材料;(C 正确答案是 A 。 2、(5分)边长为d杆(1)是等截面,杆(2荷系数kd和杆内最大动荷应力ζd 论: (A)(kd)1<(kd)2,(ζdmax)1<((B)(kd)1<(kd)2,(ζdmax)1>((C) (kd)1>(kd)2,(ζdmax)1<((D)(kd)1>(kd)2,(ζdmax)1>(正确答案是 A 。 三、计算题(共75分) 1、(25

应力相等, 求:(1)直径比d1/d2; (2)解:AC轴的内力图:M AB (2) =3?10(Nm);M 5 BC 由最大剪应力相等:=ηmax= M n Wn 3 = 300?10 3 πd/16 3 = πd/16 2 ;

d1/d2= 由θ= MnlGI P 3/5=0.8434 ;??∴ θABθBC = 32M an1 4 Gπd1 ? Gπd232M 4 = MM n1n2 ? 2 (? 2d1 )=0.5 4 n2 2、(

3、(15分)有一厚度为6mm的钢板在板面的两个垂直方向受拉,拉应力分别为150Mpa和 5 55Mpa,材料的E=2.1×10Mpa,υ =0.25。求钢板厚度的减小值。 解:钢板厚度的减小值应为横向应变所产生,该板受力后的应力状态为二向应力状态,由广义胡克定律知,其Z向应变为: εz=- ν E (ζx+ζy)=- 0.25 9 则?Z=εZ 2.1?10 ?t=-0.146mm (150+55)?10=-0.0244 6 材料力学各章重点 一、绪论 1.各向同性假设认为,材料沿各个方向具有相同的 A 。 (A)力学性质; (B)外力; (C)变形; (D)位移。 2.均匀性假设认为,材料内部各点的 C 是相同的。(A)应力; (B)应变; (C)位移; (C)力学性质。 3.构件在外力作用下(A)不发生断裂;(B)保持原有平衡状态;

高分子材料成型原理期末复习资料

名称: 2015秋高分子材料成型原理期末复习资料 第一章 一、选择题 1、( B )属于化学合成高分子。 a、甲壳素 b、聚乳酸 c、淀粉 d、细菌纤维素 2、( D )属于高性能纤维。 a、粘胶纤维 b、聚酯纤维 c、聚丙烯腈纤维 d、碳纤维 3、( D )属于功能纤维。 a、粘胶纤维 b、聚酯纤维 c、聚丙烯腈纤维 d、导电纤维 第二章 一、选择题 1、“溶解度参数相近原则”适用于估计( B )的互溶性。 A、非极性高聚物与极性溶剂 B、非极性高聚物与非极性溶剂 C、极性高聚物与极性溶剂 D、极性高聚物与非极性溶剂 2.纤维素黄酸酯-氢氧化钠水溶液体系的平衡相图具有( C )特征,( )温度有利于纤维素黄酸酯溶解度的提高。 a、下临界混溶温度升高 b、上临界混溶温度升高 c、下临界混溶温度降低 d、上临界混溶温度降低 二、简答题 1、简述聚合物熔融的主要方法。 2、简述聚合物在螺杆挤压机中熔融的能量来源。 答:(1)装在机筒外壁的加热器,使能量在机筒沿螺槽深度方向自上而下传导。 (2)随着螺杆的转动,筒壁上的熔膜被强制刮下来移走,而使熔融层受到剪切作用,使部分机械能转变为热能。 3、简述选择聚合物溶剂的基本原则。 答:聚合物溶剂的选择原则: (1)聚合物与溶剂的极性相近 规律相似相溶:聚合物与溶剂的极性越接近,越容易互溶。 (2)溶度参数理论 对于非极性聚合物尽可能找到聚合物溶度参数δ相近的非极性溶剂对于极性较高或者易形成氢键的聚合物或者溶剂,只有当聚合物与溶剂的δd、δp、δh分别接近时才能很好地混溶。 (3)高分子-溶剂相互作用参数(哈金斯参数)…Χ1 Χ1越小,溶剂的溶解能力越大,一般Χ1<0、5为良溶剂。 4、聚氯乙烯的溶解度参数δ值与氯仿与四氢呋喃接近,但为什么四氢呋喃能很好地溶解聚氯乙烯而氯仿不能与聚氯乙烯混溶? 第三章 一、选择题 1.在聚合物物理改性的混合过程中,其混合机理不包括( B )作用。 a、剪切 b、弯曲 c、拉伸 d、分流、合并与置换 二、简答题 1、简述混合过程的三种基本运动形式及其聚合物加工中的作用。 2.根据Brodkey混合理论,聚合物共混体系与聚合物—添加剂体系涉及的混合机理有何差别? 3、简述分散混合过程中发生的作用。

材料成型技术基础试题

《材料成形技术基础》考试样题答题页 (本卷共10页) 四、综合题(20分) 1、绘制图5的铸造工艺图(6分) 修 2、绘制图6的自由锻件图,并按顺序选择自由锻基本工序。(6分) 自由锻基本工序: 3、请修改图7--图10的焊接结构,并写出修改原因。 图7手弧焊钢板焊接结构(2分)图8手弧焊不同厚度钢板结构(2分) 修改原因:修改原因:

图9钢管与圆钢的电阻对焊(2分)图10管子的钎焊(2分) 修改原因:修改原因: 《材料成形技术基础》考试样题 (本卷共10页) 注:答案一律写在答题页中规定位置上,写在其它处无效。 一、判断题(16分,每空0.5分。正确的画“O”,错误的画“×”) 1.过热度相同时,结晶温度范围大的合金比结晶温度范围小的合金流动性好。这是因为在结晶时,结晶温度范围大的合金中,尚未结晶的液态合金还有一定的流动能力。 2.采用顺序凝固原则,可以防止铸件产生缩孔缺陷,但它也增加了造型的复杂程度,并耗费许多合金液体,同时增大了铸件产生变形、裂纹的倾向。 3.HT100、HT150、HT200均为普通灰口铸铁,随着牌号的提高,C、Si含量增多,以减少片状石墨的数量,增加珠光体的数量。 4.缩孔和缩松都是铸件的缺陷,在生产中消除缩孔要比消除缩松容易。 5.铸件铸造后产生弯曲变形,其原因是铸件的壁厚不均匀,铸件在整个收缩过程中,铸件各部分冷却速度不一致,收缩不一致,形成较大的热应力所至。 6.影响铸件凝固方式的主要因素是合金的化学成分和铸件的冷却速度。 7.制定铸造工艺图时,铸件的重要表面应朝下或侧立,同时加工余量应大于其它表面。8.铸造应力包括热应力和机械应力,铸造应力使铸件厚壁或心部受拉应力,薄壁或表层受压应力。铸件壁厚差越大,铸造应力也越大。 9.型芯头是型芯的一个组成部分。它不仅能使型芯定位,排气,同时还能形成铸件的内腔。10.为了防止铸钢件产生裂纹,设计零件的结构时,尽量使壁厚均匀;在合金的化学成分上要严格限制硫和磷的含量。 11.用压力铸造方法可以生产复杂的薄壁铸件,同时铸件质量也很好。要进一步提高铸件的机械性能,可以通过热处理的方法解决。 12.铸件大平面在浇注时应朝下放置,这样可以保证大平面的质量,防止夹砂等缺陷。13.自由锻的工序分为辅助工序、基本工序和修整工序,实际生产中,最常用的自由锻基本工序是镦粗、拔长、冲孔和轧制等。 14.制定铸造工艺图时,选择浇注位置的主要目的是保证铸件的质量,而选择分型面的主要目的是简化造型工艺。 15.把低碳钢加热到1200℃时进行锻造,冷却后锻件内部晶粒将沿变形最大的方向被拉长并产生碎晶。如将该锻件进行再结晶退火,便可获得细晶组织。

本材料力学复习资料全

填空 1. 杆件的基本变形形式一般有 、剪切、 、弯曲四种,而应变只有线应变、 两种。 2.梁段上,只有弯矩没有剪力的弯曲形式称为 弯曲。 3.将圆轴的直径增大一倍,则圆轴的强度提高 倍 4.矩形截面梁截面宽b 高h ,弯曲时横截面上最大正应力 max σ出现在最大弯矩截面的 各点,=m ax σ 。 5.低碳钢试件受拉时,沿 方向出现滑移线;铸铁试件受拉时,沿 方向断裂。 6. 第三强度理论即 理论,其相当应力表达式为 。 7. 杆件的基本变形形式一般有拉压、 、扭转、 四种,而应变只有 、切应变两种。 8. 梁段上,既有弯矩又有剪力的弯曲形式称为 。 9. 将圆轴的直径增大一倍,则圆轴的刚度提高 倍。 10. 单元体中 的截面称为主平面,其上的正应力称为 。 11. 如下图所示的悬臂梁,长度m kN q m l /2,5==满跨均分布荷载,则A 端右邻截面上 弯矩是 ,要减小梁自由端的挠度,一般采取减小 的方法; 12. 工程上将延伸率≥δ 的材料称为塑性材料。 13. 所谓 ,是指材料件抵抗破坏的能材;所谓 ,是指构件抵抗变形的能力。 14. 圆截面梁,若直径d 增大一倍(其它条件不变),则梁的最大正应力降至原来的 。 15. 圆形截面的抗扭截面系数W p = 。 16. 矩形截面梁弯曲时横截面上最大切应力max τ出现在最大剪力截面的 各点,如果截面 面积为F S 截面面积为A ,则=τmax 。 17. 如图所示,1—1截面上的轴力为 ,2-2截面上的轴力为 。 18. 若要求校核工字形截面钢梁腹板与冀缘交接处一点的强度,则应该用 强度理论,其强度条件(用该点横截面上的正应力σ和剪应力τ来表示)表达式是 。 19.如下图示的圆截面杆受扭时,在其表面上一点处沿与杆轴成-45°角的斜面上将出现最大 的 应力,而在其横、纵截面上将出现最大的 应力。 20. 矩形截面梁在横力弯曲的情况下,横截面上的剪应力是沿截面高度按 规律变化的,在中性轴处的剪应力值等于 。 21. 低碳钢圆截面试件受扭时,沿 截面破坏;铸铁圆截面试件受扭时,沿 面破坏。 22. 轴向受力杆如图所示,1-1截面上的轴力为 。 23. 对图示梁进行剪应力强度计算时,最大剪力为 。

材料力学期末考试复习题及答案#(精选.)

材料力学期末考试复习题及答案 配高等教育出版社第五版 一、填空题: 1.受力后几何形状和尺寸均保持不变的物体称为刚体。 2.构件抵抗破坏的能力称为强度。 3.圆轴扭转时,横截面上各点的切应力与其到圆心的距离成正比。 4.梁上作用着均布载荷,该段梁上的弯矩图为二次抛物线。 5.偏心压缩为轴向压缩与弯曲的组合变形。 6.柔索的约束反力沿柔索轴线离开物体。 7.构件保持原有平衡状态的能力称为稳定性。 8.力对轴之矩在力与轴相交或平行情况下为零。 9.梁的中性层与横截面的交线称为中性轴。 10.图所示点的应力状态,其最大切应力是 100Mpa 。 11.物体在外力作用下产生两种效应分别是变形效应运动效应。 12.外力解除后可消失的变形,称为弹性变形。 13.力偶对任意点之矩都相等。 14.阶梯杆受力如图所示,设AB和BC段的横截面面积分别为2A和A,弹性模量为E,则杆中最大正应力 为 5F/2A 。 15.梁上作用集中力处,其剪力图在该位置有突变。 16.光滑接触面约束的约束力沿接触面的公法线指向物体。 17.外力解除后不能消失的变形,称为塑性变形。 18.平面任意力系平衡方程的三矩式,只有满足三个矩心不共线的条件时,才能成为力系 平衡的充要条件。 19.图所示,梁最大拉应力的位置在 C 点处。

20.图所示点的应力状态,已知材料的许用正应力[σ],其第三强度理论的强度条件是 2τ《=【σ】 。 21.物体相对于地球处于静止或匀速直线运动状态,称为平衡。 22.在截面突变的位置存在应力集中现象。 23.梁上作用集中力偶位置处,其弯矩图在该位置有突变。 24.图所示点的应力状态,已知材料的许用正应力[σ],其第三强度理论的强度条件是。 25.临界应力的欧拉公式只适用于细长杆。 26.只受两个力作用而处于平衡状态的构件,称为而力构件。 27.作用力与反作用力的关系是。 28.平面任意力系向一点简化的结果的三种情形是力,力偶,平衡。 29.阶梯杆受力如图所示,设AB和BC段的横截面面积分别为2A和A,弹性模量为E,则截面C的位移为 7Fa/2EA 。 30.若一段梁上作用着均布载荷,则这段梁上的剪力图为斜直线。 二、计算题: 1.梁结构尺寸、受力如图所示,不计梁重,已知q=10kN/m,M=10kN·m,求A、B、C处的约束力。 2.铸铁T梁的载荷及横截面尺寸如图所示,C为截面形心。已知I z=60125000mm4,y C=157.5mm,材料许用压应力[σc]=160MPa,许用拉应力[σt]=40MPa。试求:①画梁的剪力图、弯矩图。②按正应力强度条件校核梁的强度。

材料成型期末复习题

《材料成型基础》复习题 成型—利用局部变形使坯料或半成品改变形状的工序 一、金属液态成型 1. 何谓铸造**?铸造有哪些特点?试从铸造的特点分析说明铸造是生产毛坯的主要方法? 答:熔炼金属,制造铸型,并将熔融金属浇入铸型,凝固后获得一定形状和性能铸件的成形方法,称为铸造1)可以生产出形状复杂,特别是具有复杂内腔的零件毛坯,如各种箱体、床身、机架等。 2)铸造生产的适应性广,工艺灵活性大。工业上常用的金属材料均可用来进行铸造,铸件的重量可由几克到几百吨,壁厚可由0.5mm到1m左右。 3)铸造用原材料大都来源广泛,价格低廉,并可直接利用废机件,故铸件成本较低。 缺点1)铸造组织疏松、晶粒粗大,内部易产生缩孔、缩松、气孔等缺陷,因此,铸件的力学性能,特别是冲击韧度低于同种材料的锻件。2)铸件质量不够稳定。 2. 何谓合金的铸造性能**?它可以用哪些性能指标来衡量**?铸造性能不好,会引起哪些缺陷? 铸造性能——合金易于液态成型而获得优质铸件的能力。 合金的铸造性能包括金属的流动性、凝固温度范围和凝固特性、收缩性、吸气性等。 3. 什么是合金的流动性**?影响合金流动性的因素有哪些?(P2) 流动性流动性是指熔融金属的流动能力;合金流动性的好坏,通常以“螺旋形流动性试样”的长度来衡量 流动性的影响因素1)合金的种类及化学成分{1、越接近共晶成分,流动性就越好。2、选用结晶温度范围窄的合金,以便获得足够的流动性。}2)铸型的特点3)浇注条件 4. 从Fe-Fe3C相图分析,什么样的合金成分具有较好的流动性**?为什么? 越接近共晶合金流动性越好。 凝固温度范围越窄,则枝状晶越不发达,对金属流动的阻力越小,金属的流动性就越强 5. 试比较灰铸铁、碳钢和铝合金的铸造性能特点。 6. 铸件的凝固方式依照什么来划分?哪些合金倾向于逐层凝固? 1. 合金的凝固方式(1)逐层凝固方式(图1-5a)合金在凝固过程中其断面上固相和液相由一条界线清楚地分开,这种凝固方式称为逐层凝固。常见合金如灰铸铁、低碳钢、工业纯铜、工业纯铝、共晶铝硅合金及某些黄铜都属于逐层凝固的合金。 2)糊状凝固方式(图1-5c)合金在凝固过程中先呈糊状而后凝固,这种凝固方式称为糊状凝固。球墨铸铁、高碳钢、锡青铜和某些黄铜等都是糊状凝固的合金。 (3)中间凝固方式(图1-5b)大多数合金的凝固介于逐层凝固和糊状凝固之间,称为中间凝固方式。中碳钢、高锰钢、白口铸铁等具有中间凝固方式。 7. 缩孔和缩松是怎样形成的?可采用什么措施防止? 形成缩孔和缩松的主要原因都是液态收缩和凝固收缩所致;防止措施:a)采用定向凝固的原则b)合理确定铸件的浇注位置、内浇道位置及浇注工艺c)合理应用冒口、冷铁和补贴 8. 合金收缩由哪三个阶段组成**?各会产生哪些缺陷?影响因素有哪些?如何防止? 1.液态收缩金属在液态时由于温度降低而发生的体积收缩。 2. 凝固收缩熔融金属在凝固阶段的体积收缩。液态收缩和凝固收缩是铸件产生缩孔和缩松的基本原因。 3. 固态收缩金属在固态时由于温度降低而发生的体积收缩。固态收缩对铸件的形状和尺寸精度影响很大,是铸造应力、变形和裂纹等缺陷产生的基本原因。 二)影响收缩的因素1. 化学成分不同成分的合金其收缩率一般也不相同。在常用铸造合金中铸钢的收缩最大,灰铸铁最小。 2. 浇注温度合金浇注温度越高,过热度越大,液体收缩越大。 3. 铸件结构与铸型条件铸件冷却收缩时,因其形状、尺寸的不同,各部分的冷却速度不同,导致收缩不一致,且互相阻碍,又加之铸型和型芯对铸件收缩的阻力,故铸件的实际收缩率总是小于其自由收缩率。这种阻力越大,铸件的实际收缩率就越小。 缩孔、缩松的防止措施 9. 何谓同时凝固原则和定向(顺序)凝固原则**?对图1所示阶梯型铸件设计浇注系统和冒口及冷铁,使其实现定向凝固。

西南交通大学 材料成型技术基础复习纲要

第一篇 金属铸造成形工艺 一.掌握铸造定义与实质及其合金的铸造性能。 A铸造:将熔融金属浇入铸型型腔, 经冷却凝固后获得所需铸件的方法。 B铸造实质:液态成形。 C合金:两种或两种以上的金属元素、或金属与非金属元素(碳)熔和在一起,所构成具有金属特性的物质。 D合金的铸造性能:是指合金在铸造过程中获得尺寸精确、结构完整的铸件的能力,流动性和收缩性是合金的主要铸造工艺特性。 二.掌握合金的充型能力及影响合金充型能力的因素。 A合金的充型能力:液态合金充满铸型,获得轮廓清晰、形状准确的铸件的能力。 B影响合金充型能力的因素: (1)铸型填充条件 a. 铸型材料; b. 铸型温度; c. 铸型中的气体 (2)浇注条件 a. 浇注温度(T) T 越高(有界限),充型能力越好。 b. 充型压力 流动方向上所受压力越大, 充型能力越好。 (3)铸件结构

结构越复杂,充型越困难。 三.掌握合金收缩经历的三个阶段及其铸造缺陷的产生。 A合金的收缩:合金从浇注、凝固、冷却到室温,体积 和尺寸缩小的现象。 B合金收缩的三个阶段: (1)液态收缩 合金从 T浇注→ T凝固开始 间的收缩。 (2)凝固收缩 合金从 T凝固开始→T凝固终止 间的收缩。 液态收缩和凝固收缩是形成铸件缩孔和缩松缺陷的基本原因。 (3)固态收缩(易产生铸造应力、变形、裂纹等。) 合金从 T凝固终止→T室 间的收缩。 四.了解形成铸造缺陷(缩孔,缩松)的主要原因及其防止措施。 A产生缩孔和缩松的主要原因:液态收缩 和 凝固收缩 导致。 B缩孔形成原因:收缩得不到及时补充; 缩松形成原因:糊状凝固,被树枝晶体分隔区域难以实现补缩。 C缩孔与缩松的预防: (1)定向凝固,控制铸件的凝固顺序; (2)合理确定铸件的浇注工艺 五.掌握铸件产生变形和裂纹的根本原因。 铸件产生变形和裂纹的根本原因:铸造内应力(残余内应力) 六.掌握预防热应力的基本途径。 预防热应力的基本途径:缩小铸件各部分的温差,使其均匀冷却。借助于冷铁使铸件实现同时凝固。

本材料力学复习资料全

填空 1.杆件的基本变形形式一般有 _、剪切、_______ 、弯曲四种,而应变只有线应变、_______ 两种。 2.梁段上,只有弯矩没有剪力的弯曲形式称为_______ 弯曲。 3?将圆轴的直径增大一倍,则圆轴的强度提高_________ 倍 4.矩形截面梁截面宽b高h,弯曲时横截面上最大正应力max出现在最大弯矩截面的各 点,m ax ______________ 。 5?低碳钢试件受拉时,沿________ 方向出现滑移线;铸铁试件受拉时,沿 _______ 方向断裂。 6.第三强度理论即_________ 理论,其相当应力表达式为 ________ 。 7.杆件的基本变形形式一般有拉压、______ 、扭转、____ 四种,而应变只有____ 、切应变两种。 8.梁段上,既有弯矩又有剪力的弯曲形式称为_______ 。 9.将圆轴的直径增大一倍,则圆轴的刚度提高_______ 倍。 10.单元体中_____ 的截面称为主平面,其上的正应力称为_________ 。 11.如下图所示的悬臂梁,长度| 5m,满跨均分布荷载q 2kN/m ,则A端右邻截面上 弯矩是______ ,要减小梁自由端的挠度,一般采取减小______ 的方法; 12.工程上将延伸率____________ 的材料称为塑性材料。 13.所谓______ ,是指材料件抵抗破坏的能材;所谓__________ ,是指构件抵抗变形的能力。 14.圆截面梁,若直径d增大一倍(其它条件不变),则梁的最大正应力降至原来的_。 15.圆形截面的抗扭截面系数VP= _________ 。 16.矩形截面梁弯曲时横截面上最大切应力max出现在最大剪力截面的______ 各点,如果截面 面积为F s截面面积为A,则max ________________ 。 17.______________________________________ 如图所示,1 —1截面上的轴力为,2-2截面上的轴力为 18.若要求校核工字形截面钢梁腹板与冀缘交接处一点的强度,则应该用____________ 强度理 论,其强度条件(用该点横截面上的正应力b和剪应力T来表示)表达式是__________ 。19.如下图示的圆截面杆受扭时,在其表面上一点处沿与杆轴成-45 °角的斜面上将出现最大 的_______ 应力,而在其横、纵截面上将出现最大的_________ 应力。 20.矩形截面梁在横力弯曲的情况下,横截面上的剪应力是沿截面高度按_______ 规律变化的,在中性轴处的剪应力值等于 _。 21.低碳钢圆截面试件受扭时,沿 _截面破坏;铸铁圆截面试件受扭时,沿_面破坏。 22.轴向受力杆如图所示,1 —1截面上的轴力为_______ 。

(完整版)材料力学期末复习试题库(你值得看看)

第一章 一、选择题 1、均匀性假设认为.材料内部各点的是相同的。 A:应力 B:应变 C:位移 D:力学性质 2、各向同性认为.材料沿各个方向具有相同的。 A:力学性质 B:外力 C:变形 D:位移 3、在下列四种材料中. 不可以应用各向同性假设。 A:铸钢 B:玻璃 C:松木 D:铸铁 4、根据小变形条件.可以认为: A:构件不变形 B:构件不破坏 C:构件仅发生弹性变形 D:构件的变形远小于原始尺寸 5、外力包括: A:集中力和均布力 B:静载荷和动载荷 C:所有作用在物体外部的力 D:载荷与支反力 6、在下列说法中.正确的是。 A:内力随外力的增大而增大; B:内力与外力无关; C:内力的单位是N或KN; D:内力沿杆轴是不变的; 7、静定杆件的内力与其所在的截面的有关。 A:形状;B:大小;C:材料;D:位置 8、在任意截面的任意点处.正应力σ与切应力τ的夹角α=。 A:α=90O; B:α=45O; C:α=0O;D:α为任意角。 9、图示中的杆件在力偶M的作用下.BC段上。 A:有变形、无位移; B:有位移、无变形; C:既有位移、又有变形;D:既无变形、也无位移; 10、用截面法求内力时.是对建立平衡方程而求解的。 A:截面左段 B:截面右段 C:左段或右段 D:整个杆件 11、构件的强度是指.刚度是指.稳定性是指。 A:在外力作用下抵抗变形的能力; B:在外力作用下保持其原有平衡态的能力; C:在外力的作用下构件抵抗破坏的能力; 答案:1、D 2、A 3、C 4、D 5、D 6、A 7、D 8、A 9、B 10、C 11、C、B、A 二、填空 1、在材料力学中.对变形固体作了 . . 三个基本假设.并且是在 . 范围内研究的。 答案:均匀、连续、各向同性;线弹性、小变形 2、材料力学课程主要研究内容是:。 答案:构件的强度、刚度、稳定性;

材料成型技术基础知识点总结

第一章铸造 1.铸造:将液态金属在重力或外力作用下充填到型腔中,待其凝固冷却后,获得所需形状和尺寸的毛坯或零件的方法。 2.充型:溶化合金填充铸型的过程。 3.充型能力:液态合金充满型腔,形成轮廓清晰、形状和尺寸符合要求的优质铸件的能力。 4.充型能力的影响因素: 金属液本身的流动能力(合金流动性) 浇注条件:浇注温度、充型压力 铸型条件:铸型蓄热能力、铸型温度、铸型中的气体、铸件结构 流动性是熔融金属的流动能力,是液态金属固有的属性。 5.影响合金流动性的因素: (1)合金种类:与合金的熔点、导热率、合金液的粘度等物理性能有关。 (2)化学成份:纯金属和共晶成分的合金流动性最好; (3)杂质与含气量:杂质增加粘度,流动性下降;含气量少,流动性好。 6.金属的凝固方式: ①逐层凝固方式 ②体积凝固方式或称“糊状凝固方式”。 ③中间凝固方式 7.收缩:液态合金在凝固和冷却过程中,体积和尺寸减小的现象称为合金的收缩。 收缩能使铸件产生缩孔、缩松、裂纹、变形和内应力等缺陷。 8.合金的收缩可分为三个阶段:液态收缩、凝固收缩和固态收缩。 液态收缩和凝固收缩,通常以体积收缩率表示。液态收缩和凝固收缩是铸件产生缩孔、缩松缺陷的基本原因。 合金的固态收缩,通常用线收缩率来表示。固态收缩是铸件产生内应力、裂纹和变形等缺陷的主要原因。 9.影响收缩的因素 (1)化学成分:碳素钢随含碳量增加,凝固收缩增加,而固态收缩略减。 (2)浇注温度:浇注温度愈高,过热度愈大,合金的液态收缩增加。 (3)铸件结构:铸型中的铸件冷却时,因形状和尺寸不同,各部分的冷却速度不同,结果对铸件收缩产生阻碍。 (4)铸型和型芯对铸件的收缩也产生机械阻力 10.缩孔及缩松:铸件凝固结束后常常在某些部位出现孔洞,按照孔洞的大小和分布可分为缩孔和缩松。大而集中的孔洞称为缩孔,细小而分散的孔洞称为缩松。 缩孔的形成:主要出现在金属在恒温或很窄温度范围内结晶,铸件壁呈逐层凝固方式的条件下。 缩松的形成:主要出现在呈糊状凝固方式的合金中或断面较大的铸件壁中,是被树枝状晶体分隔开的液体区难以得到补缩所致。 合金的液态收缩和凝固收缩越大,浇注温度越高,铸件的壁越厚,缩孔的容积就越大。 缩松大多分布在铸件中心轴线处、热节处、冒口根部、内浇口附近或缩孔下方。

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