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语用学Summary汇总期末考

语用学Summary汇总期末考
语用学Summary汇总期末考

Summary

1,Language meaning can be analysed at several levels. 可以在几个层面分析语言意义。

2,Semantics concentrates on the meaning that comes from linguistic knowledge,while pragmantics on those aspects of meaning that cannot be predicted by linguistic knowledge alone and takes into account our

knowledge about the physical and social world.语义学集中于语言知识带来的意义,而语义学的那些方面的语用学不能仅靠语言知识来预测,并且考虑到我们对物理和社会世界的认识。

3,The focus of pragmatics analysis is on the meaning of speakers’ utterances rather than on the meaning of words or sentences.语用分析的重点是说话者的话语的意义,而不是单词或句子的意义。

4,Utterances need not consist of complete sentence. Each utterance is a unique physical event created at a particular point in time for a particular communicative purpose.话语不必由完整的句子组成。每个话语都是在特定时间点为特定交际目的而创建的唯一物理事件。

5,All sentences have a number of entailments-----other sentences which are automatically true if the original sentence is true.所有句子都有许多蕴涵-其他句子如果原句是真的则自动为真。

6,Entailments are inferences推断that can be drawn solely from our knowledge about the semantic relationships in a language.蕴涵是可以仅从我们关于语言中的语义关系的知识中得出的推论。

7,This knowledge allows us to communicate much more than we actually ‘say’.这种知识使我们能够比实际“说”更多地进行交流。

8,We have described presuppositions as inferences about what is assumed in an utterance rather than directly asserted声称. 我们已经将预设描述为对话语中所假设的内容的推断,而不是直接断言。

9,Presuppositions are closely linked to the words and grammatical structures that are actually used in the utterance and our knowledge about the way language users conventionally interpret them. 预设与话语中实际使用的单词和语法结构以及我们对语言使用者通常解释它们的方式的知识密切相关。

10,Presuppositions c an be drawn even when there is little or no surrounding context.即使在周围环境很少或没有环境的情况下,也可以绘制预设。

11,Unlike presuppositions and entailments, implicatures are inferences that cannot be made from isolated utterances .They are dependent on the context of the utterance and shared knowledge between t he speaker and the hearer.与预设和蕴涵不同,暗示是不能从孤立的话语中得出的。它们取决于说话者的背景和说话者与听者之间的共享知识。

12,Grice has proposed a way of analysing implicatures based on the co-operative principle and its maxims of relevance,quality,quantity and clarity.格莱斯提出了一种基于合作原则及其相关性,质量,数量和清晰度的格言来分析含义的方法。

13,Grice’s analsis, the speaker’s flouting of a maxim combined with the hearer’s assumption that the speaker has not really abandoned the co-operative principle leads to an implicature. 在格莱斯的分析中,说话者蔑视格言与听众的假设,即说话人并没有真正放弃合作原则导致了一个含义。

14,,We have distinguished two types of conversational implicatures: generalized and particularized.

15,Generalized implicatures can be drawn with very little ‘inside’ knowledge.If you heard a tape recording of the conversation but knew nothing about the participants or the physical characteristics of the context,you could still deaw this implicatures.They are closely connected to the degree of informativeness that we normally expect a speaker[s utterance to provide. 广义含义可以用很少的“内部”知识绘制。如果你听到了对话的磁带录音,但对参与者或上下文的物理特征一无所知,你仍然可以解释这个含义。它们与学位密切相关我们通常期望发言者提供的信息量。

16., Scalar implicatures are a special type of generalized implicature where the inference is made by regerence to

a scale of values, one of which has been chosen by the speaker.The speaker's choice implicates 'not the higher values'.标量含义是一种特殊类型的广义含义,其中推理是通过对一个值的尺度进行推断,其中一个是由说话者选择的。说话者的选择暗示“不是更高的价值”。

17,, Particularized implicatures require not only general knowledge but also knowledge which is particular or "local' to the speaker and the hearer, and often to the physical context of the utterance as well. 特殊化的含义不仅需要一般知识,还需要对说话者和听者特别或“本地”的知识,并且通常也需要对话语的物理背景。18,5,Both generalized and particularized implicatures differ from presuppositions in that they sound much less contradictory when they are cancelled by the speaker. 广义和特殊的含义都不同于预设,因为当他们被说话者取消时,他们听起来更不那么矛盾。

19,Utterances can be analysed as speech acts, a framework originally proposed by J.L. Austin. 话语可以作为言语行为来分析,这是J.L.奥斯汀最初提出的框架。

20,Speech acts can be analysed on three levels:the locution (the words the speaker uses); the illocution, or illocutionary force (what the speaker is doing by using those words); the perlocution (the effect of those words on the hearer). 言语行为可以在三个层面进行分析:语言(说话者使用的词语); 言语或言外之力(说话者用这些话做的事); perlocution(这些话对听众的影响)。

21,Austin proposed that utterances can be classified as performative or constative. Performatives like I apologize simultaneously state and perform the illocution. Constatives can also used to perform an illocution but, unlike performatives, they do not explicitly name th intended illocutionary act. 奥斯汀提出,话语可以归类为执行或循环。像我这样的表演者同时道歉和执行言语。宪法也可以用来执行言语,但与表演不同,他们并没有明确地指出预期的言外行为。

22,Speech acts can be grouped into general categories which are based on the relationship between 'the words' and the world' and on who is responsible for bringing about the relationship. 言语行为可以分为一般类别,这些类别基于“词语”和“世界”之间的关系以及谁负责实现这种关系。

23,Speech acts can also be classified as direct or indirect. In a direct speech act there is a direct relationship between its linguistic structure and the work it is doing. In indirect speech acts the speech act is performed indirectly through the performance of another speech act. 言语行为也可以分为直接或间接。在直接言语行为中,其语言结构与其正在进行的工作之间存在直接关系。在间接言语行为中,言语行为是通过执行另一种言语行为间接进行的。

24,Felicity conditions are sets of necessary conditions for as illocution to 'count'. 恰当条件是作为"计数" 的重复性的必要条件集。

25,,The true illocutionary forc e of an indirect speech act can be inferred from the fact that o ne or more of the felicity conditions of the 'surface' speech act have been obviously violated, while at the same time one or more of the felicit conditions for the indirect speech act have been mentioned or questioned. 间接言语行为的真正言外之意可以从“表面”言语行为的一个或多个幸福条件明显受到侵犯这一事实推断出来,同时间接言论中的一个或多个条件是间接的。言语行为已被提及或质疑。

26,Leech analysed politeness by the use of maxims. The tact maxim: minimize cost to other; maximize benefit to other helps distinguish requests from offers and infiuences the way we structure directives. The approbationi maxim: minimize dispraise of other; maximize praise of other infuences the way we structure representatives.Leech通过使用格言来分析礼貌。巧妙的格言: 最大限度地降低他人的成本;最大限度地受益于其他有助于区分请求与报价和不确定我们构建指令的方式。赞颂格言: 尽量减少对他人的诋毁;最大限度地赞扬其他淹没的方式, 我们的组织代表。

27,Leech observed that the higher the cost for the heare r in a directive, or the greater the potential for dispraising the hearer in a representative, the more likely it is for the speaker to be indirect. However, the social distance between the speaker and hearer can also influence the degree of directness used. Leech观察到, 指令

中听者的成本越高, 或者在代表中对听者不屑一顾的可能性越大, 说话者间接的可能性就越大。然而, 说话者和听者之间的社会距离也会影响使用的直接程度。

28,Brown and Levinson analyse politeness as showing awareness of the need to preserve face (public self-image). 布朗和莱文森分析礼貌, 认为表现出了对保持面子的必要性(公众自我形象) 的认识。

29,Positive politeness orients to preserving a person's selfimage as an accepted, valued and liked member of a socia group. Negative politeness orients to a p erson's self-image as an free individual who should not be imposed upon. 积极的礼貌倾向于保持一个人作为一个被接受的、有价值的和受欢迎的社会团体成员的自我形象。消极的礼貌倾向于一个人作为一个自由的人的自我形象, 不应该强加给他。

30,The context of the discourse and our knowledge of the world help us t o resolve potential ambiguity and vagueness in utterances, and to fill in missing information. 对话的背景和我们对世界的了解有助于我们解决世界上潜在的模棱两可和含糊不清的问题。

31,In order to make sense of a series of utterances, we have to draw implicatures about the way the utterances are relevant to each other. Again, we are helped to draw these implicatures by world knowledge and the discourse context. 为了使一系列的话语有意义,我们必须对这些话语彼此相关的方式进行暗示。我们再次得到了世界知识和论述的帮助。

32,The language itself can help set up a context which c onstrains our thinking, as we saw in the dihydrogen monoxide example. This is sometimes called 'atmosphere effect'.语言本身可以帮助建立一个限制我们思维的上下文,就像我们在二氢一氧化二氢的例子中看到的那样。这有时被称为“大气效应”。

33,Context can play a powerful role in the interpretation of metaphors and similes.语境在隐喻和比喻的解释中起着重要的作用。

1,Language meaning can be analysed at several levels.

2,Semantics concentrates on the meaning that comes from linguistic knowledge,while pragmantics on those aspects of meaning that cannot be predicted by linguistic knowledge alone and takes into account our knowledge about the physical and social world.

3,The focus of pragmatics analysis is on the meaning of speakers’utterances rather than on the meaning of words or sentences.

4,Utterances need not consist of complete sentence. Each utterance is a unique physical event created at a particular point in time for a particular communicative purpose.。

5,All sentences have a number of entailments-----other sentences which are automatically true if the original sentence is true.

6,Entailments are inferences that can be drawn solely from our knowledge about the semantic relationships in a language.

7,This knowledge allows us to communicate much more than we actually ‘say’.

8,We have described presuppositions as inferences about what is assumed in an utterance rather than directly asserted。

9,Presuppositions are closely linked to the words and grammatical structures that are actually used in the utterance and our knowledge about the way language users conventionally interpret them.

10,Presuppositions can be drawn even when there is little or no surrounding context.

11,Unlike presuppositions and entailments, implicatures are inferences that cannot be made from isolated utterances .They are dependent on the context of the utterance and shared knowledge between the speaker and the hearer.

12,Grice has proposed a way of analysing implicatures based on the co-operative principle and its maxims of relevance,quality,quantity and clarity.

13,Grice’s analsis, the speaker’s flouting of a maxim combined with the hearer’s assumption that the speaker

has not really abandoned the co-operative principle leads to an implicature

14,,We have distinguished two types of conversational implicatures: generalized and particularized.

15,Generalized implicatures can be drawn with very little ‘inside’knowledge.If you heard a tape recording of the conversation but knew nothing about the participants or the physical characteristics of the context,you could still deaw this implicatures.They are closely connected to the degree of informativeness that we normally expect a speaker[s utterance to provide.

16., Scalar implicatures are a special type of generalized implicature where the inference is made by regerence to

a scale of values, one of which has been chosen by the speaker.The speaker's choice implicates 'not the higher values'.

17,, Particularized implicatures require not only general knowledge but also knowledge which is particular or "local' to the speaker and the hearer, and often to the physical context of the utterance as well.

18,5,Both generalized and particularized implicatures differ from presuppositions in that they sound much less contradictory when they are cancelled by the speaker.

19,Utterances can be analysed as speech acts, a framework originally proposed by J.L. Austin.

20,Speech acts can be analysed on three levels: the locution (the words the speaker uses); the illocution, or illocutionary force (what the speaker is doing by using those words); the perlocution (the effect of those words on the hearer).

21,Austin proposed that utterances can be classified as performative or constative. Performatives like I apologize simultaneously state and perform the illocution. Constatives can also used to perform an illocution but, unlike performatives, they do not explicitly name th intended illocutionary act.

22,Speech acts can be grouped into general categories which are based on the relationship between 'the words' and the world' and on who is responsible for bringing about the relationship.

23,Speech acts can also be classified as direct or indirect. In a direct speech act there is a direct relationship between its linguistic structure and the work it is doing. In indirect speech acts the speech act is performed indirectly through the performance of another speech act.

24,Felicity conditions are sets of necessary conditions for as illocution to 'count'.

25,,The true illocutionary force of an indirect speech act can be inferred from the fact that one or more of the felicity conditions of the 'surface' speech act have been obviously violated, while at the same time one or more of the felicit conditions for the indirect speech act have been mentioned or questioned.

26,Leech analysed politeness by the use of maxims. The tact maxim: minimize cost to other; maximize benefit to other helps distinguish requests from offers and infiuences the way we structure directives. The approbationi maxim: minimize dispraise of other; maximize praise of other infuences the way we structure representatives.

语用学重点

1、什么是语用学 答:语用学,即语言实用学,是研究语言运用及其规律的科学。它研究在特定的情境中的特定话语,特别是研究在不同的语言交际环境下如何理解语言和语言运用。包括话语的交际过程、话语的交际原则、制约话语交际的各种因素、怎样准确而又得体地进行表达、怎样对话语进行准确的理解以及语体和风格等一系列内容。 2、语用学的三大要素 答:话语实体、语用主体、语言环境三大要素。核心要素、内部要素——话语实体(内容)——客体;外部要素——语用主体(人)和语言环境;话语的意义和内容是语用研究的核心。 3、言语行为(直接/间接)P12 答:(1)言语行为理论由英国哲学家奥斯汀提出来的。在他的《论言语行为》一书中,提出了三种言语行为。①言内行为:通过话语字面意义来达到某种思想的发话行为。②言外行为:除字面意义外,还伴随着说话人强烈的心理意向,如承诺、请求、指令、宣告、威胁等等。这些主观意图可由行事动词在话语表层显露。③言后行为:说话人欲通过话语取得某种效果 例如:周朴园:窗户谁叫打开的(曹禺《雷雨》) 从言内行为看——表示询问;从言外行为看——暗含“把窗户关上”的意思;从言后行为看——鲁侍萍听出了他的意思,“很自然地走到窗户前,关上窗户。” (2)美国语用学家塞尔对奥斯汀的理论做了新的发展。他区分了直接言语行为和间接言语行为。 P15 ①直接言语行为:有行事动词出现的、一目了然的行为。 ②间接言语行为则包含下面的多种情况:语言表层没有明确表示心理意向的行事动词的言语行为;通过一种言语行为来间接地执行另外一种言语行为;一段具体的话语可以表示多种不同的言语行为。换言之,某一个言语行为可以有多种不同含义。 4、话语P25 答:话语是语用的基本单位,能表达说话人想要表达的意思,具有完整的交际功能的语言片段。 5、语用原则(合作/礼貌)P16 答:目前讨论较多的语用原则为:合作原则和礼貌原则 (一)合作的原则——美国哲学家、语用学家格赖斯1967年提出,简称CP原则(cooperation principle)。 (1)质的原则。要求说话人的话是真实的,有根据的,不能自相矛盾或虚假。这是“说什么”的问题。 (2)量的原则。要求说话人提供给听者的信息量既足够又不超出。这是“说多少”的问题。(3)关系原则。要求所说的话要紧扣话题,同交际意图密切关联。这是说“为什么说”的问题。(4)方式原则。要求话语清楚明白,简洁,井井有条。这是“如何说”的问题。 (二)礼貌的原则——英国语言学家利奇1983年提出,简称PP原则(politeness principle)(1)得体的:减少有损于他人的观点,增大有益于他人的观点。 (2)宽容的:减少有益于自己的观点,增大有损于自己的观点。 (3)表扬的:减少对他人的贬降,增大对他人的赞誉。 (4)谦逊的:减少对自己的赞誉,增大对自己的贬降。 (5)同意的:减少与他人在观点上的不一致,增大与他人在观点上的共同点。 (6)同情的:减少对他人的反感,增大对他人的同情。 (三)其他小类原则 P18 主要还有荷恩级差原则;列文森三原则;斯波柏、威尔逊的关联原则。还有顺序的原则,同现的原则,角色关系的原则,选择的原则等。 6、语用预设(前提)

语言学期末考试

1. The study of language development over a period of time is generally termed as _____linguistics. D A. applied B. diachronic C. comparative D. synchronic 2. The sentence that has a NP and a VP can be shown in a __C__ formula "S→NP VP". A. hierarchical B. linear C. tree diagram D. vertical 3. Which of the following sounds is a voiceless bilabial stop? A A. [p] B.[m] C.[b] D.[t] 4. The words ―make‖ and ―bus‖ are called _____D____because they can occur unattached. A. derivational morphemes B .inflectional morphemes C. bound morphemes D. free morphemes 5. The pair of words ―lend‖ and ―borrow‖ are____B______. A. gradable antonymy B. relational (converse) antonymy C. synonyms D. co-hyponyms 6. The semantic components of the word ―man‖ can be expressed as ____C___. A.+animate,+human,+male,-adult; B.+animate,+human,-male,-adult; C.+animate,+human,+male,+adult D.—animate,+human,-male,-adult 7. What kind of function does the sentence ―How do you do?‖ have? B A. Directive B. Phatic C. Informative D. Evocative 8. Nouns, verbs and adjectives can be classified as_______A____. A. lexical words B. grammatical words C. function words D. form words 9. Which of the following best states the behaviorist view of child language acquisition?______A_. A. Language acquisition is a process of habit formation B. Language acquisition is the species-specific property of human beings C. Children are born with an innate ability to acquire language D. Humans are equipped with the neural prerequisites for language and language use 10. The branch of linguistics that studies meaning of language in context is called __C? A. morphology B. sociolinguistics C. pragmatics D. psycholinguistics 11、Chomsky defines "competence" as the ideal user's knowledge of the rules of his language.

语用学思考题最后版

第一章 1、什么是语用学?P14它探索的主要现象有哪些?P16主要有哪些理论?(莫里斯研究符号理论/奥斯汀和塞尔的言语行为理论/关联理论/格赖斯的会话含义理论/新格赖斯会话含义理论) 2、字面意义和语境意义有何区别?请举例说明?P17 3、语用学和语言学的其他分支学科是什么关系?P9 4、语用学有哪三类研究方法?P15 5、语用学的研究内容主要包括哪些方面?P15-16 第二章 1、什么是语境?P22 2、波兰籍人类语言学家马林诺夫斯把语境分为哪两类?P18 3、“伦敦学派”的创始人弗思提出了什么语境理论?P18-19 4、索振羽主张语境要研究哪些内容?P23 5、研究语境有何理论意义和实用意义?P37-38 第三章 1、英语“deixis“有哪些汉译?应该翻译成什么比较确切?P39 2、什么是指示语和指示信息?P39 3、指示语包括哪些主要类别?各类指示语在话语中传达什么样的指示信息?P42-53 ①人称指示语P43 ②时间指示语P45 ③地点指示语P47 ④话语指示语P48 ⑤社交指示语P51 4、举例说明是地点指示语的手势用法。P47 5、为什么说“我们”这一第一人称指示语也具有社交指示语的双重交际功能?举例以说明。 “我们”:人称指示语、社交指示语 语用移情的社交指示功能,缩短主持人和听众之间在现时语境中的社交距离,改善社交关系,有利于推进言语交际, 例:①我们是学生,我们的主要任务是学习。 语用功能:批评、劝诫,移情,从学生角度出发,提高该话语的可接受性与劝说力 ②我们认为,语用学与社会语言学之间存在很多交叉现象。 语用功能:仅指作者本人,不包括读者在内的其他人,与读者商榷的语气,表明谦虚,有助于提高其所指内容的可接受性、认同性。 6、举例说明“来”和“去”的内在指示意义。P48-49 7、照应和指别有何区别?P53 8、举例说明第三人称代词既有照应功能,又有指别功能。 如:①我和杨老师是好朋友,我们志趣相投.②你和汤姆是同屋,你们应该互相帮助。例①中的第一人称代词“我们”和例②中的第二人称代词“你们”都有照应功能。既起照应功能,又起指别功能。③她乖得很,是我们么儿。例③是一个给她邻居介绍自己的宠物狗的年轻女人说的话,这里的“她”起的是纯粹的指别功能。 第四章 1、什么叫会话含义?P54为什么要研究会话含义? 是由美国语言哲学家格赖斯(H.P.Grice)首先提出来的,是语用学的核心内容,在言语交际中起着非常重要的作用。 交际中,很多信息不是直接传递的。说话人通过某一话语传递的语用信息并非等于该话语的字面意义或语义组合。听话人根据相关语境因素进行推理,获取字面意义以外的交际信息(隐含的语用信息,言外之意)。这种字面以外的信息就是一种隐含的语用信息,简称“含意”。它是一种言外之意、弦外之音。在言语交际中,类似的字面意义或语义意义以外的隐含信息就是我们要讨论的会话中的含义,即会话含义,也就是语用含义。本质上是一种关于人们如何运用语言的理论,不是从语言系统内部(语音、语法、语义等)去研究语言本身表达的意义,而是依据语境研究话语的真正含义,解释话语的言外之意。会话含义关注的不是说话人说了些什么,而是说话人说这句话可能意味着什么。

语言学重点概念总结

Design features(定义特征): the distinctive features of human language that essentially make human language distinguishable from languages of animals. Synchronic(共时的): said of an approach that studies language at a theoretical “point” in time. Diachronic(历时的): said of the study of development of language and languages over time. Prescriptive(规定式): to make an authoritarian statement about the correctness of a particular use of language. Descriptive(描写式): to make an objective and systematic account of the patterns and use of a language or variety. Competence(语言能力): unconscious knowledge of the system of grammatical rules in a language. 对于一门语言的语法规则系统的无意识获得的知识。Performance(语言运用):

the language actually used by people in speaking or writing. 人们说话写作时实际使用的语言。 Langue(语言): the language system shared by a “speech community”. 一个“语言社团”共有的语言系统。 Parole(言语): the concrete utterances of a speaker. 说话人实际说的话语。 Phonology(音系学): the study of the sound patterns and sound systems of language. It aims to discover the principles that govern the way sounds are organized in languages, and to explain the variations that occur. International Phonetic Alphabet(国际音标): a set of standard phonetic symbols in the form of a chart (the IPA chart), designed by the International Phonetic Association since 1888. It has been revised from time to time to include

社会语言学导论考试重点

社会语言学的研究对象 (一)定义和解释 社会语言学(sociolinguistics)是联系社会各种因素对语言进行的研究,探讨语言在社会环境中的变化、功能及其使用的一般规律。 概括来说对语言的研究大致有四个角度:部研究、外部研究、比较研究、应用研究。 社会语言学属于对语言的外部研究,但并不是纯粹的外部研究。 (二)研究对象的不同界定 1.布莱特(美国)1964 (1)说话人的身份; (2)听话人的身份; (3)言语事件的社会环境; (4)社会方言的分析; (5)言语行为的社会评价; (6)语言变异的程度; (7)社会语言学的实际应用。 2.礼德(英国) (1)语言宏观社会学、语言人口统计学; (2)双语、多语、多方言研究; (3)语言规、语言发展和规化; (4)语言混合; (5)社会方言; (6)社会语言学和教学; (7)言语的人种史、语言环境; (8)语域和言语能力; (9)语言变化的社会因素; (10)语言和社会化及其传播; (11)社会语言学的方法; (12)语言体系的功能理论; (13)语言相对性; (14)话语理论; (15)人种方法论的语言学。 3.祝畹瑾《社会语言学概论》(1992) 总的来说,社会语言学研究的对象主要包括五个方面: (1)一个国家或地区的语言状况如双语、多语或多方言状况,以及各类言语共同体使用语言的状况和特征; (2)各类语言变体的构造特点及其社会功能; (3)社会以及不同集团对各种语言或语言变体的评价和态度以及由此产生的社会效应;(4)由于社会、文化、经济、政治等原因以及语言接触所引起的语言变化的方式和规律;(5)交际情景与选择语码之间的关系以及语码选择与人际关系的相互作用。 4.戴庆厦《社会语言学概论》(2004) (1)社会因素(阶级、阶层、职业等)对语言结构的影响; (2)个人因素(年龄、性别、性格等)对语言的影响; (3)语言政策、双语等; (4)社会因素引起的语言关系,如语言接触、语言融合;

语言学基础期末复习提纲(整理版)

题型:填空题10,20%;选择题10,20%;判断4,20%(3句话解释原因);简答3,18%(四句话作答);论述1,22%(1/4页纸作答)。 导论 1、中国、印度和希腊-罗马在传统语言文学的研究上都取得了辉煌的成就,是语言学的三大发源地。 2、中国传统语言研究主要抓住汉字,分析它的形体,探求它的古代读音和意义,形成了统称“小学”的文字、音韵和训诂之学,也就是中国传统的语文学。 3、历史比较语言学标志着语言学不再是其他学科的附庸,已经发展成为一门独立的学科。 4、20世纪初,瑞士语言学家索绪尔在《普通语言学教程》中提出观点,语言学从此成为一门现代学科。 5、理论语言学,也称普通语言学,是关于语言的一般规律的理论研究。 第一章语言的功能 1、语言是一种社会现象,和人类社会有着紧密联系。 2、语言的社会功能中最基本的是信息传递功能。 3、如果一个病人大脑左半球发生损伤,他尽管说不出医院的名称、病房、床号,却能找得到。相反,如果大脑右半球受损,尽管能找到医院的名称、病房、床号,却找不到,能说出家的位置却找不到,这说明语言功能存在大脑左边。 4、儿童学习语言的过程是考察语言与思维关系的一条很好途径。 5、儿童语言的习得一定具有先天生理基础,也离不开外界的社会条件。 6、儿童语言能力的开发还有时间的限制,最迟到十二三岁,如果在此之前没有机会学习语言,那么之后其语言习得和心智发展的潜能就失去了。十二三岁是语言习得的关键时期,之一临界期的分工时间也是一致的。 第二章语言是符号系统 1、符号包含形式和意义两个方面。(能指形式,形指意义,符号构成的两个方面,语言学上通常用形式和意义来表述。形式也叫能指,是符号的外壳,是可以被人的感觉器官感知的,因而形式具有物质性。意义也叫所指,是符号形式所代表的内容,也就是现实现象事物。) 2、符号的形式和意义之间是没有本质上、自然属性上的必要联系,在这一点上符号和隐含某种信息的自然的征候不同。 3、语言符号的任意性和线条性,是20世纪初瑞士的语言学家家得·索绪尔作为语言符号的基本性质提出来的。 4、语言符号的语音形式和意义之间没有自然属性上的必然联系,只有社会约定的关系 5、符号和符号组合起来,结构中各个成分的关系称为组合关系,符号在结构中就具有某种相同的作用,它们自然地聚集成群,彼此的关系叫做聚合关系。 第三章语音和音系 1、语音具有自然属性、社会属性的双重属性,从自然属性出发,针对所有人类语言的语音研究,属于语音学的研究;从社会属性出发,针对语音在某一个具体语言的系统中其什么作用的研究,属于音系学的研究。 2、音系学的出发点在于语音在语言系统中的组织方式,属于语言学的核心部分。 3、以语音的自然属性和人类语言共性为研究对象的语音学,把语音最小的线性单位叫做音素。以语音的社会属性和语音在具体语言中的作用为研究对象的音系学,把语音最小的线性单位叫做音位。

语言学讨论题目

一、《英语语言学概论》课程思考题 语言的性质 1人类语言和动物语言的主要差异是什么? 请举例说明。 2什么是语言的符号性? 为什么要强调语言的符号性? 3你是如何看待语言的任意性和象似性的? 4听不懂外国人说外国话这一事实说明了什么? 5什么是语言的生成性? 你认为动物语言有生成性吗? 6就创造性而言,艺术和语言的差别如何? 请发挥。 7学习语言到底学习什么东西? 要学习和记忆的对象是词语、语法规则、还是句子? 8动物有“用无意义的语言单位构成有意义的语言单位”的能力吗? 语音学和音系学 1 语音学涉及的范围主要是哪些方面? 为什么? 2 人类语言仅包括数量极其有限的语音,这一点说明了人类语言的什么特点? 3 语音学家是如何来描写语音的? 4元音和辅音有什么区别? 5语音学和音系学的主要差别在什么地方? 它们分别以什么为分析基础单位? 6变音是否有辨别意义的功能? 为什么? 7变音的“互补性”指的是哪些方面? 8最小对立体有什么实用功能? 9最小对立体中的语音区别,到底是语音的区别? 还是音位的区别? 或者说是区别特征的区别? 10你是怎样来看待汉语的声调的? 声调到底是语音? 还是音位? 或者说是区别特征?

1 什么是形位? 形位有什么特点? 2 自由形位和依附形位的差别何在? 3 派生形位和屈拆形位的差别何在? 4 前缀和后缀应该属于哪种形位? 两者之间有什么细微差异? 5形位变体和音位变体有什么共同点和不同点? 6形位的鉴别标准是什么? 你对这种标准持什么态度? 7为什么说汉语最小的语言单位是“字”而不是“形位”? 你是如何来看待这个问题的? 语义学 (I) 1 什么是意义? 什么是语义? 它们之间有什么区别? 2语义学在语言学中占有什么地位? 3语言符号的形式和内容两面有哪几种关系? 4什么是语义或词语的系统价值? 5什么是语义组构? 6语言的字面意义和比喻意义有什么差别? 你是如何来看待这个问题的? 7什么叫语义蕴含? 8什么是冗余语义特征? 语义学 (II) 1 什么是语义蕴含? 2 什么是先设? 蕴含和先设的差别何在? 3 语义和句法的接面,反映在哪些方面? 你对此持何观点? 4英汉被动表达有什么主要差别?

语用学课程感想

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语言学重要概念梳理(中英文对照版)

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一. What is language? 1. Language can be generally defined as a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. Systematic---- rule-governed, elements in it are arranged according to certain rules; can’t be combined at will. e.g. *bkli, *I apple eat. Arbitrary---- no intrinsic connection between the word and the thing it denotes, e.g. “pen”by any other name is the thing we use to write with. Symbolic---- words are associated with objects, actions ideas by convention. “A rose by any other name would smell as sweet”----Shakespeare Vocal---- the primary medium is sound for all languages; writing system came much later than spoken form. Human-specific---- different from the communication systems other forms of life possess, e.g. bird songs, bee dance, animal cries. The design/defining /distinctive features of human language: Arbitrariness (任意性) Productivity/Creativity(创造性) Duality (二元性、二层性) Displacement (移位性) Cultural transmission(文化传递性) 2.语言&言语 Langue--- the language system shared by a community of speakers Parole--- the concrete act of speaking in actual situations by an individual speaker. 3. Synchronic vs. diachronic Synchronic (linguistics)---languages are studied at a theoretic point in time: one describes a ‘state’of language, disregarding whatever changes might be taking place. Diachronic----languages are studied from point of view of their historical development –for example, the changes which have taken place between Old and Modern English could be described in phonological, grammatical and semantic terms. 二.语音学(选择题) 三.音位学Phonology 1.音位变体 Allophones ---- the phones that can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environments. 同一音位在不同环境中表现出来的两个或多个语音上不同的音段. 例如,在英语里,音位/t/在tin里是送气的[th], 在stand里是不送气的[t],在eighth里是齿化的[t],在cotton里是鼻除阻的[tn],在bottle里是边除阻的[tl],在hit里则表现为声门化的[t]. 此外,随着说话人口音的不同,可能还会有其他的语音形式. 这样一套在说话人话语中的语音形式就是音位/t/的音位变体. 把两个音素划归成同一音位的两个音位变体必须满足语音相似性原则,而且它们不能处于对比分布. [p, ph] are two different phones 音子and are variants of the phoneme /p/. Such variants of a phoneme are called allophones of the same phoneme. In this case the allophones are said to be in complementary distribution 互补分布because they never occur in the same context: [p] occurs after [s] while [ph] occurs in other places. /p/ [p] / [s] _____

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