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英式英语与美式英语翻译的区别

英式英语与美式英语翻译的区别
英式英语与美式英语翻译的区别

英式英语与美式英语翻译的区别

每一门语言都是在随着时间不断地发展变化的,英语作为世界使用做广泛的语言也不例外。如今的英语分为美国英语和英国英语。英国英语为澳大利亚、新西兰、西印度群岛、爱尔兰、南非使用,美国英语为美国和加拿大使用。虽然在一定意义上说,美语是在英语基础上分离出来的一个支系,但是由于美语在其发展过程中受其独特的历史、文化、民族、地域等各种因素的影响,形成了自己的特点,与英语有显著不同。因此在将中文作品翻译为英语时,针对不同国家地区、不同种类英语的读者,需要根据各自类别英语的特点与用法采用不同的翻译方式与翻译技巧,才会让读者更加容易理解,并且增加读者的亲切感。

一、翻译现状:

如今的文学作品翻译到海外时,由于出版商为节约人力与物力,一般只采用一种英译本,并不能根据不同国家读者的语言习惯选择不同的翻译方式,极大地削弱了读者对于作品的接受度。其次,无论是文学作品,还是日常用语等的翻译,英式英语与美式英语混杂的现象十分严重,有时甚至会让读者产生很大的困惑和误解。比如在机场的标识中,同时出现了baggage和luggage 两种不同的说法。虽然有人认为英式英语与美式英语是相通的,同属于一个语言体系,在翻译过程中即使出现混用也无伤大雅。但是我认为为了让读者更好的理解作品,应对美语与英语采取严谨的态度加以区分,才能让译本更贴近于读者的文化,更利于其接受作品。

二、英式英语与美式英语翻译区别

在中文原稿翻译为英式英语与美式英语时应注意其在拼写、词义、语法以及语气上的区别,具体如下:

1、拼写

在翻译作品时,要将文章的内容作为文字准确的表现出来,拼写是至关重要的一环。美国人是一个注重实用的民族,在其文字的拼写方面,他们也是采取了实用主义的态度。在美语的发展过程中,删除了单词拼写中不发音的某些字母,拼写上的不同是英语与美语的一大差异。下面就从单词的拼写上讨论一下英式英语与美式英语的差异:

(1)英国英语以-our结尾的单词,美国英语大多简化为-or。如:颜色:colour(BE) color(AE) ,恩惠:favour(BE)-favor(AE),幽默:humour(BE) humor(AE)

(2)英国英语中有些词以-re结尾,这一结尾在美国英语中往往拼作-er。如:厘米:metre(BE) meter(AE) ,中心:centre(BE) center(AE) ,纤维:fibre(BE) fiber(AE)

(3)英语中有些动词以-e或者-a结尾,在构成过去式,过去分词或现在分词时,英国人往往双写-再加双写- 再加-ed或-ing,而美国人则只用一个-l。比如:拨电话号码:Dialled(BE) dialed(AE) ;等于:equalled(BE) equaled(AE)

(4)英国英语中有些以-ce结尾的名词在美国英语中往往拼作-se。比如:防御:Defence(BE) defense(AE);冒犯:Offence(BE) offense(AE)

(5)英国英语中以-gramme结尾的单词,在美国英语中常被简化为-gram。比如:公斤:kilogramme(BE) kilogram(AE)

(6)英国英语中以-ise或-yse结尾的动词,在美国英语中一般拼作-ize或-yze比如:分析:analyse(BE) analyze(AE) ;教化:civilize(BE) civilize(AE)

(7)在英式英语与美式英语单词的拼写上还有其他一些不规则的差别,需要通过日常积累记忆。比如:支票:cheque(BE) check(AE) ;楼层:storey(BE) story(AE);崇拜:worshipping(BE) worshiping(AE);灰色的:grey(BE) gray(AE)

2.词义

在翻译时,选词也是应该加以慎重考虑的环节,英美在个别词汇的差异比较明显,因此针对不同的英语读者应选择不同的词汇。总的来说,英式英语与美式英语存在着同词异义和同义异词两方面的差异。

(1)同词异义

大体可分为以下两种情况:

①一些词出现在美国也出现在英国英语中,但分别表示不同的概念,在翻译时应该对此着重区分。例如,public school在英国实际上指私立学校(美国英语为private school),而在美国才指公立学校(英国英语为council school)。再如cupboard在英国是壁橱,而在美国英语中cupboard一词则指厨房或吃饭间的食橱。

②有些为美国英语和英国英语共同的词大部分词义在两国是相同的,但在美国英语和英国英语中还分别有着各自特有的意义,这就说明了采用不同译本的必要性。例如ship是英语中常用的词,它所表达的“船”、“装船”、“安装桅杆”、“雇水手”等概念应为英、美人所共同熟知。此外,英国人还用它表示“海运”,而美国人可以用ship泛指任何形式的运送,不论是海运还是陆运,火车还是轮船。不熟悉ship的后一种特有意义的英国人们,听到这样一个句子可能会觉得十分可笑:To ship a carload of fruit constantly one needs to have 1000 to 1200 trees of each variety in full bearing.

(2)同义异词

同义异词是指在英国英语和美国英语中分别用不同的词来表示同一概念,该类词范围相当广泛,涉及到人们日常生活和社会活动的各个方面,如衣、食、住、行、商业、教育、政治等各个领域。下面是一些常见的例子:ring(BE) call(AE) 打电话,flat(BE) apartment(AE) 单元房,note(BE) bill(AE) 钞票,tin(BE) can(AE) 罐头,bill(BE) check(AE) 帐单,seaside(BE) beach(AE) 海滨,luggage(BE) baggage(AE) 行李

3.语法

在翻译工作中,语法是组织语句结构的重要参考,英语和美语在语法上也存在一些差异。对英式英语、美式英语语法上的差异进行分析对英语翻译大有裨益。以下我几个英式英语和美式英语在习惯上用法不同的例子。

(1)名词:

美国英语将其他词类名词化的倾向比英国英语更为明显,特别是那些带介词的短语动词,比如to cook out →a cook-out ;to know how →the know-how; to run down →the rundown; to be shut in →a shut-in; to stop over →the stopover 等。

集合名词做主语时,英国英语的谓语动词可以是单数形式或者复数形式,美国英语几乎总是用单数形式。例如BE: They are a family who has been very influential in the history of this country. AE/BE: The committee has decided to look into the matter further. 名词作定语时,美国英语多用单数形式,而英国英语则常用其复数形式。例如BE: The worker decided to form a new trades union. AE: The worker decided to form a new trade union.

(2)动词have ,get, make

当动词have有致使之意时,美国用have,英国对上级用get,对下级用make。英语中的to have是个词性不明确的动词。英国人既把它用作助动词又把它用作实义动词,美国人则一律将它当作实义动词来用。例如:我会让别人也来的。BE: I will get someone come. AE: I will have someone come.

(3)形容词:

在美国英语中,形容词的比较可以跟在all the之后,表示强调。而英国英语则使用any加形容词比较级这一形式来表示强调。例如:你还能做更好吗?BE: Can’t you do any better than that? AE: Is that all the better you can do?

(4)冠词:

美国英语与英国英语在冠词用法上也有一些差异,英国英语在表示疾病的

名词之前一般要用定冠词,而美语里采用零冠词。例如:(BE)the measles , the mumps , the flu , the smallpox; (AE) measles, mumps ,flu, smallpox

(5)过去时与现在完成时:

表示距现在不远的过去所发生或完成的事情,英国英语常用现在完成时,则美国英语则倾向于使用一般过去时。例如:我已经研究过你的报告了。BE: I have studied your report already. AE: I studied your report already.

4.语气

在文学作品中,人物之间的对话是不可或缺的要素,而针对不同国家读者的语言习惯,在翻译中采用不一样的语气,可能会让读者的接受度更高。英国人讲究绅士风度,因此非常注重讲话时人的腔调及语气,借以表现自己的身份及教养,而美国人历来主张平等,资历及辈分的观念较淡,讲话时显得很随和,甚至有些随便,因此当你听说在美国孙儿可以直呼爷爷的名字时,也就不足为怪了。此背景表现在语言上便是开门见山,平铺直叙。英式英语是一种严谨的语言。而在美国的英语中,有许多很口语化的方言和俗语。

三、思考与建议:

以上就是英式英语与美式英语的一些区别。两国英语具有共同的语法体系,一些细微差别正在逐渐地为对方所容纳,模仿乃至同化。然而我们在文学作品翻译中,要让读者更好地接受作品,就必须采用他们相应的习惯用法。对于文学作品的翻译我建议发行不同版本的英文译本,对于其中差异较大的部分进行更正,可保留一些微小的差别。而对于一些日常生活中的英文翻译,我认为可以采用前后一致的原则,统一用同种类别的英文,避免让读者产生前后不一的困惑。

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