高考真题中的写作范文_阅读理解巧利用

　9

许多同学参加英语考试，最头疼的就是作文。没有了汉英词典，又怎么也想不出该用什么词汇和句型。高考的时候就更是急煞人。其实，考场上就有现成的范文，而且不只一篇。你甚至可以光明正大地看这篇范文，而不会被当作作弊，因为这范文就是阅读理解里的文章。那这些特殊的范文又该怎么来用呢？下面我们将结合２００５年全国卷II 的书面表达真题，一起从词汇、句型、语法、文章结构几个方面来“ｃｏｐｙ”真题。

附：２００５年全国卷II 的书面表达真题假设你是李华，最近国内一家英文报纸正在讨论北京动物园是否应迁出市区。以下是你所在班级讨论的情况。请你给该报写一封信，反映讨论结果。

√　赞成迁出１．　游客多，交通堵塞２．　郊区环境好×　反对迁出

１．　建于１９０６年，中外闻名２．　搬迁易造成动物死亡

（此题的详细评析可见孙利民载于本刊２００６年１－２月合刊的《２００５年高考英语“书面表达题”评析》）

◆ 词 汇

一篇文章的好坏，在很大程度上取决于词汇的丰富与否。表达是否多样往往决定着你的得分。大多数同学都苦于词汇贫乏、词不达意。比如：“增加／减少”这对概念，很多同学冥思苦想之后，仍不能脱离“ｉｎｃｒｅａｓｅ　／　ｄｅｃｒｅａｓｅ”这两个词。其实，如果在阅读时用心积累就会发现，这样的表达俯拾皆是，尤其是在高考阅读的真题中。例如：ｔｈｉｓｆｉｇｕｒｅ　ｓｈｏｏｔｓ　ｕｐ（２００１年全国卷）／　ａ　ｈｕｇｅ　ｄｒｏｐｉｎ　ｔｈｅ　ｎｕｍｂｅｒ（２００２年春季卷）。再比如，很多同学在表达某种状态持续的时候，从来都是不假思索地写出“ｂｅ　ｓｔｉｌｌ．．．．”，但如果在阅读时多留心，就会发现有“ｒｅｍａｉｎ”、“ｋｅｅｐ”这种看上去很简单，但却很“出彩”的词。类似的例子还很多，下面就试以连词和动词为例，看如何利用阅读理解的真题应战２００５年的书面表达题。

连词

没有线，再好的珍珠也连不起来。很多同学的作文不够流畅，很大程度上就是因为缺少必要的连词。殊不知在阅读真题的语篇中充满了各种各样的连词，比如表示转折的：ｈｏｗｅｖｅｒ、ｙｅｔ、ｔｈｏｕｇｈ、ｕｎｆｏｒｔｕｎａｔｅｌｙ、ｉｎｓｔｅａｄ　ｏｆ；表示因果的：ａｓ　ａ　ｒｅｓｕｌｔ、　ｔｈｅｒｅｆｏｒｅ、ｈｅｎｃｅ、ｔｈｕｓ；表示并列

高考真题中的写作范文

——阅读理解巧利用

◎　文　／　高亮

平常写作，

不管多难，总还是有资料可以参考的。可一旦进了考场，一些同学就手足无措了。怎么办？　别

急，考场上就有“安全”的写作范文在等着你。Ｃｕｒｒｉｃｕｌｕｍ　Ｅｘｔｅｎｓｉｏｎ

无忧升学?备战考试?

Ｃｕｒｒｉｃｕｌｕｍ　Ｅｘｔｅｎｓｉｏｎ

无忧升学?备战考试?的：ｔｏｇｅｔｈｅｒ　ｗｉｔｈ、ｍｅａｎｗｈｉｌｅ、ａｔ　ｔｈｅ　ｓａｍｅ　ｔｉｍｅ等等。

（该部分的扩展阅读可见朱葵载于本刊２００６年３月号的《巧用“过渡”攻克写作》）

动词

动词是语言学习中的重点和难点。如何精确把握动词，写出“Ｔｈｅ　Ｂｅｉｊｉｎｇ　Ｚｏｏ，　ｂｕｉｌｔ　ｉｎ　１９０６，ｅｎｊｏｙｓ　ａ　ｈｉｓｔｏｒｙ　ｏｆ　１００　ｙｅａｒｓ．”这样优美的句子呢？看看下面的仿写就知道了。

１）　原句：Ａ　ｇｒｏｗｉｎｇ　ｎｕｍｂｅｒ　ｏｆ　ｓｃｉｅｎｔｉｓｔｓ　ａｒｅｓｅｒｉｏｕｓｌｙ　ｔｈｉｎｋｉｎｇ　ａｂｏｕｔ　ｉｔ．　（ＮＭＥＴ　２００１）

Ｃａｒｅｌｅｓｓ　ｍｅｔｈｏｄｓ　ｏｆ　ｐｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎ　ａｎｄ　ｌａｃｋｏｆ　ｃｏｎｓｕｍｅｒ　ｄｅｍａｎｄ　ｆｏｒ　ｅｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔ　ｆｒｉｅｎｄｌｙｐｒｏｄｕｃｔｓ　ｈａｖｅ　ｃｏｎｔｒｉｂｕｔｅｄ　ｔｏ　ｔｈｅ　ｐｏｌｌｕｔｉｏｎ　ｐｒｏｂｌｅｍ．（ＮＭＥＴ　２００２）

仿写：Ａ　ｇｒｏｗｉｎｇ　ｎｕｍｂｅｒ　ｏｆ　ｖｉｓｉｔｏｒｓ　ｔｏ　ｔｈｅｚｏｏ　ｈａｖｅ　ｃｏｎｔｒｉｂｕｔｅｄ　ｔｏ　ｔｈｅ　ｈｅａｖｙ　ｔｒａｆｆｉｃ　ｊａｍｓ．

２）　原句：Ｔｈｅ　ｒｅｌａｔｉｏｎｓｈｉｐ　ｄｅｖｅｌｏｐｓ　ｕｎｔｉｌ　ｔｈｅｔｗｏ　ｐａｒｔｎｅｒｓ　ｃａｎｎｏｔ　ｍａｎａｇｅ　ｗｉｔｈｏｕｔ　ｅａｃｈ　ｏｔｈｅｒ．（ＮＭＥＴ　１９９６）

仿写：Ｔｈｅ　ｚｏｏ　ｉｔｓｅｌｆ　ｄｅｖｅｌｏｐｓ　ｕｎｔｉｌ　ｉｔ　ｃａｎｎｏｔｍａｎａｇｅ　ｗｉｔｈｏｕｔ　ｍｏｖｅ．

◆ 句 型

俗话说，“文似看山不喜平”，句式的多样性能给自己带来一个有竞争力的分数。有一些固定的句式，如：ｉｔ　引导的强调句、双重否定、插入结构等，可以用在许多陈述句上面。如果作文中错落有致地出现几个特殊句型，文章马上就会上一个档次，高分也就近在咫尺了。

Ｉｔ引导的强调句

Ｉｔ引导的强调句，强调一个句子中的主语、宾语和状语等多种成分。下面我们就结合出现在历年高考阅读真题中的强调句来造句：

１）　强调主语

原句：Ｉｔ　ｉｓ　ｓｏｃｉａｌ　ｃｏｎｄｉｔｉｏｎｓ　ｔｈａｔ　ｍａｋｅ　ｐｅｏｐｌｅ

ｔｅｌｌ　ｌｉｅｓ．　（ＮＭＥＴ　１９９８）

仿写：Ｉｔ　ｉｓ　ｔｈｅ　ｚｏｏ　ｔｈａｔ　ｓｈｏｕｌｄ　ｂｅ　ｍｏｖｅｄ　ｏｕｔｏｆ　ｔｈｅ　ｃｉｔｙ．

２）　强调时间

原句：Ｉｔ　ｗａｓ　ｏｎｌｙ　ａｆｔｅｒ　ｈｅ　ｈａｄ　ｓｐｅｎｔ　ｓｅｖｅｒａｌｎｉｇｈｔｓ　ｄｉｇｇｉｎｇ　ａｒｏｕｎｄ　ｔｈｅ　ｃｒｏｓｓ　ｔｈａｔ　ｈｅ　ｄｅｃｉｄｅｄ　ｔｏｗｒｉｔｅ　ｔｏ　Ｋｉｔ　Ｗｉｌｌｉａｍｓ　ｔｏ　ｆｉｎｄ　ｏｕｔ　ｉｆ　ｈｅ　ｗａｓ　ｗａｓｔｉｎｇｈｉｓ　ｔｉｍｅ　ｔｈｅｒｅ．　（ＮＭＥＴ　２００２）

仿写：Ｉｔ　ｗａｓ　ｉｎ　ｔｈｅ　ｙｅａｒ　ｏｆ　１９０６　ｔｈａｔ　ｔｈｅ　ｚｏｏｏｐｅｎｅｄ．

３）　强调地点

原句：Ｉｔ　ｗａｓ　ｔｈｅｒｅ　ｔｈａｔ　ｈｅ　ｍａｄｅ　ｏｎｅ　ｏｆ　ｈｉｓｍｏｓｔ　ｆａｍｏｕｓ　ｄｉｓｃｏｖｅｒｉｅｓ．　（ＮＭＥＴ　２００２）

仿写：Ｉｔ　ｉｓ　ａｔ　ｈｏｍｅ　ａｎｄ　ａｂｒｏａｄ　ｔｈａｔ　ｔｈｅ　ｚｏｏ，ｂｕｉｌｔ　ｉｎ　１９０６，　ｉｓ　ｗｅｌｌ－ｋｎｏｗｎ．

（该部分的扩展阅读可见赵敏载于本刊２００６年１－２月合刊的《强调在英语写作中的运用》）

双重否定

双重否定是一种“负负得正”的常见句型，以否定的形式加否定的词语来表示肯定，从而引起读者注意，增强表达效果，一起来看下面的句子。

１）　原句：Ｊｏｈｎ　ａｎｄ　Ｊｉｍ　ａｒｅ　ｎｏｔ　ｕｎｕｓｕａｌｐｅｏｐｌｅ．　（ＮＭＥＴ　１９９８）

仿写：Ｍｏｖｉｎｇ　ｔｏ　ａ　ｂｅｔｔｅｒ　ｐｌａｃｅ　ｉｓ　ｎｏｔ　ａｎ

ｕｎｕｓｕａｌ　ｗａｙ　ｏｆ　ｄｅｖｅｌｏｐｍｅｎｔ．

２）　原句：Ｄｅｃｉｓｉｏｎ－ｔｈｉｎｋｉｎｇ　ｉｓ　ｎｏｔ　ｕｎｌｉｋｅｐｏｋｅｒ．　（ＮＭＥＴ　２０００）

仿写：Ｔｈｅ　Ｂｅｉｊｉｎｇ　Ｚｏｏ　ｉｓ　ｎｏｔ　ｕｎｌｉｋｅ　ｏｔｈｅｒ

ｐａｒｋｓ　ｔｈａｔ　ｃｏｕｌｄ　ｈａｒｄｌｙ　ｓｔａｎｄ　ｔｈｅ　ｉｎｃｒｅａｓｉｎｇ　ｎｕｍ－ｂｅｒ　ｏｆ　ｖｉｓｉｔｏｒｓ．

３）　原句：Ｉｔ　ｗａｓｎ＇ｔ　ｕｎｕｓｕａｌ　ｔｏ　ｈｅａｒ　ａ　ｍａｎ　ｓａｙｈｅ　ｄｉｄｎ＇ｔ　ｋｎｏｗ　ｈｉｓ　ｆｒｉｅｎｄ＇ｓ　ｍａｒｒｉａｇｅ　ｗａｓ　ｉｎ　ｓｅｒｉ－ｏｕｓ　ｔｒｏｕｂｌｅ．　（ＮＭＥＴ　２００１）

改写：Ｉｔ　ｗａｓｎ＇ｔ　ｕｎｕｓｕａｌ　ｔｏ　ｈｅａｒ　ａ　ｍａｎ

ｂａｃｋ　ｆｒｏｍ　ｔｈｅ　ｚｏｏ　ｃｏｍｐｌａｉｎ　ａｂｏｕｔ　ｔｈｅ　ｔｒａｆｆｉｃ　ｊａｍｓｏｎ　ｈｉｓ　ｗａｙ　ｔｈｅｒｅ．

平时不妨通过阅读积累这样的模版句，写作

10

Ｃｕｒｒｉｃｕｌｕｍ　Ｅｘｔｅｎｓｉｏｎ

无忧升学?备战考试?时直接套用就可达到锦上添花的效果。◆ 语 法

通过阅读掌握的语法是在具体语篇中的语法，是鲜活生动的语法，是可以有效借鉴到写作环节中的语法。如虚拟语气，一旦灵活运用到写作当中，就会起到非常好的表达效果。在２００１年全国卷阅读理解真题的文章中，曾经有这样一句：Ｉｆ　ｔｈｉｓ　ｓｔａｔｅ　ｏｆ　ａｆｆａｉｒｓ　ｈａｄ　ｌａｓｔｅｄ，　Ｅｎｇｌｉｓｈｔｏｄａｙ　ｗｏｕｌｄ　ｂｅ　ｃｌｏｓｅ　ｔｏ　Ｇｅｒｍａｎ．　实质上无非说的是：“这种情况没有持续，今日的英语已经和德语相差很远了。”我们如果通过阅读掌握了这个句子背后的语言点——虚拟语气，不妨用于书面表达中，仿写如下：

１）　Ｉｆ　ｔｈｅ　ｚｏｏ　ｈａｄ　ｏｒｉｇｉｎａｌｌｙ　ｂｅｅｎ　ｂｕｉｌｔ　ｏｕｔｓｉｄｅｏｆ　ｔｈｅ　ｃｉｔｙ，　ｉｔ　ｗｏｕｌｄ　ｂｅ　ｆａｒ　ｌｅｓｓ　ｆａｍｏｕｓ．

如果当初动物园就建在城外的话，它也不会这么有名气了。

２）　Ｉｆ　ｔｈｅ　ｓｉｔｕａｔｉｏｎ　ｈａｄ　ｌａｓｔｅｄ，　ｔｈｅ　ｓｃｈｏｏｌｗｏｕｌｄ　ｂｅ　ａ　ｌｅｓｓ　ｉｎｔｅｒｅｓｔｉｎｇ　ｐｌａｃｅ．

如果（减负之前的）情况持续的话，我们现在的学习生活也不会这么有趣。（可用于ＮＭＥＴ２００１）。

３）　Ｉｆ　Ａｈ　Ｆｕ　ｈａｄ　ｎｏｔ　ｓａｖｅｄ　ｈｅｒ　ｌｉｆｅ，　Ｉ　ｗｏｕｌｄｈａｖｅ　ｌｏｓｔ　ｍｙ　ｌｉｔｔｌｅ　ｓｉｓｔｅｒ　ｆｏｒｅｖｅｒ．如果不是阿福救了她，我就会失去我的妹妹。（可用于ＮＭＥＴ　２００２）

类似的例子还很多，只要同学们有意识地进行积累，就可以通过简单的例子来掌握复杂的语

法现象，并用到写作中来。

◆ 结 构

英语是一门对逻辑要求很严的语言，而逻辑在语言上的体现就是结构和顺序。例如平行结构是英语中很常见的一种结构套路，两根主线平行发展，就像俗语说的“花开两朵，各表一枝”。２００１年高考全国卷阅读理解的Ｅ篇是一篇关于男女友谊的文章，大量使用了平行结构，其中有一段涉及到对比、对照的段落如下：

＂Ｉｎ　ｇｅｎｅｒａｌ，＂　ｗｒｉｔｅｓ　Ｒｕｂｉｎ　ｉｎ　ｈｅｒ　ｎｅｗ　ｂｏｏｋ，＂ｗｏｍｅｎ＇ｓ　ｆｒｉｅｎｄｓｈｉｐｓ　ｗｉｔｈ　ｅａｃｈ　ｏｔｈｅｒ　ｒｅｓｔ　ｏｎｓｈａｒｅｄ　ｅｍｏｔｉｏｎｓ　ａｎｄ　ｓｕｐｐｏｒｔ，　ｂｕｔ　ｍｅｎ＇ｓ　ｒｅｌａ－ｔｉｏｎｓｈｉｐｓ　ａｒｅ　ｍａｒｋｅｄ　ｂｙ　ｓｈａｒｅｄ　ａｃｔｉｖｉｔｉｅｓ＂．　Ｆｏｒｔｈｅ　ｍｏｓｔ　ｐａｒｔ，　Ｒｕｂｉｎ　ｓａｙｓ，　ｉｎｔｅｒａｃｔｉｏｎｓ　ｂｅ－ｔｗｅｅｎ　ｍｅｎ　ａｒｅ　ｅｍｏｔｉｏｎａｌｌｙ　ｃｏｎｔｒｏｌｌｅｄ　—　ａｇｏｏｄ　ｆｉｔ　ｗｉｔｈ　ｔｈｅ　ｓｏｃｉａｌ　ｒｅｑｕｉｒｅｍｅｎｔｓ　ｏｆ　＂ｍａｎｌｙｂｅｈａｖｉｏｒ．＂

如果我们加以模仿和改写，２００５年的这篇书面表达就可以这样来写：

Ｉｎ　ｇｅｎｅｒａｌ，　ｔｈｅ　ａｄｖａｎｔａｇｅｓ　ｏｆ　ｔｈｅ　ｍｏｖｅ　ｔｏｔｈｅ　ｓｕｂｕｒｂ　ｒｅｓｔ　ｏｎ　ａ　ｍｏｒｅ　ａｇｒｅｅａｂｌｅ　ｅｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔ，ｂｕｔ　ｔｈｅ　ｗｅａｋ　ｐｏｉｎｔｓ　ａｒｅ　ｍａｒｋｅｄ　ｂｙ　ｐｒｏｂａｂｌｙａｎｉｍａｌ　ｄｅａｔｈ　ｄｕｒｉｎｇ　ｔｈｅ　ｖｅｒｙ　ｐｒｏｊｅｃｔ．　Ｆｏｒ　ｔｈｅｍｏｓｔ　ｐａｒｔ，　ｔｏ　ｋｅｅｐ　ｔｈｅ　ｚｏｏ　ｓｔｉｌｌ　ｉｎ　ｉｔｓ　ｐｒｅｓｅｎｔ

ｌｏｃａｔｉｏｎ　ｉｓ　ｅｍｏｔｉｏｎａｌｌｙ　ｗｅｌｃｏｍｅｄ　—　ａ　ｇｏｏｄ　ｆｉｔｗｉｔｈ　ｔｈｅ　ｓｏｃｉａｌ　ｒｅｑｕｉｒｅｍｅｎｔｓ　ｏｆ　＂ａ　ｚｏｏ　ｗｉｔｈ　ａ　ｌｏｎｇｈｉｓｔｏｒｙ　ｉｎ　ｏｕｒ　ｃｉｔｙ．＂

［作者简介］

★高亮：北京新东方学校中学部高考项目教师。

套用经典教材Ｎｅｗ　Ｃｏｎｃｅｐｔ　Ｅｎｇｌｉｓｈ前言中的一句话“Ｎｏｔｈｉｎｇ　ｓｈｏｕｌｄ　ｂｅ　ｗｒｉｔｔｅｎ　ｂｅｆｏｒｅ　ｉｔ　ｈａｓｂｅｅｎ　ｒｅａｄ”。在学习写作的初级阶段，仿写就好比书法中的描红，将会是一个行之有效的练习方法。因此，一定要在阅读，尤其是精读历年高考真题的过程中有意识地积累，多读、多写、多模仿。让这种方法不仅仅只是在考场上拿来应急的法宝，而更应是一种培养写作能力、让自己写作更出色的好办法！

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高考英语阅读理解篇全汇总版

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