浅谈提升企业售后服务的重要性外文翻译
Importance of Promoting the After-sale Service of Enterprises
maquanchun
ABSTRACT:With the rapid growth of the national economy, large durable consumer goods have changed from "special products" to
common consumer goods, causing the after-sale service to be an issues concerning people's livelihood. At the same time, with the rise of con－
sumers' sense of self-protection and the change of consuming concepts, the competition between enterprises has changed from that of produc－
tion technology and product quality to that of after-sale service, which determines the development of enterprises.
KEYWORDS: after-sale service；promotion；consumer
1 Enterprise after-sales service status analysis
1.1 After-sales service concept dislocation
At present, consumers in to buy goods, often have enterprise after-sales service are put in position as one of the important indices affecting the purchase. Therefore, some enterprise blind increase after-sales service costs, in
the meanwhile, enhanced after-sales service but virtually ignored the product quality. Little imagine, enterprise in to offer consumers the high quality post-sale services at the same time, product quality problem also cannot be ignored. If the enterprise produces the product doesn't pass, even to offer consumers the most superior after-sale service, also won't get the recognition of consumers.
1.2 After-sales service formalism
Undeniable, most businesses are establishing a
relatively complete after-sale service system, but the pattern is fixed, the formalism, mostly reach and consumer heart-to-heart communication and exchange, some enterprise publicity up warm winds but person, do it but sweltering, lack of sincere considerate service.
1.3 After-sales service personnel overall quality is not high, professional technical level is low
At present, the post-sale service work in the personnel great majority is just entering a society of teenagers, the overall service quality is poorer, lack of service
consciousness, and most no weathered system professional knowledge learning, its ability and experience are insufficient, in addition, it is difficult to personnel mobility is bigger, long dedicated an industry, leading to their professional technology and service level is not improved, this problem is also a consumer most concern, relates directly to consumers' interests. Especially in electrical appliances and car repair industry the most appear, serious harm the interests of consumers.
1.4 Some enterprises lack of credibility
Facing the increasingly fierce market competition, most businesses are in after-sales service on the big fuss about and some enterprise when the sale commitment
"all-encompassing", when problems occur but not do.we promised, some promise simply unrealistic, such as "years warranty, lifelong maintains, free lifetime", etc. The
pre-sale commitment, after-sales discreditable phenomenon, has become a killer diseases, some enterprises that enterprise image big discounts.
2 The necessity of promoting enterprise after-sales service
2.1Promoting enterprise after-sales service is to protect the rights and interests of consumers need
To service the ZhangRuiMin for haier group President said in reference to enterprise development enterprise participates in the market competition should not only rely on brand-name products, depends on brand service. After-sales service for the product can not only provide value-added additional services, and provide safeguard for commodities. Provide consumers with economic and practical, safe and reliable quality product is the enterprise survival and development the prerequisite. Although science and technology development make product quality more and more high, but do currently there is no foolproof wsri. Because the customer use undeserved wait reason, still have all sorts of problems, more and more enterprises, including the most outstanding enterprise cannot guarantee never make mistakes and customer complaints. Therefore, effectively dealing with customers, complaints, timely remedial error after-sales services such as measures to protect the rights and interests of consumers, becomes the most effective way. According to the survey, if the complaint didn't get enterprise attention, 2/3 of the consumers will turn this enterprise competition place to happen purchase behavior; If the complaint finally gets resolved, about 70 percent of consumers will continue to visit this enterprise; If the complaint have been properly and timely solve, continued patronage consumer ratio will rise to 95 percent. Can say, after-sales service is to protect the rights and interests of consumers, is last-ditch solution enterprise important mistakes or customer complaints remedial strategies.
2.2 Promoting enterprise after-sales service is to promote the construction of harmonious society needs
President hu jintao in the report of the 17th congress puts forward, "the development of modern service industry, improve the service sector and level". Because service weight and level, directly affects thousands, and influence social each corner, after-sales service has from the social
attention in the hot topic, promoted to concern the people's livelihood. As for an enterprise that, the service quality stand or fall directly affect the enterprise in the consumers' mind position, affect the healthy development for the company and social harmony. Therefore, each enterprises to continuously improve the service level, solidly complete after-sale services, gradually reduce disputes and complaints and avoid unnecessary accidents, and for comprehensively promote harmonious society contribution strength.
2.3 Promoting enterprise service is science and technology development and the need of economic globalization
Along with the rapid development of science and technology, high-tech product growing, some consumers always be on how to use and maintain these high-tech products and confused, therefore, the enterprise after-sales service in different social environment to improve and develop, the only way to adapt to the needs of the development of the technology. Also, along with the technological development, the trend of global economic integration to mature, the domestic market, foreign enterprise show internationalization carry powerful
technology, capital and talent strength into the domestic market, with the domestic enterprise competition, great impact to the development of domestic enterprises. In the 17th party congress report by general secretary hu jintao, "we must scientific analysis of the overall participation in the economic globalization in new opportunities and new challenges." Therefore, foreign enterprises and domestic enterprises, domestic firms compete on it is a "double-edged sword" --, advantages and disadvantages coexist. In the face of the fierce market competition, domestic enterprises should scientific analysis, become passive to active, hold foreign enterprise in after-sales service the disadvantage, rapidly improve the service quality and strive to through the high quality post-sale service for more customers, won the market initiative.
2.4 Promoting enterprise after-sales service is to promote promote enterprise brand image needs
Enterprise is the subject of wealth creation, in the modern society, the enterprise to long-term earnings, will win permanent customer, improve customer satisfaction. Only in this way can we constantly enhance the enterprise's brand
image. At present, the domestic enterprises lack is a serious and responsible attitude and responsibility of the idea, first only to have this attitude and idea, i. e. enthusiasm will sincerely for consumers. Therefore, the enterprise will continue to perfect service system as a breakthrough, make great efforts to improve the service quality and service by differentiation increase product value, make enterprise brand image upbeat.
3 Promoting enterprise after-sales service measures
3.1 Establish the service for this and responsibility of the enterprise idea first
An enterprise are able to long-term gives a person extraordinary behavior identification, enterprise members can have different mental outlook, the key is the enterprise have distinctive enterprise concept. Such as haier's "sincere forever", supporting the haier extraordinary service quality; Wal-mart's "never let customers buy the cheapest goods" concept, determines its implementation in the global scope the lowest commodity purchasing strategy. In today's society of human-oriented, each company has its
own enterprise concept, but its first have should be the service for this and responsibility of the enterprise concept. First The service for this, can make between enterprises and consumers produce sincere close service; Responsibility first, can make the enterprise provides consumers with high quality products.
3.2 Innovation service content
In the enterprise marketing process, most businesses are aware that if consumers first consumption is accidental, so good after-sales service is facilitating the important inducement second consumption. Therefore, the enterprise should be based on the consumer demand change constantly innovate to after-sales service content, in order to satisfy the needs of the customer, keep after-sales service competitive advantage. Especially in high-tech products, enterprise should not be limited to after-sales service, but should offer consumers more application support services, for instance, change after-sales service for the pre-sale training, etc, will use error nipped in the bud. To ensure that the quality of the passive service circumstance, still
should increase the strength of active service, to eliminate the blind spots and service links disjointed.
3.3 P roviding personalized service
With the improvement of living standards, the consumer market continues to mature, customer's demand higher level, consumers to accept the concept of service become increasingly strong, personalized highlights, pay special attention to has the personalized and human service, plus service will more homogeneous. Therefore, only truly is a center with the user to customers as god of the customer with the perspective-taking think what of the customer, the anxious that nasty, efforts to provide customers with the fast and complete post-sale service, with competitive after-sales service to satisfy the needs of our customers, ability won a customer satisfaction.
3.4 Form professional service company
According to the survey, consumers will buy products during the warranty period in enterprise designated after-sales
service outlets accept enterprises to provide free services, and after the warranty, most consumers will generally choose the nearest credibility better after-sale service, no longer get bogged down in the enterprise assigned after-sales service network. In order to meet consumers' consumption psychology, but also for the convenience of consumers, of all kinds enterprise should resume the integration of resources and focus on fostering some strong, worth consumers trustworthy professional after-sale service company. The professional after-sale services company can unite logo, unified price, unified parts, make consumers get service more rational, and more transparent.
3.5 To strengthen the construction and after-sales service team training
The life of the enterprise, the enterprise is the largest human asset is talent. In science and technology, economic rapid development today, importance of talent particularly outstanding. According to the American economists schultz talent theory, human investment profits growth far above material investment profits growth, according to estimation,
human increasing investment, profits will increase 3.5 times 1.75 times. An enterprise how to use good man, is small, in after-sales service to keep our people in enterprise is especially important. The domestic enterprise after-sales service is already had some development, but their
after-sales service team construction and training still lags behind, the enterprise service team general lack of service spirit, especially large enterprise after-sales service network terminal, the use of external personnel and temporary staff for emergency type after-sales service, the serious influence enterprise brand image. Therefore, the enterprises should actively carry out various training, improving the service's professional knowledge and technology level, active service attitude and serious dedication service spirit, make its work in to provide customers with more and more good quality service, wins the customer satisfaction.
4 the closing
To sum up, in modern marketing environment conditions, no service is no marketing, after-sale service, as an
indispensable marketing, the intermediate links in marketing, plays a vital role. Facing the international and domestic fierce market competition, the enterprises must constantly improve the service quality and enrich after-sales service contents, perfect the after-sale service procedure, quality services to achieve market competitive advantage, make the consumer process to enjoy high quality service.
世界贸易和国际贸易【外文翻译】
外文翻译 原文 World Trade and International Trade Material Source:https://www.wendangku.net/doc/ff5343375.html, Author: Ted Alax In today’s complex economic world, neither individuals nor nations are self-sufficient. Nations have utilized different economic resources; people have developed different skills. This is the foundation of world trade and economic activity. As a result of this trade and activity, international finance and banking have evolved. For example, the United States is a major consumer of coffee, yet it does not have the climate to grow any or its own. Consequently, the United States must import coffee from countries (such as Brazil, Colombia and Guatemala) that grow coffee efficiently. On the other hand, the United States has large industrial plants capable of producing a variety of goods, such as chemicals and airplanes, which can be sold to nations that need them. If nations traded item for item, such as one automobile for 10,000 bags of coffee, foreign trade would be extremely cumbersome and restrictive. So instead of batter, which is trade of goods without an exchange of money, the United State receives money in payment for what it sells. It pays for Brazilian coffee with dollars, which Brazil can then use to buy wool from Australia, which in turn can buy textiles Great Britain, which can then buy tobacco from the United State. Foreign trade, the exchange of goods between nations, takes place for many reasons. The first, as mentioned above is that no nation has all of the commodities that it needs. Raw materials are scattered around the world. Large deposits of copper are mined in Peru and Zaire, diamonds are mined in South Africa and petroleum is recovered in the Middle East. Countries that do not have these resources within their own boundaries must buy from countries that export them. Foreign trade also occurs because a country often does not have enough of a particular item to meet its needs. Although the United States is a major producer of sugar, it consumes more than it can produce internally and thus must import sugar.
国际贸易中的企业【外文翻译】
外文翻译 原文 Firms in International Trade Material Source: https://www.wendangku.net/doc/ff5343375.html, Author: Andrew B. Bernard For most of its lengthy history the field of international trade largely ignored the role of the firm in mediating the flow of goods and services. Traditional trade theory explained the flow of goods between countries in terms of comparative advantage, that is, variation in the opportunity costs of production across countries and industries. Even the research focusing on differentiated varieties and increasing returns to scale that followed Helpman and Krugman continued to retain the characterization of the representative firm.?However, the assumption of a representative firm, while greatly enhancing the tractability of general equilibrium analysis, is emphatically rejected in the data. My research over the past decade has been an attempt to explore international trade from below: to understand the decisions of heterogeneous firms in shaping international trade and their effects on productivity growth and welfare. Firm Heterogeneity and Trade My early work with J. Bradford Jensen was motivated by a simple question: what do we know about firms that trade? The answer at the time was "very little" and our initial efforts focused on locating firm-level data and describing the world of exporting firms. Our first study compared exporters and non-exporters for the entire U.S. manufacturing sector and established a set of facts about exporting plants and firms.?Two major results stand out. First, only a small fraction of firms are exporters at any given time. Even in sectors where the United States is thought to have comparative advantage, such as Instruments, a majority of firms produce only for the domestic market. Similarly, some firms are exporting even in net import sectors such as Textiles and Apparel. Second, exporters are substantially and significantly different than non-exporters, even in the same industry and region. Exporters are dramatically larger, more productive, pay higher wages, use more skilled workers, and are more technology- and capital-intensive than their non-exporting counterparts. In related
旅游服务贸易外文翻译文献
旅游服务贸易外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)
旅游服务贸易的国际竞争力：罗马尼亚的案例 引言 旅游业是唯一的可以为任何发展水平的国家提供贸易机会的服务活动。然而，它也是一个很大程度因为国家的能力和在全球经济中的表现而又有明确的利益分配不均行业，而这又需要提高自己的竞争力。 自20世纪90年代初，罗马尼亚旅游业经历了出口量，生长速率和结构的重大变化。这些不同的波动都影响了罗马尼亚在国际旅游市场上相对的竞争地位并引起了其旅游贸易平衡的变化。同时，新的和更多的错杂的欧式建筑，引起了罗马尼亚的区域旅游竞争力的显著变化。 在此背景下，本文试图提出一个框架，以竞争力和旅游贸易表现之间的关系为重点，来评估罗马尼亚的旅游服务贸易的国际竞争力。 一、国际竞争力视角：国际竞争力之与国际旅游业的相关性 国际竞争力的概念，尽管有争议，难以捉摸，但现在已经得到认可，并继续吸引世界各地的学者和决策者的关注。 到目前为止，为提高国际竞争力已采取措施，都被认为是在经济层面进行的(加瑞利，2003)通常是指一个国家生产的商品和服务，以满足国际市场的考验，并同时保持和增加公民的收入的能力(欧洲委员会，2007)。 由于竞争力最终取决于一国企业在国内和国际的市场成功，所以对竞争力的注意力都集中在企业层面的竞争力上(波特，1990)，对于此的普遍理解是指“……该公司保持，并更好的是，扩大其全球市场份额，增加和扩大利润的能力” (克拉克和盖，1998, 经济合作与发展组织，1993)。 因此，虽然广泛流传但是国际竞争力作为与国家经济和其国际贸易相关
的理论基础已经不太在学术文献进行分析。因此，一个国家国际竞争力的性质，效益和局限性仍然含糊不清(科尔德威尔，2000,克鲁格曼，1994, 1996)。 国际竞争力，是指一个国家在货物和服务贸易方面巩固和保持贸易优势相对于世界其他地区的贸易优势。 每当一个国家的经济福利通过贸易流量的增加，或通过从初始平衡状态的贸易条件的改变而增加，他的国际竞争力都会得到提高(科尔德威尔，2000)。 贸易理论表示，经济福利依赖于一个国家有比较优势的货物和服务的生产。这实际上意味着当生产符合一国的比较优势的情况时国际竞争力能得到保障。如果一国能在国际上表现良好并在出口市场竞争成功，这可能就是他们健全的国际竞争力的标志。 因此，在国际上，竞争力定义为一个经济体能够吸引其出口需求和投资供给需求的能力和在所有社会规范内提升公民生活水平的能力。这反过来又取决于宏观和微观经济政策，影响生产的经济生产率要素和经营成本的法规和制度。 一个可用的文献回顾和实证证据支持国际竞争力可以解释为在一定程度上，一个国家的出口能力这一观点(道乐和沃尔夫，1993, 格博格等. 2004)。还有就是，事实上，是出口表现和国际竞争力之间的循环关系。出口是国际竞争力的第一衡量指标。出口情况的改善会导致了一个国家的竞争力提升。这种效果是一个企业的技能，知识，创新和运用新技术并能够在一个成功的商业方式中利用技术机会等的结果。 另一方面，为了在竞争激烈的全球市场努力成功实现出口，一个国家被迫提高竞争力。更具竞争力的国家，它的经济更强大。因此，它更有能力在全球市场竞争，以吸引具有较高的知识，技能，水平人们去购买新技术等，
企业成本控制外文翻译文献
企业成本控制外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)
译文： 在价值链的成本控制下减少费用和获得更多的利润 摘要： 根据基于价值链的成本管理理念和基于价值的重要因素是必要的。首先，必须有足够的资源，必须创造了有利的价值投资，同时还需要基于客户价值活动链，以确定他们的成本管理优势的价值链。其次，消耗的资源必须尽量减少，使最小的运营成本价值链和确保成本优势是基于最大商业价值或利润，这是一种成本控制系统内部整个视图的创建和供应的具实践，它也是一种成本控制制度基于价值链，包括足够的控制和必要的资源投资价值的观点，创建和保持消费的资源到合理的水平，具有价值的观点主要对象的第一个因素是构造有利的价值链，从创造顾客价值开始；第二个因素是加强有利的价值链，从供应或生产客户价值开始。因此它是一个新型的理念，去探索成本控制从整个视图的创建和供应的商品更盈利企业获得可持续的竞争优势。 关键词：成本控制，价值链，收益，支出，收入，成本会计 1、介绍 根据价值链理论，企业的目的是创造最大的顾客价值；和企业的竞争优势在于尽可能提供尽可能多的价值给他们的客户，作为低成本可能的。这要求企业必须首先考虑他们是否能为顾客创造价值，和然后考虑在很长一段时间内如何创造它。然而，竞争一直以“商品”（或“产品”）作为最直接的载体，因此，传统的成本控制方法主要集中在对“产品”和生产流程的过程。很显然，这不能解决企业的问题，企业是否或如何能为客户创造价值。换句话说，这至少不能从根本上解决它。 因此，企业必须首先投入足够的资源，以便他们能够创建客户值取向，然后提供它以最少的资源费用。所以在整个视图中对价值创造和提供整体的观点来控制成本，它可以为客户提供完美的动力和操作运行机制运行成本的控制，也可以从根本上彻底克服了传统的成本控制方法的缺点，解决了无法控制的创造和供应不足的真正价值。基于此，本文试图从创作的整体观讨论成本控制提供价值并探讨实现良性循环的策略，也就是说，“创造价值投资成本供应价值创造价值”。 2、成本及其控制的基于价值链理念 2.1基于价值链的成本观念 根据价值链理论，如果企业是要被客户接受，它必须创造和提供能满足其客户的价值。因此，成本（价值或资源支付费用）这不离为创造和提供顾客价值的活动，其活动的价值链。因此，我们应该从价值链角度看成本的重要。
进出口贸易专业术语中英文对照
银行英语： 出口信贷 export credit 出口津贴 export subsidy 商品倾销 dumping 外汇倾销 exchange dumping 优惠关税 special preferences 保税仓库 bonded warehouse 贸易顺差 favorable balance of trade 贸易逆差 unfavorable balance of trade 进口配额制 import quotas 自由贸易区 free trade zone 对外贸易值 value of foreign trade 国际贸易值 value of international trade 普遍优惠制 generalized system of preferences-GSP 最惠国待遇 most-favored nation treatment-MFNT -------------------价格条件 ---------------------- 价格术语trade term (price term) 运费freight 单价 price 码头费wharfage 总值 total value 卸货费landing charges 金额 amount 关税customs duty 净价 net price 印花税stamp duty 含佣价price including commission 港口税portdues 回佣return commission 装运港portof shipment 折扣discount,allowance 卸货港port of discharge 批发价 wholesale price 目的港portof destination 零售价 retail price 进口许口证inportlicence 现货价格spot price 出口许口证exportlicence 期货价格forward price 现行价格（时价）current price prevailingprice 国际市场价格 world (International)Marketprice 离岸价（船上交货价）FOB-free on board 成本加运费价（离岸加运费价） C&F-cost and freight 到岸价（成本加运费、保险费价） CIF-cost,insurance and freight --------------------交货条件 ---------------------- 交货delivery 轮船steamship(缩写S.S) 装运、装船shipment 租船charter (the chartered shep) 交货时间 time of delivery
外文翻译---国际贸易单证的作用
附录 F.1英文参考资料及中文翻译 F. 1 .1international trade documents role General international trade documents (international trade documents) is the international trade of use all the documents, documents and certificates collectively. Usually with international trade documents to deal with in and out of delivery of the goods El, transportation, insurance, inspection and quarantine, customs declaration, the settlement of exchange, etc. Special international trade documents usually refers to the settlement documents, especially the l/c under the way of settlement of documents. International trade documents and the use of import and export trade program closely related, the documents in the import and export enterprise work throughout the export, purchase, transportation, the whole process of the proceeds, the effort is big, timeliness strong, is broad, in addition to import and export enterprise internal between various departments the cooperation with the outside, still must and bank, customs, transportation department, insurance companies, the inspection and quarantine agencies and the relevant administrative authorities happen various contact, linked together, mutual influence, also are conditions. International trade documents for the performance of a contract is necessary means International trade is the transnational goods business, due to the particularity of the multinational business, which is the purchase and sale of the different departments are located in different countries, are remote, in most cases, the goods and payment can't perform simple direct exchange, but only as the medium of exchange with documents means. The international trade of the documents that sales of goods through the documents realization sale, the seller should not only will the actual delivery of goods export shipment, and should submit to the buyer include the title to the goods vouchers, complete documents to show real assignment. The seller/p means that the delivery of the goods, and the buyer payment is get to buy goods on behalf of property rights certificate, the deal is no longer with the goods as the core, but with documents as the core. Documents and payment of the convection principle has become the international trade of general principles of the commodity business. As international trade experts "; m Cardiff in the export trade in his book mentioned: "from a business perspective, can say CIF the purpose of the contract is not the buying and selling of goods itself, but the documents relating to the goods business." What say here "documents" is the international trade of documents. International trade documents many kinds, every kind of documents has its
企业人力资源管理系统分析与设计 外文翻译
Enterprise Human Resources Management System Design And Implementation Abstract: Human resource management system is the core content of modern enterprise management. With the rapid development of the computer information technology and unprecedented prevalence of electronic commerce mode，the competition between enterprises is turning from visible economic markets to the network. Developing the human resource management system supported by computer technology，network technology and information technology can not only improve the skill of human resource management and the efficiency of the enterprises but also make human resource management modern and decision sciencefic,Modern human resource management uses B/S mode to avoid C/S modes short coming of difficult in maintdning and reusing.According to the functional requirements of the actual project,this article specificly state the analysis of system,the general desigin of the system,the detail design of system and the practice of the system. The development of the system is the practice of MVC design ideas, maing using the Jsp+Servlet+JavaBean form of development.Jsp is the practice of MVC design ideas’view,in charge of receiving/responding the request of the customer.Servlet mainly responsible for the core business control of the whole system is the practice of the vontroller of MVC design idea to take charge of the statistics and rules of the whole system. In the practice of the system, somr open-source projrcts,such as the Ajax technique,JfreChart statements,fileupload technology,has been used. Using the modern human resource management theropy and analysising the actual situation, comparing the current situation of human resource management system, a huaman resource contents of management system basied on the Internet/Intranet has been designed. The main management,attendance management training more efficient statistics. Keywords:human resource management; B/S mode; Open-source projects; MVC mode. 摘要 人力资源管理系统是现代企业管理的核心内容。随着计算机信息技术的高速发展，电子商务模式的空前盛行，企业之间的竞争也从有形的经济市场转向了网络。开发以计算机技术、网络技术、信息技术支持的现代人力资源管理系统，既能提高企业人力资源管理的技术含量和企业的办事效率，也能使人力资源管理能够进入现代化、决策科学化的进程。现代人力资源管理系统采用了B/S模式，可以避免C/S模式的重用性差、维护难度高的缺点和
出口货物报关单英文翻译
JG02 Unified Serial No. from Data Centre: Customs Export Declaration Form of the People’s Republic of China
Customs Declaration Form 报关单 An exporter has to apply to the customs for declaration of the commodity before the shipment. The customs officer will sign on the customs declaration form and release the goods if the goods are up to the requirement. 出口方必须在装运前对出口货物进行报关，如果货物符合要求，海关官员就签署报关单对货物进行放行。 The person who asks for declaration is required to be qualified, that is to say, he/she should have the certificate of customs declaration. The examination is held by the General Administration of Customs of 申请报关的人要求具备资质，就是说他或她应有报关证。考试由中华人民共和国海关部署举行。 The customs declaration form is in different colors, for example: the white one is made out for general trade and the pink one is used for processing trade. The contents of these documents are similar. We take the specification of an export customs declaration form for general trade as an example to show the method of making out the document. 报关单有不同颜色，如白色报关单按一般贸易缮制，粉红色报关单用于加工贸易。这些单据的内容相似。我们以一般贸易的出口货物报关单的内容为例介绍该单据的缮制方法。 The Main Contents and Notes of Customs Declaration Form： 报关单的主要内容及注释： 1. 预录入编号：No. of Pre-record It is given by the customs while the exporter is applying to customs. It is given by computers automatically. 出口方申请报关时由海关给的编号，是由计算机自动编制的。 2. 海关编号：No. of Customs It is given by the computer system automatically or given by the custom officer. 由计算机系统自动编制或由海关人员给出。 3. 出口口岸：Port of Export It refers to the name and code of the customs at final port of export. 指最后口岸的海关名称及代码。 说明：若出口货物在设有海关的发运地办理报关手续，出口口岸仍应填写出境口岸的名称。如在深圳办理报关手续，陆路运输至上海出境的货物，其出口口岸为上海。同时加注关区代码。 4. 备案号：record number for checking It refers the number of “Register Manual” or the number of “Certificate of Paid or Free Tax” 指《登记手册》编号或《征免税证明》编号。 5. 出口日期：Date of Export It refers to the date of shipment. It is the applied date of departure of the vessel. 指发运日期，也就是船申报出境的日期。 6. 申报日期：Date of Application It is the date that the exporter applies for declaration. 指出口方向海关申报出境的日期。 7. 经营单位：Executive company Fill in the company’s name who signs and executes the S/C in Chinese, (generally refers to the exporter), and the customs code of the company. 用中文填写签订和执行合同的公司(一般指出口人)名称及经营单位代码。 说明：如果总公司签订合同，由分公司执行，则填分公司名称。出口企业间相互代理，以代理方为经营单位。注意填写全称，注明经营单位代号，该代号是出口企业办理海关注册登记时，海关设置的编码，共10位数字。 8. 运输方式：Mode of Transportation It refers to the final departure mode of transportation , such as sea, road, railway and air, etc. 指货物出境的最后运输方式，如江海、公路、铁路及航空等。 9. 运输工具名称Name of Transportation Tool It refers to the name of departure tool of transportation (for example, sea for vessel and number of voyage, railway for the number of train and air for the number of flight). 指货物出境的运输工具名称(如江海填船名及航次，铁路填车次，航空填航班号)。
服务贸易自由化机制外文文献翻译2014年译文4000字
文献出处：Barattieri A. The mechanism of service trade liberalization[J]. Journal of International Economics, 2014, 92(1): 1-13. （声明：本译文归百度文库所有，完整译文请到百度文库。） 原文 The mechanism of service trade liberalization Barattieri A Abstract In this paper, Service trade liberalization is the key areas of the United States to promote the TPP negotiations, the United States in the negotiations are pushing mechanism of a high standard of service trade liberalization. In this paper the progress of the TPP negotiations and services trade issues important position, on the basis of the acceptance, architecture design, focus on services, regulatory consistency four aspects in the TPP uncovers the "high standards" service trade liberalization mechanism establishment. American "high standards" service trade liberalization mechanism is tailored to the interests of the United States, actually services in the service of the United States. These mechanisms are through to strengthen and promote the TPP platform, forming reversed transmission to other countries. Key words: the TPP; The United States; Service trade liberalization; High standards; Mechanism design America is the first largest exporter global trade in services, and for many years, continues to service trade surplus. Competitive advantage based on service industry and service industry The importance of promoting American exports, jobs and economic growth, the United States in the multilateral, bilateral and regional multiple layers jointly promoting service trade liberalization. In the Uruguay round negotiations, the United States has overcome many obstacles, for the first time to include the Service Trade in multilateral negotiations, contributed to the general Agreement on Trade in services (the Genre - al Agreement on Trade and Service,
企业绩效管理【外文翻译】
外文文献翻译译文 一、外文原文 Corporate Performance Management Abstract Two of the most important duties of a chief executive officer are (1) to formulate strategy and (2) to manage his company’s performance. In this article we examine the second of these tasks and discuss how corporate performance should be modeled and managed. We begin by considering the environment in which a company operates, which includes, besides outside stakeholders, the industry it belongs and the market it supplies, and then proceed to explain how the functioning of a company can be understood by an examination of its business, operational and performance management models. Next we describe the structure recommended by the authors for a corporate planning, control and evaluation system, the most important part of a corporate performance management system. The core component of the planning system is the corporate performance evaluation model, the structure of which is mapped into the planning system’s database, simulation models and budgeting tools’ structures, and also used to shape information contained in the system’s products, besides being the nucleus of the language used by the system’s agents to talk about corporate performance. The ontology of planning, the guiding principles of corporate planning and the history of ”MADE”, the corporate performance management system discussed in this article, are reviewed next, before we proceed to discuss in detail the structural components of the corporate planning and control system introduced before. We conclude the article by listing the main steps which should be followed when implementing a performance planning, control and evaluation system for a company. 1.Introduction Two of the most important corporate tasks for which a chief executive officer is p rimarily responsible are (1) to formulate strategy and (2) to manage the company’s performance. In this article we examine the second of these tasks and discuss how