研一英语翻译(1-4单元)双语

1

Leisure activities in the UK

Leisure activities in earlier centuries were largely conditioned by the rural and agricultural nature of British life. Village communities were isolated and transport was either poor or non-existent. People were consequently restricted to their villages and obliged to create their own entertainments. Some of the activities were home-based, while others were enjoyed by the whole village. These might be added to by itinerant players, who traveled the countryside and provided a range of alternative spectator entertainments.

Improved transportation and road conditions from the eighteenth century onwards enabled the rural population to travel to neighboring towns where they took advantage of a variety of amusements. Spectator activities increased with the industrialization of the nineteenth century, as theatres, music halls and sports developed and became available to more people. The establishment of railway systems and the formation of bus companies initiated the pattern of cheap one-day trips around the country and to the seaside, which were to grow into the mass charter and package tours of contemporary Britain. The arrival of radio, film and television in the twentieth century resulted in a further huge professional entertainment industry. In all these changes, the mixture of participatory, spectator and home-based leisure activities has continued. Many contemporary pursuits have their roots in the cultural and social behavior of the past, such as boxing, wrestling, cricket, football, and a wide range of athletic sports. Dancing, amateur theatre and musical events were essential parts of rural life, and were often associated with the changing agricultural seasons. The traditions of hunting, shooting and fishing have long been practiced in British country life, in addition to a number of blood sports, such as dog and cock fighting and bear baiting, which are now illegal.

There is a wide variety of sports in Britain today, which cater for large numbers of spectators and participators. Some of these are minority sports, while others appeal to majority tastes. Amateur and professional football/soccer is played throughout most of the year, and also at international level. The professional game has developed into a large family-oriented spectator sport, but has suffered in recent years from hooliganism, declining attendances and financial crises. Rugby football is a popular winter pastime, and is divided into two types. Rugby Union is confined to amateur clubs, while Rugby League is played by professional teams, mainly in the north of England. Both types of rugby are also played internationally. Cricket is a summer sport in Britain, but the England team also plays in the winter months in the Commonwealth countries. It is both an amateur and professional sport. The senior game is now mainly professional and is largely confined to the English and Welsh countrysides which play in the country championships.

There are many other sports which reflect the diversity of interests in British life. Among these are golf, horse racing, hunting, riding, fishing, shooting, tennis, hockey, bowls, darts, snooker, athletics, swimming, sailing, mountaineering, walking, ice sports, motor-car and motor-cycle racing, and rally driving. American football and basketball are increasingly popular due to television exposure.

The sporting notion of “a healthy mind in a healthy body” has long been a principle of British education. All schools are supposed to provide physical recreation, and a reasonable range of sports is usually available to school children. Schools may play soccer, rugby, hockey or netball during the summer. Some schools may be better provided with sporting facilities than others, and offer a wider range of sports. However, there have been recent complaints from parents that team games and competitive sports are declining in state schools. School reorganization and the creation of large comprehensives have reduced the amount of inter-school competition, which used to be a feature of education; some left-wing councils are apparently opposed to competitive expression; there is a shortage of playing fields; and a lack of adequate equipment. The position is particularly acute in the inner city areas, and is of concern to those parents who feel that their children are being prevented from expressing their normal physical natures. They maintain that the state school system is failing to provide sporting provision for children, and some parents turn to the independent sector, which is usually well-provided with sports facilities. The “arts” once had a somewhat precious and exclusive image associated with notions of high culture, which were usually the province of the middle and upper classes. The growth of mass and popular culture has increased the potential audience for a wider range of cultural activities, and the availability and scope of the arts has spread to greater numbers of people. Pop concerts, folk and ethnic music, and youth culture pastimes occupy a considerable amount of young people’s leisure time, as well as contributing to trade, exports and the British image nationally and internationally. These activities may be amateur or professional and continue the mixture of participatory, spectator and home-based entertainment.

There is a wide range of museums and art galleries in Britain, which provide for a variety of tastes. In the past, entry to most of the public museums was free of charge, but in recent years entrance fees have been charged by some institutions. This development has led to less accessibility to national educational and cultural heritage, which should be available to all without charge. But museums and art galleries are also finding it difficult to operate with limited funds, and are dependent on local government grants and Arts Council subsidies.

In addition to these cultural and sporting pastimes, the British enjoy a variety of other leisure activities. More people have more free time, which results from a 35-40 hour working week, and more diversified opportunities are now available.

Do-it-yourself hobbies, such as house painting, decorating and gardening, are very popular, as are going out for meals and visiting the pub. The pub, as an institution, has changed groups and tastes. The licensing hours, which apply to open times for the sale of alcohol, have been liberalized by the government to bring England and Wales into line with Scotland. But in recent years, the establishment of wine bars, various forms of clubs, discotheques and dance halls has meant a considerable amount of competition for the traditional pubs.

Holidays and where to spend them have become an important part of British life, accompanied by more leisure time and money for the majority of the people. Many people prefer to organize their own holidays and make use of the good air and sea

communications between Britain and the continent. In Britain itself exist different forms of holiday, from the traditional “Bed& Breakfast” at a seaside boarding house, to hotels, caravan sites and camping. Increased car ownership has allowed greater travel possibilities. Today, more than three-fifths of households have the use of at least one car, and 16 percent have two or more.

A public opinion poll in 1990 showed that Britain’s cultural life was thriving, and that a large number of people participated in a variety of available pastimes. We can report that the nation is in no telly-induced trance. Its tastes mix watching and doing, “high”and “low” cultures, with a richness that contradicts the stereotypes of the British as divided between mindless lager louts and equally money-grubbing consumers. The mix we have found will not please everybody. Not enough football for some, not enough opera for others. But that is what we should expect in the culture of a whole nation.

在英国休闲活动

在早期世纪的休闲活动主要条件由英国生活的农村和农业的性质。村社分离和运输是很差或者不存在。人们因此限制在自己的村庄，不得不打造自己的娱乐。有些活动是家庭为基础的，而另一些是由全村享受。这些可能会被添加到由流动的球员，谁前往乡村，并提供一系列的另类观众娱乐。

从十八世纪改善交通和道路状况开始启用农村人口前往邻近城镇，他们采取了各种娱乐活动的优势。观众活动增加与十九世纪的工业化，剧院，音乐厅和发展体育，成为提供给更多的人。铁路系统的建立和巴士公司的发起组建的全国各地，并在海边，这是成长为当代英国的质量和包机旅行团便宜的一日游格局。广播，电影和电视在二十世纪的到来导致进一步的庞大的专业娱乐行业。在所有这些变化，参与性，观赏性和以家庭为基础的休闲活动混合物继续。

许多当代的追求有自己过去的文化和社会行为的根源，如拳击，摔跤，板球，足球，和广泛的竞技体育。跳舞，业余戏剧和音乐事件是农村生活的重要部分，并常常与不断变化的农业季节有关。狩猎，射击和钓鱼的传统早已实行的英国乡村生活，除了一些血液运动，如狗，斗鸡以及熊引诱，这是现在非法的。

有各种各样的英国体育的今天，这迎合了大批观众和参与者的。其中有些是少数人的运动，而另一些吸引广大的口味。专业和业余足球/足球是发挥各地最多的一年，也是在国际一级。专业的游戏已经发展成为一个庞大的家族化的体育比赛，但近年来，从流氓行为，上座率下滑和金融危机受到了影响。橄榄球是一种流行的冬季消遣，并分为两种类型。英式橄榄球联盟仅限于业余俱乐部，而英式橄榄球联赛是由专业的团队发挥，主要是在英格兰北部。有两种类型的橄榄球也打国际。板球是夏季运动在英国，但英格兰队也发挥在冬季，在英联邦国家。它既是一个专业和业余体育。资深游戏现在主要是专业和主要局限在英格兰和威尔士乡村共同在全国锦标赛从而发挥。

还有许多其他的运动，反映在英国生活利益的多样性。其中包括高尔夫球，赛马，狩猎，骑马，钓鱼，射击，网球，曲棍球，保龄球，飞镖，桌球，田径，游泳，帆船，登山，散步，冰上运动，动车及电单车赛车，拉力赛和驾驶。美式足球和篮球越来越流行，由于电视台曝光。

对“一个健康的精神寓于健康的身体”的运动理念一直是英国教育的原则。所有学校都应该提供体育活动，并在合理的范围内运动通常是提供给学校的孩子们。学校可在暑假期间踢足

球，橄榄球，曲棍球和投球。有些学校可能会比其他体育设施更好的提供，提供更广泛的运动。不过，已经有来自父母的团队游戏和竞技体育正在下降公立学校最近的投诉。学校重组，创建大型comprehensives已经减少了校际竞争，这曾经是教育的一个特征量;一些左翼议会显然反对竞争性的表达;有玩场不足;和缺乏足够的设备。该位置是内城地区尤其严重，并关注那些父母谁觉得自己的孩子正在从表达自己的正常物理性质防止。他们认为，公立学校系统未能提供运动为儿童提供，有的家长求助于独立部门，通常是很好配备体育设施。

在“艺术”曾经与高雅文化的概念，这是一般的中上层阶级省相关几分珍贵和独特的形象。大众和大众文化的发展，增加了潜在的受众更广泛的文化活动和艺术的可用性和范围已经蔓延到更多的人。流行音乐会，民谣和民族音乐和青年文化消遣占据了相当数量的年轻人的休闲时间，以及国内和国际上促进贸易，出口和英国的形象。这些活动可能是业余或专业，并继续参与性，观赏性和家庭为基础的娱乐混合物。

有各种各样的博物馆和艺术画廊在英国，提供适合各种口味。在过去，进入大部分的公共博物馆是免费的，但近年来门票费已收取的部分机构。这种发展导致了无障碍民族教育和文化底蕴不足，这应该是适用于所有不收取任何费用。不过，博物馆和艺术画廊也发现很难用有限的资金运作，并依赖于地方政府的补助和艺术委员会补贴。

除了这些文化和体育娱乐活动，英国享受其他各种休闲活动。更多的人有更多的自由时间，这将导致从35-40小时工作周，和更多元化的机会，现已。

做它自己的兴趣爱好，如油漆，装饰和园艺，都非常受欢迎，因为是外出吃饭和逛酒吧。酒吧，作为一个机构，改变了团体和口味。发牌时间，适用于开放时间为酒精销售，已经放开由政府把英格兰和威尔士与苏格兰线。但近年来，建立了酒吧，各种形式的俱乐部，迪斯科舞厅和歌舞厅，意味着相当数量的传统酒吧的竞争。

假期和在那里度过他们已经成为英国的生活，伴随着更多的休闲时间和金钱，为广大人民群众的重要组成部分。很多人喜欢组织自己的节日和利用英国与欧洲大陆之间的良好的空中和海上通信。在英国自己在海边招待所存在不同形式的节日，从传统的“床和早餐”，为酒店，房车站点和露营。增加的汽车保有量已经允许更多的旅游机会。今天，超过五分之三的家庭拥有的使用的至少一个车，和16％的具有两个或更多。

一项民意调查中显示，1990年，英国的文化生活却一枝独秀，并有大量的人参加了各种可用的消遣。我们可以报告说，国家是没有的电视机引起的精神恍惚。它的口味组合看，做，“高”和“低”的文化，具有丰富违背了英国的刻板印象盲目啤酒劳斯，同样的钱，筹钱消费者之间的分歧。我们发现将无法取悦每一个人的组合。没有足够的足球一些，没有足够的戏给别人。但是，这是我们应该期待在全民族的文化。

2

Higher Education in developing countries

Higher education institutions clearly need well-designed academic programs and a clear mission. Most important to their success, however, are high-quality faculty, committed and well-prepared students, and sufficient resources. Despite notable exceptions, most higher education institutions in developing countries suffer severe deficiencies in each of these areas. As a result, few perform to a consistently high standard.

Faculty Quality

A well-quality and highly motivated faculty is critical to the quality of higher education institutions. Unfortunately, even at flagship universities in developing countries, many faculty members have little, if any, graduate level training. This limits

the level of knowledge imparted to students and restricts students’ability to access existing knowledge and generate new ideas.

Teaching methods are often outmoded. Rote learning is common, with instructors doing little more in the classroom than copying their notes onto a blackboard. The students, who are frequently unable to afford a textbook, must then transcribe the notes into a notebook, and those students who regurgitate a credible portion of their notes from memory achieve exam success. These passive approaches to teaching have little value in a world where creativity and flexibility are at a premium. A more enlightened view of learning is urgently needed, emphasizing active intellectual engagement, participation, and discovery, rather than the passive absorption of facts. Improving the quality of faculty is made more difficult by the ill-conceived incentive structures found in many developing countries. Faculty pay is generally very low in relation to that offered by alternative professional occupations. Pay increases are governed by bureaucratic personnel systems that reward long service rather than success in teaching or research. Market forces, which attempt to reward good performance, are seldom used to determine pay in the higher education sector.

While pay disparities make it difficult to attract talented individuals, recruitment procedures are often found to hinder intellectual growth. Some developing countries have been slow in developing tradition of academic freedom and independent scholarship. Bureaucracy and corruption are common, affecting the selection and treatment of both students and faculty. Favoritism and patronage contribute to academic inbreeding that denies universities the benefit of intellectual cross-fertilization. Those problems arise most commonly in politicized academic settings, where power rather than merit weighs most heavily in the making of important decisions.

Politicization can also have a wider impact on the atmosphere of a system. While political activity on campuses throughout the world has helped address injustices and promote democracy, in many instances it also has inappropriately disrupted campus life. Research, teaching, and learning are extremely difficult when a few faculty members, students, and student groups take up positions as combative agents of rival political factions.

Higher education institutions rely on the commitment of their faculty. Their consistent presence and availability to students and colleagues have an enormous influence in creating an atmosphere that encourages learning. Yet few institutions in developing countries have structures against moonlighting and excessive absenteeism. Many faculty work part-time at several institutions, devote little attention to researching or to improving their teaching, and play little or no role in the life of the institutions employing them. Faculty members are often more interested in teaching another course-often at an unaccredited school-than in creasing their presence and commitment to the main institution with which they are affiliated. With wages so low, it is difficult to condemn such behavior.

Problems faced by students

In many institutions, students face difficult conditions for study. Severely overcrowded classes, inadequate library and laboratory facilities, distracting living

conditions, and few, if any, student services are the norm. The financial strains currently faced by most universities are making conditions even worse.

Many students start their studies academically unprepared for higher education. Poor basic and secondary education, combined with a lack of selection in the academic system, lies at the root of this problem. Yet rarely does an institution respond by creating remedial programs for inadequately prepared students.

Cultural traditions and infrastructure limitations also frequently cause students to study subjects, such as humanities and the arts, which offer limited job opportunities and lead to “educated unemployment”. At the same time, there is often unmet demand for qualified science graduates, while in many societies women study subjects that conform to their traditional roles, rather than courses that will maximize their opportunities in the labor market. Better information on the labor market is needed, combined with policies that promote economic growth and labor absorption. Also, many educated people come from wealthier backgrounds and are able to resist taking jobs in locations they consider to be undesirable. Promoting an entrepreneurial culture will encourage the creation of more productive jobs.

Students also face the widespread requirement to choose their area of specialization early in their course, in some cases ahead of matriculation. Once a choice is made, change is frequently difficult or even impossible. Such inflexibility closes off options, with students unable to sample courses in different academic areas. Early specialization can prevent costly indecisiveness, but systems that are unforgiving of early “mistakes” do not develop and unleash the true potential of many students. Insufficient Resources and Autonomy

Many of the problems involving higher education are rooted in a lack of resources. For example, developing countries spend far less than developed countries on each student. But finding new funds is not easy. Although absolute spending is low, developing countries are already spending a higher proportion of their (smaller) incomes than developed world on higher education, with public spending for education growing more quickly than income or total government spending. Higher education is clearly placing greater demands on public budgets, with the private-sector and international donors taking up only some of the slack. Redirecting money from primary or secondary education is rarely an option, with spending per student on higher education already considerably higher than is common at other levels of the education system.

Most public universities are highly dependent on central governments for their financial resources. Tuition fees are often negligible or non-existent, and attempts to increase their level encounter major resistance. Even when tuition fees are collected, the funds often bypass the university and go directly into the coffers of ministries of finance or central revenue departments. Budgets must typically be approved by government officials, who may have little understanding of higher education in general, of goals and capabilities of a particular university, or of the local context in which it operates.

In addition, capital and operating budgets are poorly coordinated. Often, major new facilities are built, but then are left with no funds for operation and maintenance. The

developing world is littered with deteriorating buildings, inadequate libraries, computer laboratories that are rarely open, and scientific equipment that cannot be used for want of supplies and parts. It is often impossible to carry over unspent funds for use in later years, and difficult to win a budget that is higher than the previous year’s actual expenditure. This creates a “use-it-or-lose-it environment”, resulting in overspending and misspent resources.

Research universities face an array of especially serious problems. Their role derives from a unique capacity to combine the generation of new knowledge with the transmission of existing knowledge. Recent pressures to expand higher education have in many cases diverted such universities from pursuing research, and their financial situation is further diminishing their research capabilities. Public universities in Africa and Asia often devote up to 80 percent of their budgets to personnel and student maintenance costs, leaving few resources for infrastructure maintenance, libraries, equipment, or supplies-all key ingredients in maintaining a research establishment.

The disappearance of a research agenda from these universities has serious consequences. The inability to pursue research isolates the nation’s elite scholars and scientists, leaving them unable to keep up with the latest developments in their own fields. As research universities lose their ability to act as reference points for the rest of the education system, countries quickly find it harder to make key decisions about the international issues affecting them.

In addition to being severely underfunded, sometimes despite their best efforts, many higher education institutions in developing countries lack the authority to make key academic, financial, and personnel decisions. They can also slow in devolving responsibility for decision-making to constituent departments. Poor governance, in other words, dilutes their ability to spend what money they have.

高等教育在发展中国家

高等教育机构显然需要精心设计的学术课程和明确的使命。最重要的是他们的成功，然而，高品质的师资队伍，忠诚的，精心准备的学生，和足够的资源。尽管有明显的例外，在发展中国家大多数高等教育机构遭受这些领域的严重不足。其结果是，很少执行到一个一致的高标准。

师资质量

良好的品质和充满活力的师资队伍是高等教育机构的质量至关重要。不幸的是，即使是在旗舰大学在发展中国家，许多教师很少，如果有的话，研究生层次的培训。这限制了知识传授给学生的水平，并限制学生的访问现有的知识，并产生新的创意能力。

教学方法往往是过时的。死记硬背的学习是常见的，与导师做多一点在课堂上不是复制他们的笔记到黑板上。谁从内存中吐出的纸币的公信力部分学生，谁是经常买不起课本，然后必须抄写笔记到笔记本电脑，而那些学生取得考试成功。这些被动的教学方法在这个世界上，创造性和灵活性是非常宝贵的价值不大。学习的一个比较开明的观点是迫切需要的，强调积极的智力参与，参与，和发现，而不是事实的被动吸收。

提高教师的质量是由许多发展中国家找到了居心不良的激励结构变得更加困难。教职工工资普遍偏低有关，通过替代专业的职业课程。加薪是由官僚人事制度，在教学或科研奖励长期服务，而不是成功的管理。市场力量，它试图以奖励良好的表现，很少用来确定在高等教育

机构的薪酬。

而收入差距，很难吸引优秀人才，招聘程序经常发现阻碍智力发育。一些发展中国家已经在开发学术自由和独立的学术传统慢。官僚主义和腐败现象是常见的，影响到学生和教师的选择和处理。偏袒和庇护有助于学术近亲繁殖，否认大学知识产权交叉施肥的好处。出现这些问题最常见于政治化的学术环境，在权力而不是功德负担最为沉重的的重要决策的制定。政治也可以对一个系统的气氛有广泛影响。而在世界各地的校园政治活动已帮助解决不公正和促进民主，在许多情况下，它也有不当干扰的校园生活。当一些教师，学生和学生团体占用作为对立的政治派别的争斗代理职务研究，教学和学习是非常困难的。

高等教育机构依靠他们教师的承诺。他们一致的存在和可用性，以学生和同事在创造一个鼓励学习的气氛产生巨大影响。然而，很少有机构在发展中国家对兼职和过多的旷工结构。许多教师担任兼职工作在几个机构，投入很少关注研究并改进自己的教学，并在雇用他们的机构的生活中发挥很少或根本没有作用。教师们往往更热衷于教其他课程，通常在一个未经认可的学校比压痕他们的存在和承诺的主要机构与它们有关联。工资这么低，很难谴责这种行为。

学生面临的问题

在许多机构中，学生面临困难的条件下进行研究。拥挤不堪班，不足图书馆和实验室设施，分散注意力的生活条件，也很少，如果有的话，学生服务是常态。目前面临的多数大学的财政压力正在条件更加恶劣。

许多学生开始他们的研究在学术上毫无准备的高等教育。可怜的基础和中等教育，加上缺乏选择在学术制度，就在于在这个问题的根源。然而，很少不通过创建准备不足的学生辅导计划的机构响应。

文化传统和基础设施的限制，还经常造成学生学习科目，如人文和艺术，它提供有限的就业机会，并导致“知识失业”。与此同时，经常会有合格的理科毕业生需求没有得到满足，而在许多社会里，妇女研究符合他们的传统角色，而不是课程，将最大限度地在劳动力市场上的机会科目。在劳动力市场上更好的信息是必要的，加上促进经济增长和吸收劳动力的政策。此外，许多受过教育的人都来自富裕的背景，并能抵抗服用职位，他们认为是不可取的位置。推动创业文化，鼓励创造更多的生产性就业。

学生也面临着广泛的要求，在其病程早期选择其专业领域，在某些情况下，提前录取的。一旦作出选择，变化是经常很难或者甚至是不可能的。这种僵化封闭客的选项，学生无法在不同学术领域的样品课程。早期的专业化可以防止昂贵的优柔寡断，但在无情的早期的“错误”系统不开发和释放许多学生的真正潜力。

资源不足和自主性

许多涉及高等教育问题的根源在于缺乏资源。例如，发展中国家的花费远远超过发达国家对每个学生少。但是，寻找新的资金是不容易的。虽然绝对支出较低，发展中国家已花费他们（小）收入的比例高于发达国家的高等教育，公共支出用于教育日益增长的速度比收入或政府总支出。高等教育显然将有更高的要求对公共预算，与私营部门和国际捐助者采取了只有部分松弛。从小学或中学教育重定向的钱是很少的一个选项，以每名学生已经高等教育支出大大高于通常在教育系统的其他水平。

大多数公立大学都高度依赖中央政府提供的财政资源。学费通常是可以忽略不计或不存在，并试图增加他们的水平遇到较大阻力。即使收集学费，资金往往绕过大学，直接进入金融或中央财政收入部门的部委的库房。预算通常必须由政府官员，谁可以有目标和，或者运作的当地情况特定大学的能力提出了更高的教育缺乏了解，一般批准。

此外，资本和运营预算协调不善。通常情况下，主要的新设施建成，但后来都离开了，没有资金进行操作和维护。发展中世界中充斥着恶化的建筑物，图书馆不足，这是很少打开电脑

实验室，而不能用于想要用品和零部件的科研设备。它往往是无法结转未动用资金，在以后的几年使用，很难赢得预算比上一年度的实际开支水平。这将创建一个“使用，它有或输的IT环境”，导致过度消费和挥霍浪费的资源。

研究型大学面临特别严重的一系列问题。从一个独特的能力的作用，得出新知识的产生结合现有知识的传播。近期的压力，扩大高等教育在很多情况下，这种转移从大学追求研究，他们的财务状况进一步削弱他们的研究能力。公立大学在非洲和亚洲的投入往往高达80％的预算人员和学生的维护成本，使基础设施的维护，图书馆，设备或耗材所有关键成分少的资源维持一个研究机构。

从这些大学的研究议程中消失了严重的后果。追求研究无法隔离全国的精英学者和科学家，使他们无法跟上各自领域的最新发展。作为研究型大学失去了作为基准点，为教育系统的其余部分的能力，国家迅速找到更难做出影响他们的国际问题的关键决策。

除了是资金严重不足，有时尽管他们尽了最大努力，在发展中国家的许多高等教育机构缺乏权威性，使重点学科，金融和人事决策。他们还可以在下放的决策组成部门负责放缓。治理不善，换句话说，他们的稀释度过他们有什么赚钱的能力。

3

Beyond his blond hair and pale skin, there are cultural distinctions, already apparent, that distinguish my 15-month-old son from the local Chinese children around him.

My son is more active and determined than the other kids we meet at the playground, qualities which arise from some mixture of genetic predetermination and social conditioning.

Before he could sit, my son spent hours clenching his stomach muscles, practicing the type of semi sit-ups that are encouraged at the gym.

Natural tendencies, however, are compounded by nurture. There are countless ways that the Chinese, in their speech, actions and attitude, work to control and suppress their ch ildren’s innate will and energy.

Howard Gardner, the educational psychologist, has written extensively on China. He argues that it is evident, even in the simplest forms of infant play, that different ways of learning begin long before school begins.

When Westerners play with their children, they tend to sit back a little, giving them space to discover the world on their own, letting them follow their desires and determine their own limitations.

In China, on the other hand, when children explore, there is usually someone hovering right behind them, guiding their movements and activities.

Whereas North American parents emphasize self-reliance, creative solutions and problem-solving skills, their Chinese counterparts use illustration and gentle guidance, a lea rning style known as “ba zhe shou jiao” (teaching by hand-holding).

Teaching art in North America, to give one stark example, usually consists of handing out paint and paper and encouraging children to use their imagination.

In China, on the other hand, model pictures are hung on the wall and the art teacher takes the child by the hand teaching them how to draw.

Thus, the Chinese culture of education at even the earliest stages stresses the mastery of technical skill, learning through mimicry, concentrated discipline —and the value of respectful conformity.

In contrast, Western culture tends to value free experimentation, creativity and original expression. Chinese babies are, in general, far more disciplined than their North American counterparts.

Much of my son’s behavior that is perfectly acceptable in the West — fidgeting in one’s seat, banging on the floor, crawling around in public spaces — seems wild and out of control to the Chinese.

Western teachers working at Chinese preschools express shock at the levels of strictness imposed, and the ways in which the most difficult (read: active) children are chastised.

While this high degree of discipline has the negative effect of making children reluctant to initiate play, it does succeed in teaching self-control and respect for authority — precisely those qualities that are seen to be lacking in U.S. schools.

Friends and family in North America often tell me that between piano, art and sports lessons, their kids are already overscheduled and subject to pressures beyond their years.

Yet, regardless of the number of extracurricular activities, the lives of Western children are leisurely when compared to Chinese.

In America, a general rule states that teachers should assign ten minutes of homework per grade per day. The average eight year old thus has a daily limit of 30 minutes of homework. If schools go beyond this, parents complain.

In China, especially in the era of the one child policy when the lost opportunities of the Cultural Revolution still have lingering effects, kids are subjects to tremendous pressure.

Parents typically assign extra homework themselves and weekends, evenings, summer and winter holidays are filled with English and math tutoring.

Even kindergarten teachers are asked to provide extra work. This requires immense sacrifice from parents who must spend hours each evening supervising homework.

As a result of this cultural devotion to study, Chinese children have far less free time than their North American counterparts with little opportunity for play. Get The Globalist’s latest headlines in your email inbox three times a week. Sign up here.

North American 6-10 year olds play for average of about 2-3 hours a day —more on weekends and holidays. Chinese kids of the same age are lucky to squeeze in a half hour evening trip to the park.

This lack of leisure time extends well into adolescence. In stark contrast to the West, the typical Chinese teenager rarely goes out on evenings or weekends.

When I asked one 16-year old in Shanghai how often she hung out with friends after school, she shockingly replied that she did so about once or twice a year.

The cultural distinction is evident not only in teenage lifestyle — but also in attitude. North American culture by and large tends to glamorize the rebel and sees the uniqueness of the misfit as worthy of praise.

It accepts — and on occasion even encourages — failure. Chinese society in comparison is massively conformist. “The tall nail gets hammered down”, goes the popular saying.

Idioms such as these pepper the Chinese language and are often used to express near universally held opinions. Westerners on the Chinese mainland soon discover a kind of group-think on topics as diverse as politics, history, food, art and travel.

Unlike in the West, in China it’s cool to be a good student and even being the teacher’s pet is considered OK. Explicit favoritism is widespread.

It is common practice for Chinese schools to publicly rank their students and test results are posted for all to see. There are even cases of classroom seating being arranged according to rank.

While many complain about the cruelty of this lack of privacy and parents often tell their kids to aim toward the middle of the list, this type of overt comparison is generally seen as a positive motivational force.

The differences between methods of learning in the East and the West are thus based on profound cultural differences that will be glacially slow to shift. Yet, while only limited change can be expected from domestic education reforms, a global educational environment is emerging which offers an

ever-widening variety of choice.

In China, more and more parents are sending their toddlers to private American-style preschools that — despite their exorbitant fees — are doing a booming business in the most prosperous cities, such as Shanghai. Alternatives to Chinese education

Wealthy Chinese parents who worry that their kids cannot face the pressures of the country’s education are finding ways for their children to go to North America for their primary education.

Hong Kong’s South China Morning Post recently reported on South Koreans paying for U.S. couples to adopt their children so that they can gain access to Western education.

Meanwhile, rich Shanghainese couples invest in Canada with the aim of gaining citizenship so that their children can escape the pressures of Chinese high school.

And, in the United States, private schools offering Asian-style math are becoming increasingly popular and students who are home-schooled use textbooks from Singapore and India.

In the latest outsourcing trend, tutors from Asia are available online. As increasing numbers of mainlanders seek Western education abroad, Western schools and universities are setting up more and more campuses in China.

In a few years time, when my son is ready for school, it is doubtful that any institution in either China or North America will be able to offer a “best of both worlds” combination of Western and Eastern education.

Instead, what globalization offers is a broad range of stark and relatively unadulterated cultural differences, between which individuals are increasingly free to pick and choose.

Whether it be the Chinese students filling the classrooms and hallways of Western academia or a Western schoolboy learning to speak Mandarin and attending a local Chinese school, it is to these experiments in cultural variation, communication and exchange that people will turn.

Rather than counting on any policy innovation on either side of the Pacific, that is how people will attempt to optimize the balance between technical competence and creative thought.

除了他金色的头发和苍白的皮肤，还有文化差异，已经很明显，区分我15个月大的儿子从他周围的中国本土儿童。

我的儿子是比我们在操场上满足预先确定的遗传和社会条件的一些混合物，产生的其他孩子，品质更积极和坚定的。

他还没来得及坐下，我的儿子花了几个小时紧握他的腹部肌肉，练的是鼓励在健身房锻炼了半仰卧起坐的类型。

自然倾向，但是，通过培育复杂。有无数的方法，中国，在他们的言语，行动和态度，努力控制和压抑自己的孩子与生俱来的意志和能量。

霍华德·加德纳，教育心理学家，曾广泛在中国编写的。他认为，这是显而易见的，即使在最简单的婴幼儿玩的形式，即学习不同的方式开始漫长的学校开始之前。

当西方人有他们的孩子一起玩，他们往往坐下来一点点，给他们空间去发现自己的世界，让他们按照自己的愿望和决定自己的局限性。

在中国，在另一方面，当孩子们探索，通常有一个人徘徊在他们身后右侧，指导他们的运动和活动。

而北美的父母强调自力更生，创造性的解决方案和解决问题的能力，他们的中国同行使用的插图和温柔的指导下，被称为“巴哲寿娇”（教学手控股）学习风格。

在北美的教学艺术，举一个明显的例子，通常包括派漆和纸，鼓励孩子们用自己的想象力。

在中国，另一方面，模型的照片被挂在墙上和美术老师把孩子的手教他们如何画画。

因此，教育，甚至在最初阶段的中国文化强调技术技能的掌握，通过模仿学习，集中的学科- 和尊重整合的价值。

与此相反，西方文化往往看重免费实验，创造力和原始表达式。中国的婴儿，一般来说，远远超过他们在北美的同行更有纪律。

大部分我儿子的行为是在西方完全可以接受的- 坐立不安在一个人的座位上，敲打在地板上，在公共场所爬来爬去- 看起来野性和失控给中国。

西方教师在中国幼儿园工作表示震惊，在严格的等级征收，以及如何在最困难的（阅读：激活）儿童严惩。

而这种高纪律程度有让孩子不愿意主动发挥的负面影响，但它成功地在教学中的自我控制和尊重权威- 恰恰是那些被认为素质缺乏的美国学校。

朋友和家人在北美地区经常告诉我，钢琴，艺术和体育之间的经验教训，他们的孩子已经工作繁忙，如有超出了他们多年的压力。

然而，不管课外活动的数量，西部儿童的生活相比，中国人是悠闲。

在美国，一般的规则规定，教师应指派10分钟每天每个年级的功课。平均八岁从而有作业30分钟的涨停。如果学校超越这一点，家长抱怨。

在中国，特别是在独生子女政策的时代，文革的失去的机会仍然有挥之不去的影响，孩子们科目巨大的压力。

父母通常指派额外的功课自己和周末，晚上，夏季和冬季假期都充满了英语和数学辅导。

即使是幼儿园教师被要求提供额外的工作。这需要家长谁必须每天晚上花几个小时做作业监督巨大的牺牲。

由于这种文化奉献给研究的结果，中国的孩子们少得多的空闲时间比北美同行玩耍的机会很少。

获取全球主义的最新头条新闻在您的电子邮件收件箱中，每周三次。在此注册。

北美6-10岁的孩子玩平均每天约2-3小时- 更在周末和节假日。同龄的中国孩子是幸运的在一个半小时一趟晚上到公园去挤。

这种缺乏闲暇时间延长顺利进入青春期。与之形成鲜明对比的是西方，典型的中国小将很少外出的晚上或周末。

当我在上海问一个16岁的她是如何经常挂出了放学后的朋友，她令人震惊的回答说，她这样做了约一次或两次。

文化的区别是显而易见的，不仅在青少年的生活- 而且在态度。北美文化大体上倾向于美化反叛和看到的失配值得赞赏的独特性。

它接受- 而且有时甚至鼓励- 失败。中国社会中比较大规模循规蹈矩。“高大的指甲被敲定下来”，那张流行的说法。

习语，如辣椒，这些在中国的语言和通常用来表达接近普遍认同的观点。西方人对中国大陆很快就会发现，内容涉及政治，历史，美食，艺术和旅行的一种群体思考。

与西方不同，在中国它的凉爽是一个好学生，甚至是老师的宠物被认为是OK。明确的偏袒现象非常普遍。

常见的做法是对中国学校排名公开他们的学生和测试结果公布给大家看。有教室座位的情况下，即使按排名被安排。

虽然许多抱怨这种缺乏隐私的残酷和家长经常告诉自己的孩子朝着目标列表的中间，这种类型的显性比较普遍看作是一个积极的推动力。

正在学习在东方和西方的方法之间的差异因此，基于深厚的文化差异，这将是缓慢的冰川转移。

然而，只有有限的变化可以从国内教育的改革预期，一个全球性的教育环境正在形成它提供了一个不断扩大的多种选择。

在中国，越来越多的家长把他们的幼儿到私人美式幼儿园的- 尽管他们高昂的费用- 正在做一个蓬勃发展的业务，最繁华的城市，如上海。

替代中国教育

富裕的中国家长谁担心他们的孩子无法面对国家的教育压力正在想方设法为自己的孩子去北美为他们的小学教育。

香港南中国Morning Post近日报道，韩国支付美国夫妇收养自己的孩子，让他们能够获得西方教育。

同时，丰富的上海夫妇在加拿大投资与获得公民身份，使他们的子女能逃脱中国高中生的压力的目的。

而且，在美国，私立学校提供亚洲风格的数学正变得越来越流行和学生谁是来自新加坡和印度的家庭教育使用的教科书。

在最新的外包趋势，来自亚洲的导师可在网上。随着内地越来越多的国外寻求西方教育，西方的学校和大学都设立在中国越来越多的校园。

在几年的时间里，当我的儿子准备去学校，这是值得怀疑的，在中国或北美的任何机构可以提供一个“两全其美”的西方和东方的教育相结合。

相反，提供什么样的全球化是一个范围广泛的鲜明且相对纯粹的文化差异，在它们之间的个

体也越来越随意挑选。

无论是中国学生填充教室和西方学术界还是西方的小学生学习讲普通话的走廊和参加当地的中国学派，它是这些实验中的文化差异，沟通和交流，人们会转向。

而不是寄望于在太平洋两边的任何政策创新，就是人们如何将尝试优化的技术能力和创造性思维之间的平衡。

93研究生英文课文第四单元A篇原文

“TheApprentice”aGoodLess；“TheApprentice”,theNBCre；

It’salessoninhigh-stakes；Theprogramiscompellingco；Herearesomelessonsgleane；1.Don’trelyongeneralitie；

2.Don’tsaybadthingsabout；

3.Lik

“The Apprentice ” a Good Lesson in How to Land Job You Want

“The Apprentice”,the NBC reality program headlined by Donald Trump,is more than mere entertainment.

It’s a lesson in high-stakes,cut-throat job interviewing-for potential employees and employers.

The program is compelling collaboration with “Survivor” producer Mark Burnett in which Trump supervises 16 young go-getters competing in a series of business endeavors.The winner wi ll head one of Trump’s companies for a year at a healthy six-figure salary.

Here are some lessons gleaned from the program so far:

1.Don’t rely on generalities.when asked why you should be hired or not fired,back up statements with quantifiable evidence.When asked why they should be retained,jessie and her other team members provided generalities about their leadership skills and character but none offered concrete examples of specific accomplishments.

2.Don’t say bad things about your boss or employees/co-workers.In week 6,both Troy and Kwame kept their comment about the project manager,the

soon-to-be fired jessie,very positive.But other team members,Heidi,Jessie and Omarosa,laced their comments with very negative statements about each other and excuses for their own shortcomings.While only Jessie was fired,in the real world all three of the women might have found themselves “out of the suite”,as Trump would say.Certainly,Tammy Lee’s negative and seemingly disloyal statements accelerated her demise in Week 7,the apartment-makeover episode.

3.Likability counts.in a real world interview/performance review.the personal connection established with the

interviewer/performance/supervisor (i.e.does he or she like you) could be the overriding factor in determining your employment fate.In an interview,this personal/connection is often established within the first five minutes of the interview,and while a positive connection will not necessary result in a job offer,a negative connection will almost always result in rejection.The lack of likability was a major reason behind the firing of Tammy Lee,who was not to make a positive impression on her teammates,Donald Trump on his advisers.At the other end of the spectrum the positive impressions establishment by Amy Henry have set her far ahead of the other competitors.She seems to be adored by everyone.

4.Dress for success.At first,the women in particular looked more like they were competing for positions with an escort service with a major real estate company.However,they quickly came around and learned that in order to be considered professional one has to dress in professional attire.

5.Rein in emotions.Interviews and performance reviews can be

intense.While most interviews are not confrontational in nature,such as those in Trump’s boardroom,performance review certainly can be.Those reviewed are asked to explain their actions,decisions,etc.It’s important in both situations for the one in the spotlight to keep emotional responses in check.Ereka,the project manager leading the losing team in Week 8,the Trump Ice episode,let her emotions get in the way during the project,and in the boardroom with Trump.It was the major reason leading to the decision to fire her.

6.Employer come first.While most employers know and understand that candidates and employees have other priorities in their lives outside of work,they do not want to hear about them or see evidence of those other priorities interfering with work.

Despite the situation with Heidi’s mother(the revelation that she was diagnosed with colon

cancer),Heidi demonstrated and reiterated in the boardroom to Trump(Week 7) that her commitment to her team would not be lessened by her obvious concern for her mother,which she displays outwardly after the day’s business is done.Omarosa,on the other hand,let a minor bump on the head derail her productivity,which sends a strong massage that the employer will take a back seat even if small issues arise.

7.More than one.You are never interviewed by just one person.Everyone you meet will determine your employment fate.Trump relied on two trusted associates to work with the candidates,and form their own opinions of each.Those opinions were critical in determining wether one candidate had indeed acted unethically as his competitors charged.

8.Limit what you say and never interrupt.Trump quickly upbraided Bill when Bill interrupted him to argue a point with him.Trump told him to stop talking,telling Bill that he would hire no young candidate who did not understand the importance of yielding to his authority.Figure out what the interviewer is seeking and you can answer any type of question.

9.No two interviews are alike in questions asked,but the objectives are always the same :finding someone who is not only qualitied but fits the company culture and will work well with the interviewer and his or her

co-workers.Trump does not ask a set of stock interview

questions.However,he made it very clear,by his comments to his trusted associates and in his direct comments to the interviewees,exactly the kind of candidate he wants:a sale-driven,hard-nosed,aggressive,smooth,polished executive with a killer instinct.Regardless of the question or test,the candidates must deliver with those expectations in mind.

10.Ask for the job.One of the biggest mistakes many job seekers make is ruining an otherwise successful interview by not actually asking for the job.It might seem unnecessary.After all, the job seeker would not have applied if he or she did not want the job.However,by asking for the job in the interview,the job seeker is sending a strong message to the employer that he or she is interested in the job and is enthusiastic about the opportunity.

In the art gallery episode,Nick,the winning project manager,was granted a unique 10-minute,face-to-face meeting with Trump,which Nick rightfully treated as an interview.Nick’s statement at the end, ”My main goal is to be working for you,” demonstrates the ty pe of interest and enthusiasm that any employer would like to hear from a candidate.

11.Take responsibilities for your decisions.In a performance review and even in some job interviews,particularly for upper management positions,a candidate is often asked to explain or defined actions and decisions.

The employer,before investing money in a new employee,wants to make sure that you recognize problems or failures and,most importantly,that you learned something that will make you a better employee and the company more profitable.When a project leader makes excuses or blames others on the team,it dose not enhance the individual’s image and it does not tell the employer that anything was learned.

Even though he wae the losing project manager in the art gallery episode,Kwame definitely enhanced his image by taking responsibility for going with the riskier artist.Heidi and Omarosa spent their time in the boardroom blaming each other for the team’s poor performance.Saying he was tired of her excuses Trump fired Omarosa,but Heidi certainly did not make a favorable impression on those who will decide her fate.

Most job seekers will not go through an interview process like “The Apprentice”,but the fundamentals are universal:making a personal connection with the interviewer,demonstrating what

qualities you will bring to the position,and setting yourself apart from the competition,hopefully in a positive way.

By watching the program,job seekers can learn a lot about the dynamic between the interviewer and interviewee.Hiring authorities can also learn ways to judge candidates.Clearly,part of Donald Trump’s success is his ability to surround himself with smart and highly driven individuals.

“TheApprentice”aGoodLess；“TheApprentice”,theNBCre；It’salessoninhigh-stakes；Theprogramiscompellingco；Herearesomelessonsgleane；1.Don’trelyongeneralitie；2.Don’tsaybadthingsabout；3.Lik

“学徒”一个好好的如何向土地工作你想要的

“学徒”，由唐纳德·特朗普的标题NBC真人秀节目，不仅仅是单纯的娱乐。

这是一个教训，在高风险，割喉式的工作面试，潜在的雇员和雇主。

该计划是“幸存者”制片人马克·伯内特在特朗普监督16年轻干将，在一个健康的六位数的年薪在一系列业务endeavors.The优胜者将前往特朗普的公司之一，每年的竞争引人注目的合作。

这里有一些教训，从程序收集至今：

1.Don't依靠generalities.when问为什么你应该被录用与否解雇，与量化evidence.When备份

报表问他们为什么要保留，杰西和她的团队的其他成员提供的泛泛而谈关于他们的领导能力和性格，但没有提供具体成就的具体例子。

2.Don't说一下你的老板或6周的雇员/ co-workers.In不好的事情，无论是特洛伊和夸保持他们的评论对项目经理，在即将被解雇杰西，非常positive.But其他团队成员海蒂，杰西和Omarosa，其股价与评论对方和借口为自己shortcomings.While只有杰西被解雇了非常不利的陈述，在现实世界中的所有三个女人可能会发现自己“出了一套”特朗普将say.Certainly，塔米·李的消极看似不忠陈述加速她的困境在7周的公寓改造插曲。

3.Likability counts.in与面试官/性能/主管建立一个真实的世界采访/性能review.the个人连接（iedoes他或她喜欢你）可能是最重要的因素在决定你的就业fate.In接受记者采访时，该个人/连接往往是第一个五分钟的采访中成立，而正连接不会必然结果在一个工作机会，负连接几乎总是导致rejection.The缺乏讨喜的是发射背后的一个重要原因的塔米·李，谁是不是让她的队友们一个积极的印象，唐纳德·特朗普在他advisers.At光谱的另一端的积极印象设立艾米·亨利已经把她远远领先于其他competitors.She似乎是每个人都崇拜。

4.Dress的success.At第一，特别是妇女看起来更像他们争夺与一个大型房地产company.However护送服务岗位，他们很快来到身边，并了解到，为了要考虑专业的一个人来穿着职业装。

5.Rein在emotions.Interviews和绩效考核可以intense.While大多数面试不是对抗性质，如在特朗普的会议室，绩效考核当然可以be.Those审查被要求解释自己的行为，决策，etc.It的在这两种情况下的一个在聚光灯下，保持情绪反应在check.Ereka，项目经理带领球队输球的第8周，特朗普冰插曲，让她的情绪得到了项目中的方式很重要，并在会议室与Trump.It 是导致解雇她的决定的主要原因。

6.Employer来first.While大多数雇主认识和了解，应聘者和员工都在他们的生活工作以外的其他优先事项，他们不希望听到他们或看到其他优先干扰工作的证据。

尽管与海蒂的母亲（的启示，她被诊断出患有结肠癌的情况

癌），海蒂证明并重申在会议室特朗普（第7周），她的承诺，她的团队将不会被她的母亲，这是她一天的生意后，向外显示为done.Omarosa，另一明显的担忧被减少另一方面，让头部轻微碰撞破坏了她的效率，这发出了一个强烈的按摩，雇主将采取即使很小的问题出现后座。

7.More比one.You永远不会由一个person.Everyone你见面就决定了你的就业fate.Trump采访依赖于两个信任的同事与应聘者的工作，并形成自己的each.Those意见，意见是至关重要的决定阉一名候选人确实不道德的行动为他的竞争对手收取。

8.Limit你说什么，从不interrupt.Trump迅速责备比尔比尔打断他争论点与him.Trump告诉他停止说话，告诉比尔，他会雇用没有年轻的候选人谁不懂得屈服的重要性他authority.Figure 什么面试官正在寻找和你能回答任何类型的问题。

学术英语 课文翻译

U8 A 1 在过去的30年里，作为一个专业的大提琴演奏家，我花了相当于整整20年时间在路上执行和学习音乐传统和文化。我的旅行使我相信在我们的全球化的世界中，文化传统来自于一个身份、社会稳定和富有同情心的互动的基本框架。 2 世界在快速改变，正如我们一定会创造不稳定的文化，让人质疑他们的地方。全球化使我们服从于别人的规则，这往往会威胁到个人的身份。这自然使我们紧张，因为这些规则要求我们改变传统习惯。所以如今全球领导者的关键问题是：如何使习惯和文化发展到融入更大的行星，同时不必牺牲鲜明特色和个人的骄傲？ 3 我的音乐旅程提醒了我，全球化带来的相互作用不只是摧毁文化；他们能够创造新的文化，生机，传播存在已久的传统。这不像生态“边缘效应”，它是用来描述两个不同的生态系统相遇发生了什么，例如，森林和草原。在这个接口，那里是最小密度和生命形式的最大的多样性，每种生物都可以从这两个生态系统的核心作画。有时最有趣的事情发生在边缘。在交叉口可以显示意想不到的连接。 4 文化是一个由世界每个角落的礼物组成的织物。发现世界的一种方式是例如通过深入挖掘其传统。例如音乐方面，在任何的大提琴演奏家的曲目的核心是由巴赫大提琴组曲。每个组件的核心是一个称为萨拉班德舞曲的舞蹈动作。这种舞蹈起源于北非的柏柏尔人的音乐，它是一个缓慢的、性感的舞蹈。它后来出现在西班牙，在那里被禁止，因为它被认为是下流的。西班牙人把它带到了美洲，也去了法国，在那里成为一个优雅的舞蹈。在1720年，巴赫公司的萨拉班德在他的大提琴组曲运动。今天，我扮演巴赫，一个巴黎裔美国人的中国血统的音乐家。所以谁真正拥有的萨拉班德？每一种文化都采用了音乐，使其具有特定的内涵，但每一种文化都必须共享所有权：它属于我们所有人。 5 1998年，我从丝绸之路发现在数千年来从地中海和太平洋许多文化间观念的流动。当丝绸之路合奏团执行，我们试图把世界上大部分集中在一个阶段。它的成员是一个名家的同等团体，大师的生活传统是欧洲、阿拉伯、阿塞拜疆、亚美尼亚、波斯、俄罗斯、中亚、印度、蒙古、中国、韩国或日本。他们都慷慨地分享他们的知识，并好奇和渴望学习其他形式的表达。 6 在过去的几年里，我们发现每一个传统都是成功的发明的结果。确保传统的生存的一个最好的方法是由有机进化，目前利用我们所有可用的工具。通过录音和电影；通过驻在博物馆、大学、设计学校和城市；通过表演从教室到体育场，合奏的音乐家，包括我自己，学习有用的技能。回到家中，我们和其他人分享这些技能，确保我们的传统在文化桌上有一席之地。 7 我们发现，在本国执行传统出口的是国外激励从业者。最重要的是，我们对彼此的音乐发展出了激情，并建立了相互尊重、友谊和信任的纽带，每一次我们都在舞台上这都是可触及的。这种欢乐的互动是为了一个理想的共同的更大的目标：我们始终能够通过友好的对话解决任何分歧。我们相互开放，我们形成一个桥进入陌生的传统，驱逐往往伴随着变化和错位的恐惧。换句话说，当我们扩大我们看世界的镜头的时候，我们更好地了解自己，自己的生活和文化。我们与我们的小星球的遥远的行星有更多的共同分享，而不是我们意识到的。 8 发现这些共同的文化是很重要的，但不只是为了艺术的缘故。所以我们的许多城市，不仅是伦敦，纽约，东京，现在即使甚至是中小城市正在经历着移民潮。我们将如何吸取同化有自己独特的习惯的人群？移民不可避免地会导致抵抗和冲突，就像过去一样？有什么关于德国的土耳其人口的阿尔巴尼亚人在意大利，北非人在西班牙和法国？文化繁荣的引擎可以帮助我们找出如何集合可以和平融合，同时不牺牲个性身份。这不是政治正确性。它是关于对人而言什么是珍贵的承认，和每一个文化已经给予我们世界的礼物。

基础综合英语_1-5单元课后翻译

作文翻译 Unit 1 李明是学化学的，性格开朗幽默，颇有魅力，但英语成绩不佳，每次只能勉强及格。老师警告他，英语不好会阻碍他拿奖学金，并亮出了自己的王牌：如果李明不努力，就让他考试不过关。老师还告诉他，学习英语不能只为了文凭，否则他即使大学毕业，也还是个半文盲。李明虽然保持镇定，但他明白，他的学业生涯正在攸关之际，必须安心下来埋头学习，坚持不懈。 Li Ming was a chemistry major, a charmer noted for his easygoing and humorous temperament. However, his English was so poor that he always barely got by. The teacher admonished him that his poor English would be an impediment to scholarship. What’s more, she showed her trump card: if Li Ming did not work hard. She would flunk him. He was also told that he should not learn English merely for the sake of his diploma. otherwise, even after graduation from university, he would still be semiliterate. Although Li Ming did not lose his composure, he was well aware that he had to settle down to work and follow through because his academic life was at stake. Unit2 我的朋友琳达接受过良好的教育，既美丽又端庄，三十好几依然没有人向她求婚。究其原因，她的事业心极强，整日扑在工作上，每天来往于住处和公司之间，根本没有时间和异性交往。一想到女儿这么大了还单身一人，她父母就焦虑不安。他们不知道该如何是好，甚至还去咨询一些社会学专家。 但是事情在上个月出现了转机，公司的总部调琳达到培训部。在新的工作岗位上，琳达遇到了第一个触动她心弦的男人。从此，他们几乎每天约会，琳达意识到她会不顾一切地爱这个男人。决定嫁人的时候，她告诉了我这个好消息。 虽然琳达的爱情让人想起电影中才会有的浪漫故事，我也担忧未来究竟会怎样，但我还是表达了我由衷的祝福，并爽快答应在婚礼那天做他们的伴娘和伴郎随从中的一员。 Linda, my good friend, has received good education and is both beautiful and elegant. She was not proposed to even when she was well over thirty. The reason is that she, as a career –oriented woman, is devoted to her work. Navigating between home and the company, she had hardly any time to socialize with people of the opposite sex. Her parents were gripped by anxiety at the thought of their daughter still remaining single at such an age. They did not know what to do and even consulted with some sociologists. But the situation began to change last month, when the headquarters of the company transferred Linda to the training department. On the new post, Linda met a man who tugged on her heartstrings for the first time. Ever since then, they dated virtually on a daily basis, and Linda realized that she would love the man beyond all reason. When she decided to take the matrimonial plunge, she informed me. Though Linda’s love is reminiscent of the romance that we see only in movies and I don’t know what the future will hold for her, I give her my heart-felt wishes and agree readily to be a member of the entourage of bridesmaids and groomsmen. Unit 3 食品供应商缺乏诚信已经成为当今社会的一大问题。部分企业欺骗公众，故意散布假消息，颂扬食品添加剂是食品工业的伟大成就，并声称适量的添加剂对健康有益无害。部分有良知的科学家对食品添加剂的含量和毒性展开了深入的病理学研究。研究结果表明，部分常见的食品添加剂经长期，可能会对健康产生危害，这被认为是食品安全研究方面极为重要的

研究生学术综合英语课文翻译unit1-4

第一单元? 如何发表演说 斯蒂芬·卢卡斯? ???? 在人类创造的万物中，语言可能是最卓越的一项创造。通过语言，我们可以分享经验、阐明价值观念、交流思想、传播知识、传承文化。确实，语言对于思想本身至关重要。和流行的信仰不同的是：语言并不是简单地反映事实，而是通过对事件意义的思考来帮助人们感悟现实。? ???? 优秀的演说者尊重语言并懂得如何驾驭语言。语言是演说者展示才能的工具，对于他们来说，如同其他职业的工具一样,语言也有特殊的功用。作为一名演说者，你应该意识到话语的意义，并懂得如何准确无误地使用语言，使其表达清楚，趣味横生，恰如其分。? 如同数字对于会计的重要性一样，准确地使用语言对于演说者至关重要。在没有确切知道一个词语的意思之前，千万不要盲目使用。碰到没有把握的词语，一定要查词典追根究底。当你准备演讲之前，一定要不断地问自己：“我究竟想说些什么？我究竟想表达什么样的意思？”因此，对于一篇演讲稿的用词来说，必须准确无误。? 如果语言表达清楚无误，听众就能很快抓住你的意思。鉴于此，演说者应该使用那些对于大多数人来说非常熟悉的词语，这些词语不需要任何专业背景就能够理解；演说者应该使用那些表达具体而不是相对抽象的词语；并且千万不要乱堆砌辞藻，哗众取宠。? 准确生动地使用语言能够使你的演说贴近生活。有一种方法可以使你的语言更加生动形象，那就是通过展开联想或创造语言图示。通过使用表达具体的词语、明喻或者暗喻等手法可以展开想像。明喻是对事物不同之处的比较，不过有些是相同的：它们总是包含“像……一样”或者“如同……一样”这样的连词。暗喻是一种隐性的比喻，它能够把两个形式不同但是有一些相通之处的事物联系在一起，暗喻不包含“像……一样”或者“如同……一样”这样的连词。? 另一种让你的演说生动形象的方法是注重语言的节奏感。有四种修辞格可以让你的语言富有节奏感：排比、重复、头韵和对比。排比是将一组或一系列具有相似结构的词语、短语或者句子排列在一起；重复是在一系列短句或者长句的开头或者结尾使用相同的一句话或者一组词语；头韵是指邻近或者相邻的几个句子中的首个词语的辅音字母相同；对比是将一些意思相反的词语或者句子并列在一起，通常使用排比结构。 恰当地使用语言是指语言的运用要符合特定的场合、特定的观众和特定的主题。同时，恰当地使用语言还意味着演说者要有自己的语言风格，而不是模仿他人的口吻。如果演说者的语言在各个方面都能够做到恰如其分，那么这篇演说成功的机率就会大大提高。??????? 优秀的演说并不是空穴来风、缺乏论据的决断。演说者必须找到强有力的论据来支持其观点。实际上，熟练地使用论据经常是区别一篇优秀演说词和一篇空洞演说词的关键所在。一般来说，通常有三种论据材料：事例、统计数据和证词。? ???????在演说过程中，你可以使用一些简明扼要的例子——比如过去发生的一个很具体的事件——有时候，你可以罗列好几个简明的例子，借此增强听众的印象。扩展性的例子——描述、叙述或者奇闻轶事——通常长一些，但更具体。夸张性的例子描述想像中的情形，这种例子能够将相关的想法有效地传达给听众。这三种例子都能够帮助演说者理清思绪、加强印象或者使演说更加娓娓动听。为了使表达更加富有效果，例子应该生动活泼，丰富多彩。 只要演说者对于统计数据用之得当并且加以解释，这些数据将有助于有效地传达信息，听众也能从统计数据中获益匪浅。最重要的是：演说者应该对统计数据了如指掌，并且运用得恰如其分。由于数据很容易操纵和捏造，因此，对于演说者来说，一定要确保图表没有张冠李戴，并且要确保统计方法正确，数据来源可靠。?

关于英汉互译中的文化差异现象及处理方法

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浅谈英汉翻译中的文化差异 [摘要]要在两种语言之间进行翻译,除了通晓两种语言文字之外,还必须深刻理 解两种文化之间的差异。本文拟从文化与翻译的关系的角度、以中西文化差异为突破口，对这一问题进行探讨并在此基础上对一些文化差异较大的语言现象提出建议性的翻译方法。 [关键词]文化；文化差异；翻译 根据《现汉》，“文化”有三个定义：1.人类在社会历史发展过程中所创造的物质财富和精神财富的总和,特指精神财富,如文学、艺术、教育、科学等;2.考古学用语,指同一历史时期的不依分布地点为转移的遗迹、遗物的综合体。同样的工具、用具、同样的制造技术等，是同一种文化的特征，如仰韶文化、龙山文化；3.指运用文字的能力及一般知识,学习∽ / ∽水平。 而美国1974年出版的The New World Encyclopedia给“Culture”一词下的定义是:It is the totality of the spiritual, intellectual, and artistic attitudes shared by a group, including its tradition, habits, social customs, morals, laws and social relations. Sociologically, every society, on every level, has its culture. The term has no implications of high development.对比这两种定义,不难发现中国人与英美人对“文化”的理解不是完全相同的。英语的Culture定义排除了物质文明发展水平的高低，它只强调艺术、文学、观念、习俗等精神财富，而汉语的“文化”则包括“物质财富”。 据上所述，文化包括了人类生活的方方面面，它包含了人类创造的一切财富，而语言是人类最杰出的创造物之一，因此，语言是文化的产物，同时，又是文化的载体。文化的发展能促进语言的发展，而文化要靠语言来传播和继承。作为记录人类思想和历史的工具，每一种语言都有其独特的文化特色和文化内涵，而翻译就担负着在语言和文化中进行转换、促进交流的重任。正如刘宓庆（1995,316）所说:“语言中几乎处处有所谓‘文化符号’,留待译者‘解码’(decoding)。”在翻译中，译者首先要对原文中的文化符号进行解码。这些文化符号源自我们身处的社会环境，只有悉心分析，敏锐观察才不会有所错漏。在解码之后，译者还需用译语将原文的文化信息重新编码。这一过程则更为不易，要求译者对译语语言和文化有精深通透的了解和把握。正如王佐良先生所言，译者处理的是个别的词，面对的却是两大片文化。（1984：34）美国翻译理论学家尤金.奈达指出:“翻译是两种文化之间的交流，对于真正成功的翻译而言，熟悉两种文化甚至比两种语言更重要，因为语言只有在其文化背景中才有意义。” 因此，在翻译工作中，译者除了深厚的语言功底外，还应具备广博的文化知识，才能使两种语言达到真正的交流。尤其是掌握汉英两种语言所反映的中西文化差异这方面的知识更加重要。由于这一问题的广泛性、多变性和复杂性，要进行全面探讨是不可能的。本文仅从以下几个方面对此进行一下论述：

基础综合英语课文翻译

基础综合英语课文翻译 导语：《基础综合英语》综合听说读写四个方面。每单元前半 部分涉及听说技能，而后半部分突出读写技能。这四种技能都围绕同一主题展开，相互补充，协同提高。下面是由的关于基础综合英语课文第一单元部分课文的翻译。欢迎阅读！ 对F的赞美 今年将有好几万的十八岁青年毕业，他们都将被授予毫无意义 的文凭。这些文凭看上去跟颁发给比他们幸运的同班同学的文凭没什么两样。只有当雇主发现这些毕业生是半文盲时，文凭的效力才会被质疑。 最后，少数幸运者会进入教育维修车间——成人识字课程，我 教的一门关于基础语法和写作的课程就属于这种性质。在教育维修车间里，高中毕业生和高中辍学生将学习他们本该在学校就学好的技能，以获得同等学历毕业证书。他们还将发现他们被我们的教育体系欺骗了。 在我教课的过程中，我对我们的学校教育深有了解。在每学期 开始的时候，我会让我的学生写一下他们在学校的不快体验。这种时候学生不会有任何写作障碍！我希望有人能让我停止吸毒，让我学习。我喜欢参加派对，似乎没人在意。我是一个好孩子，不会制造任何麻烦，于是他们就让我考试通过，即使我阅读不好，也不会写作。很多诸如此类的抱怨。

我基本是一个空想社会改良家，在教这门课之前，我将孩子们 的学力能力差归咎于毒品、离婚和其它妨碍注意力集中的东西，要想学习好就必须集中注意力。但是，我每一次走进教室都会再度发现，一个老师在期望学生全神贯注之前，他必须先吸引学生的注意力，无论附近有什么分散注意力的东西。要做到这点，有很多种办法，它们与教学风格有很大的关系。然而，单靠风格无法起效，有另一个办法可以显示谁是在教室里掌握胜局的人。这个办法就是亮出失败的王牌。 我永远也忘不了一位老师亮出那张王牌以吸引我的一个孩子的 注意。我的小儿子是个世界级的万人迷，学习不怎么动脑筋却总能蒙混过关，直到施蒂夫特夫人当了他的老师，这种局面才彻底改变了。 当她教我儿子英语时，我儿子是一个高中高年级学生。他坐在 后排和他的朋友说话。她告诉我。你为什么不把他换到前排来？我恳求道，我相信令他难堪的做法会让他安心学习。史蒂夫特夫人从眼镜上方冷冷地看着我。我不会换高年级学生的座位。她说，我会给他们不及格的成绩。我大感紧张。我们儿子的学习生涯在我的眼前闪现。之前，没有老师以此威胁过他。我恢复镇定，艰难地表示我认为她是对的。到家时，我对此感觉良好。目前这是一种激进的做法，但是，嗯，为什么不这么做呢？她要给你不及格。我告诉我的儿我没有再多说什么。突然英语就在他的生活中成了头等大事。他期末得了一个A。 我知道一个例子不能说明问题，但我在夜校中看见了一群愤怒、怨恨的学生，他们愤恨的原因是学校让他们一路混，直到他们甚至都无法再假装跟得上。这些学生智力水平至少也算中等，但最终都退学

学术英语翻译

Conveying of most building concrete from the mixture or truck to the form is done in bottom-dump buckets or by pumping through steel pipelines.（大多数建筑混凝土从散沙到塑性是通过底部卸料的吊斗或钢管泵运输的）The chief danger during conveying is that of segregation. （运输中的主要危险是隔离问题）The individual components of concrete tend to segregate because of their dissimilarity.（由于混凝土的成分不同，所以要分离它们）In overly wet concrete standing in containers or forms, the heavier gravel components tend to settle, and the lighter materials, particularly water, tend to rise. Lateral movement , such as flow within the forms, tends to separate the coarse gravel from the finer components of the mix.（处于容器或模型中的过度潮湿的混凝土，其中较重的砾石组分应该沉降，较轻的材料特别是水应该升高。横向运动，例如形式内的流动，应该将粗砂砾与混合物的较细组分分开。）The danger of segregation has caused the discarding of some previously common means of conveying, such as chutes and conveyor belts, in favor of methods which minimize this tendency.（由于分离存在的危险，像是溜槽和传送带这样以前常用的运输方法已经被淘汰了，而采用最小化这种趋势的方法） 大多数建筑混凝土从搅拌机或卡车到模板内的输送是由底部卸料吊斗或由泵通过钢管完成的。输送中的主要危险是骨料离析。由于混凝土的成分的互异性所以容易发生离析。处于容器或模型中的过渡潮湿的混凝土，其中较重的砾石组分易于沉降，较轻的材料特别是水容易上浮。横向运动，例如模具内的流动容易将粗砂砾与混合物的较细成分分开。离析的风险使得人们废弃了之前经常采用的输送方式例如溜槽和传送带而采用使离析风险最小的方法。 Placing and Compacting of Concrete Placing is the process of transferring the fresh concrete from the conveying device to is final place in the forms. Prior to placing, loose rust must be removed from reinforcement, forms must be cleaned, and hardened surfaces of previous concrete lifts must be cleaned and treated appropriately. Placing and compacting are critical in their effect on the final quality of the concrete. Proper placement must avoid segregation, displacement of forms or of the reinforcement in the forms, and poor bond between successive layers of concrete. Immediately upon placing, the concrete should be compacted by means of hand tools or vibrators. Such compacting prevents honeycombing, assures close contact with forms and reinforcement, and serves as a partial remedy to possible prior segregation. Compacting is achieved by hand tamping with a variety of special tools, but now more commonly and successfully with high frequency, power-driven vibrators. These are of the internal type, immersed in the concrete, or of the external type, attached to the forms. The former are preferable but must be supplemented by the latter where narrow forms or other obstacles make immersion impossible. 浇筑是将新拌好的混凝土通过输送装置输送到其在模具中的最终位置的过程。在浇筑之前，必须清除钢筋上的浮锈，清洁模具，对于以前的混凝土吊车的硬化表层也必须进行适当的处理和清洁。浇筑和捣实对混凝土的最终质量有重要的影响。正确的浇筑必须避免离析，模具或模具内钢筋的位移以及相继浇筑的混凝土层之间的不牢固粘接。浇筑后应立即用手工工具或振捣器将混凝土捣实。捣实是为了防止变成蜂窝状，确保混凝土与模具和钢筋紧密接触，也是对之前可能产生离析的一个部分补救。捣实以前是使用各种特殊工具手动夯实来实现的，而现在更普遍和成功地采用高频率的电动振捣器来完成。浸入混凝土中的是内部形式，附着在模具上的是外部形式。前者是更期望的但是由于狭窄的部分或其他障碍物不可能浸没，所以后者肯定存在。

基础综合英语课后习题翻译邱东林版

基础综合英语课后习题翻译邱东林版 文档编制序号：[KKIDT-LLE0828-LLETD298-POI08]

Unit 1 1.Our youngest,a word-class charmer,did little to develop his intellectual talents but always got by Unti l . 我们的小儿子是个世界级的万人迷,学习不怎么动脑筋,但是总是能蒙混过关,直到成为他的老师,这种局面才得以改变. 2.No one seems to stop to think that ----no matter what environment they come from---most kids don’t put school first on their list unless they perceive something is at stake. 似乎没有人停下来想想看,无论还在来自何种环境,他们当中大多数若不是发现情况到了危机关头,才不会把功课当成头等大事呢。 3.Of average intelligence or above ,they eventually quit school,concluding they were too dumb to finish 这些学生智力水平至少也算中等,但是最终都退学,他们总结说自己太笨,学不下去了. 4.Young people generally don’t have the maturity to value education in the same way my adult students value it 年轻人往往不够成熟,不会像我的成年学生那样重视教育 5.It is an expression of confidence by both teachers and parents that student have the ability to learn the material presented to them. 这表明老师和家长都对学生有信心,相信他们能够学好发给他们的学习资料. 6.This means no more doing Scott’s assignments for him because he might fail . No more passing Jodi because she’s such a nice kid. 这意味着再也不要因为担心斯科特会不及格而替他做作业,再也不要因为朱迪是个乖孩子而放她过关. Unit 2 1.I had always dreamed of being proposed to in a Parisian cafe , under dazzling stars , like the one in a Van Gogh knockoff that hangs in my studio apartment .Instead , my boyfriend asked me to marry him while I was Windexing the bathroom mirror. 我一直有这样的梦想,星光灿烂的晚上,在一家巴黎咖啡馆就像梵高所画的“一夜的咖啡馆”我的工作室墙上就有一幅此画的翻本，然而我男朋友却在我用的“稳得新”擦洗卫生间镜子的时候叫我嫁给他。

英汉翻译中文化差异的深入探讨

英汉翻译中文化差异的深入探讨 [摘要]：在翻译过程中，由于不同的民族在历史地理、宗教信仰、风俗习惯和价值观念上都各不相同，因此许多事物的形象在不同的语言中就有差异[关键词]：翻译；文化差异；归化；异化 所谓翻译，是指从语义到语体在译语中用最切近而又最自然的对等语再现源语信息。这就是说源语信息的再现应是翻译工作的首要出发点，其次考虑译语中选择最适当的对等语。 在欧洲，翻译实践有长远的历史。有人甚至认为，欧洲文明源于翻译，罗马帝国，下至今天的欧洲共同市场。都要靠翻译来进行国际贸易。有人说，用古希伯来语写的《圣经》和用阿拉伯写的《福音》，如果没有先译为希腊文和拉丁文，后来又译为中世纪和近代诸语言的话，2000年来的犹太基督教文化就不会产生，因而欧洲文化也不会出现。自翻译《圣经》起，将近2000年来，欧洲的翻译活动一直没有停止过。 各民族的历史文化是由各自特定的历史发展进程和社会遗产的积淀而形成的。英汉民族的历史发展进程不同，因此所形成的历史文化内涵就必然有差异。即使是在同一种文化下。也会出现不同的亚文化，所以说文化之间的差异是绝对的。但是这种差异也包含着相似性，也并不排除完全重合的情况，否则翻译就无法进行。因此，我们说不同民族在文化上是“绝对歧异，相对相似”，正因为中国的龙和西方的dragon在某种程度上有一定的相似，所以最初的翻译者就把两者基本等同起来，比如，中国龙取蛇身，而dragon在西方其实就是大蛇serpent，这是其一；其二，两者均为虚幻神化之物。然而究其文化根源，正如本文开篇所述，两者在本质上实乃截然不同。因此，在翻译这类具有民族文化特色的词语时。我们就必须慎之又慎，在归化异化等翻译手法中寻求最佳的词语和表达方式。 所谓归化，即归化翻译法(domesticating translation)是指抓住原文语用意义，从目的语中选取与原文语用意义相同的表达来翻译。而异化，也就是异化翻译法(foreignizing translation)则是保留原文的表达结构和表达方法，甚至包括形象，将异国文化的表现法介绍到目的语中转换方法。 一般说来，归化翻译法侧重目标语读者的可接受性，实质上是将原语文本纳入到目标语文化体系框架下进行转换，最大限度地打破文本的地域性。使得译文容易为目标语读者理解和接收，然而，“归化”是将一种文化中的独特成分转化为另一种文化中人们所熟悉的内容，表面上避免了文化冲突，实现了文化的交流，实际上这样就往往造成了对原语文化的损害，从而不利于文化之间的渗透与融合。因为不同文化拥有的共核非常小，那么文化间的空缺和不对称(包括相似部分)就占主体地位。所以译者在翻译中就不可避免的经常使用“异化”。虽然异化翻译法可能会由于文化上的空缺导致暂时的不可理解或难于接受，但是从长久的