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历年翻译分类总结

1.固定搭配：

筹款raise money 幸存者survivor survive，v.幸存

考虑take… into consideration/account 受欢迎程度popularity

定义define…by

分配某人做某事sb be assigned. to sth. 或者assign sb. sth

冒着…的危险/风险/代价做某事at the risk / expense/cost of

说服某人做某事persuade / talk sb. into doing sth.

据说be said to（be said to+ 动词不定式的完成时，表示不定式表示的动作已经完成）（如果）没有/要不是without/but for + n. unique adj.独特；environment n.环境

做某事（没）有困难had （no）great difficulty/trouble (in) doing sth

期待look forward to doing sth/ sth

开幕式opening ceremony；闭幕式closing ceremony

尽管、虽然despite （in spite of）+ n.

放弃give up doing sth 追求pursue v. pursuit n.

治愈cure 癌症cancer

与…保持同步keep up/pace with 不断增长的需求growing needs /demands of

淋雨be caught in the rain

更有可能/不大可能be more/less likely to do；不可能be unlikely to do

增肥put on/gain weight

与…相关be related to 缺乏lack of

决定decide to do sth=be determined to do=make up one’s mind to do;

创业start their own business

应用apply to 或be applied to

多亏了thanks to ; 由于：owing to; 如果是表达导致不好的后果的原因，用due to. 发明invention; 一系列a serie s of

方便的convenient 省时的time-saving

没能做某事；做某事失败fail to do

退出quit +doing

按…地址联系某人contact sb at some address

适应adapt oneself to

以…的速度…. at a speed/rate of

把…归因与attribute…to

2.强调句型：强调句结构为it is/was sb. who/that

3. It was not until the deadline that he sent (out) (直到截止日他才寄出) his application form. 06

对于这个结构，需要注意以下几点：

（1）被强调部分主要是主语、宾语、宾补和状语，不能强调表语；强调句也可用来强调特殊疑问句中的疑问词。

（2）除了is，was外，be还可以采用其他形式。

（3）被强调部分如果是人或物，that可用who(强调的是主语人)、whom（强调的是宾语人）／which（强调的是物）替代：被强调部分如果是时间状语或地点状语，其引导词只能是that，而不能用when或where：强调时间状语时，若有否定词not．应提到从句前面。

（4）在强调主语时，被强调的主语若是人称代词，一般用主格．that后的谓语动词应在人称、数上保持一致。

3. 倒装句

1. The university authorities did not approve the regulation, nor did they make any explanation；/nor did they give the reason for doing so；(也没有解释为什么)11年6月

2. The manager never laughed; neither had she lost her temper (她也从来没有发过脾气)。部分倒装2010年6月

3. Not until he had finished the mission (直到他完成使命) did he realize that he was seriously ill. 08.6

not until / hardly / no sooner 引起的倒装句式

not until / hardly / no sooner位于句首，句子主句倒装，从句不倒装。

Hardly had she arrived when it began to snow.

她刚到就下起了雪。

Not until he had accomplished the task（直到他完成使命) did he realized that he was seriously ill. 08-06-91

对于倒装这个语法点，需要注意以下几点：

1．强调倒装。为突出强调某一成分而将它提至句首时，实行倒装，如：

①so 倒装句

So diligently does he work that he often forgets to eat and sleep.

他工作如此勤奋以至于经常废寝忘食。

②当“only+状语”位于句首表示强调时用倒装，如不在句首或虽在句首但不修辞状

语时用正常语序。

Only when you have obtained sufficient data can you come to a sound conclusion.

只有当你获得足够的数据时，你才能得出正确的结论。

Only in this way can we catch up with the world’s advanced levels in science and technology.

只有这样我们才能赶上世界的先进科学技术水平。

其他如：only then, only once, only in America\China, only after the accident等。

2．never等具有否定意义的词或词组居于句首时用倒装。

这类词或词组常用的有：never，seldom（极少地），rarely（罕有地），little，hardly （几乎不），scarcely（几乎不），not until，by no means（绝不），under no circumstances （在任何情况下都不），under no condition（在任何情况下都不），in no way(决不) ，in no case(决不)，neither (…+nor也不)，no s ooner (…+than)，hardly (+…when)，barely(仅仅，几乎不)，on no account(决不)，at no time(决不)，not a bit(一点也不)，nowhere，not only(不仅)，but also等。

Not only was Churchill a statesman, but also a poet.

丘吉尔不仅是一位政治家，还是一位诗人。

Never in all my life have I heard such nonsense.

我从未听到过这种胡说！

3.具有否定意义的词或词组居于句首时，no sooner…than, hardly/scarcely/barely…

when，引导时间状语从句，主句用过去完成时，后面的从句用一般过去时。

No sooner _____had the match started____ (比赛刚开始) than it began to rain heavily.

Hardly ___had he had time to settle down________ (他还未安顿下来)when he sold the house.

4. the more…, the more结构中的倒装。

The more you explain, ____the more confused I am______ (我愈糊涂).

5.非真实条件句中的倒装

在非真实条件句中如果有had, should,were, 这三个词，可以省去if，采用主谓语倒装的形式来表示条件。例如，

Had it not been for their opposition,... 相当于：if it had not been for their opposition,...

Should there be another world war,... 相当于：if there should be another world war,...

Were I in your place,... 相当于：if I were in your place/shoes,...

4. 虚拟语气

1. Jane is tired of dealing with customer complaints and wishes that she could be assigned to do another job (能被分配做另一项工作). 11年6月

Were-型虚拟语气也用在表示臆想愿望的分句中，常由wish, suppose, imagine, would rather, would sooner that, would just as soon (that) 等引导，

e.g. I would rather they left on an early train.

我宁愿他们坐早一点的火车走。

Just imagine everyone were to give up smoking.

He acts as if he knew you .

Beware your hat, lest it should be blown away (从句用should+原形或直接用原形，不

受主句动词时态的任何影响。)

1)动词wish后接宾语从句时，从句谓语要用虚拟语气。

①若要表示与现在事实相反的愿望，从句谓语用一般过去时或过去进行时；

e.g I wish I were not so busy. 但愿我不那样忙碌。

I wish it were spring all the year round.

②若表示与过去相反的愿望，从句谓语用过去完成时或would / could+have +过去分

词；

e.g She wished she had stayed at home. 她后悔的是她当时要是留在家里就好了。

③若表示将来没有把握或不太可能实现的愿望，用would (could)＋动词原形

e.g I wish you wouldn’t smoke any more. 我希望你不再抽烟了。

2. They requested that the book I borrowed （should）be returned to the library （我借的书还回图书馆）by next Friday. 2010.12

3. It is suggested that the air conditioner the air conditioner (should) be installed by the window (要安装在窗户旁边)

4. The professor required that we(should) hand in our/the research report(s) we(should)

hand in our/the research report(s) (我们交研究报告) 06.6

2)当谓语动词是一想要(desire)二宁愿(prefer)三命令(order. command)四建议(advice.

suggest. propose)五要求(demand. require. request. desire. insist)中，无论主句谓语动词为何种时态，引导的宾语从句要使用虚拟语气："should + do"。should可以省略。

The professor required that we (should) hand in our research reports by Wedne sday.(2006.6)

I suggested he should adapt himself to his new conditions.(2006.1)

※有些词有多个意义，当不表示建议、命令时，就不能用虚拟语气，如：

Some evidence suggests that he is the criminal.（一些证据表明……）

3)“It is (was)+形容词(或过去分词)+that……”结构中的虚拟语气

某些表示愿望、建议、请求、命令、可能、适当、较好、迫切、紧近、重要等形容词后的主语从句的谓语也用虚拟语气。其表达形式为should +动词原形或省略should (美国英语中省去should)

①“It is (was)+形容词+that……”结构中的虚拟语气，常用的形容词有：

advisable(合理的), appropriate (适当的), compulsory(必须的), crucial(紧急的), des irable (极好的), essential(必要的), important (重要的), imperative(迫切的), incredi ble(惊人的), natural (自然的), necessary(必要的), possible (可能的), preferable

(更可取的), probable (很可能的), strange(奇怪的), urgent(紧迫的), vital (必不可少的)

It is essential that these application forms be sent back as early as possible.这些申请表应尽早地寄回，这是很重要的。

It is vital that enough money be collected to fund the project.重要的是募集足够的钱，为这个项目提供资金。

It is desired that we get everything ready this evening.希望我们今晚一切都准备就绪。

I don't think it advisable that Tom be assigned to the job since he has no exp

erience.汤姆缺乏经验，指派他做这项工作我认为是不恰当的。

②“It is (was)+或过去分词+that……”结构中的虚拟语气，常用的过去分词有：

demanded (要求), desired (要求), ordered(命令), recommended (推荐), request ed (被请求的), required (需要的), suggested (建议),

5.You would not have failed if you had followed my orders.(按照我的指令去做) 09.12

6.If she had returned an hour earlier, Mary wouldn't have been caught in the heavy rain. (就不会被大雨淋了) 09.6

7. The victim would have had a chance to survive (本来会有机会活下来) if he had been taken to hospital in time. 06

①与现在事实相反的非真实条件句:

If we left now, we should arrive in good time. 假如我们现在就走的话，我们就会及时到达。

If I were you, I would refuse the money. 假如我是你的话，我就不会要那钱。

Even if he had the money, he wouldn’t buy it. 他即使有钱也不会买它

②与过去事实相反

We would have dropped by if we had had time.

假如我们有时间的话，我们就会顺道拜访了。

I wouldn’t have known what these were for if I hadn’t been told. 假如别人不告诉我，

我就不会知道这些东西是干什么的了。

Were-虚拟语气还可用其他形式表示,如without, but for, otherwise, or等。

Without/but for your help, I would never have made such great success.

Thanks to the man, or the little boy would have been drowned

in the river.

③与将来事实相反

If he were to come, what should we say to him?假如他来了，我们对他说什么呢？

5) It’s (high) time that…+动词过去式或should+动词原形，如：

It’s time (that) you had a hair cut.

It is high time that measures should be taken/were taken to decrease the birth rate in this country.

6) as if, as though, would(had) rather(that)引导的从句须用虚拟语气，如：

He acts as if nothing had happened.

I would rather you didn’t tell him.

5.不定式

In order to do sth

1. In order to ensure his attendance at the meeting（为了确保他参加会议），I called him up

in advance

（不定式做目的状语）10.12

2. In order to support my studies (为了挣钱供我上学)，mother often takes on more work

than is good for her. 06.6

非谓语动词的句法功能

①不定式：作：主、宾、表、定、状、补, To see is to believe.眼见为实

动名词：作：主、宾、表、定Seeing is believing. 眼见为实

分词：作：表、定、状、补

①不定式

to +动词原型

可以理解为“固定搭配”或“常识”

John said that he had run in order to catch the bus.

He hate to be misunderstood by others.

We’re happy to have been working with you.

It’s kind of you to say so.

②动名词

动词原形+ing (是名词)

I am sure that he will come in time.

=I am sure of his coming in time.

He is proud that he is selected as monitor.

=He is proud of being selected as monitor.

I’m confident that he have passed the exam.

=I’m confident of his having passed the exam.

He complained that he have been wronged by others.

=he complained of having been wronged by others.

从远处看，我发现这座岛屿就像一朵云。

Viewing from the distance, I found the island like a cloud.

（表主动）

Viewed from the distance, the island looked like a cloud.

(表被动)

※独立主格结构

独立主格结构----谓语动词带有自己的逻辑主语，即逻辑主语与句子主语不一致。一般，在句子中没有连词，逗号不能连接两个分句，其中一部分要么是非谓语动词短语，要么是独立主格结构。

雨停了，他出去散步。

The rain having stopped, he went out for a walk.

The rain has stopped. He went out for a walk.

The rain has stopped, and he went out for a walk.

6.被动语态

1.The significant museum is said to have been built（据说建成于）about a hundred years ago.

2010.12

2. We look forward to being invited to attend the opening ceremony ( 被邀请出席开幕式)

2010.6

3. Our efforts will pay off（回报，清偿）if the results of the research can be applied to the development of the new technology. (能应用于新技术的开发) 08.6

4. Many Americans live on credit, and their quality of life is measured by how much they can borrow (是用他们能够借到多少来衡量的)，not how much they can earn. 07.12

5. Though a skilled worker, he was fired by the company (他被公司解雇了) last week because of the economic crisis. 0

6.6

被动语态的出现情况：

1)不清楚动作的执行者是谁。

The front window in the classroom was broken yesterday.

2)说话人对宾语的兴趣大于对主语的兴趣。

The books are written especially for children.（说话人关心的只是；这本书是特别为孩子们准备的。）

3)不愿意说出动作的执行者，目的是为了使语言更加圆滑、得体。

It’s generally considered impolite to ask one’s age，salary，marriage，etc.

4)汉句以“我们”、“人们”、“大家”等泛指性代词作主语时，在翻成英文时常常可以忽略主语不译，并把英文译句处理成被动语态(know, see, find, say, suppose, estimate, report, suggest, stress, consider, expect, admit, point, understand)。

It is supposed that(据推测), It is said that(据说), It is estimated that(据估计), It is calculated that(预计), It is reported that(据报道), It is suggested that(有人建议), It is stressed that(有人强调), It is thought that(有人认为), It is considered that(有人认为), It is expected that(据期望), It is well known that(众所周知), It must be admitted that(必须承认), It must be pointed out that(必须指出), It is understood that(谁都知道), It may be safely said that(可以有把握地说)等。

众所周知，自然光其实是由许多种颜色构成。

It is well known that natural light is actually made up of many colors.

据了解，这个地区有丰富的自然资源。

The area is known to be rich in natural resources.

5) 被动语态的特殊情况:下列动词的主动语态表示被动意义，而且常与well, quite, easily, badly等副词连用。如wash, sell, read, wear, blame, ride(乘坐), write等。

Glass breaks easily. 译文：玻璃容易被碰碎。

The car rides smoothly. 译文：这车走起来很稳。

He is to blame. 译文：他应该受到责备。

The pen writes well. 译文：这支钢笔很好写。

不能用于被动语态的动词和短语:

如不及物动词,

四级翻译题中常见的不能用于被动语态的不及物动词及短语：

appear（出现）, break out（发生）, occur（发生）, depart（离开）, happen, take place （发生）, ect.

另：某些及物动词及短语也不能用于被动语态。

E.g. belong to（属于）, escape, get, have, lack（缺乏）, let, suit（适合）, survive（生存）, ect.

7.主语从句：

1. What impressed the tourists most（给游客印象最深的）was the friendliness and warmth of the local people. 2010.12

2. What many people have not realized (很多人没有意识到的) is that Simon is a lover of sports, and football in particular. 09.6

3. What most parents are concerned about (大多数父母所关心的) is providing the best education possible for their children. 08.12

名词性从句：主语从句,宾语从句,表语从句,同位语从句

连接名词性从句的引导词：that, whether, if, what, whatever, who, whoever, whose, which, when, where, how, why….；注意：引导词在句中充当的成分

连接代词引导

1）主语从句

① that引导

That he is still alive_________ (他还活着) is a wonder.

That you are coming to London___ (你将来伦敦) is the best news I’ve heard this long time.

②whether引导

__Whether it will do us harm_________ (是否对我们有害) remains to be seen.

③连接代词引导

_Whoever comes first_________ (无论谁先到) will receive a prize.

Whichever you want______ (你想要哪一个) is yours.

④连接副词引导

_How this happened_____ (这件事怎么发生的) is not clear to anyone.

How many people we are to invite_____ (邀请多少人) is still a question.

Where I spend my summer______ (我在哪里过暑假) is no business of yours.

⑤what 引导

What makes the river more beautiful______ (为河水增色的) is the lotus plants growing in the water.

What I am telling you________ (我和你说的) is mere impressions.

What I am worried about______ (我担心的是) is their taking him to Iran.

8.定语从句

1. Medical researchers are painfully aware that there are many problem s to which they haven’t found answers. (他们至今还没有答案) 08.12

2. The prevent and treatment of AIDS is the field in which we can cooperate (我们可以合作的领域).

定语从句语法点：

①引导定语从句的关系代词：that ,which ,who, whom, whose, as …

The book which/that is on the table is mine.（做主语）

Is he the man who/that wants to see you? 他就是想见你的人吗？（who/that在从句中作主语）

He is the man whom/ that I saw yesterday. 他就是我昨天见的那个人。（whom/that在从句中作宾语）

The book which/that you bought yesterday is good.(做宾语)

The book whose cover is blue is mine.(做定语)

The boy and the dog that are in the picture are very lovely.(先行词既有人又有物，固用tha t)

引导定语从句的关系副词：when, where, why, as …

When的用法

在定语从句中做时间状语，指代时间。

I shall never forget the days when we worked on the farm.

Where的用法

在定语从句中作地点状语，代指地点。

Potato can be grown in places where it is too cold to grow rice.

有些太冷不能种水稻的地方，可以种马铃薯。

Why的用法

在定语从句中做原因状语。

I have come around to explain the reason why I was absent from the meeting.

9. 状语从句

1. Leaving one’s job, whatever job it is/ no matter what job it is (无论是什么工作)，

is a difficult change, even for those who look forward to retiring. 08.6

2. I am going to pursue this course, no matter what sacrifice I am going to make/

whatever sacrifice I will make(无论我要作出什么样的牺牲) 07.12

3. Please come here at ten tomorrow morning if it is convenient for you (如果你方便

的话).( 条件状语从句) 07.6

1.2. 均属于让步关系的状语从句；引导让步状语从句的引导词如下

even if (尽管)/ though, though / although, no matter what / who/ when/where,

how …不管什么、不管谁、不管何时、不管在哪儿、不管怎样…

引导条件状语从句的引导词如下if, unless, once, as long as,…

10. In case

You’d better take a sweater wi th you in case it turns cold. (以防天气变冷) 08.12

1. in case ／just in case引导目的状语从句作“以免，以备，以防”等解

He takes a torch in case it gets dark before he returns．

2. in case接条件从句，意为“如果、万一”。如：

e.g. 1) In case we fail，we won't lose heart．万一我们失败，我们决不会失去信心

2) Take a hat with you in case the sun is very hot. 倘若太阳很利害，你就把帽子戴上

3. in case of是短语介词，后接名词、动名词、代词等。它带的短语置于句末常看作目

的状语，作“以免，以防”解；

置于句首常视为条件状语，作“如果，万一”解

4. in any case 无论如何,相当于whatever happens.如:

You should finish your composition before school is over in any case. 无论如何,你必须在放学前完成作文。

5. in no case “决不”,置于句首时,须用倒装语序。如:

In no case shall we allow smoking in the classroom. 教室里决对不允许吸烟

11.比较结构

1.In my sixties, one change I notice is that I feel/get tired more easily than before (我比以前更容易累了) （比较级more ….than）07.12

2. Since my childhood I have found that nothing is more attractive to me than reading (没有什么比读书对我更有吸引力). 06.12

①The more… the more…结构

The more exercise you take, the less likely you are to catch a cold. (你越不大可能感冒) 09.12

The more you explain, the more confused I am (我愈糊涂). 06.6

②A is 倍数+the size/length/width of B

A is倍数as +原级+as B

A is倍数more than B

On average, it is said, visitors spend only half as much money（一半的钱）in a day in Leeds as in London.

as…as同级比较、含有比较级的结构（如no/not more/better/less…than等）

以及表示“与其…不如…”含义的结构（如：mo re…than… ，…rather than…，

not so much A as B…与其说是A，还不说是B）

12.情态动词

Some psychologists claim that people might/may feel lonely when they are far from home (出门在外时可能会感到孤独). 06.6

情态动词表推测

I can’t boot my computer now. something must be wrong/must have gone wrong (一

定出了毛病)with its operating system 08.6

1.表示推测的情态动词有must, could, may, might, can, should等。

1).

She must / may / might / could arrive before 5. 5:00前她一定/可能/也许到。

2).

情态动词中除shall／need／dare等外。后接动词原形，都能表

示对现在情况的推测，只是在句型和语气上有所不同。表示对现在情况的推测时，must语气最强，might语气最弱，must一般只用于肯定句；can一般只用于疑问句和否定句。

He must / may / might / could be listening to the radio now. 他一定/可能/也许正在听收音机。

3).

It must / may / might / could have rained last night .The ground is wet。地湿了，昨晚肯定/可能/也许下雨了

2.must have done 表示对已经发生的事情的推测，意为“一定，想必”, 句子中表示的

是一种肯定的推测。这种结构一般只用于肯定句，其否定形式是

“不可能，肯定不会”

）have done表示对过去的时间内可能发生的事情的猜测

4. should （ought to ）have done 指本该做而实际未做的事，意为“本来应该”。其否定式shouldn’t（oughtn’t）have done 则表示某种行为不该发生但却发生了.

简言之：

表示绝对肯定的推测：must do (对现在的推测)/

must have done（对过去的推测）

表示绝对否定的推测：can’t do / can’t have done

表示可能性推测：might do / might have done,

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