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初中英语语法总复习

初中英语语法总复习
初中英语语法总复习

初中英语语法总复习

一、时态:

一般现在时

定义:经常、反复发生的动作或行为及现在的某种状况。

动词用原形(单三人称动词加s/es)

(问句和否定句借用助词do/does)

一般过去时

定义:过去某个时间里发生的动作或状态;过去习惯性、经常性的动作、行为。动词用过去式

(问句和否定句借用助词did)

现在进行时

定义:表示现阶段或说话时正在进行的动作及行为。

am +动词-ing

is +动词-ing

are +动词-ing

过去进行时

定义:表示过去某段时间或某一时刻正在发生或进行的行为或动作。

was +动词-ing

were +动词-ing

一般将来时

定义:以过去某个时间为标准,在此以前发生的动作或行为,或在过去某动作之前完成的行为,即“过去的过去”。

(1)will + 动词原形

(2)am +going to+动词原形

Is+going to+动词原形

are +going to+动词原形

过去将来时

定义:立足于过去某一时刻,从过去看将来,常用于宾语从句中。

(1)would + 动词原形

(2)was +going to+动词原形

were +going to+动词原形

现在完成时

定义:过去发生或已经完成的动作对现在造成的影响或结果,或从过去已经开始,持续到现在的动作或状态。

have+过去分词

has +过去分词

过去完成时

定义:以过去某个时间为标准,在此以前发生的动作或行为,或在过去某动作之前完成的行为,即“过去的过去”。

had+过去分词

1.不定式定义:由to+动词原形构成。

不定式是一种非限定性动词。而非限定动词是指那些在句中不能单独充当谓语的动词,可分为不定式,动名词,现在分词和过去分词。

2.用途:

在句中不能作谓语。它具有动词的性质,本身可以带宾语和状语。

二、动词不定式:

1.定义:动词 + 不定式

2.用途:

动词不定式在句中可以作句子任何成分。动词不定式的被动形式除了一般形式外还有其完成式和进行式。

[动词不定式的时态、语态]

动词不定式可以作以上各种成分,但它毕竟是动词,所以有动词的属性

动词不定式及其短语还可以有自己的宾语、状语,虽然动词不定式在语法上没有表面上的直接主语,但它表达的意义是动作,这一动作一定由使动者发出。这一使动者我们称之为逻辑主语,其形式如下:

主动形式被动形式

一般式 (not)tomake (not) to be made

完成式 (not) to have made (not) to havebeen made

进行式(not) to bemaking

完成进行式 (not) to have been making

(1)语态

如果动词不定式的逻辑主语是这个不定式所表示的动作的承受者,不定式一般要用被动语态形式。如:

It's a great honour to be invited to Mary's birthday party.(不定式作主语)

Itwas impossible for lost time to be madeup.(不定式作主语)

I wish tobe sent towork in the country.(不定式作宾语)

Can youtell me which is the car to be repaired?(不定式作定语)

He went to the hospital to be examined.(不定式作状语)

在There be结构中,修饰主语的不定式可用被动,也可用主动。如:There are still many things tot ake careof (to be taken care o f).但有时两种形式表达的意思不同,如:These is nothing to do now.( We have nothingto do now.) There is nothingto be done now.(We can do nothingnow.)

(2)时态

1) 现在时:一般现在时表示的动词,有时与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生,有时发生在谓语动词的动作之后。

He seems toknow this.

I hope to see you again. = I hope thatI'll see you again. 我希望再见到你。

2) 完成时:表示的动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前。

I'm sorryto have given you so much trouble.

He seems to have caught acold.

3) 进行时:表示动作正在进行,与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生。

He seems to be eating something.

4) 完成进行时:

She is known to have been wreaking on the problem for many ye ars.

[疑问词+不定式结构]

疑问词who,what,which,when,where,whether,how后可接不定式构成不定式短语,在句中作主语、宾语、表语等。如:

①Whento leave forLondon has not been decidedyet. (不定式在句子中做主语)

②Mr. Smith didn't know whether toleaveor stay the re. (不定式在句子中做宾语)

③I asked Professor Xu howto learn English well. (不定式在句子中做间接宾语)

④The question was where to get the medicine needed.(不定式在句子中表语)

以上例句中疑问词+不定式部分,均可转换为相应的从句形式。如:①When we shall leave…③…how I

could learn…

经常在这种结构中使用的动词有:consider,decide,discover,explain,findout,forget,hear,know,learn,observe,understand,wonder等。

[动词不定式的语法功能]

一、作主语

动词不定式作主语时,句子的谓语动词常用单数,其位置有以下两种:

(1)把不定式置于句首。如:

To get thereby bike will take us half an hour.

(2)用it作形式主语,把真正的主语不定式置于句后,常用于下列句式中。如: ①It+be+名词+to do

It'sourduty totake good care of the old.

②It takessb+sometime+to do

How long did it take you to finish thework?

③It+be+形容词+forsb+to do

Itis difficult for us tofinish writing the compositionin a quarter of an hour.

④It+be+形容词+ofsb+to do

It is stupid ofyou to write down everything the tea chersays.

⑤Itseems(appears)+形容词+to do

三、动名词的规则变化:

1 一般情况下,直接在动词后加-ing(现在进行时)work---- workingstud y-----

studying

2 动词以不发音的-e结尾,要去-e加-ing take ----- taking make -----making

3重读闭音节的动词,要双写词尾字母,再加-ing cut ----- cutting put begin

4 以-ie结尾的动词,把变成y再加-ing lie ----- lying tie ----- ty ing die ----- dying

四:【第1讲:名词】

名词复数的特殊变化。

普通名词的复数我们知道是直接加-s或 -es,

a. class, box, watch, brush等词以 s, x, ch,sh, 结尾,复数要加

-es;

b. story, factory 等以"辅音字母+y"结尾的词复数要先将-y 变成-i再加-es;

c. knife, wife, life等以-f或-fe结尾的词一般先将-f或-fe变为-v, 再加-es;

d.以-o结尾的名词,一般来说,末尾是"元音字母+o" 的词加-s,我们学过的有radio,zoo。末尾是"辅音字母+o"的词,变复数加-es。如:tomato, h ero, potato,当然其中的piano和photo,又是一个例外,他们的结尾只能加-s。

e.child(children),foot(feet), tooth(teeth), mouse(mice),man(men ), woman(women)等词的复数变化全不遵循规则。

注意:与 man 和woman构成的合成词,其复数形式也是 -men 和-women。如:an Englishman,two Englishmen. 但German不是合成词,故复数形式为Germans;

f. deer,sheep等词单复数同形。 people,police,cattle等词,以单数形式出现,但实为复数,所以它们的谓语当然也是复数形式,这就是集体名词。the English,the French,the Chinese等名词表示国民总称时,也作复数用。

注意:maths,politics,physics等学科名词,虽然以-s结尾,仍为不可数名词。还有theUnited States(美国),the United Nations(联合国)等应视为单数。

别奇怪,名词有时也可以作定语的。它作定语时一般用单数,但也有以下例外。

a. man,woman等作定语时,它的单复数以其所修饰的名词的单复数而定。如:men workers, women teachers。

b.数词+名词作定语时,这个名词一般保留单数形式,中间加连字符。如:aten-milewalk十里路,two-hundred trees两百棵树。

【第2讲:代词】

代词中第一个“小个性”就是物主代词。像my和mine这两个小冤家总是让人

分不清谁是谁。但你只要记住它们最重要的区别—my的后面一定要接名词,不可以单独出现,只能做定语,如:my father;而 mine则是名词性,只能单独出现,在句中做主语和表语。如:Mine is green.It's mine. 记住这两个句子,凡是名词性物主代词(yours, hers, his,its, ours, theirs)就都可以放在mine的位置上了。

代词的第二个“罗嗦”就是它有一个小跟班-self(selves)—反身代词,也就是表示“自己、亲自”的意思。关于反身代词,需要注意的是她不能单独做主语,但可以放在人称代词后面,做同位语。

如:Marry herself saidso.玛丽她自己这么说的。

Of+名词性物主代词:of +物主代词构成双重所有格。公式为:a(an, this, that )+名词+of +名词性物主代词。因为物主代词不可与 a, an, this, that, these, those, some, any, no, each,every, such, an other等词一起前置,修饰一个名词,而必须用双重所有格。如: a friend of mine(我的一个朋友)

some, any的用法:上面的内容以提到过

every 和each的用法:every 强调全体的概念,指三个以上的人或物(含三个),不可单独使用;each强调个体概念。指两个以上的人或物(含两个),可单独使用.。Every student inourschool works hard.(我们学校的学生都很用功。)Eachstudentmay haveone book..(每个学生都可有一本书。)

both, either, neither的用法:

both意为“两者全都”,与复数连用。either意为“两者中间的任何一个”,nei ther 表示“两者之间一个也不是”,与单数连用。如:Both of the them come from London。他们两人都是伦敦人。 You may take either with you。两个中间你随便带哪个都行。Neither is correct。两个都不对。

Few,a few和little,a little的用法:

Few,a few用来代替和修饰可数名词,little,a little用来代替和修饰不可数名词;a few和a little着重肯定意思,相当于汉语“有几个”,“有一点儿”;few和little 着重否定意思,相当于汉语“没有几个”,“没有多少”

【第3讲:形容词】

定语时排列有一定的先后顺序。它们往往遵循以下规律:冠词或人称代词所有格+数词+性质+大小+形状+表示老少、新旧+颜色+事物质地、人的国籍、用途。

Thereis something wrong with mybike。这句话可能让你挠挠头皮。大部分形容词做定语时的位置是放在名词之前的,但当形容词所修饰的词为something,anything,nothing,everything等以-thing为字尾的词语时,形容词要后置。

形容词级别问题:

a. Our classroomis twice largerthan theirs。(我们的教室是他们的两倍。)这种表示倍数的句子用…times +形容词比较级+than …

b. I'm three years older than you.(我比你大三岁。)表示"大三岁,""高二厘米"等时用"表示数量词的词+比较级"。

c."越来越……"用"比较级+and +比较级"来表示。如:The earth is gettingwarmer and warmer。(地球变得越来越暖和。)

d."越……就越……"用"the +比较级…,the+比较级…"来表示。如: The busierhe is,the happier he feels。(他越忙,越觉得高兴。)

最高级用法,最高级要用于三者以上。还有几点是不得不提的:

alone和lonely:I feel lonely, because I am alone at home. 你独自一人在家用。 "alone" 表示"单独的"、"独自一人的",它表示一个客观事实,在句中只能做表语。你在家感到寂寞, "lonely",表示主观上感到 "孤

独""寂寞",指一种悲伤忧郁的情绪,可作定语和表语。

older和elder: Jack is older than me, he is myelder brother.杰克比我大要用"older",表示"年纪大的,年老的",常用做表语;他是我的长兄用"elder",表示"年老的,年长的",用做定语,只用于比较两个人的长幼,只能作表语。

【第4讲:副词】

一般认为形容词+ly就变成了副词,如形容词quick

加上-ly变成副词quickly。但是象friendly, lovely 虽然以ly结尾,但实则是形容词,She is friendly to me (她对我很友好。)

already 和 yet :

Whereis Tom? He hasn't come yet. ButJack is already here . 这句话中又是 already,又有yet,是怎么回事吗?原来already 和yet意思虽然相同,但用法有点小区别。表示事情早已发生或提前发生用already,一般放于句中,用于肯定句和疑问句。含有already的肯定句,变为否定句时,要将already 变为yet,且放在句尾。yet表示预料要发生的事未发生,位于句尾,一般用于否定句和疑问句中。

hard 和hardly:

hard,hardly 两者虽然只有-ly之差,意义却大不相同。hard表示"辛苦,使劲,努力,而hardly为否定副词,表示"几乎不"。

ago 和before:

ago不能单独使用,应与three days (months ,weeks)等连用, 而且和动词的过去时连用。

如: Imet my neighbour an hour ago. Before 之前有"一段时间"时,指"距这段时间以前",和过去完成时连用。如:He said he had finished the work two days before.(他说他两天前已完成了工作。) 如果before单独使用,是泛指"以前",常常和完成时连用。如:I have seen th

e film before.(我以前没看过这部电影。)

farther和further:

far有两种比较级,farther,further.在英语中两者都可指距离。如:He runsfarther than she does.(他比她跑得远。)在美语中,farther表示距离,further表示进一步。如: I have nothingfurther to say.(我没什么要说的了。)

【第5讲:动词】

一定要记牢动词的现在分词,过去式,过去分词。比如:catch的过去式和过去分词(caught,caught) 你可能就不知道吧?痛下决心,好好记一记吧。先讲系动词。

系动词:大概是最简单的动词了。你只需注意的是系动词除了be的形式之外,还有become,get,grow,turn,sound,look,smell,taste等,它们不能单独作谓语,必须和作表语的词语(如形容词, 名词等) 连用, 所以用的时候,可要小心为是呀!如:It smells delicious.(它闻起来味道很美)。delici ous 是形容词,不是副词。

情态动词:首先要记住情态动词后必跟动词原形。

must的意思是"应当,必须",侧重于说话者的主观看法,没有时态变化,其否定式是mustn't,在"Must I(we) ...."的疑问句中,须注意的是其否定回答常用needn't。如:MustI go?(我一定要走吗?)No,you needn't.(不,不必。)

need意为"需要"。既可作实义动词,又可作情态动词,因此在用法上需要注意。作实义动词时,need后跟名词,动名词,或不定式。如:Ineed togo. (我得走了。) 作情态动词时,后跟动词原形。如:You needn't come t omorrow if you are busy. (如果你忙,明天就不必来了。)

实意动词:我们跑(run),我们跳(jump),我们笑(laugh),这些都得用实意动词来表达。我们一起来看一看一些特殊的词吧。它们在接动名词和不定式时意义有所不同。

stop:这个词让好多同学大伤了一番脑筋,到底什么时候加to do,什么时候

doing 呢?两者意义又有什么不同呢?OK, Come with me. 看下面两个句子。

When the teacher came in, they stopped to read.

When the teacher came in, they stopped talking.

第一句的意思是"当老师进来时,他们停下来开始读书"。而第二句的意思是 "老师进来时,他们停止了说话"。所以stop todo sth表示"停止正在做的事情去干另一件事"。而stop doing表示"中断正在做的某事"。

forget,remember,regret这三个词用法基本相同,只要记住+doing 表示"事情已经做过",+to do表示"事情还未做"就可以了。

感官动词:see,watch, notice,look at,hear,listen to,smell,taste,feel 等+do 表示动作的完整性,真实性+doing 表示动作的连续性,进行性。如:I saw him work in thegarden yesterday.昨天我看见他在花园里干活了。(强调"我看见了"这个事实) I saw him worki ng in the garden yesterday.(强调"我见他正干活"这个动作)昨天我见他正在花园里干活。

【第6讲:不定式】

不定式的构成非常简单,是to+动词原形。to有时也可以不带。动词不定式没有人称和数的变化,可以担当除谓语外的任何句子成分。什么时候可以不带to 不定式省to有四种情况:

使役动词let,have,make 等后接不定式。如:Let him go! 让他走! wouldrather,had better后。如:You had better stay at h ome.你最好呆在家里。

Why... / why not...后。如:Why nothave a good rest on Sunday? 为什么星期天不好好休息一下呢?

感官动词 see, watch, look at, hear, listen to, smell,feel, find 等后作宾补,省to。如:I sawhim dance. 我看见他跳舞。

注意:这些情况在被动句中可千万不可省to 哟! 如:The bossmade them workthe whole night. 变成被动句:Theywere made t

owork thewhole night.

不定式的特殊用法:

It与不定式:动词不定式可以做主语,但如果动词不定式太长,显得头重脚轻的,那么我们就可用形式主语it代替,而把真正主语(即不定式)放于句尾。

如: It is not difficult for me tostudy English well.(对我来说学好英语是可能的。)

不定式还可以充当句子的宾语,但有些动词,如find,think,believe 等,在语法上不能接受不定式作宾语,只有用it作形式宾语,从而把动词不定式置于句尾。这样的不定式可继续充当其宾语的作用。

如: I founditdifficulttofall asleep.我发现很难入睡。

还有一点:动词不定式,还可用在how,when,where,what,which 等疑问代词或副词之后,与其共同作宾语。如:I don't know how to use a compute r.我不知道怎样使用电脑。

too...to...和enough...to:too...to表达"太... 一致于不能..."。enough ... to 表达"足以..."。这两个词组的用法用两个例子就可以说清楚了。

【第7讲介词】

它用来表明名词与句中其他词的关系,不能单独使用。常考点包括一些固定搭配和一些近义词。固定搭配如:on one's way ,home,help...with,send for,be interested in..., belate for, be angry with,be good at等。

常用介词解析及用法比较:

at,on和in:这三个介词在试卷中的出现频率极高。对于它们的的分辨只要记住一句话就可以了。at表示点,on表示线,in表示面。它们表达的范围逐渐增大。at six o'clock, at noon, at theage of sixteen等用at表示时刻或时间的点以及年龄。on具体到一周中的各天,日期及某特定的一天

[实用参考]初中英语语法易错知识点总结.doc

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1 . (see 、hear 、notice 、find 、feel 、listen 从句感觉/对什么有信心,自信 to 、look at ( 感官动词)+(sb. )+do sth. eg : I am/ feel confident of myspoken English. eg:I like watching monkeys jump. I feel that I can pass the test . 2 . (比较级and 比较级)表示越来越怎么样18. be + doing 表:1现在进行时2将来时 eg:the more the more 越来越多19 . be able to (+ v 原) = can (+ v 原)能够?? 3. a piece of cake =easy 小菜一碟(容易)eg : She is able to sing .= She can sing. 4 . agree with sb赞成某人20. be able to do sth. 能够干什么 5 . all kinds of 各种各样a kind of 一样e g :she is able to sing . 6 . all over the world = the whole world 整个21. be afraid to do (of sth 恐惧,害怕??世界eg : I'm afraed to go out at night . 7. along with 同??一道,伴随??I'm afraid of dog. eg : I will go along with you. 我将和你一起去22. be allowed to do 被允许做什么 The students planted trees along with their eg: I'm allowed to watch TV. 我被允许看电视teachers. 学生同老师们一起种树I should be allowed to watch TV. 我应该被允 8. as soon as 一怎么样就怎么样 许看电视 9 . as you can see 你是知道的(正如你所见)23. be angry with sb 生某人的气 10 . ask for ??求助向?要?(直接接想要的东e g : Don't be angry with me. 西)24. be angry with(at) sb for doing sth 12. ask sb to do sth询问某人某事 为什么而生某人的气 ask sb not to do 叫某人不要做某事25. be as ?原级?as 和什么一样 13 . at the age of 在??岁时eg : She is as tall as me. 她和我一样高 eg :I amsixteen. = I am at the age of sixteen . 26. be ashamed to 14. at the beginning of ????的起初;??27. be away from远离 的开始28. be away from 从??离开 15. at the end of + 地点/+时间最后;尽头;末29. be bad for对什么有害 尾eg : Reading books in the sun is bad for your eg : At the end of the day eyes. 在太阳下看书对你的眼睛不好 16. at this time of year 在每年的这个时候30. be born 出生于 17. be /feel confident of sth /that clause + 31. be busy doing sth 忙于做什么事

初中英语语法 知识点(全)

七年级(上) 1.family name = last name 姓first name = given name 名字 2. 用某种语言用介词in (如in English) 3. 电话用语中this that 回答 “Is that Mr.H” “Yes,it is” 4.hat 有边沿的帽子cap 有帽舌的帽子 5.名词的复数形式:①一般+s ②s,x,ch,sh,结尾的+es ③辅音字母+y 去y为I,+es ④o结尾,除了negro hero tomato potato +es,其余+s ⑥特殊名词复数形式 6.应对道谢You are welcome = That’s all right =That’s OK = Not at all = It’s my pleasure. 7.Here you are = Here it is = It is here 倒装句here +be +名词here +代词+be 8.in 年月季节on 日星期几节日at 钟点 9.join 参加加入(团体组织)take part in 参加(活动) 10. be busy doing 11.be strict with sb be strict in sth 12.bring+人或物+to +地点把…带到某地 bring+人或物+for+人给某人带来… 13. start doing start +名词 start to do的情况:主语是物不是人;start本身为starting时;其后的动词与想法感情有关14.what time is it?=what’s time?询问钟点回答:It is….(一律) 单词:trumpet喇叭racket(网球羽毛球)球拍plural复数,复数形式,复数的ninth第九furniture家具February二月eraser橡皮擦dresser梳妆台 drum鼓documentary纪录片description描述broccoli花椰菜biology生物学 comedy喜剧singular单数plural复数 七年级(下) 1.hear from sb. 收到…的来信 2.be friendly to 对…友好 3.another 另一,再一 other 其他的,别的(无范围)+名词(复数) the other 两个中的另一个(通常搭配one…the other…) others 其他的人或物(代词) the others 多个中的剩余几个(不加名词,通常搭配some….the others…) 4.what+be+主语?=what do/does+主语+do?询问职业 5.be surprised + at sth./to do sth./句子 6.in the corner 屋里某个角落 on the corner = at the corner 街头某个拐角处 7.every day 每天(状语)everyday 日常每天的adj.+ n.. 8. in the tree 在树上(非树本身的一部分)on the tree 在树上(树上的一部分) 9.in hospital 住院in the hospital 在医院工作 10. agree with sb agree to sth 答应agree on/upon/about 达成一致意见 11.tell…from…把…与…区别开来

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人教版,初中英语语法易错点,复习大全1.Because he was ill yesterday, so he didn’t go to work. (×) Because he was ill yesterday, he didn’t go to work. (√) He was ill yesterday, so he didn’t go to work. (√) [析] 用though, but表示“虽然……,但是……”或用because, so 表示“因为……,所以……”时,though和but 及because和so 都只能择一而用,不能两者同时使用。 2.The Smiths have moved Beijing. (×) Smiths have moved to Beijing. (√) [析] 不及物动词后接名词或代词作宾语时,要在动词之加上适当的介词;但不及物动词后接home, here, there等副词作宾语时,动词之后不必加任何介词。 3.The box is too heavy for him to carry it. (×) The box is too heavy for him to carry. (√) [析] the box既是这句话的主语, 也是不定式to carry的逻辑宾语,若句末再加上it,就和the box 重复了。 4.Each of the boys have a pen. (×) Each of the boys has a pen. (√) [析] 复数名词前有表个体的each of, one of, every,either of等词组修饰,或有表否定的neither of, none of 等词组修饰时,谓语动词要用单数形式。 5.例:那是你心软!我不就是一个例子吗? Neither he nor you is good at English. (×) Neither he nor you are good at English. (√) [析] either... or..., neither... nor..., not only..., but also... 等词组连接句子的两个主语时,谓语动词遵循“就近一致原则”, 即由靠近谓语的那个主语决定谓语的人称和数用何种形式。

(易错题精选)初中英语语法知识—介词的全集汇编及答案(1)

一、选择题 1.My teacher runs ______ the morning. But he doesn't run ______ Sunday morning. A.in;on B.on;in C.in;in D.on;on 2.North Korea is________Asia. It’s________the northeast of China and________the west of Japan. A.in, to, on B.in, on, to C.on, in, to D.to, on, in 3.Our school plans to have a parents’ meeting_______ the afternoon_______ January 27th. A.in; of B.on; in C.on; of D.in; at 4.—When is your birthday party? —It's________. A.at six,on May 24th B.on six,this Saturday C.in six o'clock this afternoon D.on six,at May 24th 5.She is talented ________ music but I am good at sports. A.at B.in C.on 6.______ Sunday morning my sister usually does her homework, and ______ the afternoon she usually plays tennis. A.On; on B.In; in C.On; in D.In; on 7.If you can’t read the article, it will be meaningless to you. The –less in the word “meaningless” means . A.with B.without C.full of D.out of 8.---What’s your hobby ? ---______collecting balls, I also like different kinds of CDs. A.Besides B.Except C.Beside D.About 9.There is an old bridge __________the river. Be careful (小心) when you ________________ it. A.over; across B.over; cross C.on; cross D.on; across 10.We usually have our school trip _______ a morning of April. A.on B.at C.to D.in 11.My computer game is ______ the drawer and my books are _______ the sofa. A.on; on B.in; in C.on; in D.in; on 12.—There is a hole in the wall. What is it for? —We have a dog. He can get in or out ________ it. A.past B.through C.across D.over 13.–Emma can go out ________ school nights but she must be back ________ ten o’clock. --Oh, I see. A.on, before B.on, after C.in, before D.in, after 14.He has a garden __________ a lot of flowers. A.has B.there is C.with 15.--Which is your teacher? --The one thick(厚厚的)glasses over his eyes is.

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