U2语音学与音系学02
Chapter 2 The Sounds of Language
I. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False:
1.Voicing is a phonological feature that distinguishes meaning in both Chinese and
English.
2.If two phonetically similar sounds occur in the same environments and they
distinguish meaning, they are said to be in complementary distribution.
3. A phone is a phonetic unit that distinguishes meaning.
4.English is a tone language while Chinese is not.
5.In linguistic evolution, speech is prior to writing.
6.In everyday communication, speech plays a greater role than writing in terms of
the amount of information conveyed.
7.Articulatory phonetics tries to describe the physical properties of the stream of
sounds which a speaker issues with the help of a machine called spectrograph.
8.The articulatory apparatus of a human being are contained in three important areas:
the throat, the mouth and the chest.
9.Vibration of the vocal cords results in a quality of speech sounds called voicing.
10.English consonants can be classified in terms of place of articulation and the part
of the tongue that is raised the highest.
11.According to the manner of articulation, some of the types into which the
consonants can be classified are stops, fricatives, bilabial and alveolar.
12.Vowel sounds can be differentiated by a number of factors: the position of tongue
in the mouth, the openness of the mouth, the shape of the lips, and the length of the vowels.
13.According to the shape of the lips, vowels can be classified into close vowels,
semi-close vowels, semi-open vowels and open vowels.
14.Any sound produced by a human being is a phoneme.
15.Phones are the sounds that can distinguish meaning.
16.Phonology is concerned with how the sounds can be classified into different
categories.
17.A basic way to determine the phonemes of a language is to see if substituting one
sound for another results in a change of meaning.
18.When two different forms are identical in every way except for one sound
segment which occurs in the same place in the strings, the two words are said to form a phonemic contrast.
19.The rules governing the phonological patterning are language specific.
20.Distinctive features of sound segments can be found running over a sequence of
two or more phonemic segments.
II. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given:
21.A ____ refers to a strong puff of air stream in the production of speech sounds.
22.A___________ phonetics describes the way our speech organs work to produce
the speech sounds and how they differ.
23.The four sounds /p/, /b/, /m/ and /w/ have one feature in common, i.e. they are all
b_______ sounds.
24.Of all the speech organs, the t ____ is the most flexible, and is responsible for
varieties of articulation than any other.
25.English consonants can be classified in terms of manner of articulation or in terms
of p_______ of articulation.
26.When the obstruction created by the speech organs is total or complete, the speech
sound produced with the obstruction audibly released and the air passing out again is called a s________.
27.S_________ features are the phonemic features that occur above the level of the
segments. They include stress, tone, intonation, etc.
28.The rules that govern the combination of sounds in a particular language are
called s____ rules.
29.The transcription of speech sounds with letter-symbols only is called broad
transcription while the transcription with letter-symbols together with the diacritics is called n_________ transcription.
30.When pitch, stress and sound length are tied to the sentence rather than the word
in isolation, they are collectively known as i_________.
31.P___________ is a discipline which studies the system of sounds of a particular
language and how sounds are combined into meaningful units to effect linguistic communication.
32.The articulatory apparatus of a human being are contained in three important
cavities: the pharyngeal cavity, the o_______ cavity and the nasal cavity.
33.T_______ are pitch variations, which are caused by the differing rates of vibration
of the vocal cords and which can distinguish meaning just like phonemes.
34.Depending on the context in which stress is considered, there are two kinds of
stress: word stress and s_________ stress.
III. There are four choices following each of the statements below. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement:
35．Of all the speech organs, the _______ is/are the most flexible.
A. mouth
B. lips
C. tongue
D. vocal cords
36．The sounds produced without the vocal cords vibrating are ____ sounds.
A. voiceless
B. voiced
C. vowel
D. consonantal
37．__________ is a voiced alveolar stop.
A. /z/
B. /d/
C. /k/
D. /b/
38．The assimilation rule assimilates one sound to another by “copying” a feature of a sequential phoneme, thus making the two phones ____________.
A. identical
B. same
C. exactly alike
D. similar
39． Since /p/ and /b/ are phonetically similar, occur in the same environments and they can distinguish meaning, they are said to be ___________.
A. in phonemic contrast
B. in complementary distribution
C. the allophones
D. minimal pair
40． The sound /f/ is _________________.
A. voiced palatal affricate
B. voiced alveolar stop
C. voiceless velar fricative
D. voiceless labiodental fricative
41. A ____ vowel is one that is produced with the front part of the tongue maintaining the highest position.
A. back
B. central
C. front
D. middle
42. Distinctive features can be found running over a sequence of two or more phonemic segments. The phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments are called ____________.
A. phonetic components
B. immediate constituents
C. suprasegmental features
D. semantic features
43. A(n) ___________ is a unit that is of distinctive value. It is an abstract unit, a
collection of distinctive phonetic features.
A. phone
B. sound
C. allophone
D. phoneme
44．The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environments are called the ____ of that phoneme.
A. phones
B. sounds
C. phonemes
D. allophones
IV. Define the terms below:
45. phonology 46. phoneme 47.allophone
48. international phonetic alphabet 49. intonation 50. phonetics
51. auditory phonetics 52. acoustic phonetics 53. phone
54. phonemic contrast 55. tone 56. minimal pair
V. Answer the following questions as comprehensively as possible. Give examples for illustration if necessary:
57.Of the two media of language, why do you think speech is more basic than
writing?
58.What are the criteria that a linguist uses in classifying vowels?
59.What are the major differences between phonology and phonetics?
60.Illustrate with examples how suprasegmental features can affect meaning.
61.In what way can we determine whether a phone is a phoneme or not?
Suggested Answers
I. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False:
lT 2F 3F 4F 5T
6T 7F 8F 9T 10F
11F 12T 13F 14F 15F
16 F 17 T 18 F 19 T 20 T
II. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given:
21. Aspiration 22.Articulatory 23. bilabial 24. tongue
25. place 26. stop 27. Suprasegmental 28. sequential 29. narrow 30. intonation 31. Phonology 32. oral
33. Tone 34. sentence
III. There are four choices following each of the statements below. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement:
35.C 36. A 37. B 38. D 39. A
40. D 41. C 42. C 43. D 44. D
IV. Define the terms below:
45.Phonology: Phonology studies the system of sounds of a particular language; it
aims to discover how speech sounds in a language form patterns and how these sounds are used to convey meaning in linguistic communication.
46.Phoneme: The basic unit in phonology is called phoneme; it is a unit of distinctive
value. But it is an abstract unit. To be exact, a phoneme is not a sound; it is a collection of distinctive phonetic features.
47.Allophone: The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different
phonetic environments are called the allophones of that phoneme.
48.International phonetic alphabet: It is a standardized and internationally accepted
system of phonetic transcription.
49.Intonation: When pitch, stress and sound length are tied to the sentence rather than
the word in isolation, they are collectively known as intonation.
50.Phonetics: Phonetics is defined as the study of the phonic medium of language; it
is concerned with all the sounds that occur in the world' s languages
51.Auditory phonetics: It studies the speech sounds from the hearer's point of view. It
studies how the sounds are perceived by the hearer.
52.Acoustic phonetics: It studies the speech sounds by looking at the sound waves. It
studies the physical means by which speech sounds are transmitted through the air from one person to another.
53.Phone: Phones can be simply defined as the speech sounds we use when speaking
a language. A phone is a phonetic unit or segment. It does not necessarily
distinguish meaning.
54.Phonemic contrast:Phonemic contrast refers to the relation between two
phonemes. If two phonemes can occur in the same environment and distinguish meaning, they are in phonemic contrast.
55.Tone: Tones are pitch variations, which are caused by the differing rates of
vibration of the vocal cords.
56.Minimal pair: When two different forms are identical in every way except for one
sound segment which occurs in the same place in the strings, the two words are said to form a minimal pair.
V. Answer the following questions as comprehensively as possible. Give examples for illustration if necessary:
57. Of the two media of language, why do you think speech is more basic than
writing?
1)In linguistic evolution, speech is prior to writing.
2)In everyday communication, speech plays a greater role than writing in terms
of the amount of information conveyed.
3)Speech is always the way in which every native speaker acquires his mother
tongue, and writing is learned and taught later at school.
58. What are the criteria that a linguist uses in classifying vowels?
1)Vowels may be distinguished as front, central and back in terms of the
position of the tongue in the mouth.
2)According to how wide our mouth is opened, we classify the vowels into four
groups: close vowels, semi-close vowels, semi-open vowels, and open vowels.
3)According to the shape of the lips, vowels are divided into rounded vowels
and unrounded vowels.
4)The English vowels can also be classified into long vowels and short vowels
according to the length of the sound.
59. What are the major differences between phonology and phonetics?
They differ in their approach and focus. Phonetics is of a general nature; it is interested in all the speech sounds used in all human languages: how they are produced, how they differ from each other, what phonetic features they possess, how they can be classified. Phonology, on the other hand, is interested in the system of sounds of a particular language; it aims to discover how speech sounds in a language form patterns and how these sounds are used to convey meaning in linguistic communication.
60. Illustrate with examples how suprasegmental features can affect meaning.
1)The location of stress in English distinguishes meaning, such as `import and
im`port. The similar alternation of stress also occurs between a compound noun and a phrase consisting of the same elements. A phonological feature of the English compounds, is that the stress of the word always falls on the first element and the second element receives secondary stress, for example: 'blackbird is a particular kind of bird, which is not necessarily black, but a black `bird is a bird that is black.
2)The more important words such as nouns, verbs adjectives, adverbs, etc. are
pronounced with greater force and made more prominent. But to give special emphasis to a certain notion, a word in sentence that is usually unstressed can be stressed to achieve di fferent effect. Take the sentence “He is driving my car.” for example. To emphasize the fact that the car he is driving is not his, or yours, but mine, the speaker can stress the possessive pronoun my, which under normal circumstances is not stressed.
3)English has four basic types of intonation, known as the four tones: When
spoken in different tones, the same sequence of words may have different meanings. Generally speaking, the falling tone indicates that what is said is a straight-forward, matter-of-fact statement, the rising tone often makes a question of what is said, and the fall-rise tone often indicates that there is an implied message in what is said.
61. In what way can we determine whether a phone is a phoneme or not?
A basic way to determine the phonemes of a language is to see if substituting one
sound for another results in a change of meaning. If it does, the two sounds then represent different phonemes.
《语音学和音系学引论》 第二版
《语音学和音系学引论》(第二版) 分章导读 第一章导言 本章是全书的开篇，分为四个小题目：语音学和音系学，理论和分析，与其他领域的关系，全书的框架。 第一小节介绍本学科的研究范围。作者提出语音学和音系学从两个层面研究人类语音的发生和感知：第一个层面是语音的解剖和生理层面，涉及发音器官及功能、语音、传递语音的声波、听者对语音声波的分析和处理。在这一层面上的研究称为“语音学”，可以细分为语音的解剖学和生理学、发音语音学、声学语音学和听觉(或感知)语音学。在第二个层面上，语音被看作是一种有目的的人类活动，具有传达意义的目的，在这一层面上的语音研究称为“音系学”，因此音系学常被看作是与特定语言内部的语音构造有关的。 第二小节论述理论和实践的关系，指出本书旨在介绍一种科学的理论方法，是与会不会发音或会不会模仿截然不同的。普通人通过说话表达意义，从不有意识地考虑自己的哪些器官在做什么样的动作，但语言学家所感兴趣的恰恰是说话者的这些细微的过程和活动，并对此进行分析，对器官的动作和活动如何表达意义作出解释。 第三小节首先讲解语音学和音系学对口语的记录和描述以及对英语拼写的指导作用，然后讨论其在外语教学中的应用和有关英语标准发音(RP)的争论，最后说明语音研究与科学技术的相互联系。从事录音、语言描述和语言教学工作的人对语音知识会有一定的兴趣，而从事听力学、语言矫治和言语病理学的人员需要具备坚实的语音学和音系学基础。二十世纪的科技进步为语音研究提供了新的手段，使语音研究的成果与生理学、物理学和电子学有了更密切的关系。近年来语音研究与科学技术结合在语音合成和语音－文本转换方面也有了可喜的进展，具有很高的商业价值和对理论探索的兴趣，使语音学家和音系学家得以更加紧密地与计算机和人工智能方面的专家进行合作。 第四小节叙述本书的框架，指出各章的目的和方法。本书在结构上比较特别，语音学和音系学的内容交叉进行。第二、三、六、七、八章明显属于语音学的内容，其余各章属于音系学内容。这样做的目的是模糊语音学和音系学的界限，使这两个在很长一段时间独立进行研究的学科更加一致起来。 思考题： 1.语音学和音系学在对语音的研究上有哪些异同点？ 2.语音学和音系学与我们平时发音的关系是什么？ 3.语音学和音系学知识可以应用于哪些其他领域？ 4.语音学和音系学与语言学的其他分支学科有什么关系？
语言学知识_音系学
音系学 一．音系学（Phonology）的定义： 音系学主要有以下两个任务：其一，发现某一特定语言中出现的所有能够区别意义的语音；其二，找出语音是如何组织起来表达意义的。 二．音素（Phone）、音位（Phoneme）和音位变体（Allophone）： 音素（Phone）：一个语音单元或音段。 音位（Phoneme）：一个具有区别性价值的单位，是一组语音特征的抽象集合体。 音位变体（Allophone）：同一个音位在不同语音环境下的实现的方式。 三．音位的分布（Distribution of Phonemes）： 音位对立（phonemic contrast）以及互补分布（complementary Distribution）：相似的音素之间相联系的方式主要有两种：如果它们是同一个音位的音位变体，不区别意义，就处于互补分布状态；如果它们不是同一个音位的音位变体，且能够区分意义，就构成了音位对立。 自由变异（free variation）： 如果两个音素出现在一个相同的语音环境中，并不区别意义，换而言之，用一个音素替换另一个音素而不产生一个新词，仅仅产生同一个词的不同读音，那么这两个音素就处于自由变异。 最小对立体（minimal pairs）： 如果两个单词，除了出现在同一个位置上的一个音以外，其余的都相同，则这两个词就构成了一个最小对立体。若最小对立体按照相同的条件进一步的扩展，扩展到多对，就构成了一个最小对立集（minimal set）。例如：hook和book，book和look，look和cook就构成了三对对立体，而这六个词则构成了一个最小对立集。 四．音系学的一些规则（Some Rules of Phonology）： 在音系学中，孤立的音素是没有意义的。因此为了表达意义，音素必须组合在一起，但是也需要符合一定的组合原则。 1）序列原则（Sequential rules）：即语音组成词在排列顺序上要受到一定的制约。音位系统规定了哪些音位可以放在词首，哪些可以放在哪些可以相互搭配。 2）同化原则（assimilation rule）：一个音通过吸收其相邻音的特点，变得与其相似，这种音系规则叫做同化原则（assimilation rule）。如果后面的音同化了前面的邻音，这种同化叫做逆同化（regressive assimilation）；反之，则叫做顺同化（progressive assimilation）。常见的同化有鼻音化（nasalization），齿音化（dentalization）和软腭 化（velarization）。 3）省略原则（deletion rule）：有关于在什么条件下某个音被省略掉，即只有拼写形式存在而不发音的音系规则。 五．超音段特征（Suprasegmental Features）： 超音段特征主要有音调（tone）、重音（stress）和语调（intonation）。 重音（stress）：在产生一个音节过程中所用力的程度。重音分为两种：单词重音和句子
语言学概论(二)
语言学概论(二)
第二章、语音和音系 第一节语音与语音学和音系与音系学 一、语音和语音学： （一）语音 语音是语言的声音。具备两个特点： 第一、语音是从人的发音器官发出的声音，是人的发音器官运动的结果； 第二、语音负载一定的意义，它是一定的信息符号的载体。 上下课铃声咳嗽声打呼噜声 语音是语言的物质外壳。 （二）语音学： 语音学是从自然属性出发以人类语言的声音为研究对象的科学，是语言学的一个部门。 语音研究成为语言学中的一个独立的部门是从19世纪中叶开始的。 语音学可以分为不同的类别、不同的分科。 研究方法：传统语音学、现代语音学 传统语音学分析语音时主要靠发音器官的模仿，靠耳朵听音分辨，一向被称为“口耳之学”。
如：我国早在先秦诸子书中就有“开口”“阖口”“徐呼”“疾呼”“舌头”“舌腹”等说法。 现代语音学在传统语音学基础上建立，由耳听目视转为用新式的仪器进行实验，于是建立起一门独立的学科——实验语音学。 研究对象、研究内容：普通语音学、历史语音学、描写语音学、实验语音学、应用语音学。 普通语音学：研究人类语言中各种声音的构成，音与音的结合和相互之间发生的变化，以及声调、语调、轻重等现象。 历史语音学：研究某种语言各个历史时期的语音演变及其发展规律。 描写语音学：研究某种语言在一定时期的语音系统及其特殊的现象。 实验语音学：利用实验仪器分析研究语音的物理现象和生理现象，辨析发音上的细微差别等。 应用语音学：侧重研究与科学技术有关的语音问题。如：机器翻译过程中的语音问题。 如果从言语交际的全过程即发音——传递——感知三个阶段给语音学分类，可分为生理语音学（发音语音学）、物理语音学（声学语音
语音学和音位学 练习题
第2章语音学和音位学 Phonetics&Phonology 1.phonetics is the study of_______. A.all the sounds that occur in the world’s languages B.sppech sounds used by human languages to represent C.the differernces between sounds used in human languages and sounds in nature D.how phonological differences can lead to misunderstanding 2./m, n/ are ____. A.fricatives B.dentals C.glides D.nasals 3./w, j/ belong to ____. A.fricatives B. dentals C. glides D. nasals 4.Which of the following vowel is the rounded vowel? A.[i：] B.[u：] C.[i] D.[a：] 5.In the field of phonology, which of the following does NOT belong to the suprasegmental features? A.stress B.tone C.intonation D.syllable 6.Classification of vowels are made up of the followings EXCEPT____. A.the position of the tongue B.the openness of the mouth C.The shape of the lip D.The width of the vowels 7.A sound which is capable of distinguishing one word or one shape of a word from another in a given language is a______. A.phoneme B.allophone C.phone D.allomorph 8./p, t, k / are______. A.fricatives B. affricates C. glides D.stops 9./kuku:/ is a bird’s call. The name of such a bird is CUCKOO which is an example of ______. https://www.wendangku.net/doc/f76810476.html,nguage universals B.onomatopoeia C.teaching grammars D.morphs 10.The vowel [u:] in [fu:d] (food) is a____ vowel.
I.语音学与音系学汇总
语音学和音系学Phonetics and Phonology 一、自然属性--语音学 ?发音生理：发音语音学 1.发音器官：由动力（肺）、发音体（声带）、共鸣腔（口腔、鼻腔、咽腔）构成；包括主动或被动发音器官 2.音素（Phone)：（1）定义：是从音质的角度划分出来的最小的线性的语音单位。 （2）分类：①元音（V owels）：以共鸣腔的不同，主要口腔形状不同划分。 舌位高低（High\Mid\Low) 舌位前后（Front\Central\Back) 唇形圆展（Rounded\Unrounded) ②辅音（Consonants) ：都是气流在一定的部位受阻碍，通过某种方式冲破阻碍而发出的音。 发音部位（place of articulation)：唇齿鄂 发音方法（manner of articulation)：清音（包括送气与不送气）和浊音； 塞爆擦； 鼻音口音； 颤音、闪音（搭音）、边音、近音、半元音（3）符号：[字母] 【PS:把音素、字母、音标三者合为一体来教学，才能使学生真正掌握字母和音标，才能学会独立地拼读单词，并由此过渡到记单词。】?传递物理：声学语音学→语音四要素：音质：发音体、共鸣器、发音方法不一样 音高：人们对于声音高低的感知，主要取决于声带振动频率的快慢 音强：人们对于声音强弱的感知，主要取决于声波的振幅大小 音长：声音的长短，取决于发音体振动持续的时间长短 ?感知心理：听觉语音学 二、社会属性--音系学（语音在具体语言中的作用）
→音位（Phoneme): （1）定义：是具体语言中有区别词的语音形式作用的最小语音单位。 （2）符号：/字母/ （3）音位变体（Allophone)：同一个音位有不同但相似的音素。包括自由变体和条件变体。音素对立和互补关系。 （4）最小对立体（minimal pair)： （5）分类：①音质音位：由音素构成 ②非音质音位（超音段音位Suprasegmental）：音高、音强、音长；包括调位（声调）、重位（重音）、时位（长短音）（6）音位聚合 三、记音符号 (1)音标(phonetic symbols)：记录音素的标写符号。 (2)国际音标：是国际语音协会于1888年制定并开始使用的表音系统。现通行的是1986年方案。其为全世界各种语言或方言所用。以“一个音素只用一个音标，一个音标只表示一个音素”为原则。为区分一般字母，标写音素[]，标写音位//。所用符号大多数为拉丁字母，辅以希腊字母等补充。【PS:国际音标简表】 四、语音单位组合 音节（Syllable)：音节是听觉能感受到的最自然的语音单位，有一个或几个音素按一定规律组合而成。 汉语中一个汉字就是一个音节，每个音节由声母、韵母和声调三个部分组成； 英语中一个元音音素可构成一个音节，一个元音音素和一个或几个辅音音素结合也可以构成一个音节。元音、辅音、重音 语流音变：人们在说话时，不是孤立地发出一个个音节，而是把音节组成一连串自然的“语流”。因发音器官的制约和发音方便的需要，音位与音位接续时发生临时的变化。 ①同化：追求发音的顺口；②异化：避免发音的拗口；③弱化：包括弱读和轻声，若程度加深，脱落-音节分界变动-合音。 韵律单元：
语音学与音位学的区别
语音学与音位学的区别 在语音学(phonetics)里，偏重于发音部位，发音方式，语音特征的研究。在音位学(phonemics)里，偏重于各个独立的基本音在语音系统的重要性，语音结构及语音组合规律等。换言之，语音学里的工作较近于语言的具体面，音位学的工作较近于语音的抽象面。在音位学里，我们会去注意各种语音发音差异，在整个语音系统里是否有意义，在语音学里，说话者 ( 我们 ) 只注意它 ( 语音 ) 的实质不同，不去管它 ( 语音 ) 在整个语音系统里有无意义，我们听到别人怎么说，我们就跟着说。 ( 参考余光雄《英语语言学概论》) ?Phones :the sounds made by humans. [人类发出的语音] ?Phonetics:the study of phones; the study of human speech sounds; phonemics is the study of phones as they act in a particular language. [研究语音的学问；研究人类语音的学问；phonemics 是研究某一特定 语言的语音的学问] ?Phonemes :the smallest sound that contrasts meaning (they carry no meaning themselves); the smallest unit of sound in speech; the basic unit of spoken language; a member of the set of the smallest units of speech that serve to distinguish one utterance from another in a language or dialect. [区别意义的最小语音单位(本身不具意 义) ；语言中最小的语音单位;口语中的最基本单位;一个语言或方 言中用来区别语词的最小语音单位] ?Phonemics :the study of phonemes; studies only the significant sound contrasts of a given language. [研究音位的学问；专门研究 某一语言中语音对比的学问] 语音学主要处理语音的物理性质描述，而音位学主要处理一个语言系统中语音的功能。当然在音位学的分析中也会利用语音学的基本知识。举例来说，在语音学方面，可以看出有许多不同的't'的语音，例如在音节首、两个母音之间以及音节尾。换句话说，在这些情形下的't'的发音都不一样。以此例来说，音位学检验这三个音在功能方面上的角色，例如它指出了它们三个发音不同时个
语音学和音系学考试资料
Phonetics 1.The differences between consonants and vowels Consonants are produced by constricting or obstructing the vocal tract at some place to divert, impede, or completely shut off the airflow in the cavity. However, a vowel is produced without such obstruction so no turbulence or a total stopping of the air can be perceived. The distinction between vowels and consonants lies in the obstruction of airstream. 2.Manners of articulation It refers to the actual relationship between the articulators and thus the way in which the air passes through certain part of vocal tracts. There are several basic ways in which articulation can be accomplished: the articulators may close off the oral tract for an instant or a relatively long period; they may narrow the space considerably; or they may simply modify the shape of the tract by approaching each other. (1). Stop: complete closure of the articulators involved so that the airstream cannot escape through the mouth. It is essential to separate three phrases in the production of a stop: (a) the closing phase, in which the articulators come together; (b)the compression phrase, during which air is compressed behind the closure; (c)the release phrase, during which the articulators
语音学与音位学的定义
语音学(Phonetics)是对人类语言发音进行的研究，它包括建立一套描述语音的方法和体系，也包括与之相关的理论建构，还可以包括由此带来的应用前景。 语音学phonetics 语音学是语言学的一个分支。研究人类语言声音的学科。主要研究语言的发音机制，语音特性和在言谈中的变化规律。由于它的研究内容关系到发音动作(生理现象)，语声特性（物理现象）以及听感（心理作用），而人类的不同语言集体各有自己的语音特点，因此现代语音学的研究需同时具备自然科学和社会科学的知识作为基础。 语音学(phonetics)一词在西方来源于希腊文嗞ων嬜τ忕κσs, 意为声音。早期研究范围比较广泛, 除研究语音特性外还包括语言的读音或拼音学、语音系统学等。在中国传统音韵学研究中有关语音的描写和分类, 也都属于语音学的范畴。但自近代科学的语音学发展以后,分类越来越细，定义也趋于严密，语音学就专指语音本身特点的研究了。 编辑本段研究范围和对象 早期的语音学研究多只为了语言教学的需要以及语言研究的兴趣。近年来由于医疗器械的完善，人们能观测发音器官的动作和功能，就发展了生理语音学。由于声学仪器的发展，从前许多只能耳听的语言现象现在不但可以目测，而且可以用人工来合成，于是有了声学语音学。由于心理测验方法的改善，思维和听觉神经生理的研究日趋进步，言语控制、听觉反馈中的语音规律分析得越来越深入，又产生了感知语音学(或心理语音学)，并发展为神经语音学。这是从研究手段来看的 3大分支。最近，由于信息时代的前进和人机对话的需要，孤立研究语音已不能满足要求。因为人类的语言不是一个个孤立的音的缀合，而是一系列相互依存制约而且多变的音的串连,同时语言又离不开社会环境和个人语言习惯,研究语音不能离开
语言学与翻译学的关系
语言学与翻译学的关系 ［Abstract］Die Feststellung, da bersetzen ohne linguistisches Wissen nicht m glich ist, erübrigt sich von selbst. Auch die Tatsache, da dieses Wissen in mehreren Sprachen vorhanden sein mu, kann als trivial angesehen werden. Somit hat die Linguistik bereits ein weites Feld von Ph nomenen, die sie beschreiben kann, sei es bei der Ausbildung von bersetzern (die in der Regel auch w hrend der Ausbildung unabh ngig vom Grad ihrer Fremdsprachenbeherrschung weitere Sprachkenntnisse erwerben), sei es im Hinblick auf Mehrsprachigkeit in all ihren Erscheinungsformen (nebenordnend, vermischend oderzusammengesetzt und unterordnend). ［Key words］Sprachwissenschaft,bersetzung,linguistischen Modellen I. Einleitung Da die F higkeit zum bersetzen jedoch mehr erfordert als gute Fremdsprach- beherrschung, und da bersetzen alles andere ist als eine blo e Umkodierung ist mittlerweile zu einer Binsenweisheit geworden, die sich jedoch leider noch nicht bei allen an einer bersetzung Beteiligten herumgesprochen hat. Bei Wilss findet sich folgende Anekdote: “Verbürgt ist die Weisung eines Bonner Ministerialbeamten an
语音学与语言学练习集【刘润清版】
语言学复习习题集 P a r t O n e Ex e r ci s es fo r P h o n et i c s I. Fill in the blanks 1．________ phonetics studies the movement of the vocal organs of producing the sounds of speech. 2: Speech takes place when the organs of speech move to produce patterns of sound. These movements have an effect on the _________ coming from the lungs. 3 . Consonant sounds can be either_________ or_________, while all vowel sounds are_________. 4. Consonant sounds can also be made when two organs of speech in the mouth are brought close together so that the air is pushed out between them, causing _________.. 5. The qualities of vowels depend upon the position of the _________ and the tips. 6. One element in the description of vowels is the part of the tongue which is at the highest point in the mouth. A second element is the_________ to which that part of the tongue is raised. 7. Consonants differ from vowels in that the latter are produced without_________. 8. In phonological analysis the words fail-veil are distinguishable simply because of the two phonemes/f/-/v/_________. 9. In English there are a number of _________, which are produced by moving from one vowel position to another through intervening positions. 10 _________refers to the phenomenon of sounds continually show the influence of their neighbours. 11. _________ is the smallest linguistic unit. 12. According to_________, when there is a choice as to where to place a consonant, it is put into the onset rather than the coda. II . Choose the best answer. 13. Pitch variation is known as _________ when its patterns are imposed on sentences. A. intonation B. tone C. pronunciation D. voice 14. Conventionally a_________ is put in slashes. A. allophone B. phone C. phoneme D. morpheme 15. An aspirated p, an unaspirated p and an unreleased p are _________ of the p phoneme. A. analogues B. tagmemes C. morphemes D. allophones
I语音学与音系学
语音学和音系学 Phonetics and Phonology 一、自然属性--语音学 ?发音生理：发音语音学 1.发音器官：由动力（肺）、发音体（声带）、共鸣腔（口腔、鼻腔、咽腔）构成；包括主动或被动发音器官 2.音素（Phone)：（1）定义：是从音质的角度划分出来的最小的线性的语音单位。 （2）分类：①元音（V owels）：以共鸣腔的不同，主要口腔形状不同划分。 舌位高低（High\Mid\Low) 舌位前后（Front\Central\Back) 唇形圆展（Rounded\Unrounded) ②辅音（Consonants) ：都是气流在一定的部位受阻碍，通过某种方式冲破阻碍而发出的音。 发音部位（place of articulation)：唇齿鄂 发音方法（manner of articulation)：清音（包括送气与不送气）和浊音； 塞爆擦； 鼻音口音； 颤音、闪音（搭音）、边音、近音、半元音 （3）符号：[字母] 【PS:把音素、字母、音标三者合为一体来教学，才能使学生真正掌握字母和音标，才能学会独立地拼读单词，并由此过渡到记单词。】 ?传递物理：声学语音学→语音四要素：音质：发音体、共鸣器、发音方法不一样 音高：人们对于声音高低的感知，主要取决于声带振动频率的快慢 音强：人们对于声音强弱的感知，主要取决于声波的振幅大小 音长：声音的长短，取决于发音体振动持续的时间长短?感知心理：听觉语音学 二、社会属性--音系学（语音在具体语言中的作用） →音位（Phoneme): （1）定义：是具体语言中有区别词的语音形式作用的最小语音单位。 （2）符号：/字母/ （3）音位变体（Allophone)：同一个音位有不同但相似的音素。包括自由变体和条件变体。音素对立和互补关系。 （4）最小对立体（minimal pair)： （5）分类：①音质音位：由音素构成 ②非音质音位（超音段音位Suprasegmental）：音高、音强、音长；包括调位（声调）、重位（重音）、时位（长短音） （6）音位聚合 三、记音符号 (1)音标(phonetic symbols)：记录音素的标写符号。 (2)国际音标：是国际语音协会于1888年制定并开始使用的表音系统。现通行的是1986年方案。其为全世界各种语言或方言所用。以“一个音素只用一个音标，一个音标只表示一个音素”为原则。为区分一般字母，标写音素[]，标写音位//。所用符号大多数为拉丁字母，辅以希腊字母等补充。
语音学和音系学考试资料讲课教案
语音学和音系学考试 资料
Phonetics 1.The differences between consonants and vowels Consonants are produced by constricting or obstructing the vocal tract at some place to divert, impede, or completely shut off the airflow in the cavity. However, a vowel is produced without such obstruction so no turbulence or a total stopping of the air can be perceived. The distinction between vowels and consonants lies in the obstruction of airstream. 2.Manners of articulation It refers to the actual relationship between the articulators and thus the way in which the air passes through certain part of vocal tracts. There are several basic ways in which articulation can be accomplished: the articulators may close off the oral tract for an instant or a relatively long period; they may narrow the space considerably; or they may simply modify the shape of the tract by approaching each other. (1). Stop: complete closure of the articulators involved so that the airstream cannot escape through the mouth. It is essential to separate three phrases in the production of a stop: (a) the closing phase, in which the articulators come together; (b)the compression phrase, during which air is compressed behind the closure; (c)the release phrase, during which the articulators forming the obstruction come rapidly apart and the air is suddenly released. In English, [p, b, t, d, k, g] are stops and [m, n,?] are nasals. (2) Fricative: close approximation of two articulators so that the airstream is partially obstructed and turbulent airflow is produced. In English, [f, v, θ, e, s, z, ?, ?, h] are fricatives. (3)Approximant: an articulation in which one articulator is close to another, but without the vocal tract being narrowed to such an extent that a turbulent airstream is produced. The gap between the articulators is therefore larger than for a fricative and no turbulence is generated. In English, this class of sounds includes [w, r, j]. (4)Lateral: obstruction of the airstream at a pint along the center of the oral tract, with incomplete closure between one or both sides of the tongue and the roof of the mouth. [l] is the only lateral in English. (5)Trill: produced when an articulator is set vibrating by the airstream. A major trill sound is [r], as in red. (6)Affricates: involving more than one of these manners of articulation in that they consist of a stop followed immediately afterwards by a fricative at the same place of articulation. In English, the “ch [ t? ]” of cheese and the “j [d?]”of jet are both affricates. 3. Places of articulation
语音学和音系学的关系
语音学和音系学的关系 08级对外汉语班刘春艳2008020847 按照语音学和音系学词典中的解释，语音学的概念可概括为语音学是语言学的一个分支。研究人类语言声音的学科。主要研究语言的发音机制，语音特性和在言谈中的变化规律。由于它的研究内容关系到发音动作(生理现象)，语声特性（物理现象）以及听感（心理作用），而人类的不同语言集体各有自己的语音特点，因此现代语音学的研究需同时具备自然科学和社会科学的知识作为基础。 音系学（也有叫音位学、音韵学的）是语言学的一个分支，研究在特定语言和所有语言中语音之间的关系，和语音学形成对比。尽管字母书写的创造需要对音系学有直觉领悟，但音系学仅仅在十九世纪晚期，才开始与语音学区分开。这一区分直到本世纪才稳固地建立起来。音系学也指某一特定语言的整个音系系统，如法语音系。 从上述概念我们可以看出，语音学和音系学是有着内在的联系的。简单地说，语音学和音系学都是语言科学的分支，并且研究对象是相关联的。语音学研究语音的生理、物理和心理问题，即声音的自然属性。音系学则把语音现象抽象为符号，研究语音在语言系统中的结构和功能，即声音的社会属性。二者对语音现象的关注点不同。语音学研究人类所有的语言。音系学研究某种特定语言的语音系统。例如:单词leap和peel中的[l]音有清晰音和模糊音之分，但音的不同对意义的表达并无关联。所以，如果从语音学角度来说，这是两个不同的语音，而从音系学角度来说，这是同一基本实体的两个变体。音系学家对不引起意义区别的语音间的细微区别并不关注，但语音学家却要对所有的语音进行描述，不论它们之间的差别对表达意义有没有关系。 当然现代音系学已经不仅仅是为了研究字母文字了。不同音位的聚合、组合关系，语调和韵律问题等都是音系学关注的。 语音学主要的任务是对人类语言进行语音描写，和语音分析。而音系学是对各种语言现象的抽象，寻找人类声音系统中的普遍原则，探讨语音系统的规律性，通过对比、归纳，用有限的一套音位构建出一种语言的音位系统。又一种很不全面的说法，但是可能比较直接，语音更偏重于实验，而音系则更注重理论。 以上便是我对语音学和音系学的关系做出的简单的不全面的理解，总的来说，语音学和音系学都是语言学的重要组成部分，只有语音而没有音系不是纯粹的语言学。音系才是生成语法中的嫡系。
《语音学和音系学引论》(第二版)
《语音学和音系学引论》（第二版） 导读 “外研社要我给Clark & Yallop的《语音学和音系学引论》作导读。”我通过电邮这样告诉我的好朋友、英国新堡大学语言学研究中心主任李嵬教授。十分钟后，他回了信，说：“这是一本难得的好教材。” 这本书明显的好处，在于它是语音学和音系学的入门教材中内容覆盖面最广而又有一定深度的一本，也是最厚的一本，是正文超过400页的大部头。因此，用它来作入门课程的核心教材，是最合适不过的了。 下面分两个方面对本书的内容和使用方法进行简要的介绍和指导。 一、本书内容指要 本书正文共十一章，第一章“导言”简述什么是语音学和音系学、理论和分析的关系、与其他学科的关系和本书的框架，第二至十章介绍语音学和音系学的基本概念和内容，第十一章是全书的总结。另外有两个附录，分别介绍语音符号和区别性特征。书后有详细的参考书目和索引。 语音学(Phonetics)是研究语言发音的学科。语言的发音过程由三个部分组成：发音－传递－接收。因此，语音学也相应地包括三个主要研究领域: · 发音语音学(Aiticulatory Phonetics)探讨人类发音器官发出声波的方式(见本书第二、三章); · 声学语音学(Acoustic Phonetics)研究声波的构成成分以及声波的规律(见本书第七章); · 听觉语音学(Auditory/Perceptual Phonetics)研究语音如何被人接受(见本书第八章)。 此外, 还有研究发音的神经系统和发音肌理的生理语音学(Physiological Phonetics, 见本书第六章)和运用实验手段记录、分析和研究语音的实验语音学(Experimental Phonetics)等。随着语音实验手段的普及, 近年来实验语音学已不再被当做是一个专门的分支学科，其基本内容和方法参见第七、八章。 可以运用于任何语言的语音描述规则和技术称为普通语音学(General Phonetics), 它为我们提供了一整套人类在语言交际过程中所可能产生的声音。普通语音学的理论可以用来对某一特定语言进行描述, 形成该语言的语音学(如汉语语音学、英语语音学等), 但就其主旨而言, 普通语音学是独立于任何一种具体语言的。本书不拘泥于一门语言的描述，而是讲解普通语音学的研究内容和研究方法，举例和练习都涉及多种语言的实例。因此，书虽然是用英语写成，里面的内容却可以用来讨论和描写不同的语言(例如汉语)。 音系学(Phonology)是研究语音系统的学科。由于早期的理论主要研究音位(phoneme)，曾一度被称为音位学(Phonemics)。音位理论在当代语音学和音系学中仍具有一定的作用，因此本书第四章专门讨论音位的概念。1968年Chomsky & Halle合著The Sound Pattern of English
U2语音学与音系学01
Chapter 2 Exercises I. Define the following terms. 1. Phonetics: The study of the phonic medium of language; it is concerned with all the sounds that occur in the world’s language. 2. Articulatory phonetics: the study of the production of speech sounds. 3. Acoustic phonetics: the study of the physical properties of the sounds produced in speech. 4. Auditory phonetics: the study of the perception of speech sounds. 5. V oiceless: When the vocal cords are drawn wide apart, letting air go through without causing vibration, the sounds produced in such a condition are called voiceless sounds. 6. V oiced: Sounds produced while the vocal cords are vibrating are called voiced sounds. 7. Broad transcription: The transcription of speech sounds with letter symbols only. 8. Narrow transcription: The transcription of speech sounds with letter symbols and the diacritics. 9. IPA: A standardized and internationally accepted system of phonic transcription, its basic principle is using a different letter for each distinguishable speech sound. 10. V owels: The sounds in the production of which no articulators come very close together and the air stream passes through the vocal tract without obstruction are called vowels. 11. Consonants: The sounds in the production of which there is an obstruction of the air stream at some point of the vocal tract are called consonants. 12. Phonology: The study of sound system - the inventory of distinctive sounds that occur in a language and the patterns into which they fall. 13. Phoneme: the smallest linguistic unit of sound that can signal a difference in meaning. 14. Allophone: Different phones which can represent a phoneme in different environments are called the allophones of that phoneme. 15. Phone: A phonetic unit or segment. It does not necessarily distinguish meaning. It is a speech sound we use when speaking a language. 16. Minimal pair: When two different forms are identical in every way except for one sound segment which occurs in the same place in the strings, the two words are said to form a minimal pair. 17. Suprasegmental features: The phonemic features that occur above the level or the segments are called suprasegmental features. The main suprasegmental features include stress, intonation and tone. II. Indicate the following statements true or false. 1. Of the two media of language, speech is more basic than writing.( T ) 2. The unlimited range of sounds which are meaningful in human communication and of interest to linguistic studies are the phonic medium of language. ( F ) 3. Phonetics studies the phonic medium of a certain language. ( F ) 4. Only highly trained phoneticians can produce the same speech sounds. ( F ) 5. The vowel [e] can be described as front, semi-open and unrounded. ( F ) 6. The long vowels are all tense vowels and the short vowels are all lax vowels. ( T ) 7. Phonology aims to discover how speech sounds in all human languages form patterns and how these sounds are used to convey meaning in linguistic communication. ( F ) 8. Phoneticians found that a dark [l] often occurs at the end of a word after a vowel or before a consonant and a clear [l] often occurs after a consonant. ( F )