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变速器外文文献翻译、中英文翻译、外文翻译

变速器外文文献翻译、中英文翻译、外文翻译
变速器外文文献翻译、中英文翻译、外文翻译

TRANSMISSION

Engine output speed is very high, the power and the maximum torque in certain areas of the speed. In order to exert the engine, you must have the best performance, to coordinate the speed of the engine and the actual speeds. Transmission in automobile driving process between the engine and wheels, in different ratios, through the shift in the engine can work under the condition of the best performance. The development trend of the transmission is more complex, more and more is also high automation degree, automatic transmission is the mainstream of the future.

Car engines in certain speed can reach the best state, the output power of the bigger, fuel economy and better. Therefore, we hope in the best condition engine always work. But, in the use of the car to have different speed, the contradictions. This contradiction through the transmission to solve.

Auto transmission function in a single sentence, is called the speed change, which reduced growth slowing or thickening twist. Why can increase twist, and slowing growth and to reduce twist? Put the power output unchanged, the engine power can be expressed as N = wT, w is turning, T is the angular torque. When N fixed, w and T is inversely proportional to the. So the growth will be reduced, slow increase twist. Auto transmission gear transmission is based on the principle of variable twist, each corresponding to different into gear transmission, in order to adapt to the different operating conditions.

General manual transmission shaft set the input and output shaft, and say, another three axis reverse axis. Three main transmission shaft type is the speed of the input shaft structure, the speed of the engine, is also the output shaft speed is presented. By output shaft gear generated between different speeds. The gear is different with different ratio, also have different speed. Such as Zhen Zhou Nissan ZN6481W2G type SUV driver’s dynamic transmission, it is respectively: 1 ratio of 1:3.704 gears, 2.202 2:1, 3:1; 1.414 4 gears, - 5 (1): overdrive dependent.

When the car started when the driver choose 1 files, dial 1 1/2 shift fork synchronizer backward joints and 1 shift gear lock on the output shaft, and the power input shaft, and the output shaft shift gears, 1 shift gear drive output shaft, output shaft will power to transmission (red arrows). The typical one shift gear ratio is 3:1, i.e. input shaft turn 3 laps, output shaft turn 1 lap.

When the car growth drivers choose 2 files, dial 1 1/2 shift fork synchronizer and 1 separateness from 2 after mating locking output shaft gear and power transmission line, which is similar to the output shaft gear with 2, 1 files output shaft gear. The typical 2 shift gear ratio is 2.2:1, input, output shaft turning 2.2 pivot, 1-1 RPM

increases, torque shift.

When gas growth drivers choose 3, dial 1 1/2 shift fork to synchronizer, and back to space three/four file synchronizer will move until 3 gear lock in the output shaft, make the power from the first shaft -- -- on the output shaft transmission gears, 3 through the output shaft gear shifting speed. The typical 3 ratio was 1.7:1, the input shaft turning circle, the output shaft 1.7 turn 1 ring, is further growth.

When gas growth drivers choose 4 gears, fork will 3/4 file synchronizer from 3 gear directly with the input shaft driving gear engagement, power transmission directly from the input shaft to the output shaft, and the output shaft is 1:1 ratio and the input shaft speed. Due to the force, and the direct oart shift, the gear transmission efficiency ratio. Cars run most time in order to achieve the best directly file fuel economy.

Shift to go into space, transmission in the transmission gears have locked in the output shaft, they cannot drive the output shaft rotation, no power output.

General car manual transmission ratio main points above 1-4, usually designers to first identify the lowest (1) and (4) transmission, the ratio between after general distribution according to form. In addition, there is a reverse and overdrive, overdrive called 5 files.

When the car to accelerate whether isolated car drivers choose more than 5, 5 gear transmission is typical 0.87:1, namely with big gear drive pinion gear turns, when active 0.87 lap, passive gear has turned over one lap.

When the reverse in the opposite direction to the output shaft rotation. If a gear when reverse rotation, plus a gear will become a positive spin. Using this principle, will add a reverse gear do "medium", the direction of rotation axis, so has reversed a reverse axis. Reverse transmission shaft independent in housing, and parallel axis, when oart in gear and gear and oart output shaft gear, output shaft to will instead.

Usually the reverse synchronizer is controlled by the jointing, so May 5 files and reverse position is in the same side. Due to the middle, reverse gear transmission is generally greater than 1 gear transmission ratio, twist, some cars met with forward instead of steep open up in reverse.

From driving gear transmission is smooth; more is better, more adjacent gear shift between the transmission ratio, shift easy and smooth. But the gear transmission fault is more complex structure, big volume and light auto transmission is now commonly 4-5. At the same time, the transmission ratio is not an integer, but with the decimal point, this is not the whole number of meshing gears, two gear ratio is the euploid number will lead to two gear surface non-uniform wear, tooth surface quality of differences.

Manual transmission and synchronizer

Manual transmission is one of the most common transmissions, referred to as MT. Its basic structure in a single sentence is a central axis, two input shaft, namely, the axial and axial oart, they constituted the transmission of the subject, and, of course, a reverse axis. Manual transmission gear transmission and manual, contain can in axial sliding gears, through different meshing gears to change gear of torsional purpose. The typical structure and principle of the manual transmission.

Input shaft also says, it's in front of the spline shaft directly with clutch platen, thus the spline set by the engine relay of torque. The first shaft gear meshing gears, often with oart as input shaft, and the gear on oart will turn. Also called shaft, because even more solid shaft of gear. The output shaft, and the second shaft position have the drive shaft gear, may at any time and under the influence of the control devices and the corresponding oart gear, thus changing the speed and torque itself. The output shaft is associated with tail spline shaft torque transmission shaft, through to drive to gear reducer.

Predictably, transmission gear drive forward path is: input shaft gear - oart gnaws gear - because the second shaft gear - corresponding gear. Pour on the axle gear can also control device, by moving axis in the strike, and the output shaft gear and oart gear, in the opposite direction.

Most cars have five forward and reverse gear, each one has certain ratio, the majority of gear transmission more than 1, 4 gears transmission is 1, called directly, and ratio is less than 1 of article 5 gear shift accelerated called. The output axis gear in the mesh position, can accept power transmission.

Due to the gearbox output shaft to input shaft and the speed of their gear rotating, transform a "synchronization problem". Two rotating speed different meshing gears forcibly inevitable impact and collision damage gear. Therefore, the old transmission shift to use "two feet on-off" method, accelerate in neutral position shift to stay for a while, in the space location on the door, in order to reduce gear speed. But this operation is more complex, difficult to grasp accurately. Therefore designers to create "synchronizer", through the synchronizer will make the meshing gears reach speed and smooth.

Currently the synchronous transmission adopts is inertial synchronizer, it mainly consists of joints, synchronizer lock ring etc, it is characteristic of the friction effect on achieving synchronization. Mating, synchronizer and mating locking ring gear tooth circle have chamfering (locking horns), the synchronizer lock ring inside surface of gear engagement ring and the friction surface contact. The lock horns with cone when designing the proper choice, has been made to the surface friction of meshing

gears with gear synchronous, also can rapid produces a locking function, prevent the synchronous before meshing gears. When synchronous lock ring of gear engagement with surface contact surface, the outer circle in friction torque under the action of gear speed rapid decrease (increase) or to synchronous speed equal, both locking ring spun concurrent, relative to lock ring gear synchronous speed is zero, thus inertia moment also disappear, then in force, driven by the junction of unimpeded with synchronous lock ring gear engagement, and further to engagement with the engagement ring gear tooth and complete shift process

变速器

发动机的输出转速非常高,最大功率及最大扭矩在一定的转速区出现。为了发挥发动机的最佳性能,就必须有一套变速装置,来协调发动机的转速和车轮的实际行驶速度。变速器可以在汽车行驶过程中,在发动机和车轮之间产生不同的变速比,通过换挡可以使发动机工作在其最佳的动力性能状态下。变速器的发展趋势是越来越复杂,自动化程度也越来越高,自动变速器将是未来的主流。

汽车发动机在一定的转速下能够达到最好的状态,此时发出的功率比较大,燃油经济性也比较好。因此,我们希望发动机总是在最好的状态下工作。但是,汽车在使用的时候需要有不同的速度,这样就产生了矛盾。这个矛盾要通过变速器来解决。

汽车变速器的作用用一句话概括,就叫做变速变扭,即增速减扭或减速增扭。为什么减速可以增扭,而增速又要减扭呢?设发动机输出的功率不变,功率可以表示为 N = wT,其中w是转动的角速度,T是扭矩。当N固定的时候,w与T 是成反比的。所以增速必减扭,减速必增扭。汽车变速器齿轮传动就根据变速变扭的原理,分成各个档位对应不同的传动比,以适应不同的运行状况。

一般的手动变速器内部设置输入轴、中间轴和输出轴,又称三轴式,另外还有倒档轴。三轴式是变速器的主体结构,输入轴的转速也就是发动机的转速,输出轴转速则是中间轴与输出轴之间不同齿轮啮合所产生的转速。不同的齿轮啮合就有不同的传动比,也就有了不同的转速。例如郑州日产ZN6481W2G型SUV车手动变速器,它的传动比分别是:1档3.704:1;2档2.202:1;3档1.414:1;4档1:1;5档(超速档)0.802:1。

当汽车启动司机选择1档时,拨叉将1/2档同步器向后接合1档齿轮并将它锁定输出轴上,动力经输入轴、中间轴和输出轴上的1档齿轮,1档齿轮带动输出轴,输出轴将动力传递到传动轴上(红色箭头)。典型1档变速齿轮传动比是3:1,也就是说输入轴转3圈,输出轴转1圈。

当汽车增速司机选择2档时,拨叉将1/2档同步器与1档分离后接合2档齿轮并锁定输出轴上,动力传递路线相似,所不同的是输出轴上的1档齿轮换成2档齿轮带动输出轴。典型2档变速齿轮传动比是2.2:1,输入轴转2.2圈,输出轴转1圈,比1档转速增加,扭矩降低。

当汽车加油增速司机选择3档时,拨叉使1/2档同步器回到空档位置,又使3/4档同步器移动直至将3档齿轮锁定在输出轴上,使动力可以从第一轴—中间轴—输出轴上的3档变速齿轮,通过3档变速齿轮带动输出轴。典型3档传动比是1.7:1,输入轴转1.7圈,输出轴转1圈,是进一步的增速。

当汽车加油增速司机选择4档时,拨叉将3/4档同步器脱离3档齿轮直接与输入轴主动齿轮接合,动力直接从输入轴传递到输出轴,此时传动比1:1,即输出轴与输入轴转速一样。由于动力不经中间轴,又称直接档,该档传动比的传动效率最高。汽车多数运行时间都用直接档以达到最好的燃油经济性。

换档时要先进入空档,变速器处于空档时变速齿轮没有锁定在输出轴上,它们不能带动输出轴转动,没有动力输出。一般汽车手动变速器传动比主要分上述1-4档,通常设计者首先确定最低(1档)与最高(4档)传动比后,中间各档传动比一般按等比级数分配。另外,还有倒档和超速档,超速档又称为5档。

当汽车要加速超过同向汽车时司机选择5档,典型5档传动比是0.87:1,也就是用大齿轮带动小齿轮,当主动齿轮转0.87圈时,被动齿轮已经转完1圈了。

倒档时输出轴要向相反方向旋转。如果一对齿轮啮合时大家反向旋转,中间加上一个齿轮就会变成同向旋转。利用这个原理,倒档就要添加一个齿轮做“媒介”,将轴的转动方向调转,因此就有了一根倒档轴。倒档轴独立装在变速器壳内,与中间轴平行,当轴上齿轮分别与中间轴齿轮和输出轴齿轮啮合时,输出轴转向会相反。

通常倒档用的同步器也控制5档的接合,所以5档与倒档位置是在同一侧的。由于有中间齿轮,一般变速器倒档传动比大于1档传动比,增扭大,有些汽车遇到陡坡用前进档上不去就用倒档开上去。

从驾驶平顺性考虑,变速器档位越多越好,档位多相邻档间的传动比的比值变化小,换档容易而且平顺。但档位多的缺点就是变速器构造复杂,体积大,现在轻型汽车变速器一般是4-5档。同时,变速器传动比都不是整数,而是都带小数点的,这是因为啮合齿轮的齿数不是整倍数所致,两齿轮齿数是整倍数就会导致两齿轮啮合面磨损不均匀,使得轮齿表面质量产生较大的差异。

---手动变速器与同步器---

手动变速器是最常见的变速器,简称MT。它的基本构造用一句话概括,就是两轴一中轴,即指输入轴、轴出轴和中间轴,它们构成了变速器的主体,当然还有一根倒档轴。手动变速器又称手动齿轮式变速器,含有可以在轴向滑动的齿轮,通过不同齿轮的啮合达到变速变扭目的。典型的手动变速器结构及原理如下。

输入轴也称第一轴,它的前端花键直接与离合器从动盘的花键套配合,从而传递由发动机过来的扭矩。第一轴上的齿轮与中间轴齿轮常啮合,只要输入轴一转,中间轴及其上的齿轮也随之转动。中间轴也称副轴,轴上固连多个大小不等的齿轮。输出轴又称第二轴,轴上套有各前进档齿轮,可随时在操纵装置的作用下与中间轴的对应齿轮啮合,从而改变本身的转速及扭矩。输出轴的尾端有花键与传动轴相联,通过传动轴将扭矩传送到驱动桥减速器。

由此可知,变速器前进档位的驱动路径是:输入轴常啮齿轮-中间轴常啮齿轮-中间轴对应齿轮-第二轴对应齿轮。倒车轴上的齿轮也可以由操纵装置拨动,在轴上移动,与中间轴齿轮和输出轴齿轮啮合,以相反的旋转方向输出。

多数汽车都有5个前进档和一个倒档,每个档位有一定的传动比,多数档位传动比大于1,第4档传动比为1,称为直接档,而传动比小于1的第5档称为加速档。空档时输出轴的齿轮处于非啮合位置,无法接受动力传输。

由于变速器输入轴与输出轴以各自的速度旋转,变换档位时存在一个"同步"问题。两个旋转速度不一样齿轮强行啮合必然会发生冲击碰撞,损坏齿轮。因此,旧式变速器的换档要采用"两脚离合"的方式,升档在空档位置停留片刻,减档要在空档位置加油门,以减少齿轮的转速差。但这个操作比较复杂,难以掌握精确。因此设计师创造出"同步器",通过同步器使将要啮合的齿轮达到一致的转速而顺利啮合。

目前全同步式变速器上采用的是惯性同步器,它主要由接合套、同步器锁环等组成,它的特点是依靠摩擦作用实现同步。接合套、同步器锁环和待接合齿轮的齿圈上均有倒角(锁止角),同步器锁环的内锥面与待接合齿轮齿圈外锥面接触产生摩擦。锁止角与锥面在设计时已作了适当选择,锥面摩擦使得待啮合的齿套与齿圈迅速同步,同时又会产生一种锁止作用,防止齿轮在同步前进行啮合。当同步锁环内锥面与待接合齿轮齿圈外锥面接触后,在摩擦力矩的作用下齿轮转

速迅速降低(或升高)到与同步锁环转速相等,两者同步旋转,齿轮相对于同步锁环的转速为零,因而惯性力矩也同时消失,这时在作用力的推动下,接合套不受阻碍地与同步锁环齿圈接合,并进一步与待接合齿轮的齿圈接合而完成换档过程

变速器论文中英文对照资料外文翻译文献

中英文对照外文翻译 汽车变速器设计 我们知道,汽车发动机在一定的转速下能够达到最好的状态,此时发出的功率比较大,燃油经济性也比较好。因此,我们希望发动机总是在最好的状态下工作。但是,汽车在使用的时候需要有不同的速度,这样就产生了矛盾。这个矛盾要通过变速器来解决。 汽车变速器的作用用一句话概括,就叫做变速变扭,即增速减扭或减速增扭。为什么减速可以增扭,而增速又要减扭呢?设发动机输出的功率不变,功率可以表示为 N = w T,其中w是转动的角速度,T 是扭距。当N固定的时候,w与T是成反比的。所以增速必减扭,减速必增扭。汽车变速器齿轮传动就根据变速变扭的原理,分成各个档位对应不同的传动比,以适应不同的运行状况。 一般的手动变速器内设置输入轴、中间轴和输出轴,又称三轴式,另外还有倒档轴。三轴式是变速器的主体结构,输入轴的转速也就是发动机的转速,输出轴转速则是中间轴与输出轴之间不同齿轮啮合所产生的转速。不同的齿轮啮合就有不同的传动比,也就有了不同的转速。例如郑州日产ZN6481W2G型SUV车手动变速器,它的传动比分别是:1档3.704:1;2档2.202:1;3档1.414:1;4档1:1;5档(超速档)0.802:1。 当汽车启动司机选择1档时,拨叉将1/2档同步器向后接合1档

齿轮并将它锁定输出轴上,动力经输入轴、中间轴和输出轴上的1档齿轮,1档齿轮带动输出轴,输出轴将动力传递到传动轴上(红色箭头)。典型1档变速齿轮传动比是3:1,也就是说输入轴转3圈,输出轴转1圈。 当汽车增速司机选择2档时,拨叉将1/2档同步器与1档分离后接合2档齿轮并锁定输出轴上,动力传递路线相似,所不同的是输出轴上的1档齿轮换成2档齿轮带动输出轴。典型2档变速齿轮传动比是2.2:1,输入轴转2.2圈,输出轴转1圈,比1档转速增加,扭矩降低。 当汽车加油增速司机选择3档时,拨叉使1/2档同步器回到空档位置,又使3/4档同步器移动直至将3档齿轮锁定在输出轴上,使动力可以从轴入轴—中间轴—输出轴上的3档变速齿轮,通过3档变速齿轮带动输出轴。典型3档传动比是1.7:1,输入轴转1.7圈,输出轴转1圈,是进一步的增速。 当汽车加油增速司机选择4档时,拨叉将3/4档同步器脱离3档齿轮直接与输入轴主动齿轮接合,动力直接从输入轴传递到输出轴,此时传动比1:1,即输出轴与输入轴转速一样。由于动力不经中间轴,又称直接档,该档传动比的传动效率最高。汽车多数运行时间都用直接档以达到最好的燃油经济性。 换档时要先进入空档,变速器处于空档时变速齿轮没有锁定在输出轴上,它们不能带动输出轴转动,没有动力输出。 一般汽车手动变速器传动比主要分上述1-4档,通常设计者首先确定最低(1档)与最高(4档)传动比后,中间各档传动比一

DS18B20 单线温度传感器外文翻译

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自动化 外文翻译 文献综述 温度传感器

分辨率可编程单总线数字温度传感器—— DS18B20 1 概述 1.1 特性: ?独特的单总线接口,只需一个端口引脚即可实现数据通信 ?每个器件的片上ROM 都存储着一个独特的64 位串行码 ?多点能力使分布式温度检测应用得到简化 ?不需要外围元件 ?能用数据线供电,供电的范围3.0V~5.5V ?测量温度的范围:-55℃~+125℃(-67℉~+257℉) ?从-10℃~+85℃的测量的精度是±0.5℃ ?分辨率为9-12 位,可由用户选择 ?在750ms 内把温度转换为12 位数字字(最大值) ?用户可定义的非易失性温度报警设置 ?报警搜索命令识别和针对设备的温度外部程序限度(温度报警情况) ?可采用8 引脚SO(150mil)、8引脚μSOP和3引脚TO-92 封装 ?软件兼容DS1822 ?应用范围包括:恒温控制、工业系统、消费类产品、温度计和任何的热敏系统

图1 DS18B20引脚排列图 1.2 一般说明 DS18B20数字温度计提供9至12位的摄氏温度测量,并具有非易失性的用户可编程触发点的上限和下限报警功能。DS18B20为单总线通信,按定义只需要一条数据线(和地线)与中央微处理器进行通信。DS18B20能够感应温度的范围为-55~+125℃,在-10~+85℃范围内的测量精度为±0.5℃,此外,DS18B20 可以直接从数据线上获取供电(寄生电源),而不需要一个额外的外部电源。 每个DS18B20都拥有一个独特的64位序列号,因此它允许多个DS18B20作用在一条单总线上,这样,可以使用一个微处理器来控制许多DS18B20分布在一个大区域。受益于这一特性的应用包括HAVC 环境控制、建筑物、设备和机械内的温度监测、以及过程 监测和控制过程的温度监测。

变速器设计,中英文带翻译

原文: Transmission design As we all know automobile engine to a certain speed can be achieved under the best conditions, when compared issued by the power, fuel economy is relatively good. Therefore, we hope that the engine is always in the best of conditions to work under. However, the use of motor vehicles need to have different speeds, thus creating a conflict. Transmission through this conflict to resolve. Automotive Transmission role sum up in one sentence, called variable speed twisting, twisting or slow down the growth rate by increasing torsional. Why can slow down by twisting, and the growth rate but also by twisting? For the same engine power output, power can be expressed as N = WT, where w is the angular velocity of rotation. When N fixed, w and T is inversely proportional to the. Therefore, the growth rate will reduce twisting, twisting slowdown will increase. Automotive Transmission speed gear based on the principle of variable twisted into various stalls of different transmission ratio corresponding to adapt to different operational conditions. General to set up a manual gearbox input shaft, intermediate shaft and output shaft, also known as the three-axis, as well as Daodang axis. Three-axis is the main transmission structure, input shaft speed is the speed of the engine, the output shaft speed is the intermediate shaft and output shaft gear meshing between different from the speed. Different gears are different transmission ratio, and will have a different speed. For example Zhengzhou richan ZN6481W2G manual transmission car-SUV, its transmission ratio are: 1 File 3.704:1; stalls 2.202:1; stalls 1.414:1; stalls 1:1 5 stalls (speeding file) 0.802: 1. When drivers choose a launch vehicle stalls, Plectrum will be 1 / 2 file synchronization engagement with a back stall gear and output shaft lock it, the power input shaft, intermediate shaft and output shaft gear of a stall, a stall the output shaft gear driven, and the output shaft power will be transmitted to the drive shaft (red arrow). A typical stall Biansuchilun transmission ratio is 3:1, that is to say three laps

汽车变速器外文翻译

外文翻译 Auto Transmission First, an overview of automotive transmission and the development trend Automobile available more than a century, especially from the mass production of motor vehicles and the automotive industry since the development of large, Car has been the economic development of the world for mankind to enter the modern life and have had a tremendous impact on the immeasurable, The progress of human society has made indelible contributions to the great, epoch-making set off arevolution. From From the vehicle as a power plant using internal combustion engine to start, auto transmission has become an important component. Is Generation is widely used in automotive reciprocating piston internal combustion engine with a small size, light weight, reliable operation and the use of The advantages of convenience, but its torque and speed range of smaller changes, and complex condition requires the use of motor vehicles Traction and the speed can be considerable changes in the scope. Therefore, its performance and vehicle dynamics and economy of There are large inter-contradictions, which contradictions of modern automotive internal combustion engine by itself is insoluble. Because Here, in the automotive power train set up the transmission and main reducer in order to achieve the purpose of deceleration by moment. Speed The main function of performance: ⑴ change gear ratio of motor vehicles, and expand the wheel drive torque and rotational speed of the Fan Wai, in order to adapt to constantly changing driving cycle, while the engine in the most favorable conditions within the scope of work; ⑵no change in the direction of engine rotation, under the premise of the realization of cars driving back; ⑶the realization of the free, temporary Interruption of power transmission, in order to be able to start the engine, idling, etc.. V ariable-speed drive transmission by the manipulation of institutions and agencies. Change the transmission ratio by way of transmission is divided into There are class-type, non-stage and multi-purpose three. Have class most widely used transmission. It uses gear drive, with a number of transmission ratio setting. Stepless transmission Continuously V ariable Transmission (CVT) transmission ratio of a certain The framework of multi-level changes may be unlimited, there is a common type of power and torque (dynamic fluid-type) and so on. Continuously V ariable Transmission Transmission development is the ultimate goal, because only it can make the most economical engine in working condition Can provide the best vehicle fuel economy and optimal power in order to provide the most comfortable By the feeling. Today's CVT is a typical representative of the CVT

DS18B20 单线温度传感器外文翻译

毕业设计(论文)外文资料翻译 学院(系):机电一体化 专业:电气自动化专业 姓名: 学号: 外文出处:http://https://www.wendangku.net/doc/f614381360.html, (用外文写) 2012年4月5日 附件: 1.外文资料翻译译文;2.外文原文。

附件1:外文资料翻译译文 DS18B20 单线温度传感器 1.特征: ●独特的单线接口,只需 1 个接口引脚即可通信 ●每个设备都有一个唯一的64位串行代码存储在光盘片上 ●多点能力使分布式温度检测应用得以简化 ●不需要外部部件 ●可以从数据线供电,电源电压范围为3.0V至5.5V ●测量范围从-55 ° C至+125 ° C(-67 ° F至257 ° F),从-10℃至 +85 ° C的精度为0.5 °C ●温度计分辨率是用户可选择的9至12位 ●转换12位数字的最长时间是750ms ●用户可定义的非易失性的温度告警设置 ●告警搜索命令识别和寻址温度在编定的极限之外的器件(温度告警情况) ●采用8引脚SO(150mil),8引脚SOP和3引脚TO - 92封装 ●软件与DS1822兼容 ●应用范围包括恒温控制工业系统消费类产品温度计或任何热敏系统 2.简介 该DS18B20的数字温度计提供9至12位的摄氏温度测量,并具有与非易失性用户可编程上限和下限报警功能。信息单线接口送入 DS1820 或从 DS1820 送出,因此按照定义只需要一条数据线(和地线)与中央微处理器进行通信。它的测温范围从-55 °C到 +125 ° C,其中从-10 °C至+85 °C可以精确到0.5°C 。此外,DS18B20可以从数据线直接供电(“寄生电源”),从而消除了供应需要一个外部电源。 每个 DS18B20 的有一个唯一的64位序列码,它允许多个DS18B20s的功能在同一 1-巴士线。因此,用一个微处理器控制大面积分布的许多DS18B20s是非常简单的。此特性的应用范围包括 HVAC、环境控制、建筑物、设备或机械内的温度检测以及过程监视和控制系统。

汽车变速器设计外文翻译

汽车变速器设计 ----------外文翻译 我们知道,汽车发动机在一定的转速下能够达到最好的状态,此时发出的功率比较大,燃油经济性也比较好。因此,我们希望发动机总是在最好的状态下工作。但是,汽车在使用的时候需要有不同的速度,这样就产生了矛盾。这个矛盾要通过变速器来解决。 汽车变速器的作用用一句话概括,就叫做变速变扭,即增速减扭或减速增扭。为什么减速可以增扭,而增速又要减扭呢?设发动机输出的功率不变,功率可以表示为 N = w T,其中w是转动的角速度,T是扭距。当N固定的时候,w与T是成反比的。所以增速必减扭,减速必增扭。汽车变速器齿轮传动就根据变速变扭的原理,分成各个档位对应不同的传动比,以适应不同的运行状况。 一般的手动变速器内设置输入轴、中间轴和输出轴,又称三轴式,另外还有倒档轴。三轴式是变速器的主体结构,输入轴的转速也就是发动机的转速,输出轴转速则是中间轴与输出轴之间不同齿轮啮合所产生的转速。不同的齿轮啮合就有不同的传动比,也就有了不同的转速。例如郑州日产ZN6481W2G型SUV车手动变速器,它的传动比分别是:1档3.704:1;2档2.202:1;3档1.414:1;4档1:1;5档(超速档)0.802:1。 当汽车启动司机选择1档时,拨叉将1/2档同步器向后接合1档齿轮并将它锁定输出轴上,动力经输入轴、中间轴和输出轴上的1档齿轮,1档齿轮带动输出轴,输出轴将动力传递到传动轴上(红色箭头)。典型1档变速齿轮传动比是3:1,也就是说输入轴转3圈,输出轴转1圈。 当汽车增速司机选择2档时,拨叉将1/2档同步器与1档分离后接合2档齿轮并锁定输出轴上,动力传递路线相似,所不同的是输出轴上的1档齿轮换成2档齿轮带动输出轴。典型2档变速齿轮传动比是2.2:1,输入轴转2.2圈,输出轴转1圈,比1档转速增加,扭矩降低。

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