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o高考英语真题汇编阅读理解科普类说明文解析(原卷版)

2015-2017年高考英语分项解析精编版专题16

科普类说明文

2017高考题

科普知识类

[2017·北京卷]

Hollywood's theory that machines with evil(邪恶的) minds will drive armies of killer robots is just silly. The real problem relates to the possibility that artificial intelligence(AI) may become extremely good at achieving something other than what we really want. In 1960 a well-known mathematician Norbert Wiener, who founded the field of cybernetics(控制论), put it this way: ―If we use, to achieve our purposes, a mechanical agency with whose operation we cannot effectively interfere(干预), we had better be quite sure that the purpose put into the machine is the purpose which we really desire.‖

A machine with a specific purpose has another quality, one that we usually associate with living things: a wish to preserve its own existence. For the machine, this quality is not in-born, nor is it something introduced by humans; it is a logical consequence of the simple fact that the machine cannot achieve its original purpose if it is dead. So if we send out a robot with the single instruction of fetching coffee, it will have a strong desire to secure success by disabling its own off switch or even killing anyone who might interfere with its task. If we are not careful, then, we could face a kind of global chess match against very determined, super intelligent machines whose objectives conflict with our own, with the real world as the chessboard.

The possibility of entering into and losing such a match should concentrate the minds of computer scientists. Some researchers argue that we can seal the machines inside a kind of firewall, using them to answer difficult questions but never allowing them to affect the real world. Unfortunately, that plan seems unlikely to work: we have yet to invent a firewall that is secure against ordinary humans, let alone super intelligent machines.

Solving the safety problem well enough to move forward in AI seems to be possible but not easy. There are probably decades in which to plan for the arrival of super intelligent machines. But the problem should not be dismissed out of hand, as it has been by some AI researchers. Some argue that humans and machines can coexist as long as they work in teams—yet that is not possible unless machines share the goals of humans. Others say we can just ―switch them off‖ as if super intelligent machines are too stupid to think of that possibility. Still others think that super intelligent AI will never happen. On September 11, 1933, famous physicist Ernest Rutherford stated, with confidence, ―Anyone who expects a source of power in the transformation of these atoms is talking moonshine.‖ However, on September 12, 1933, physicist Leo Szilard invented the neutron-induced(中子诱导) nuclear chain reaction.

67．Paragraph 1 mainly tells us that artificial intelligence may ________．

A．run out of human control

B．satisfy human's real desires

C．command armies of killer robots

D．work faster than a mathematician

68．Machines with specific purposes are associated with living things partly because they might be able to ________．

A．prevent themselves from being destroyed

B．achieve their original goals independently

C．do anything successfully with given orders

D．beat humans in international chess matches

69．According to some researchers, we can use firewalls to ________．

A．help super intelligent machines work better

B．be secure against evil human beings

C．keep machines from being harmed

D．avoid robots' affecting the world

70．What does the author think of the safety problem of super intelligent machines?

A．It will disappear with the development of AI.

B．It will get worse with human interference.

C．It will be solved but with difficulty.

D．It will stay for a decade.

[2017·江苏卷]

Before birth，babies can tell the difference between loud sounds and voices. They can even distinguish their mother's voice from that of a female stranger. But when it comes to embryonic learning (胎教)，birds could rule the roost. As recently reported in The Auk：Ornithological Advances，some mother birds may teach their young to sing even before they hatch (孵化). New-born chicks can then imitate their mum's call within a few days of entering the world.

This educational method was first observed in 2012 by Sonia Kleindorfer，a biologist at Flinders

University in South Australia，and her colleagues. Female Australian superb fairy wrens were found to repeat

one sound over and over again while hatching their eggs. When the eggs were hatched，the baby birds made

the similar chirp to their mothers—a sound that served as their regular ―feed me！‖ call.

To find out if the special quality was more widespread in birds，the researchers sought the red-backed

fairy wren，another species of Australian songbird. First they collected sound data from 67 nests in four sites in

Queensland before and after hatching. Then they identified begging calls by analysing the order and number of

notes. A com puter analysis blindly compared calls produced by mothers and chicks，ranking them by

similarity.

It turns out that baby red-backed fairy wrens also emerge chirping like their mums. And the more frequently mothers had called to their eggs，the more similar were the babies' begging calls. In addition，the team set up a separate experiment that suggested that the baby birds that most closely imitated their mum's voice were rewarded with the most food.

This observation hints that effective embryonic learning could signal neurological (神经系统的) strengths of children to parents. An evolutionary inference can then be drawn. ―As a parent，do you invest in quality children，or do you invest in children that are in need？‖Kleindorfer asks. ―Our results suggest that they might be going for quality.‖

58．The underlined phrase in Paragraph 1 means ―________‖．

A．be the worst B．be the best

C．be just as bad D．be just as good

59．What are Kleindorfer's findings based on?

A．Similarities between the calls of mums and chicks.

B．The observation of fairy wrens across Australia.

C．The data collected from Queensland's locals.

D．Controlled experiments on wrens and other birds.

60．Embryonic learning helps mother birds to identify the baby birds which ________．

A．can receive quality signals

B．are in need of training

C．fit the environment better

D．make the loudest call

[2017·江苏卷]

Old problem，new approaches

While clean energy is increasingly used in our daily life，global warming will continue for some decades after CO2 emissions (排放) peak. So even if emissions were to begin to decrease today，we would still face the challenge of adapting to climate change. Here I will stress some smarter and more creative examples of climate adaptation.

When it comes to adaptation，it is important to understand that climate change is a process. We are therefore not talking about adapting to a new standard，but to a constantly shifting set of conditions. This is why, in part at least，the US National Climate Assessment says that：―There is no ?one-size fits all‘ adaptation.‖ Nevertheless，there are some actions that offer much and carry little risk or cost.

Around the world, people are adapting in surprising ways，especially in some poor countries. Floods have become more damaging in Bangladesh in rece nt decades. Mohammed Rezwan saw opportunity where others saw only disaster. His not-for-profit organization runs 100 river boats that serve as floating libraries，schools，and health clinics，and are equipped with solar panels and other communicating facilities. Rezwan is creating floating connectivity(连接) to replace flooded roads and highways. But he is also working at a far more fundamental level：his staff show people how to make floating gardens and fish ponds to prevent starvation during the wet season.

Elsewhere in Asia even more astonishing actions are being taken. Chewang Norphel lives in a mountainous region in India, where he is known as the Ice Man. The loss of glaciers (冰川) there due to global warming represents an enormous threat to agriculture. Without the glaciers, water will arrive in the rivers at times when it can damage crops. Norphel's inspiration came from seeing the waste of water over winter, when it was not needed. He directed the wasted water into shallow basins where it froze, and was stored until the spring. His fields of ice supply perfectly timed irrigation(灌溉) water. Having created nine such ice reserves, Norphel calculates that he has stored about 200，000m3 of water. Climate change is a continuing process, so Norphel's ice reserves will not last forever. Warming will overtake them. But he is providing a few years during which the farmers will, perhaps, be able to find other means of adapting.

Increasing Earth's reflectiveness can cool the planet. In southern Spain the sudden increase of greenhouses (which reflect light back to space) has changed the warming trend locally, and actually cooled the region. While Spain as a whole is heating up quickly, temperatures near the greenhouses have decreased. This example should act as an inspiration for all cities. By painting buildings white, cities may slow down the warming process.

In Peru, local farmers around a mountain with a glacier that has already fallen victim to climate change have begun painting the entire mountain peak white in the hope that the added reflectiveness will restore the life-giving ice. The outcome is still far from clear. But the World Bank has included the project on its list of ―100 ideas to save the planet‖．

More ordinary forms of adaptation are happening everywhere. A friend of mine owns an area of land in western Victoria. Over five generations the land has been too wet for cropping. But during the past decade declining rainfall has allowed him to plant highly profitable crops. Farmers in many countries are also adapting like this—either by growing new produce, or by growing the same things differently. This is common sense. But some suggestions for adapting are not. When the polluting industries argue that we've lost the battle to control carbon pollution and have no choice but to adapt, it's a nonsense designed to make the case for business as usual.

Human beings will continue to adapt to the changing climate in both ordinary and astonishing ways. But the most sensible form of adaptation is surely to adapt our energy systems to emit less carbon pollution. After all, if we adapt in that way, we may avoid the need to change in so many others.

65．The underlined part in Paragraph 2 implies ________．

A．adaptation is an ever-changing process

B．the cost of adaptation varies with time

C．global warming affects adaptation forms

D．adaptation to climate change is challenging

66．What is special with regard to Rezwan's project?

A．The project receives government support.

B．Different organizations work with each other.

C．His organization makes the best of a bad situation.

D．The project connects flooded roads and highways.

67．What did the Ice Man do to reduce the effect of global warming?

A．Storing ice for future use.

B．Protecting the glaciers from melting.

C．Changing the irrigation time.

D．Postponing the melting of the glaciers.

68．What do we learn from the Peru example?

A．White paint is usually safe for buildings.

B．The global warming trend cannot be stopped.

C．This country is heating up too quickly.

D．Sunlight reflection may relieve global warming.

69．According to the author, polluting industries should ________．

A．adapt to carbon pollution

B．plant highly profitable crops

C．leave carbon emission alone

D．fight against carbon pollution

70．What's the author's preferred solution to global warming?

A．Setting up a new standard.

B．Reducing carbon emission.

C．Adapting to climate change.

D．Monitoring polluting industries.

[2017·全国卷Ⅰ]

A build-it-yourself solar still(蒸馏器) is one of the best ways to obtain drinking water in areas where the liquid is not readily available. Developed by two doctors in the US Department of Agricultur e, it's an excellent water collector. Unfortunately, you must carry the necessary equipment with you, since it's all but impossible to find natural substitutes. The only components required, though, are a 5′×5′ sheet of clear or slightly milky plastic, six feet of plastic tube, and a container—perhaps just a drinking cup—to catch the water. These pieces can be folded into a neat little pack and fastened on your belt.

To construct a working still, use a sharp stick or rock to dig a hole four feet across and three feet deep. Try to make the hole in a damp area to increase the water catcher's productivity. Place your cup in the deepest part of the hole. Then lay the tube in place so that one end rests all the way in the cup and the rest of the line runs up—and out—the side of the hole.

Next, cover the hole with the plastic sheet, securing the edges of the plastic with dirt and weighting the sheet's centre down with a rock. The plastic should now form a cone(圆锥体) with 45-degree-angled sides. The low point of the sheet must be centered directly over, and no more than three inches above, the cup.

The solar still works by creating a greenhouse under the plastic. Ground water evaporates (蒸发) and collects on the sheet until small drops of water form, run down the material, and fall off into the cup. When the container is full, you can suck the refreshment out through the tube, and won't have to break down the still every time you need a drink.

32．What do we know about the solar still equipment from the first paragraph?

A．It's delicate. B．It's expensive.

C．It's complex. D．It's portable.

33．What does the underlined phrase ―the water catcher‖ in Paragraph 2 refer to?

A．The tube. B．The still.

C．The hole. D．The cup.

34．What is the last step of constructing a working solar still?

A．Dig a hole of a certain size.

B．Put the cup in place.[

C．Weight the sheet's centre down.

D．Cover the hole with the plastic sheet.

35．When a solar still works, drops of water come into the cup from ________．

A．the plastic tube B．outside the hole

C．the open air D．beneath the sheet

[2017·全国卷Ⅱ]

Terrafugia Inc.said Monday that its new flying car has completed its first flight，bringing the company closer to its goal of selling the flying car within the next year. The vehicle—named the Transition—has two seats, four wheels and wings that fold up so it can be driven like a car. The Transition，which flew at 1，400 feet for eight minutes last month, can reach around 70 miles per hour on the road and 115 in the air. It flies using a 23-gallon tank of gas and burns 5 gallons per hour in the air. On the ground, it gets 35 miles per gallon.

Around 100 people have already put down a $10，000 deposit to get a Transition when they go on sale, and those numbers will likely rise after Terrafugia introduces the Transition to the public later this week at the New York Auto Show. But don't expect it to show up in too many driveways. It's expected to cost $279，000.And it won't help if you're stuck in traffic. The car needs a runway.

Inventors have been trying to make flying cars since the 1930s, according to Robert Mann, an airline industry expert. But Mann thinks Terrafugia has come closer than anyone to making the flying car a reality. The government has already permitted the company to use special materials to make it easier for the vehicle to fly. The Transition is now going through crash tests to make sure it meets federal safety standards.

Mann said Terrafugia was helped by the Federal Aviation Administrati on's decision five years ago to create a separate set of standards for light sport aircraft, which are lower than those for pilots of larger planes. Terrafugia says an owner would need to pass a test and complete 20 hours of flying time to be able to fly the Transition，a requirement pilots would find relatively easy to meet.

科普说明文

科普说明文导读：科普说明文有两种:一种是科学小品，另一种是一般科学说明文。科学小品属于文艺性说明文，在说明中兼用文艺性笔调讲述科学道理，介绍科学知识，是用小品文的形式来表现科学内容的文章。一般科学说明文是单纯客观地介绍科学知识的文章，不大讲文艺性笔调。范文一：达尔文之岛达尔文岛是一座杳无人烟，且天然环境优美的岛屿。一位美国人在某一天踏上了这片未开发的土地，开始进研究，他就是闻名遐迩的生物学家—达尔文。达尔文乘着“小猎犬号”来到这座岛屿，就被这里深深吸引住。研究了许多年，达尔文带着许多重要的数据和观察结果，发表了一篇影响世界的论文“进化论”，提出有名的理论为“适者生存，不适者淘汰”的想法。在几十年后的今天，又有一批科学家前往这座因达尔文而闻名的达尔文之岛。他们拥有着高科技的潜水设备，可以捕捉许多人类前所未见的海洋生物，几乎每天都有一种海洋生物在进化，让科学家兴奋不已!但是现在却因为参观的人太多，造成环境破坏，许多珍贵的生物资源因此消失殆尽。其实中国也是一座美丽的岛屿，在人类尚未积极开发前都非常完美，直到我们人类来了，有些动物遭滥捕滥杀，而造成许多生物因此

绝迹。希望达尔文之岛的危机，能够警惕我们身为中国的一份子，多想想我们的美丽岛屿吧! 范文二：八大行星北回归线太阳馆的陈老师与蔡老师带来天文魔法宅急便，为我们上了四堂八大行星的课程，打开天文的.知识之窗，带领我们进入奥妙的天文瀚海中。水星在古代称做辰星，绕太阳一圈只要八十八天，没有自然卫星，也是八大行星中最小的一颗。它离太阳最近，温差最大，最高温有六百度，最低温是零下一百七十三度，因为没有大气层的保护，所以容易受到陨石撞击。金星在古代称为太白，是八大行星中自转最慢的行星，而且太阳是从它的西边升上来，东边落下去，跟地球相反。第三颗行星是地球，唯一目前有生命的星球。火星古代称为荧惑，上面有大峡谷及太阳系中最高的山----奥林帕斯山，它有二万多公尺，是圣母峰的三倍高，它的卫星像马铃薯，真有趣呢! 木星像穿着木条纹衣，古时候称为岁星，有六十四颗卫星和一个大红斑。土星被称为镇星，泰坦卫星是六十颗的卫星中最大的一颗，目前在北回归线太阳馆中有一架泰坦火箭喔! 木星、土星、天王星、海王星都是由气体组成，土星有一个游泳圈，天王星是躺着转动，而海王星竟然是由数学家计算出来的，并非实际观测发现的，和木星不一样，它拥有一个大黑斑。

浅谈初中语文说明文教学

浅谈初中语文说明文教学发表时间：2012-03-29T08:44:42.827Z 来源：《新疆教育》2012年第1期供稿作者：邓玉格[导读] 一谈到说明文阅读教学，大多数老师都有这样的烦恼：教好教，考难考。河北省平乡县第三中学邓玉格一谈到说明文阅读教学，大多数老师都有这样的烦恼：教好教，考难考。事实也是，我们初中的说明文课文大多浅显易懂，在教学时只要扣住说明文的几个要素就行了，但是学生在考试时却失分很多，甚至有些题目错得很离谱。针对这种情况，我认为我们很有必要研究一下说明文的阅读教学，从整体出发，总体确定教学目标及要求，设计教案组织教学。 1 初中语文说明文教学的基本思路 1.1 学会概括主要内容。淤摘录法：有的文章题目本身点出了说明内容，有中心句的文章或段落可采用直接摘录的方法；有的文章中心句过长，可以采用压缩摘录法。于概括法：先将文章的各个部分或各个层次的内容进行概括，再将它们合并起来。盂摘要法：有些说明文全篇几个部分的内容有主次之分，如，要求回答“本文主要说明的内容是什么”的时候，我们需要选取主要的、舍弃次要的。榆列图表：这类题的特点是，给我们一部分内容，要求根据所给的内容填写另一部分内容。对于这样的题，要根据所给的提示语，采取“概括法”概括文章说明的内容。 1.2 学习说明方法的运用及作用。说明方法是为了把事物或者事理的特征介绍得清楚、明白所采取的方式、方法。常见的说明方法有九种：下定义、作诠释、分类别、作比较、举例子、列数字、打比方、摹状貌、列图表。认真地辨析说明方法会加深对文章的理解。一般的说明方法都容易从语言的特点上体现出来，比较难一点的是下定义和作诠释的区别。下定义要求完善，即定义的对象和所下的定义的外延要相等，并且要求从一个方面完整地揭示概念的内涵，而作诠释不要求这么完整，只要能够揭示概念的部分内涵即可，诠释的对象与作的诠释的外延可以不相等，而定义的主语和宾语必须是相等的，它们可以颠倒。用这个方法就可以区别二者了。 1.3 判断说明顺序。说明顺序大体有三种：时间顺序、空间顺序、逻辑顺序。解说事物的发展、变化及制造过程，文章中有表示时间变化或程序性词语，是时间顺序。解说实体事物（特别是建筑物），文章中有方位性词语（上、下、左、右、东、西、南、北等），是空间顺序。辨别逻辑顺序的难度比较大，因为它在说明文中体现在事物的内部联系、或者说人们对事物的认识过程的顺序，这种顺序有多种关系的形式：“概括———具体”、“整体———局部”、“原因———结果”、“特点———用途”、“主要———次要”、“现象———本质”、“一般———特殊”等，我们可以借助这些形式进行判断。 1.4 掌握说明语言的特点。语言的准确性，是说明文语言的最基本的特点，是说明文这种文体具有较强的科学性这一特点决定的。在说明文阅读题中，常以某个起限制修饰作用的字、词、句的选择、替换、增删来引导学生品味说明文语言准确性的特点。我们要特别要注意的是文中的修饰、限制性词语。比如：表范围的：“都、总、共、总共、统统、一律、一概；大部分、部分、有些；只、仅仅”等；表程度的：“非常、十分、最、很、极；几乎、稍微、比较（早）”等；表揣测、估计的：“大概、大约、左右、可能”等；表限制的：“当时、主要”等。 2 初中语文说明文教学策略 2.1 情境激发。“探究———体验”式学习的主体是学生，但主导设计仍是教师。为学生创设有意义的学习情境，有助于激发学生学习的兴趣，调动学生积极的情感体验。这是“探究———体验”式学习的开端，也是引发学生积极主动参与学习的动力。 2.2 整体感知。个别有感情地朗读课文，划出生字新词。思考：本文所写的亲情是指什么情？本文所写的亲情体现在温情与和美中，还是误解和冲突中？ 2.3 创设情景。在教学中创设这样的情境，学生会情不自禁地用眼睛去看，用耳朵去听，用脑子去想，这样，使整个情境成为一个多向折射的心理场，学生置身于这种特定的心理场中，对文本和情境的体验、领悟，必然更加深入。这种整体和谐的情境体验，能使学生的知识、能力、心理品质得到协同发展，从而保证语文教学任务的全面完成。 3 以《苏州园林》为例，浅析初中语文说明文教学的具体操作步骤 3.1 宏观把握：引导学生从课题入手，抓住文眼；阅读预习提示，理清文章思路和线索，从整体上感知课文；弄清学习的重点，明确课文学习目标，以便有针对性地学习，然后根据预习提示初读课文，逐步培养学生在阅读中捕捉最主要信息的能力，培养概括能力。 3.2 熟读讨论：按阅读说明文要注意的五个方面，逐一对照加强领会，以达到对文章的整体感悟，把握文章的主要内容。这一过程是教会学生精读，抓住课文中的重点语段作深层次的理解，在理解的过程中学习对文章作圈点批注，这一步是引导学生学习的关键，既要教会学生学会全面阅读，又要让学生学会重点阅读；既有面，又有点，既有整体的理解，又有重点语段的深入研究，既避免逐段肢解文章而浪费时间，又培养了学生良好的读书习惯。 3.3 指导小结：引导学生对课文进行小结，这一步是对前面读书活动的升华。培养了学生整理、归纳、概括的能力，进而能总结出说明文阅读的一般规律。这样的剖析，总结了阅读说明文的基本规律，再通过其它课文的举一反三，涉及不同类型课文的不同特点，加以比较，学生会触类旁通，也就对说明文的阅读有了一定的了解。

阅读理解之科普类说明文答案解析

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部编人教版中考语文说明文阅读专题训练及答案一、中考语文说明文阅读专题训练 1．阅读下文，回答后面小题。鲨鱼是海洋系统的“整容师” ①鲨鱼是海洋中的庞然大物，也是食肉类的凶猛鱼类，号称“海中狼”。可是，最近它被贴上了“整容师”的标签，因为它可以改变海洋中很多鱼的眼睛和尾鳍的尺寸。听到这些，你是否感到十分惊讶呢？ ②原来，在海洋系统中，许多小鱼都有着较大的眼睛和有力的尾鳍，帮助它们及时发现并快速躲避鲨鱼的攻击与吞食。尤其在鲨鱼出没捕食的低光环境下更是如此：一定尺寸的尾鳍可以保证鱼类突然加速游动，以此来远离鲨鱼的追捕。但是，在2018年1月，西澳大利亚大学等机构研究人员的最新研究发现，近年来由于人类对鲨鱼的大量猎杀，导致多种鲨鱼濒临灭绝。鲨鱼数量的减少，使得其他鱼类的生存得到了暂时的和平安稳，导致它们的形态也正在发生明显的改变，如眼睛变小，尾鳍变小。因此，鲨鱼就成了海洋系统里的“整容师”。 ③研究人员对澳大利亚西北海域罗利沙洲和斯科特礁两个珊瑚礁系统中7种不同的鱼类专门进行了对比分析。这两个珊瑚礁有着相似的自然环境，但不同的是，罗利沙洲禁止捕鱼，鲨鱼数量比较稳定，而斯科特礁允许对鲨鱼进行商业捕捞，且已经持续了一百多年。研究人员分别在两个珊瑚礁海域进行了采样捕捞，并测量出了所捕捞鱼的体长、体宽、眼部和尾鳍大小。结果发现，与罗利沙洲的鱼类相比，斯科特礁同种鱼类的眼睛尺寸小46%，尾鳍尺寸小40%。 ④研究人员解释说，人类捕捞鯊鱼使其数量减少，会造成一系列生态后果，小鱼的眼睛及尾鳍尺寸等发生变化仅仅是一个方面，其实，鲨鱼数量的减少还在悄悄地影响着其他海洋生态系统。 ⑤首先，鲨鱼数量的大幅度减少，那些体弱多病，基因突变导致畸形的鱼，就不会及时被消灭，进化过程中的优胜劣汰也不能更好地延续下去。那些没有被吃掉的弱鱼，病鱼就会一直繁殖下去，直到基因退化，这不利于种群的健康发展，对整个海洋生物多样性，优化性将是一个致命打击。 ⑥其次，鲨鱼数量的大幅度减少，将使海洋生态环境无法正常维持，水质环境会进一步恶化。因为，鲨鱼是海洋系统名副其实的“清道夫”。它可以通过清理腐烂的大型海洋动物尸体，来净化海洋生态环境。 ⑦由此看来，鲨鱼在保持海洋生态系统平衡中扮演了至关重要的角色，称它为海洋系统的“整容师”一点儿也不为过。（选自《知识窗》，2018年第4期，有删改）（1）为什么说鲨鱼是海洋系统的“整容师”？阅读全文，概括回答。（2）指出下面句子所使用的说明方法。 ①可是，最近它被贴上了“整容师”的标签，因为它可以改变海洋中很多鱼的眼睛和尾鰭的尺寸。________ ②结果发现，与罗利沙洲的鱼类相比，斯科特礁同种鱼类的眼睛尺寸小46%，尾鲭尺寸小40%。________

o高考英语真题汇编 阅读理解科普类说明文解析(原卷版)