汽车悬架中英文对照外文翻译文献

(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)

中英文对照翻译

汽车悬架

现代汽车中的悬架有两种，一种是从动悬架，另一种是主动悬架。

从动悬架即传统式的悬架，是由弹簧、减振器（减振筒）、导向机构等组成，它的功能是减弱路面传给车身的冲击力，衰减由冲击力而引起的承载系统的振动。其中弹簧主要起减缓冲击力的作用，减振器的主要作用是衰减振动。由于这种悬架是由外力驱动而起作用的，所以称为从动悬架。

而主动悬架的控制环节中安装了能够产生抽动的装置，采用一种以力抑力的方式来抑制路面对

车身的冲击力及车身的倾斜力。由于这种悬架能够自行产生作用力，因此称为主动悬架。

主动悬架是近十几年发展起来的，由电脑控制的一种新型悬架，具备三个条件：

（1）具有能够产生作用力的动力源；

（2）执行元件能够传递这种作用力并能连续工作；

（3）具有多种传感器并将有关数据集中到微电脑进行运算并决定控制方式。因此，主动悬架汇集了力学和电子学的技术知识，是一种比较复杂的高技术装置。

例如装置了主动悬架的法国雪铁龙桑蒂雅，该车悬架系统的中枢是一个微电脑，悬架上有5 种

传感器，分别向微电脑传送车速、前轮制动压力、踏动油门踏板的速度、车身垂直方向的振幅及频率、转向盘角度及转向速度等数据。电脑不断接收这些数据并与预先设定的临界值进行比较，选择相应的悬架状态。同时，微电脑独立控制每一只车轮上的执行元件，通过控制减振器内油压的变化产生抽动，从而能在任何时候、任何车轮上产生符合要求的悬架运动。因此，桑蒂雅桥车备有多种驾驶模式选择，驾车者只要扳动位于副仪表板上的“正常”或“运动”按钮，轿车就会自动设置在最佳的悬架状态，以求最好的舒适性能。

另外，主动悬架具有控制车身运动的功能。当汽车制动或拐弯时的惯性引起弹簧变形时，主动悬架会产生一个与惯力相对抗的力，减少车身位置的变化。例如德国奔驰2000 款CL 型跑车，当车辆拐弯时悬架传感器会立即检测出车身的倾斜和横向加速度，电脑根据传感器的信息，与预先设定的临界值进行比较计算，立即确定在什么位置上将多大的负载加到悬架上，使车身的倾斜减到最小。

汽车主动悬架—液压和空气式

从控制力的角度划分，悬架可分为被动悬架，半主动悬架和主动悬架。目前，大多数汽车的悬架系统装有弹簧和减振器，悬架系统内无能源供给装置，其弹性和阻尼不能随外部工况变化，因此称这种悬架是被动悬架。

主动悬架有作为直接力发生器的动作器，可以根据输入与输出进行最优的反馈控制，使悬架有最好的减震特性，以提高汽车的平顺性和操纵稳定性。它由弹性元件C和一个力发生器Fe组成。

半主动悬架可看作由可变特性的弹簧和减振器组成的悬架系统，虽然它不能随外界的输入进行最优的控制和调节，但它可按存

储在计算机的各种条件下最优弹簧和减振器的优化参数指令来调节弹簧的刚度和减振器的阻尼状态。它由弹性元件 C 和一个一个阻尼系数能在较大范围内调节的阻尼器组成。

电子技术控制汽车悬架系统主要由（车高、转向角、加速度、路况预测）传感器、电子控制ECU、悬架控制的执行器等组成。系统的控制功能通常有以下三个：

1 车高调整当汽车在起伏不平的路面行驶时，可以使车身抬高，以便于通过；在良好路面高速行驶时，可以降低车身，以减少空气助力，提高操纵稳定性。

2 阻尼力控制用来提高汽车的操纵稳定性，在急转弯、急加速和紧急制动情况下，可以抑制车身姿态的变化。

3 弹簧刚度控制改变弹簧刚度，使悬架满足运动或舒适的要求。采用主动式悬架后，汽车对侧倾、俯仰、横摆跳动和车身的控制都能更加迅速、精确，汽车高速行驶和转弯的稳定性提高，车身侧倾减少。制动时车身前俯小，启动和急加速可减少后仰。即使在坏路面，车身的跳动也较少，轮胎对地面的附着力提高。

一.主动式液压悬架

电子控制的主动式液压悬架能根据悬架的质量和加速度等，利用液压部件主动地控制汽车的振动。主动式液压悬架在轿车上的布置如图所示，在汽车重心附近安装有纵向、横向加速度和横摆陀螺仪传感器，用来采集车身振动、车轮跳动、车身高度和倾斜状态等信号，这些信号被输入到控制单元ECU，ECU 根据输入信号和预先设定的程序发出控制指令，控制伺服电机并操纵前后四个执行油缸工作。

二.主动式空气悬架

在电子控制的主动式空气悬架系统中，微机根据传感器送来的信号和驾驶员给予的控制模式经过运算分析后向悬架发出指令，悬架可以根据微机给出的指令改变悬架的刚度和阻尼系数，是车身在行驶过程中保持良好的稳定性能，并且将车身的振动响应控制在允许的范围内。一般说来，主动式空气悬架的控制内容包括车身高度、减振器衰减力、弹簧弹性系数等三项；

１车高的控制；分标准、升高和只升高后轮三种工作状态；

２减震器的衰减力控制分低、中、高三档；

３空气弹簧的弹性系数分软、硬两档。

空气悬架电子控制系统的工作原理；用空气压缩机形成压缩空气，并将压缩空气送给弹簧和减震器的空气室中，以此来改变车辆的高度。在前轮和后轮的附近设有车高传感器，按车高传感器的输出信号，微机判断出车辆高度，再控制压缩机和排气阀，使弹簧压缩或伸长，从而控制车辆高度。

在减震器内设有电动机，电动机受微机的信号控制。利用电动机可以改变通气孔的大小，从而改变了衰减力的大小。

具体说来，在汽车仪表板上有空气悬架系统的开关，利用开关可以形成6 种不同的工作方式。

自动变速器

自动变速器的选挡杆相当于手动变速器的变速杆，一般有以下几个挡位：P(停车)、R(倒挡)、N(空挡)、D(前进)、S(or2，即为 2 速挡)、L(or1，即为1 速挡)。这几个挡位的正确使用对于驾驶自动变速器汽车的人来说尤其重要，下面就让我们一起来熟悉一下自动变速器各挡位的使用要领。

●P(停车挡)的使用

发动机运转时只要选挡杆在行驶位置上，自动变速器汽车就很容易地行走。而停放时，选挡杆必须扳入P 位，从而通过变速器内部的停车制动装置将输出轴锁住，并拉紧手制动，防止汽车移动。

●R(倒挡)的使用

R位为倒挡，使用中要切记，自动变速器汽车不像手动变速器汽车那样能够使用半联动，故在倒车时要特别注意加速踏板的控制。

●N(空挡)的使用

N位相当于空挡，可在起动时或拖车时使用。在等待信号或堵车时常常将选挡杆保持在D位，同时踩下制动。若时间很短，这样做是允许的，但若停止时间长时最好换入N 位，并拉紧手制动。因为选挡杆在行驶位置上，自动变速器汽车一般都有微弱的行驶趋势，长时间踩住制动等于强行制止这种趋势，使得变速器油温升高，油液容易变质。尤其在空调器工作、发动机怠速较高的情况下更为不利。有些驾驶员为了节油，在高速行驶或下坡时将选挡杆扳到N 位滑行，这很容易烧坏变速器，因为这时变速器输出轴转速很高，而发动机却在怠速运转，油泵供油不足，润滑状况恶化，易烧坏变速器。

●D(前进挡)的使用

正常行驶时将选挡杆放在D 位，汽车可在1～4 挡(或3 挡)之间自动换挡。D位是最常用的行驶位置。需要掌握的是：由于自动变速器是根据油门大小与车速高低来确定挡位的，所以加速踏板操作方法不同，换挡时的车速也不相同。如果起步时迅速将加速踏板踩下，升挡晚，加速能力强，到一定车速后，再将加速踏板很快松开，汽车就能立即升挡，这样发动机噪声小，舒适性好。

D 位的另一个特点是强制低挡，便于高速时超车，在 D 位行驶中迅速将加速踏板踩到底，接通强制低挡开关就能自动减挡，汽车很快加速，超车之后松开加速踏板又可自动升挡。

●S、L 位低挡的使用

自动变速器在S 位或L 位上处于低挡范围，可以在坡道等情况下使用。下坡时换入S位或L位能充分利用发动机制动，避免车轮制动器过热，导致制动效能下降。但是从D位换入S位或L位时，车速不能高于相应的升挡车速，否则发动机会强烈振动，使变速器油温急剧上升，甚至会损坏变速器。

另外在雨雾天气时，若路面附着条件差，可以换入S位或L位，固定在某一低挡行驶，不要使用能自动换挡的位置，以免汽车打滑。同时必须牢记，打滑时可将选挡杆推入N位，切断发动机的动力，以保证行车安全。

附录二：英文翻译

Suspension

The modern of in the car has two kinds of suspension, a kind of suspension is from move , another a kind of suspension is active of.

From move an a function for, is from spring coil, reducing flapping machine( reduce to the flap ), leading to organization etc. constituting, it is vibration that impact to dies down roadecause this kind of can produce the function dint by oneself, therefore call active of .The active of is more than ten years to develop of, from a kind of new of that computer control, have three terms:

(1) have to can produce the motive source of the function dint;

(2) carry out a piece can deliver this kind of function dint combines it can continue the work;

(3) have the variety spreads to feel the machine combines to concentrates the relevant data to micro-computer to proceed to carry to calculate to combine the decision controls the way.Therefore, active a technique for gathering together mechanics with electronics knowledge, is a kind of high technique that compare t pass the carriage dint, the reduces from the impact dint but causable loading system.Among them the spring coil rises primarily the function that deceleration pound at dint, reduce the main function that flap the machine is a to reduce the vibration.Because this kind of be driven by outside dint but rise function of, so call from move .

But active a device for of in the control link installing can producing take out moving, adopt a kind of repress in suppressing the dint by dint the road face the impact dint of the carriage and the inclination dint of the carriage.B o sophisticate to equip.

For example equip active an axis for of France snow iron

dragon mulberry,the car's a system is speed, carriage that a micro-computer, have on the of the 5 kinds of spreading feels machine, distinguish to deliver to micro-computer the car soon, the ex- round system moves the pressure and step to move the accelerator pedal perpendicular flap and frequencies, change direction the dish angle and change direction flat-out etc. data directionally.The computer receives these datases continuously and with in advance the critical value that set up proceeds the comparison, choosing the homologous an appearance.At the same time,on micro-computer independence control.each a car wheel of carry out a dollar a for, passing the control reduce to flap the machine inside hydraulic-pneumatic variety creation take out moving, from but can on any time, any car wheel creation meeting request a sport.Therefore, the mulberry bridge car has various driver's modes chooses, driving as long as pull to move to locate the vice- the " normal" on the instrument panel or" sport" button, car will establishes automatically in the best an appearance, in order to best and comfortable function.

Moreover, active a function for having carriage sport of control.When the car system moves or turns a corner of inertial cause When the spring coil transform, active a dint for would producing first and opposite anti- in the dint of , reduce the variety of the carriage position.For example Germany speeds 2000 CLs type sport car, be, the vehicle turns a corner an inclination for spreading feeling machine would immediately examining carriage with horizontal acceleration, computer according to information that spreading and feeling machine, with in advance the critical value that set up proceeds the comparison computes, immediately certain at where full general how big of loading and adding to .

The active in car a liquid presses with the air type: From the angle demarcation of the control dint, the of can is divided into passive of , active of in half with active

of . Current, the automotive a system has the spring coil with reduce to flap the machine mostly, theincapable source inside

a system insupplies the device, its flexibility can't change with the exterior work with the , therefore calling that this kind of is passive of .

Active an action for thering is direct dint in conduct and actions taking place machine, can according to input and output the superior feedback of proceeding control, making a the of has to reduce to shake the characteristic bestly, toing increase the automotive and going smoothly with manipulate the stability.It constitutes with a dint occurrence machine Fe from the flexibility a C.

Half active a spring coil for can seeing making from variable characteristic with machine that reducing and flapping the a system constitutes, although it can't proceed the superior control with regulate with the outsider importation, it can press saving under every kind of term of the calculator superior spring coil with reduce to flap the machine excellent to turn the parameter instruction to regulate the spring coil just a the appearance of for with reducing flapping machine.It from flexibility a C with a per coefficient can the machine of regulated within the scope of big constitute.

The electronics technique control car a system is main from( the car is high and change direction the Cape, acceleration, road the estimate) spread to feel the machine, electronics control ECU, of control of carry out machine etc. constitute.The control function of the system usually has below three: 1 the car is high to adjust to be the car at rise and fall When the uneven road drive, can make carriage jacked up,

in order to in pass;When the good road mades good time, can lower the carriage, to reduce the air help, increase to manipulate the stability.

2 dint controls is used to increase to manipulate the stability automotively, in the flashback curved, nasty

accelerates to move with the urgent system circumstance next, can rr is to the side , horizontal put the flutter with the control of the carriage can more quick, precision, the car mades good time with the stability exaltation of the turn, carriage side reduce.The ex- in carriage is small when system move, starting with nasty accelerate can after reducing .Even in the bad road, the flutter of the carriage too less, the tire increases to the adhesive strength of the ground.

One.The active type liquid presses of

The active type liquid that electronics control presses a quantity for can according to of with acceleration etc., making use of the liquid press the parts actively automotive vibration in control.The active type liquid presses a the of arrange to is sepress the variety of the carriage.

3 spring coil just a control changes spring coil just degree, make a contented sport or comfortable request.

Adopt an empress, cahown as diagram on the car, having in the nearby gearing in center of gravity in car lengthways, horizontal acceleration with horizontal put the top preads to feel machine, use to collect the carriage the vibration, the car wheel jumps about, carriage high degree with tilt to one side appearance etc. signal, these signalses is inputed control unit ECU, ECU according to input signal with in advance the procedure that set up issues to control the instruction, controling the servo electrical engineering combines to manipulate in front and back four carry out a work. two.Active type air .

In electronics control of active type air a system, tiny machine according to spread to feel the machine changeses to an instruction for issuing the instruction, the of can give according to the tiny machine after delivering of the signal with the control mode that pilot give has been carries to calculate the analysis of just degree with the coefficient of , is a carriage within the scope of drives to keeps in the process

文献翻译英文原文

https://www.wendangku.net/doc/f77802685.html,/finance/company/consumer.html Consumer finance company The consumer finance division of the SG group of France has become highly active within India. They plan to offer finance for vehicles and two-wheelers to consumers, aiming to provide close to Rs. 400 billion in India in the next few years of its operations. The SG group is also dealing in stock broking, asset management, investment banking, private banking, information technology and business processing. SG group has ventured into the rapidly growing consumer credit market in India, and have plans to construct a headquarters at Kolkata. The AIG Group has been approved by the RBI to set up a non-banking finance company (NBFC). AIG seeks to introduce its consumer finance and asset management businesses in India. AIG Capital India plans to emphasize credit cards, mortgage financing, consumer durable financing and personal loans. Leading Indian and international concerns like the HSBC, Deutsche Bank, Goldman Sachs, Barclays and HDFC Bank are also waiting to be approved by the Reserve Bank of India to initiate similar operations. AIG is presently involved in insurance and financial services in more than one hundred countries. The affiliates of the AIG Group also provide retirement and asset management services all over the world. Many international companies have been looking at NBFC business because of the growing consumer finance market. Unlike foreign banks, there are no strictures on branch openings for the NBFCs. GE Consumer Finance is a section of General Electric. It is responsible for looking after the retail finance operations. GE Consumer Finance also governs the GE Capital Asia. Outside the United States, GE Consumer Finance performs its operations under the GE Money brand. GE Consumer Finance currently offers financial services in more than fifty countries. The company deals in credit cards, personal finance, mortgages and automobile solutions. It has a client base of more than 118 million customers throughout the world

外文文献翻译：汽车的发展

The development of automobile As the world energy crisis and the war and the energy consumption of oil -- and are full of energy in one day someday it will disappear without a trace. Oil is not inresources. So in oil consumption must be clean before finding a replacement. With the development of science and technology the progress of the society people invented the electric car. Electric cars will become the most ideal of transportation. In the development of world each aspect is fruitful especially with the automobile electronic technology and computer and rapid development of the information age. The electronic control technology in the car on a wide range of applications the application of the electronic device cars and electronic technology not only to improve and enhance the quality and the traditional automobile electrical performance but also improve the automobile fuel economy performance reliability and emission spurification. Widely used in automobile electronic products not only reduces the cost and reduce the complexity of the maintenance. From the fuel injection engine ignition devices air control and emission control and fault diagnosis to the body auxiliary devices are generally used in electronic control technology auto development mainly electromechanical integration. Widely used in automotive electronic control ignition system mainly electronic control fuel injection system electronic control ignition system electronic control automatic transmission electronic control ABS/ASR control system electronic control suspension system electronic control power steering system vehicle dynamic control system the airbag systems active belt system electronic control system and the automatic air-conditioning and GPS navigation system etc. With the system response the use function of quick car high reliability guarantees of engine power and reduce fuel consumption and emission regulations meet standards. The car is essential to modern traffic tools. And electric cars bring us infinite joy will give us the physical and mental relaxation. Take for example automatic transmission in road can not on the clutch can achieve automatic shift and engine flameout not so effective improve the driving convenience lighten the fatigue strength. Automatic transmission consists mainly of hydraulic torque converter gear transmission pump hydraulic control system electronic control system and oil cooling system etc. The electronic control of suspension is mainly used to cushion the impact of the body and the road to reduce vibration that car getting smooth-going and stability. When the vehicle in the car when the road uneven road can according to automatically adjust the height. When the car ratio of height low set to gas or oil cylinder filling or oil. If is opposite gas or diarrhea. To ensure and improve the level of driving cars driving stability. Variable force power steering system can significantly change the driver for the work efficiency and the state so widely used in electric cars. VDC to vehicle performance has important function it can according to the need of active braking to change the wheels of the car car motions of state and optimum control performance and increased automobile adhesion controlling and stability. Besides these appear beyond 4WS 4WD electric cars can greatly improve the performance of the value and ascending simultaneously. ABS braking distance is reduced and can keep turning skills effectively improve the stability of the directions simultaneously reduce tyre wear. The airbag appear in large programs protected the driver and passengers safety and greatly reduce automobile in collision of drivers and passengers in the buffer to protect the safety of life. Intelligent electronic technology in the bus to promote safe driving and that the other functions. The realization of automatic driving through various sensors. Except some smart cars equipped with multiple outside sensors can fully perception of information and traffic facilities

汽车专业毕业设计外文翻译

On the vehicle sideslip angle estimation through neural networks: Numerical and experimental results. S. Melzi,E. Sabbioni Mechanical Systems and Signal Processing 25 (2011)：14~28 电脑估计车辆侧滑角的数值和实验结果 S.梅尔兹,E.赛博毕宁 机械系统和信号处理2011年第25期：14~28

摘要 将稳定控制系统应用于差动制动内/外轮胎是现在对客车车辆的标准（电子稳定系统ESP、直接偏航力矩控制DYC）。这些系统假设将两个偏航率(通常是衡量板)和侧滑角作为控制变量。不幸的是后者的具体数值只有通过非常昂贵却不适合用于普通车辆的设备才可以实现直接被测量,因此只能估计其数值。几个州的观察家最终将适应参数的参考车辆模型作为开发的目的。然而侧滑角的估计还是一个悬而未决的问题。为了避免有关参考模型参数识别/适应的问题,本文提出了分层神经网络方法估算侧滑角。横向加速度、偏航角速率、速度和引导角,都可以作为普通传感器的输入值。人脑中的神经网络的设计和定义的策略构成训练集通过数值模拟与七分布式光纤传感器的车辆模型都已经获得了。在各种路面上神经网络性能和稳定已经通过处理实验数据获得和相应的车辆和提到几个处理演习(一步引导、电源、双车道变化等)得以证实。结果通常显示估计和测量的侧滑角之间有良好的一致性。 1 介绍 稳定控制系统可以防止车辆的旋转和漂移。实际上，在轮胎和道路之间的物理极限的附着力下驾驶汽车是一个极其困难的任务。通常大部分司机不能处理这种情况和失去控制的车辆。最近,为了提高车辆安全，稳定控制系统(ESP[1,2]; DYC[3,4])介绍了通过将差动制动/驱动扭矩应用到内/外轮胎来试图控制偏航力矩的方法。 横摆力矩控制系统（DYC）是基于偏航角速率反馈进行控制的。在这种情况下,控制系统使车辆处于由司机转向输入和车辆速度控制的期望的偏航率[3,4]。然而为了确保稳定，防止特别是在低摩擦路面上的车辆侧滑角变得太大是必要的[1,2]。事实上由于非线性回旋力和轮胎滑移角之间的关系，转向角的变化几乎不改变偏航力矩。因此两个偏航率和侧滑角的实现需要一个有效的稳定控制系统[1,2]。不幸的是,能直接测量的侧滑角只能用特殊设备(光学传感器或GPS惯性传感器的组合)，现在这种设备非常昂贵,不适合在普通汽车上实现。因此, 必须在实时测量的基础上进行侧滑角估计，具体是测量横向/纵向加速度、角速度、引导角度和车轮角速度来估计车辆速度。 在主要是基于状态观测器/卡尔曼滤波器(5、6)的文学资料里, 提出了几个侧滑角估计策略。因为国家观察员都基于一个参考车辆模型,他们只有准确已知模型参数的情况下，才可以提供一个令人满意的估计。根据这种观点,轮胎特性尤其关键取决于附着条件、温度、磨损等特点。 轮胎转弯刚度的提出就是为了克服这些困难,适应观察员能够提供一个同步估计的侧滑角和附着条件[7,8]。这种方法的弊端是一个更复杂的布局的估计量导致需要很高的计算工作量。 另一种方法可由代表神经网络由于其承受能力模型非线性系统，这样不需要一个参

中英文文献翻译

毕业设计（论文）外文参考文献及译文 英文题目Component-based Safety Computer of Railway Signal Interlocking System 中文题目模块化安全铁路信号计算机联锁系统 学院自动化与电气工程学院 专业自动控制 姓名葛彦宁 学号 200808746 指导教师贺清 2012年5月30日

Component-based Safety Computer of Railway Signal Interlocking System 1 Introduction Signal Interlocking System is the critical equipment which can guarantee traffic safety and enhance operational efficiency in railway transportation. For a long time, the core control computer adopts in interlocking system is the special customized high-grade safety computer, for example, the SIMIS of Siemens, the EI32 of Nippon Signal, and so on. Along with the rapid development of electronic technology, the customized safety computer is facing severe challenges, for instance, the high development costs, poor usability, weak expansibility and slow technology update. To overcome the flaws of the high-grade special customized computer, the U.S. Department of Defense has put forward the concept：we should adopt commercial standards to replace military norms and standards for meeting consumers’demand [1]. In the meantime, there are several explorations and practices about adopting open system architecture in avionics. The United Stated and Europe have do much research about utilizing cost-effective fault-tolerant computer to replace the dedicated computer in aerospace and other safety-critical fields. In recent years, it is gradually becoming a new trend that the utilization of standardized components in aerospace, industry, transportation and other safety-critical fields. 2 Railways signal interlocking system 2.1 Functions of signal interlocking system The basic function of signal interlocking system is to protect train safety by controlling signal equipments, such as switch points, signals and track units in a station, and it handles routes via a certain interlocking regulation. Since the birth of the railway transportation, signal interlocking system has gone through manual signal, mechanical signal, relay-based interlocking, and the modern computer-based Interlocking System. 2.2 Architecture of signal interlocking system Generally, the Interlocking System has a hierarchical structure. According to the function of equipments, the system can be divided to the function of equipments; the system

汽车离合器课程毕业设计外文文献翻译、中英文翻译、外文翻译

CLUTCH The engine produces the power to drive the vehicle. The drive line or drive train transfers the power of the engine to the wheels. The drive train consists of the parts from the back of the flywh eel to the wheels. These parts include the clutch, th e transmission, the drive shaft, and the final drive assembly (Figure 8-1). The clutch which includes the flywheel, clutch disc, pressure plate, springs, pressure plate cover and the linkage necessary to operate the clutch is a rotating mechanism between t he engine and the transmission (Figure 8-2). It operates through friction which comes from contact between the parts. That is the reason why the clutch is called a friction mechanism. After engagement, the clutch must continue to transmit all the engine torque to the transmission depending on the friction without slippage. The clutch is also used to disengage the engine from the drive train whenever the gears in the transmission are being shifted from one gear ratio to another. To start the engine or shift the gears, the driver has to depress the clutch pedal with the purpose of disengagement the transmission from the engine. At that time, the driven members connected to the transmission input shaft are either stationary or rotating at a speed that is slower or faster than the driving members connected to the engine crankshaft. There is no spring pressure on the clutch assembly parts. So there is no friction between the driving members and driven members. As the driver lets loose the clutch pedal, spring pre ssure increases on the clutch parts. Friction between the parts also increases. The pressure exerted by the springs on the driven members is controlled by the driver through the clutch pedal and linkage. The positive engagement of the driving and driven members is made possible by the friction between the surfaces of the members. When full spring pressure is applied, the speed of the driving and driven members should be the same. At the

汽车悬架原理外文文献翻译

汽车悬架原理外文文献及翻译 (文档含中英文对照即英文原文和中文翻译) The rinciple Of Car Suspensions By William Harris University of Michigan When people think of automobile performance, they normally think of horsepower, torque and zero-to-60 acceleration. But all of the power generated by a piston engine is useless if the driver can't control the car. That's why automobile engineers turned their attention to the suspension system almost as soon as they had mastered the four-stroke internal combustion engine. The job of a car suspension is to maximize the friction between the tires and the road surface, to provide steering stability with good handling and to ensure the comfort of the passengers. In this article, we'll explore how car suspensions work, how they've evolved over the years and where the design of suspensions is headed in the future.

外文翻译---汽车车身总布置的方法

附录 Modern car’s design always stresses people-oriented, so safety, comfort, Environmental protection and energy saving have been the design theme And target in car design. Ergonomics layout design is not only relate to the effective use of internal space and improve car’s comfort and safety Performance, but it will also impact internal and external modeling results, and further affects the vehicle's overall performance and marketability.Soergonomics’application and research during car design and development process occupy an important position.After more than 50 years of construction and development, China’s Automobile industry has become the leading power of automobile production and consumption in the world. In particular, with the rise and rapid de velopment of independent brand’s vehicles, we pay more attention To the development processes and the technical requirements of hard Points’ layout. Through the three typical processes such as modern vehicle developing Process, body development process and using ergonomic to progress Inner auto-body layout, describe ergonomic layoationship between design, Aunt design in which stage of the process of vehicle development, the red The importance of working steps. The automobile body total arrangement is the automobile design most initial is also the most essential step, is other design stage premise and the foundation, to a great extent is deciding the body design success or failure. Picks generally in the actual design process With by forward and reverse two design method (1) to design (from inside to outside law) to design method namely "humanist", is coming based on the human body arrangement tool to define the pilot and the crew member gradually rides the space and the vehicle comes to pay tribute each article the arrangement, take satisfies the human body to ride with the driving comfortableness as the premise, said simply is determined first satisfies the human body to ride under the comfortable premise, carries on the indoor arrangement first, then carries on the complete bikes external styling design again. The concrete method and the step are as follows: ①Determine 5% and 95% manikin H position and the chair by the SAE recommendation's enjoyable line or the region law adjustment traveling schedule, seat

仪表板外文文献翻译、中英文翻译、外文翻译

Dashboard From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia This article is about a control panel placed in the front of the car. For other uses, see Dashboard (disambiguation). The dashboard of a Bentley Continental GTC car A dashboard (also called dash, instrument panel (IP), or fascia) is a control panel located directly ahead of a vehicle's driver, displaying instrumentation and controls for the vehicle's operation. Contents 1.Etymology 2.Dashboard features 3.Padding and safety 4.Fashion in instrumentation 5.See also 6.References Etymology Horse-drawn carriage dashboard Originally, the word dashboard applied to a barrier of wood or leather fixed at the front of a horse-drawn carriage or sleigh to protect the driver from mud or other debris "dashed up" (thrown up) by the horses' hooves.[1] Commonly these boards did not perform any additional function other than providing a convenient handhold for ascending into the driver's seat, or a small clip with which to secure the reins when not in use. When the first "horseless carriages" were constructed in the late 19th century, with engines mounted beneath the driver such as the Daimler Stahlradwagen, the simple dashboard was retained to protect occupants from debris thrown up by the cars' front wheels. However, as car design evolved to position the motor in front of the driver, the dashboard became a panel that protected vehicle occupants from the heat and oil of the engine. With gradually increasing mechanical complexity, this panel formed a convenient location for the placement of gauges and minor controls, and from this evolved the modern instrument panel,

汽车外文翻译

As the world energy crisis, and the war and the energy consumption of oil -- and are full of energy, in one day, someday it will disappear without a trace. Oil is not in resources. So in oil consumption must be clean before finding a replacement. With the development of science and technology the progress of the society, people invented the electric car. Electric cars will become the most ideal of transportation. In the development of world each aspect is fruitful, especially with the automobile electronic technology and computer and rapid development of the information age. The electronic control technology in the car on a wide range of applications, the application of the electronic device, cars, and electronic technology not only to improve and enhance the quality and the traditional automobile electrical performance, but also improve the automobile fuel economy, performance, reliability and emissions purification. Widely used in automobile electronic products not only reduces the cost and reduce the complexity of the maintenance. From the fuel injection engine ignition devices, air control and emission control and fault diagnosis to the body auxiliary devices are generally used in electronic control technology, auto development mainly electromechanical integration. Widely used in automotive electronic control ignition system mainly electronic control fuel injection system, electronic control ignition system, electronic control automatic transmission, electronic control (ABS/ASR) control system, electronic control suspension system, electronic control power steering system, vehicle dynamic control system, the airbag systems, active belt system, electronic control system and the automatic air-conditioning and GPS navigation system etc. With the system response, the use function of quick car, high reliability, guarantees of engine power and reduce fuel consumption and emission regulations meet standards. The car is essential to modern traffic tools. And electric cars bring us infinite joy will give us the physical and mental relaxation. Take for example, automatic transmission in road, can not on the clutch, can achieve automatic shift and engine flameout, not so effective improve the driving convenience lighten the fatigue strength. Automatic transmission consists mainly of hydraulic torque converter, gear transmission, pump, hydraulic control system, electronic control system and oil cooling system, etc. The electronic control of suspension is mainly used to cushion the impact of the body and the road to reduce vibration that car getting smooth-going and