新高一知识衔接-简单句基础知识
费县实验中学朱宗彩
句法-----简单句
Part1: 预备知识—句子成分：
构成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。句子成分有主要成分和次要成分；主要成分有主语和谓语；次要成分有宾语、表语、定语、状语、补足语和同位语。
主语：Subject :表示句子所说的是―什么人‖或―什么事物‖，也就是动作的发出者，一般由名词、代词或相当于名词、代词的词或短语等充当。
Eg: 1) A horse runs much faster than a cow. 2) Trees usually turn green in spring.
谓语：Predicate :谓语说明主语的动作，状态或特征。动词在句中作谓语，一般放在主语之后。
主要动词：连系动词：be (am is are was were) / seem / keep是/好象(似乎)是/保持look / feel / taste
/ smell / sound 看/感觉/尝/闻/听起来(上去)become / turn / get / grow 变得不及物动词: laugh / smile / look / listen
及物动词: see / hear / drank / eat
辅助动词：助动词do / does / did
情态动词: should, must, can...
Eg: 1）They laughed loudly 2）We should study hard. （3）We are studying English.
判断be动词为连系动词还是助动词：
1.The boy is asleep
2.The boy is sleeping.
3.The boy is playing the guitar.
4.He is playing happily.
5.His music is very beautiful.
6.It is beautiful music.
宾语：Object :表示动作、行为的对象。也就是动作的接受者。
Eg: 1）I saw him last week. 2 ）We heard the bad news yesterday. 3）Don’t look down upon the disabled.
表语：表语是谓语的一部分，说明主语身份，特征，属性或状态，它位于系动词之后Eg: 1）He is a boy. 2）They are students. 3）He looks / seems ill.
宾语补足语：英语中有些及物动词，除有一个直接宾语以外，还要有一个宾语补语，才能使句子的意义完整。带有宾语补足语的一般句型为：某些及物动词（如make等+宾语+宾补）Eg: 1) His father named him J ack.
2) We found it interesting to picnic there. (如果宾语部分太长可用it作形式宾语)
定语：修饰名词或代词的词、短语或从句称为定语。
Eg: 1) Guilin is a beautiful city. 2) He is reading an article about how to learn English.
同位语：Mr Wang, my child’s teacher, will be visiting us on Tuesday.
I, the oldest girl in the family, always had to care for the other children.
状语：修饰动词，形容词，副词或句子的词称为状语
Eg: 1) He can speak English fluently. 2)Unfortunately, he failed in the exam.
Practice makes perfect
试判断这些句子的成分
1. She is a very good girl .
2. The girl is very good.
(__) (__) (___) (__) (__) (___)
3. They laughed.
4. The kites fly in the sky.
(__) (__) (__) (__) (__)
5. I bought a new bike.
6. He made me happy.
(__) (__) (__) (__) (__) (__) (__)
7. To swim in the river is a great pleasure 8. His job is to teach English.
(__) (__)
9. I enjoy listening to popular music. 10. The man who is working there is his father.
(__) (__)
Part2：基本句型
简单句:就是只包含一个主谓结构的句子
（一）根据句子结构分为五种基本句型
A.主语+系动词+表语:
（系动词的本质就是标志句子的存在，系动词不是有主语发出来的因此系动词永远没有被动语态。）
感知认识1．The potatoes went bad in the fields. 2. Our English teacher is thirty years old.
Practice ( 巩固练习)：
1)汤姆是个三岁的小男孩：_____________.2）我喜欢的运动是游泳______________.
3) 收到你的来信我很高兴。_________________________.
B.主语+谓语动词（vi):
（不及物动词的本质就是本身能够完整地表达或者描述主语的动词（不再需要宾语）。由于没有宾语，不及物动词永远没有被动语态的形式。）
感知认识：1）They laughed happily. 2. They work hard..
Practice ( 巩固练习)：
1）时间很快过去了。_________________________.2）日本发生了9级地震。_________________________.
C.主语+谓语+宾语w e should respect the old.
（在这一结构中，及物动词自身意义不完整，因此后面必须跟宾语使句意完整。）
感知认识：1) He bought a new pen yesterday. 2) He ate an apple.
Practice ( 巩固练习)：
1）．昨晚我写了一封信. ______________________. 2）他能说流利的英语_________________________.
D.主语+谓语+间接宾语（多指人）+直接宾语（多指物）
（直接宾语同主谓宾中宾语。常见动词主要有：buy / give / take / send / bring / / sell / lend / pass / offer / ）感知认识：1）He lent me money. 2）Tom called me a cup of coffee.
难点：但若要先说出直接宾语（事物），后说间接宾语（人），则要借助于介词to或for。
用to侧重指动作的指向。用for 侧重指动作的受益者，表示为了某人，替某人。
如：（1）She made a beautiful dress for me. （2）I will write a letter to you.
Practice ( 巩固练习)：
1）去年王老师教我们英语。______________________________________________.
2）在我14岁生日时，爸爸给我买了一辆新自行车。_____________________________________________.
E.主语+谓语+宾语+宾语的补足语
（宾语与宾语补足语之间有逻辑上的主谓关系或主表关系，若无宾语补足语，则句意不够完整。常见的带
宾补的动词有：make, keep, get, find, wish, leave, see, consider, call, name, think。其中以下动词是最常考的高频动词：一感feel，二听：listen to；hear三让：make，have，let四看：see，watch，observe，notice. 感知认识：
1）. They made Tom monitor. 2）I heard him singing.
难点：
用it 做形式宾语，而将真正的宾语放到宾语补足语的后面，以使句子结构平衡，是英语常用的句型结构方式。即：主语+谓语+it+宾补+真正宾语（此谓语动词常有think, find ,feel）。如：
I found it very pleasant to be with your family.
Practice ( 巩固练习)：
1)We should __________________________every day.我们要每天保持教室干净
2)We_________________________________.我们发现学英语很容易。
There be 句型（即there be +主语+地点/时间状语），
表达存在关系，翻译为―有‖。它其实是倒装的一种情况，主语位于谓语动词be 之后，there 仅为引导词，并无实际语意。注意主谓一致
感知认识：1）There is a little water in the bottle.2）. There are many students in the classroom.
难点：
1．There be 句型的几个特例：此句型有时不用be动词，而用live, stand, come, go, lie, remain, exist, arrive 等。There stands a hill in the middle of the park.
2．Be 与其后的主语在人称和数量上一致，有时态和情态变化。如：
现在有there is/are … 过去有there was/were… 将来有there will be…；there is /are going to be...可能有there might be... 过去曾经有there used to be …似乎有there seems/seem/seemed to be 碰巧有there happen/happens/happened to be …
Practice ( 巩固练习)：试用以上句型翻译下面一篇小短文：
从前有座山，山上有个庙，庙里有个小和尚。山下有条河，河边有很多树和花，树上碰巧有个鸟窝，鸟窝里仍然有只小鸟。
__________________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________.
（二）据句子的用途可分为四类：
1）陈述句：The earth turns around the sun. (肯定句) He hasn’t finished it yet. (否定句)
2）疑问句: Have you considered our plan? （一般疑问句）
3）祈使句: 用来提出请求、命令等。主语you常省略。如：
1) Don’t make such noise. 2) Do remember me to your parents. 3) Let’s help the blind across the road. 4）感叹句: 表示强烈的感情。常用what、how引出强调部分并放在句首。
1) How time flies! 2) What fine weather weather it is!
(三) 简单句的拓展：
在实际表达中，象上述仅由主干成分构成的简单句并不多，首先，句子修饰性成分：定语和状语的参与是
例如：
1. A bright future shines before my eyes.
定语状语
2. He has been working here for ten years.
地点状语时间状语
3. Unfortunately, he left the keys at home.
状语
其次，同位语也是较为常见的一种句子成分。如：
1. We young people should respect the old. 名词young people 是We 的同位语。
2. He himself will do the experiment. 代词himself 是he的同位语。
Practice (根据句子意思填空，并说出所填内容的句子成分)（体会修饰成分的添加：）
1）. 我是来自红星中学的李华。收到你的来信十分高兴。
I’m Ii Hua _______________________________. I’m ____________glad to receive your letter.
2）不幸的是，他把钥匙忘在家里了
___________________, he left the keys_________________.
3)我们学生应该努力学习.We_____________ should study hard.
5）.The boy spoke to his teacher.
那名叫汤姆的小男孩用很低的声音和他的数学老师讲话。
The ___ boy __________ spoke to his ____ teacher _______________
6）.I forgot to mail the letter.
不幸的是，昨天我忘记了寄信，使得妈妈很失望。
___________, I forgot to mail the letter_________, _________________________.
7）. Grandma told me a story.
为了让我高兴起来，奶奶一个接一个的给我讲故事。
Grandma told me ____ story ______________________________.
8）. The soup tastes good.
说实话，这汤好喝的让每个人吃惊。
____________, the soup tastes ____ good _____________________.
9）. We hear him read English.
让我们高兴的是，每天早晨我们都听到他在院子里大声读英语。
__________，__________ we hear him read English ____________________________.
（四）使用中的误区--汉语式的英语句子。
1) 台湾发生了地震。Taiwan happened an earthquake. (误)
2) 今夜会有强劲北风。Tonight will have strong north wind. (误)
3) 我必须努力学习提高英语水平。I must work hard to improve my English level. (误)
4) Welcome you come China. (误)
5) Wish you have a good time.(误)
6) I and my family are all looking forward to your reply. (误)
Practice ( 巩固练习)：改正下列句子中的错误。
1．明天会有大雨。Tomorrow will have heavy rain.__________________________________
2. 欢迎参观我们学校。Welcome you visit our school.__________________________________
3. 祝你一路顺风。Wish you have a nice trip.__________________________________
4. 在老师的帮助下，他的法语水平得到了大大提高。
With the teacher’s help, his French level has been greatly improved.__________________________________ 5. 我和我的家人都参观了上海世博会。I and my family visited the 2010 Shanghai World Expo.
__________________________________
6. 我们可以乘车去那里。We can by car to go there._________________________________
Practice makes perfect
Ⅰ. Let me try!说出下列画线部分的句子结构
⑴Everything goes well. （2）you are listening carefully. （3）you are listening to me carefully.
（4）I teach you English. （5）last week , I bought a gift for my son
（6）we should keep our class room clean every day
Ⅱ.五种基本句式微技能写作训练
Group One “主谓结构”写作训练
1）在过去的十年里我的家乡发生了巨大变化。_____________________________________
2）我们学校每天八点开始上课。_____________________________________
3）这种产品很畅销。_____________________________________
Group Two“主系表结构”写作训练
1）我们的国家正变得越来越强大。____________________________________
2）这种布手感很软。____________________________________
3）她的工作是在幼儿园照看孩子。____________________________________
Group Three “主谓宾结构”写作训练
1）今天早晨我收到了你的信。___________________________________
2）老师指出了我作文中的错误。
____________________________________
Group Four “主谓双宾语结构”写作训练
1）我父亲给我买了一辆新自行车。___________________________________
2）我给弟弟一本书作为他的生日礼物。___________________________________
3）怀特先生去年教我们英语。____________________________________
Group Five “主谓宾补结构”写作训练
1）我听见一个女孩正在隔壁房间唱一首英语歌。_______________________________________
2）我们应该保持教室干净整洁。_______________________________________
3）学校定了一条规定，开始上课时学生要起立。________________________________________
III.挑战高考：用括号中动词的正确形式填充句中空白
1. There are eight tips in Dr. Roger’s lecture on sleep, and one of them is: ____ (not go) to bed early unless you
think it is necessary. (04重庆)
2. I’ve never seen anyone run so fast—— _________ (just watch) David go. （04浙江）
3. Mary, ______ (come) here –– everybody else, stay where you are. (06 课标I)
4. ______ (try) some of this juice —perhaps you’ll like it. (00京春)
5. _______ (knock) at the door before entering please. (01京春)
6. The basketball coach, as well as his team, ______ (be) interviewed shortly after the match for their outstanding performance. (12陕西)
7. All the scientific evidence ____(show) that increasing use of chemicals in farming _____(be) damaging our health. (12湖南)
8. The factory used 65 percent of the raw materials, the rest of which _____(be) saved for other purposes. (11安徽卷）
Ⅳ.改正下列句子中的错误
1. 校园里出现了一些不良现象。
Some schools have appeared some bad phenomena.__________________________________
2. 明天会有大雨。
Tomorrow will have heavy rain.__________________________________
3. 欢迎参观我们学校。
Welcome you visit our school.__________________________________
4. 祝你一路顺风。
Wish you have a nice trip._________________________________
5. 在老师的帮助下，他的法语水平得到了大大提高。
With the teacher’s help, his French level has been greatly improved._________________________________
6. 我和我的家人都参观了上海世博会。
I and my family visited the 2010 Shanghai World Expo._________________________________
7. 我们可以乘车去那里。
We can by car to go there. _________________________________
8. 汽车会逐渐取代自行车。
Cars will gradually instead of bikes._________________________________
9. 玛丽下个月将要嫁给汤姆。
Mary will marry with Tom next month.__________________________________
10. 他们是多么可爱的孩子！
What lovely children are !____________________________________
11.来这儿一会儿，好吗？
Come here a moment, do you?___________________________________
12. 他难过地看着我。
He looked sad at me._________________________________
IV. 翻译并背诵下列谚语
1. Every minute counts. _________________________________
2. All roads lead to Rome. _________________________________
3. A good medicine tastes bitter. _________________________________
4. Practice makes perfect. _________________________________
5.All work and no play make Jack a dull boy. _________________________________
6. Success belongs to the persevering. _________________________________
7. Deep water stays still. _________________________________
A little boy invited his mother to attend his first teacher-parent conference. To his disappointment , she said she would go. This would be the first time that his classmates and teacher met his mother and he was embarrassed by her appearance . Although she was a beautiful woman, there was a scar that covered the right side of her face. The boy never wanted to talk about why or how she got the scar. At the conference, the little boy was embarrassed and hid himself from everyone. He did, however, hear them speaking. ―How did you get the scar on your face?‖ the teacher asked.
The mother replied, ―When my son was a baby, he was in a room that caught fire . Everyone was too afraid to go in because the fire was out of control , so I went in. A beam (横梁) came down and I placed myself over him trying to protect him. This scar will be with me for ever, but to this day, I have never regretted doing what I did.‖
At this point, the little boy came out running toward his mother with tears in his eyes . He hugged her and held her hand tightly for the rest of the day.
词汇突破：
1.tightly ['taitli] ad. 紧紧地
2.attend [?'tend] vt. 出席,参加
3.to one ’s disappointment 令某人失望的是
4.appearance [?'pir ?ns] n. 出现;露面
5.scar [sk ɑ:] n 疤;伤痕
6.catch fire 着火
7.out of control 失去控制
8.regret [regret] vt&n. 懊悔，后悔 Mark Twain once went to borrow a book from a neighbor in Tarry town. ―Will you do me a favor and lend The Historical Events In Ancient Poland to me?‖ He asked politely. ―Yes, you are more than welcome to it, the neighbor told him,＂It ’s in the bookcase. But I must ask you to read it here. You know I
make a rule never to let any book go out of my library.＂
Some days later the neighbor wanted to borrow Mark Twain’s machine for cutting grass in the garden. ―Why, certainly,‖ Twain told him, ―You ’re more than welcome to it. But I must ask you to use it here. You know that I forbid（禁止）letting it go out of my garden.‖