The Electrical Equipment (Safety) Regulations 2016
S T A T U T O R Y I N S T R U M E N T S
2016 No. 1101
CONSUMER PROTECTION
HEALTH AND SAFETY
The Electrical Equipment (Safety) Regulations 2016
Made----15th November 2016
Laid before Parliament16th November 2016
Coming into force--8th December 2016
The Secretary of State is a Minister designated for the purposes of section 2(2) of the European Communities Act 1972(a) in relation to measures for safety as respects electrical equipment(b) and in relation to measures for consumer protection(c).
These Regulations make provision for a purpose mentioned in section 2(2) of the European Communities Act 1972 and it appears to the Secretary of State that it is expedient for certain references to provisions of EU instruments to be construed as references to those provisions as amended from time to time.
The Secretary of State makes the following Regulations in exercise of the powers conferred by section 2(2) of, and paragraph 1A(d) of Schedule 2 to, the European Communities Act 1972.
PART 1
Preliminary
Citation and commencement
1. These Regulations may be cited as the Electrical Equipment (Safety) Regulations 2016 and come into force on 8th December 2016 (“the commencement date”).
Interpretation
2.—(1) In these Regulations—
(a) 1972 c.68. Section 2(2) was amended by section 27(1)(a) of the Legislative and Regulatory Reform Act 2006 (c.51) and by
Part 1 of the Schedule to the European Union (Amendment) Act 2008 (c.7). The enabling powers of section 2(2) were extended by virtue of the amendment of section 1(2) by section 1 of the European Economic Area Act 1993 (c.51).
(b) S.I. 1972/1811, superseded in relation to measures relating to consumer protection by S.I. 1993/2661.
(c) S.I. 1993/2661.
(d) Paragraph 1A of Schedule 2 was inserted by section 28 of the Legislative and Regulatory Reform Act 2006 and amended by
Part 1 of the Schedule to the European Union (Amendment) Act 2008.
“the 1974 Act” means the Health and Safety at Work etc. Act 1974(a);
“the 1978 Order” means the Health and Safety at Work (Northern Ireland) Order 1978(b) “the 1987 Act” means the Consumer Protection Act 1987(c);
“the 1994 Regulations” means the Electrical Equipment (Safety) Regulations 1994(d);
“authorised representative” means a person appointed in accordance with regulation 14;
“CE marking” means a marking which takes the form set out in Annex II of RAMS (as amended from time to time);
“the Directive” means Directive 2014/35/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of
26 February 2014 on the harmonisation of the laws of the member States relating to the
making available on the market of electrical equipment designed for use within certain voltage limits(e);
“distributor” means any person in the supply chain, other than the manufacturer or the importer, who makes electrical equipment available on the market;
“district council” means a district council within the meaning of the Local Government Act (Northern Ireland) 1972(f)”;
“economic operator” means a manufacturer, importer, distributor or authorised representative;
“electrical equipment” means any electrical equipment to which these Regulations apply;
“EU declaration of conformity” means a declaration of conformity required to be drawn up in accordance with regulation 6 (EU declaration of conformity and CE marking);
“enforcing authority” means any person enforcing these Regulations under regulation 41 (enforcement);
“harmonised standard” has the meaning given by Article 2(1)(c) of Regulation (EU) 1025/2012 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 25 October 2012 on European standardisation, amending Council Directives 89/686/EEC and 93/15/EEC and Directives 94/9/EC, 94/25/EC, 95/16/EC, 97/23/EC, 98/34/EC, 2004/22/EC, 2007/23/EC, 2009/23/EC and 2009//105/EC of the European Parliament and the Council, and repealing Council Decision 87/95/EEC and Decision No 1673/2006/EC of the European Parliament and the Council(g) (as amended from time to time);
“importer” means any person who—
(a)is established within the EU; and
(b)places electrical equipment from a third country on the EU market;
“international safety provision” means a safety provision of a standard which has been published by the International Commission on the Rules for the Approval of Electrical Equipment or the International Electrotechnical Commission and which has been published in the Official Journal pursuant to Article 13 of the Directive;
“making available on the market” means any supply of electrical equipment for distribution, consumption or use on the EU market in the course of a commercial activity, whether in return for payment or free of charge, and related expressions are to be construed accordingly;
“manufacturer” means any person who—
(a)manufactures electrical equipment, or has electrical equipment designed or manufactured;
and
(b)markets that electrical equipment under that person’s name or trade mark;
(a) 1974 c.37.
(b) S.I. 1978/1039 (N.I. 9).
(c) 1987 c.43.
(d) S.I. 1994/3260, revoked in relation to radio or telecommunications terminal equipment by S.I. 2000/730, amended by S.I.
2011/1043, S.I. 2014/469, S.I. 2015/1630.
(e) OJ No L 96, 29.03.2014, p357.
(f) 1972 Chapter 9.
(g) OJ No L 316, 14.11.2012, p12.
“market surveillance authority”, in the United Kingdom, has the meaning set out in regulation
40 (designation of market surveillance authority);
“Official Journal” means the Official Journal of the European Union;
“placing on the market” means the first making available of electrical equipment on the EU market, and related expressions are to be construed accordingly;
“principal elements of the safety objectives” means the principal elements of the safety objectives set out in Schedule 1;
“RAMS” means Regulation (EC) 765/2008 of the European Parliament and of the Council of
9 July 2008 setting out the requirements for accreditation and market surveillance relating to
the marketing of products and repealing Regulation (EEC) No 339/93(a);
“recall” means any measure aimed at achieving the return of electrical equipment that has already been made available to the end-user;
“relevant economic operator” means, in relation to electrical equipment, an economic operator with obligations in respect of that electrical equipment under these Regulations;
“technical documentation” means the documentation referred to in paragraph 2 of Schedule 2;
“technical specification” means a document that prescribes technical requirements to be fulfilled by electrical equipment;
“weights and measures authority” means a local weights and measures authority within the meaning of section 69 of the Weights and Measures Act 1985(b);
“withdraw” means take any measure aimed at preventing electrical equipment in the supply chain from being made available on the market.
(2)In these Regulations, a reference to electrical equipment being “in conformity with Part 2” means that—
(a)the electrical equipment is in conformity with the principal elements of the safety
objectives; and
(b)each relevant economic operator has complied, or is complying, in relation to the
electrical equipment, with the obligations imposed on them under Part 2 of these Regulations which must be satisfied at or before the time at which they make the electrical equipment available on the market.
(3)In regulations 11 and 22 (monitoring), “risk” means a risk which could arise from lawful and readily predictable human behaviour.
(4)In the other provisions of these Regulations, “risk” means a risk—
(a)which could arise from lawful and readily predictable human behaviour; and
(b)which may result in harm to any of the following interests—
(i)the health and safety of persons;
(ii)domestic animals; or
(iii)property.
(5)(a) Subject to sub-paragraph (b), in these Regulations, a reference to a member State is to be read as a reference to an EEA State and references to the EU are to be read as references to the European Economic Area.
(b)Sub-paragraph (a) will not apply until the entry into force of any amendment made to Annex II (technical regulations, standards, testing and certification) to the EEA Agreement by a Decision of the EEA Joint Committee, inserting a reference to the Directive into that Annex.
(a) OJ L 218, 13.8.2008, p. 30.
(b) 1985 c.72; section 69 was amended by the Statute Law (Repeals) Act 1989 (c.43), Schedule 1, Part I, the Local Government
etc. (Scotland) Act 1994 (c.39), Schedule 13, paragraph 144 and the Local Government (Wales) Act 1994 (c.19), Schedule 16, paragraph 75.
Electrical equipment to which these Regulations apply
3.—(1) Subject to paragraph (2), these Regulations apply to electrical equipment—
(a)placed on the market on or after the commencement date; and
(b)designed for use with a voltage rating of between 50 and 1000V for alternating current
and between 75 and 1500V for direct current
(2)These Regulations do not apply to—
(a)electrical equipment for use in an explosive atmosphere;
(b)electrical equipment for radiology and medical purposes;
(c)electrical parts for goods and passenger lifts;
(d)electricity meters;
(e)plugs and socket outlets for domestic use;
(f)electric fence controllers;
(g)specialised electrical equipment for use on ships, aircraft or railways, which complies
with the safety provisions drawn up by international bodies in which the member States participate;
(h)custom-built evaluation kits destined for professionals to be used at research and
development facilities solely for research and development.
(3)Save for regulations 4, 15, 25 (to the extent that it relates to conformity of the electrical equipment with the principal elements of the safety objectives) and 37, these Regulations do not apply to apparatus covered by the Radio Equipment and Telecommunications Terminal Equipment Regulations 2000(a).
Part 2
Obligations of economic operators
Manufacturers
Design and manufacture in accordance with safety objectives
4. Before placing electrical equipment on the market, a manufacturer must ensure that it has been designed and manufactured in accordance with the principal elements of the safety objectives.
Technical documentation and conformity assessment
5. Before placing electrical equipment on the market, a manufacturer must—
(a)draw up the technical documentation; and
(b)carry out the conformity assessment procedure set out in Schedule 2 or have it carried
out.
EU declaration of conformity and CE marking
6.—(1) Where the conformity of electrical equipment with the principal elements of the safety objectives has been demonstrated by the conformity assessment procedure set out in Schedule 2, a manufacturer must, before placing that electrical equipment on the market—
(a)draw up a declaration of conformity in accordance with regulation 38 (EU declaration of
conformity); and
(a) S.I. 2000/730, amended by S.I. 2003/1903; there are other amendments not relevant to these Regulations.
(b)affix the CE marking in accordance with regulation 39 (CE marking).
(2)The manufacturer must keep the EU declaration of conformity up to date.
(3)Where electrical equipment is subject to more than one EU instrument requiring a declaration of conformity to be drawn up, the manufacturer must draw up a single declaration of conformity which—
(a)identifies the EU instruments; and
(b)includes references to the publication of those EU instruments in the Official Journal. Retention of technical documentation and EU declaration of conformity
7. A manufacturer must keep the technical documentation and the EU declaration of conformity drawn up in respect of electrical equipment and make them available for inspection by the market surveillance authority for a period of 10 years beginning on the day on which the electrical equipment is placed on the market.
Labelling of electrical equipment
8.—(1) Before placing electrical equipment on the market, a manufacturer must—
(a)ensure that it bears a type, batch or serial number or other element allowing its
identification; and
(b)ensure that it is marked with—
(i)the name, registered trade name or registered trade mark of the manufacturer; and
(ii)a single postal address at which the manufacturer can be contacted.
(2)Where it is not possible for information specified in 1(a) or (b) to be indicated on the electrical equipment, the manufacturer must ensure that the information is indicated on its packaging or in a document accompanying the electrical equipment.
(3)The contact details referred to in paragraph (1)(b) must be in a language easily understood by end-users and market surveillance authorities.
(4)The information referred to in paragraph (1) must be indicated in a form that is clear, understandable and intelligible.
Instructions and safety information
9.—(1) When placing electrical equipment on the market, a manufacturer must ensure that it is accompanied by instructions and safety information in a language which can be easily understood by consumers and other end-users.
(2)Such instructions and safety information must be clear, understandable and intelligible.
(3)Where the electrical equipment is placed on the market in the UK, the language referred to in paragraph (1) must be English.
Compliance procedures for series production
10.—(1) A manufacturer of electrical equipment which is manufactured by series production must ensure that procedures are in place to ensure that any electrical equipment so manufactured will be in conformity with Part 2.
(2)In doing so, the manufacturer must take adequate account of—
(a)any changes in electrical equipment design or characteristics; and
(b)any change in a harmonised standard or in another technical specification by reference to
which the EU declaration of conformity was drawn up.
Monitoring
11.—(1) When appropriate, with regard to the risks to the health and safety of consumers presented by electrical equipment, the manufacturer must—
(a)carry out sample testing of electrical equipment made available on the market;
(b)investigate complaints that electrical equipment is not in conformity with Part 2;
(c)keep a register of—
(i)complaints that electrical equipment is not in conformity with Part 2;
(ii)electrical equipment which is found not to be in conformity with Part 2; and
(iii)electrical equipment recalls; and
(d)keep distributors informed of any monitoring carried out under this regulation.
(2)The manufacturer must keep an entry made in the register for a period of at least 10 years beginning on the day on which the obligation to make the entry arose.
Duty to take action in respect of electrical equipment placed on the market which is considered not to be in conformity
12.—(1) A manufacturer who considers, or has reason to believe, that electrical equipment which that manufacturer has placed on the market is not in conformity with Part 2 must immediately take the corrective measures necessary to—
(a)bring the electrical equipment into conformity;
(b)withdraw the electrical equipment; or
(c)recall the electrical equipment.
(2)Where the electrical equipment presents a risk, the manufacturer must immediately inform the market surveillance authority and the competent national authorities of any other member State in which the manufacturer made the electrical equipment available on the market, of the risk, giving details of—
(a)the respect in which the electrical equipment is considered not to be in conformity with
Part 2; and
(b)any corrective measures taken.
Provision of information and cooperation
13.—(1) Following a request from an enforcing authority, and within such period as the authority may specify, a manufacturer must provide the authority with all the information and documentation necessary to demonstrate that the electrical equipment is in conformity with Part 2.
(2)A request referred to in paragraph (1)—
(a)may only be made during the period of 10 years beginning on the day the equipment was
placed on the market; and
(b)must be accompanied by the reasons for making the request.
(3)The information and documentation referred to in paragraph (1)—
(a)may be provided electronically; and
(b)must be in a language which can be easily understood by the enforcing authority.
(4)A manufacturer must, at the request of the enforcing authority, cooperate with that authority on any action taken to—
(a)evaluate electrical equipment in accordance with regulation 44 (evaluation of electrical
equipment presenting a risk); or
(b)eliminate the risks posed by electrical equipment which the manufacturer has placed on
the market.
Authorised representatives
Manufacturer’s authorised representatives
14.—(1) A manufacturer may, by written mandate, appoint a person as their authorised representative to perform specified tasks on the manufacturer’s behalf.
(2)The mandate must allow the authorised representative to do at least the following in relation to electrical equipment covered by the mandate—
(a)perform the manufacturer’s obligations under regulation 7 (retention of technical
documentation and EU declaration of conformity); and
(b)perform the manufacturer’s obligations under regulation 13 (provision of information and
cooperation).
(3)The obligations laid down in regulation 4 (design and manufacture in accordance with safety objectives) and regulation 5(a) (technical documentation) must not form part of an authorised representative’s mandate.
(4)An authorised representative must comply with all the duties imposed on the manufacturer in relation to each obligation under these Regulations that the representative is appointed by the manufacturer to perform and, accordingly as far as those duties, as well as the penalties for failure to comply with those duties, are concerned, references in these Regulations (except in this regulation) to the manufacturer are to be taken as including a reference to the authorised representative.
(5)A manufacturer who has appointed an authorised representative to perform on the manufacturer’s behalf a task under these Regulations remains responsible for the proper performance of that obligation.
Importers
Prohibition on placing on the market electrical equipment which is not in conformity
15. An importer must not place electrical equipment on the market unless it is in conformity with Part 2.
Requirements which must be satisfied before an importer places electrical equipment on the market
16. Before placing electrical equipment on the market, an importer must ensure that—
(a)the conformity assessment procedure set out in Schedule 2 has been carried out;
(b)the manufacturer has drawn up the technical documentation;
(c)the electrical equipment bears the CE marking; and
(d)the manufacturer has complied with the requirements of regulation 8 (labelling of
electrical equipment).
Prohibition on placing on the market electrical equipment considered not to be in conformity with the safety objectives
17.—(1) Where an importer considers, or has reason to believe, that electrical equipment is not in conformity with the principal elements of the safety objectives, the importer must not place the electrical equipment on the market.
(2)Where the electrical equipment presents a risk, the importer must inform the manufacturer and the market surveillance authority of that risk.
Information identifying importer
18.—(1) Before placing electrical equipment on the market, an importer must indicate on the electrical equipment—
(a)the name, registered trade name or registered trade mark of the importer; and
(b) a postal address at which the importer can be contacted.
(2)The information specified in paragraph (1) must be in a language easily understood by end-users and the market surveillance authority in the member State in which it is to be made available to such end-users.
(3)Where it is not possible to indicate the information specified in paragraph (1) on the electrical equipment, the importer must indicate that information—
(a)on the packaging; or
(b)in a document accompanying the electrical equipment.
Instructions and safety information
19.—(1) When placing electrical equipment on the market, an importer must ensure that it is accompanied by instructions and safety information in a language which can be easily understood by consumers and other end-users.
(2)Where the electrical equipment is placed on the market in the UK, the language referred to in paragraph (1) must be English.
Storage and transport of electrical equipment
20. Where an importer has responsibility for electrical equipment, the importer must ensure that the conditions under which it is stored or transported do not jeopardise its conformity with the principal elements of the safety objectives.
Retention of technical documentation and EU declaration of conformity
21. An importer must, for a period of 10 years beginning on the day on which electrical equipment is placed on the market, keep and, upon request, make available to an enforcing authority the following in relation to the electrical equipment—
(a) a copy of the EU declaration of conformity; and
(b)the technical documentation.
Monitoring
22.—(1) Where appropriate, having regard to the risks to the health and safety of consumers presented by electrical equipment, the importer must—
(a)carry out sample testing of electrical equipment made available on the market by the
importer;
(b)investigate complaints that electrical equipment made available on the market by the
importer is not in conformity with Part 2;
(c)keep a register of—
(i)complaints that electrical equipment is not in conformity with Part 2;
(ii)electrical equipment which is found not to be in conformity with Part 2; and
(iii)electrical equipment recalls; and
(d)keep distributors informed of any monitoring carried out under this regulation.
(2)The importer must keep an entry made in the register for a period of at least 10 years beginning on the day on which the obligation to make the entry arose.
Duty to take action in respect of electrical equipment placed on the market which is considered not to be in conformity
23.—(1) An importer who considers, or has reason to believe, that electrical equipment which that importer has placed on the market is not in conformity with Part 2 must immediately take the corrective measures necessary to—
(a)bring that electrical equipment into conformity;
(b)withdraw the electrical equipment; or
(c)recall the electrical equipment.
(2)Where the electrical equipment presents a risk, the importer must immediately inform the market surveillance authority and the competent national authorities of any other member State in which the manufacturer made the electrical equipment available on the market of the risk, giving details of—
(a)the respect in which the electrical equipment is considered not to be in conformity with
Part 2; and
(b)any corrective measures taken.
Provision of information and cooperation
24.—(1) Following a request from an enforcing authority, and within such period as the authority may specify, an importer must provide the authority with all the information and documentation necessary to demonstrate that electrical equipment is in conformity with Part 2.
(2)A request referred to in paragraph (1)—
(a)may only be made during the period of 10 years beginning on the day the importer places
the equipment on the market; and
(b)must be accompanied by the reasons for making the request.
(3)The information referred to in paragraph (1)—
(a)may be provided electronically; and
(b)must be in a language which can be easily understood by the enforcing authority.
(4)An importer must, at the request of the enforcing authority, cooperate with that authority on any action taken to—
(a)evaluate electrical equipment in accordance with regulation 44 (evaluation of electrical
equipment presenting a risk); or
(b)eliminate the risks posed by electrical equipment which the importer has placed on the
market.
Distributors
Duty to act with due care
25. When making electrical equipment available on the market, a distributor must act with due care to ensure that it is in conformity with Part 2.
Requirements which must be satisfied before a distributor makes electrical equipment available on the market
26.—(1) Before making electrical equipment available on the market, the distributor must verify that—
(a)the electrical equipment—
(i)bears the CE marking;
(ii)is accompanied by the required documents;
(iii)is accompanied by instructions and safety information in a language which can be easily understood by consumers and other end-users in the member State in which
the electrical equipment is to be made available on the market;
(b)the manufacturer has complied with the requirements of regulation 8 (labelling of
electrical equipment);
(c)the importer has complied with the requirements of regulation 18 (information identifying
importer).
(2)In paragraph (1)(a)(ii), “required documents” means the documents that the manufacturer or importer is required to provide with the electrical equipment pursuant to—
(a)regulation 8 (labelling of electrical equipment);
(b)regulation 9 or 19 (instructions and safety information); and
(c)regulation 18 (information identifying importer).
(3)Where the electrical equipment is to be made available on the market in the UK, the language referred to in paragraph (1)(a)(iii) must be English.
Prohibition on making available on the market where electrical equipment considered not to be in conformity with safety objectives
27.—(1) Where a distributor considers or has reason to believe that electrical equipment is not in conformity with the principal elements of the safety objectives, the distributor must not make the electrical equipment available on the market until it has been brought into conformity.
(2)Where the electrical equipment presents a risk, the distributor must inform the following persons of the risk—
(a)the manufacturer or the importer; and
(b)the market surveillance authority.
Storage and transport of electrical equipment
28. A distributor must ensure that, while electrical equipment is the distributor’s responsibility, its storage or transport conditions do not jeopardise its conformity with the principal elements of the safety objectives.
Duty to take action in respect of electrical equipment placed on the market which is considered not to be in conformity
29.—(1) A distributor who considers, or has reason to believe, that electrical equipment which that distributor has placed on the market is not in conformity with Part 2 must ensure that the necessary corrective measures are taken to—
(a)bring that electrical equipment into conformity;
(b)withdraw the electrical equipment; or
(c)recall the electrical equipment.
(2)Where the electrical equipment presents a risk, the distributor must immediately inform the market surveillance authority and the competent national authorities of the other member States in which the distributor has made the electrical equipment available on the market, of that risk, giving details of—
(a)the respect in which the electrical equipment is considered not to be in conformity with
Part 2; and
(b)any corrective measures taken.
Provision of information and cooperation
30.—(1) Following a request from an enforcing authority, and within such period as the authority may specify, a distributor must provide the authority with all the information and documentation necessary to demonstrate that electrical equipment is in conformity with Part 2.
(2)The information referred to in paragraph (1)—
(a)may be provided electronically; and
(b)must be in a language which can be easily understood by the enforcing authority.
(3)A distributor must, at the request of the enforcing authority, cooperate with that authority on any action taken to—
(a)evaluate electrical equipment in accordance with regulation 44 (evaluation of electrical
equipment presenting a risk); or
(b)eliminate the risks posed by electrical equipment which the distributor has made available
on the market.
Cases in which obligations of manufacturers apply to importers and distributors 31.—(1) An importer or distributor (“A”) is to be considered a manufacturer for the purposes of these Regulations, and is subject to the relevant obligations of the manufacturer under this Part, where A—
(a)places electrical equipment on the market under A’s own name or trademark; or
(b)modifies electrical equipment already placed on the market in such a way that it may
affect whether the electrical equipment is in conformity with Part 2.
(2)In paragraph (1), “relevant obligations” means the obligations under regulations 4 (design and manufacture in accordance with safety objectives) to 13 (provision of information and cooperation).
All economic operators
Translation of declaration of conformity
32.—(1) Before making electrical equipment available on the market, an economic operator must ensure that the EU declaration of conformity is prepared in, or translated into, the language required by the member State in which it is to be made available on the market.
(2)Where the electrical equipment is to be made available on the market in the United Kingdom, the language required is English.
Identification of economic operators
33.—(1) An economic operator (“E”) who receives a request in relation to electrical equipment from the market surveillance authority before the end of the relevant period must, within such period as that authority may specify, identify to the authority—
(a)any other economic operator who has supplied E with the electrical equipment; and
(b)any other economic operator to whom E has supplied the electrical equipment.
(2)The relevant period is—
(a)for information under paragraph (1)(a), 10 years beginning on the day on which E was
supplied with the electrical equipment;
(b)for information under paragraph (1)(b), 10 years beginning on the day on which E
supplied the electrical equipment.
Prohibition on improper use of CE marking
34.—(1) An economic operator must not affix the CE marking to electrical equipment unless—
(a)that economic operator is the manufacturer; and
(b)the conformity of the electrical equipment with the principal elements of the safety
objectives has been demonstrated by the conformity assessment procedure set out in Schedule 2.
(2)An economic operator must not affix to electrical equipment a marking which—
(a)is not the CE marking; but
(b)purports to attest that the electrical equipment is in conformity with the principal elements
of the safety objectives.
(3)An economic operator must not affix to electrical equipment a marking, sign or inscription which is likely to mislead any other person as to the meaning or form of the CE marking.
(4)An economic operator must not affix to electrical equipment any other marking if the visibility, legibility and meaning of the CE marking would be impaired as a result.
Safe connection of electrical equipment intended for use in the United Kingdom 35.—(1) This regulation applies to electrical equipment intended for domestic use in the United Kingdom and made available by an economic operator for that purpose.
(2)Where the electrical equipment is a plug in device intended to be connected, without the use of a mains lead or plug, directly to the United Kingdom public electricity supply via a socket outlet conforming to BS 1363, the economic operator must ensure that the plug in device is compatible with socket outlets conforming to BS 1363.
(3)Where the electrical equipment has a flexible lead and plug assembly and is intended to be connected to the United Kingdom public electricity supply by means of a socket outlet conforming to BS 1363, the economic operator must ensure that that plug assembly—
(a)is a correctly fitted standard plug; or
(b)is—
(i)a correctly fitted non-UK plug, conforming to the safety provisions of IEC 884-1 and
correctly fitted with a compatible conversion plug; and
(ii)fitted with a fuse link which conforms to BS 1362 and which is rated in accordance with the electrical equipment manufacturer’s instructions.
(4)In this regulation, “socket”, “BS 1363”, “standard plug”, “non-UK plug”, “IEC 884-1”, “conversion plug”, “fuse link” and “BS 1362” have the meanings given in the Plugs and Sockets etc. (Safety) Regulations 1994(a).
PART 3
Conformity assessment
Presumption of conformity on the basis of harmonised standards
36.—(1) Electrical equipment which is in conformity with a harmonised standard (or part of such a standard) the reference to which has been published in the Official Journal is to be presumed to be in conformity with the principal elements of the safety objectives covered by that standard (or that part of that standard).
(2)The presumption in paragraph (1) is rebuttable.
(a) S.I. 1994/1768 amended by S.I. 2011/1043.
Conformity with other standards and requirements
37.—(1) Where there are no relevant harmonised standards, electrical equipment which satisfies safety provisions of international standards notified by the Commission is to be presumed to be in conformity with the principal elements of the safety objectives unless there are reasonable grounds for suspecting that the electrical equipment does not so comply.
(2)When there are no relevant harmonised standards and no relevant international safety provisions, electrical equipment is to be taken to comply with the principal elements of the safety objectives where—
(a)the equipment has been manufactured in accordance with the national safety provisions
applicable to that equipment in the member State of manufacture; and
(b)as a result of its compliance with those national safety provisions, at the time when it is
made available on the market it is at least as safe as it would be if it were in conformity with the principal elements of the safety objectives.
(3)In this regulation, “international standards notified by the Commission” means international standards set out by the International Electrotechnical Commission—
(a)which have been notified by the European Commission to the member States; and
(b)in respect of which no objection to their recognition has been made by a member State
within three months of that notification.
EU declaration of conformity
38. The EU declaration of conformity for electrical equipment must—
(a)state that the fulfilment of the principal elements of the safety objectives has been
demonstrated in respect of the electrical equipment;
(b)have the model structure set out in Schedule 8; and
(c)contain the elements specified in Schedule 2 for Module A Internal production control. CE marking
39.—(1) The CE marking must be affixed visibly, legibly and indelibly to the electrical equipment or to its data plate.
(2)Where it is not possible or warranted, on account of the nature of the electrical equipment, to affix the CE marking in accordance with paragraph (1), the CE marking must be affixed to—
(a)the packaging; and
(b)the accompanying documents.
PART 4
Market surveillance and enforcement
Designation of market surveillance authority
40.—(1) The market surveillance authority is—
(a)in the case of electrical equipment for use or operation in the circumstances in paragraph
(2)—
(i)subject to paragraph (3), in Great Britain, the Health and Safety Executive(a); and (a) Established under section 10 of the Health and Safety at Work etc Act 1974.
(ii)in Northern Ireland, the Health and Safety Executive for Northern Ireland(a) ;
(b)in the case of electrical equipment for private use or consumption (other than as referred
to in paragraph (2)(b))—
(i)in Great Britain, within its area, a weights and measures authority; and
(ii)in Northern Ireland, within its area, a district council.
(2)The circumstances referred to in paragraph (1)(a) are where—
(a)electrical equipment is designed for use or operation, whether exclusively or not, by
persons at work; or
(b)electrical equipment is designed for use, otherwise than at work, in non-domestic
premises made available to persons at a place where they may use the equipment provided for their own use there.
(3)In so far as these Regulations apply to electrical equipment intended exclusively or primarily for use on relevant nuclear sites, the market surveillance authority is the Office for Nuclear Regulation.
(4)In paragraph (3), “relevant nuclear site” means a site which is—
(a) a GB nuclear site (within the meaning given in section 68 of the Energy Act 2013(b));
(b)an authorised defence site (within the meaning given in regulation 2(1) of the Health and
Safety (Enforcing Authority) Regulations 1998(c)); or
(c) a new nuclear build site (within the meaning given in those Regulations). Enforcement
41.—(1) Subject to paragraph (2), these Regulations and RAMS (in its application to electrical equipment) must be enforced by the market surveillance authority.
(2)The Secretary of State, or a person appointed by the Secretary of State to act on behalf of the Secretary of State, may enforce these Regulations and RAMS (in its application to electrical equipment).
(3)Before taking enforcement action under paragraph (2), an enforcing authority which is not the market surveillance authority must notify the market surveillance authority of the proposed action.
(4)In Scotland, only the Lord Advocate may commence proceedings for an offence under these Regulations.
Enforcement powers
42.—(1) Schedule 3 (enforcement powers of weights and measures authorities, district councils and the Secretary of State under the 1987 Act) has effect where the enforcing authority is—
(a) a weights and measures authority;
(b) a district council; or
(c)the Secretary of State.
(2)Schedule 4 (enforcement powers of the Health and Safety Executive and the Office for Nuclear Regulation under the 1974 Act) has effect where the enforcing authority is the Health and Safety Executive or the Office for Nuclear Regulation.
(3)Schedule 5 (enforcement powers of the Health and Safety Executive for Northern Ireland under the 1978 Order) has effect where the enforcing authority is the Health and Safety Executive for Northern Ireland.
(a) Established under Article 12 of the Health and Safety at Work (Northern Ireland) Order 1978.
(b) 2013 c.32.
(c) S.I. 1998/494, amended by S.I. 2014/469; there are other amendments not relevant to these Regulations.
(4)In addition to the powers available to an enforcing authority by virtue of, as appropriate, paragraph (1), (2) or (3), the authority may use the powers in Schedule 6 (compliance, withdrawal and recall notices)(a).
(5)This regulation does not prevent an enforcing authority from taking action in respect of electrical equipment under the General Product Safety Regulations 2005(b).
Exercise of enforcement powers
43. When enforcing these Regulations the enforcing authority must exercise its powers in a manner which is consistent with—
(a)regulation 44 (evaluation of electrical equipment presenting a risk);
(b)regulation 45 (enforcement action in respect of electrical equipment which is not in
conformity and which presents a risk);
(c)regulation 46 (Union safeguard procedure);
(d)regulation 47 (enforcement action in respect of electrical equipment which are in
conformity, but which present a risk);
(e)regulation 48 (enforcement action in respect of formal non-compliance);
(f)regulation 49 (restrictive measures).
Evaluation of electrical equipment presenting a risk
44.—(1) Where the market surveillance authority has sufficient reason to believe that electrical equipment presents a risk, the market surveillance authority must carry out an evaluation in relation to the electrical equipment covering the relevant requirements of Part 2 applying in respect of that electrical equipment.
(2)Where an enforcing authority other than the market surveillance authority has sufficient reason to believe that electrical equipment presents a risk, that enforcing authority may carry out an evaluation in relation to the electrical equipment covering the requirements of Part 2 applying in respect of that electrical equipment.
Enforcement action in respect of electrical equipment which is not in conformity and which presents a risk
45.—(1) Where, in the course of an evaluation referred to in regulation 44, an enforcing authority finds that electrical equipment is not in conformity with Part 2, it must, without delay, require a relevant economic operator to—
(a)take all appropriate corrective actions to bring the electrical equipment into conformity
with those requirements within a prescribed period;
(b)withdraw the electrical equipment within a prescribed period; or
(c)recall the electrical equipment within a prescribed period.
(2)Where the enforcing authority is not the Secretary of State and it considers that the lack of conformity referred to in paragraph (1) is not restricted to the United Kingdom, it must notify the Secretary of State of—
(a)the results of the evaluation; and
(b)the actions which it has required the economic operator to take.
(3)Where the Secretary of State receives a notice under paragraph (2) or otherwise considers that the lack of conformity referred to in paragraph (1) is not restricted to the United Kingdom, the Secretary of State must inform the European Commission and the other member States of—
(a) For the investigatory powers available to an enforcing authority for the purposes of the duty imposed by this regulation, see
Schedule 5 to the Consumer Rights Act 2015 (c.15).
(b) S.I. 2005/1083.
(a)the results of the evaluation; and
(b)the actions which the enforcing authority has required the economic operator to take.
(4)Where the relevant economic operator does not take adequate corrective action within the prescribed period referred to in paragraph (1), the enforcing authority must take all appropriate measures to—
(a)prohibit or restrict the electrical equipment being made available on the market in the
United Kingdom;
(b)withdraw the electrical equipment from the United Kingdom market; or
(c)recall the electrical equipment.
(5)Where the enforcing authority is not the Secretary of State and it takes measures under paragraph (4), it must notify the Secretary of State of those measures without delay.
(6)Where the Secretary of State receives a notice under paragraph (5), or takes measures under paragraph (4), the Secretary of State must notify the European Commission and the other member States of those measures without delay.
(7)The notices in paragraphs (5) and (6) must include, where available—
(a)the data necessary for the identification of the electrical equipment which is not in
conformity with Part 2;
(b)the origin of the electrical equipment;
(c)the nature of the lack of conformity alleged and the risk involved;
(d)the nature and duration of the measures taken;
(e)the arguments put forward by the relevant economic operator; and
(f) a statement as to whether the lack of conformity is due to—
(i)failure of the electrical equipment to meet relevant requirements relating to a risk; or
(ii)shortcomings in a harmonised standard referred to in regulation 36 conferring a presumption of conformity.
(8)In this regulation, “prescribed period” means a period which is—
(a)prescribed by the enforcing authority; and
(b)reasonable and commensurate with the nature of the risk presented by the electrical
equipment.
Union safeguard procedure
46.—(1) Where another member State has initiated the procedure under Article 19(4) of the Directive (as amended from time to time), each enforcing authority (other than the Secretary of State) must, without delay, inform the Secretary of State of—
(a)any measures taken by that enforcing authority in respect of the electrical equipment
which is the subject of that procedure;
(b)any additional information which the enforcing authority has at its disposal relating to the
lack of conformity of that electrical equipment.
(2)Where another member State has initiated the procedure under Article 19(4) of the Directive (as amended from time to time), the Secretary of State must, without delay, inform the European Commission and the other member States of—
(a)any measures taken by an enforcing authority in respect of the electrical equipment which
is the subject of that procedure;
(b)any additional information which an enforcing authority has at its disposal relating to the
lack of conformity of that electrical equipment; and
(c)any objections that the Secretary of State may have to the measure taken by the member
State initiating the procedure.
(3)Where a measure taken by another member State in respect of electrical equipment is considered justified by the European Commission under Article 20(1) of the Directive, the market surveillance authority must take the necessary measures to ensure that electrical equipment is withdrawn from the United Kingdom market.
(4)Where the market surveillance authority is not the Secretary of State and it has taken action under paragraph (3), it must inform the Secretary of State.
(5)Where the Secretary of State receives a notice under paragraph (4) or has taken action under paragraph (3), the Secretary of State must inform the European Commission of the action taken. (6)If a measure taken by an enforcing authority pursuant to regulation 45 is considered unjustified by the European Commission under Article 20(1) of the Directive (as amended from time to time), the enforcing authority must withdraw that measure.
Enforcement action in respect of electrical equipment which is in conformity, but presents a risk
47.—(1) Where, having carried out an evaluation under regulation 44, an enforcing authority finds that although electrical equipment is in conformity with Part 2, it presents a risk, the enforcing authority must require a relevant economic operator to take all appropriate measures to—
(a)ensure that the electrical equipment concerned, when placed on the market, no longer
presents a risk;
(b)withdraw the electrical equipment within a prescribed period; or
(c)recall the electrical equipment within a prescribed period.
(2)Where an enforcing authority is not the Secretary of State and it takes measures under paragraph (1), it must notify the Secretary of State immediately.
(3)Where the Secretary of State receives a notice under paragraph (2) or takes measures under paragraph (1), the Secretary of State must notify the European Commission and the other member States immediately.
(4)The notices referred to in paragraphs (2) and (3) must include, where available—
(a)the data necessary for the identification of the electrical equipment concerned;
(b)the origin and the supply chain of the electrical equipment;
(c)the nature of the risk involved; and
(d)the nature and duration of the measures taken by the enforcing authority.
(5)In this regulation, “prescribed period” means a period which is—
(a)prescribed by the enforcing authority; and
(b)reasonable and commensurate with the nature of the risk presented by the electrical
equipment.
Enforcement action in cases of formal non-compliance
48.—(1) Where an enforcing authority makes one of the following findings in relation to electrical equipment, it must require a relevant economic operator to remedy the non-compliance concerned within such reasonable period as the enforcing authority specifies—
(a)the CE marking—
(i)has not been affixed; or
(ii)has been affixed otherwise than in accordance with regulations 34 (Prohibition on improper use of CE marking) and 39 (CE marking);
(b)the EU declaration of conformity—
(i)has not been drawn up; or
(ii)has been drawn up otherwise than in accordance with regulations 6 (EU declaration of conformity and CE marking) and 38 (EU declaration of conformity);
(c)the technical documentation is either not available or not complete;
(d)the following information is absent, false or incomplete—
(i)the information specified in regulation 8 (labelling of electrical equipment); or
(ii)the information specified in regulation 9 (instructions and safety information);
(e)any other administrative requirement provided for in regulation 6 or 8 has not been
fulfilled.
(2)The enforcing authority must not commence proceedings under these Regulations, or take any other enforcement action under these Regulations, against the relevant economic operator in respect of the non-compliance concerned until the period referred to in paragraph (1) has elapsed.
(3)Where the non-compliance referred to in paragraph (1) persists, the enforcing authority must take all appropriate measures to—
(a)restrict or prohibit the electrical equipment being made available on the market;
(b)ensure that the electrical equipment is withdrawn; or
(c)ensure that the electrical equipment is recalled.
(4)This regulation does not apply where electrical equipment presents a risk.
Restrictive measures
49. When enforcing these Regulations, an enforcing authority must comply with the requirements of Article 21 of RAMS (as amended from time to time) in relation to any measure to—
(a)prohibit or restrict electrical equipment being made available on the market;
(b)withdraw electrical equipment;
(c)recall electrical equipment.
Offences
50.—(1) It is an offence for a person to contravene or fail to comply with any requirement of regulations 4 to 12, 13(4), 15 to 23, 34(4), 25 to 29, 30(3) or 33 to 35.
(2)It is an offence for any person to contravene or fail to comply with any requirement of a withdrawal or recall notice served on that person by an enforcing authority under these Regulations.
Penalties
51.—(1) A person guilty of an offence under regulation 50 (other than an offence arising from a contravention of or failure to comply with a requirement of regulation 7 or regulation 21) is liable—
(a)on summary conviction—
(i)in England and Wales, to a fine or imprisonment for a term not exceeding three
months, or to both;
(ii)in Scotland, to a fine not exceeding the statutory maximum or imprisonment for a term not exceeding 3 months, or to both;
(iii)in Northern Ireland, to a fine not exceeding the statutory maximum or imprisonment for a term not exceeding 3 months, or to both;
(b)on conviction on indictment, to a fine or imprisonment for a term not exceeding two years
or to both.
(2)A person guilty of an offence arising from a contravention of or failure to comply with a requirement of regulation 7 or regulation 21 is liable on summary conviction—
(a)in England and Wales, to a fine or imprisonment for a term not exceeding three months,
or to both;
(b)in Scotland and Northern Ireland, to a fine not exceeding level 5 on the standard scale or
imprisonment for a term not exceeding three months, or to both.
Defence of due diligence
52.—(1) In proceedings for an offence under regulation 50, it is a defence for a person (“P”) to show that P took all reasonable steps and exercised all due diligence to avoid committing the offence.
(2)P may not rely on a defence under paragraph (1) which involves a third party allegation unless P has—
(a)served a notice in accordance with paragraph (3); or
(b)obtained the leave of the court.
(3)The notice must—
(a)give any information in P’s possession which identifies or assists in identifying the
person who—
(i)committed the act or default; or
(ii)supplied the information on which P relied, and
(b)be served on the person bringing the proceedings not less than seven clear days before—
(i)in England, Wales and Northern Ireland, the hearing of the proceedings;
(ii)in Scotland, the trial diet.
(4)P may not rely on a defence under paragraph (1) which involves an allegation that the commission of the offence was due to reliance on information supplied by another person unless it was reasonable for P to have relied upon the information, having regard in particular—
(a)to the steps that P took, and those which might reasonably have been taken, for the
purpose of verifying the information; and
(b)to whether P had any reason to disbelieve the information.
(5)In this regulation, “third party allegation” means an allegation that the commission of the offence was due—
(a)to the act or default of another person; or
(b)to reliance on information supplied by another person.
Liability of persons other than principal offender
53.—(1) Where the commission of an offence under regulation 50 is due to anything which another person did or failed to do in the course of business, that other person is guilty of the offence and may be proceeded against and punished, whether or not proceedings are taken against the first person.
(2)Where a body corporate commits an offence, a relevant person is also guilty of the offence where the offence was committed by the body corporate—
(a)with the consent or connivance of the relevant person; or
(b)as a result of the negligence of the relevant person.
(3)In paragraph (2), “relevant person” means—
(a) a director, manager, secretary or other similar officer of the body corporate;
(b)in relation to a body corporate managed by its members, a member of that body corporate
performing managerial functions;
(c)in relation to a Scottish partnership, a partner;
(d) a person purporting to act as a person described in subparagraphs (a), (b) or (c).
Time limit for prosecution of offences
54.—(1) In England and Wales an information relating to an offence under regulation 50 that is triable by a magistrates’ court may be so tried if it is laid within 12 months after the date on which evidence sufficient in the opinion of the prosecutor to justify the proceedings comes to the knowledge of the prosecutor.
(2)In Scotland—
(a)summary proceedings for an offence may be commenced before the end of 12 months
after the date on which evidence sufficient in the Lord Advocate’s opinion to justify the proceedings came to the Lord Advocate’s knowledge; and
(b)section 136(3) of the Criminal Procedure (Scotland) Act 1995(a) (time limit for certain
offences) applies for the purpose of this paragraph as it applies for the purpose of that section.
(3)In Northern Ireland summary proceedings for an offence under regulation 50 may be instituted within 12 months after the date on which evidence sufficient in the opinion of the prosecutor to justify proceedings comes to the knowledge of the prosecutor.
(4)No proceedings may be brought more than three years after the commission of the offence.
(5)For the purposes of this regulation a certificate of the prosecutor (or in Scotland, the Lord Advocate) as to the date on which the evidence referred to paragraph (1), (2) or (3) came to light, is conclusive evidence.
(6)This regulation has effect subject to paragraph (1)(n) of Schedule 4 (enforcement powers of the Health and Safety Executive and the Office for Nuclear Regulation under the 1974 Act) and to paragraph (1)(n) of Schedule 5 (enforcement powers of the Health and Safety Executive for Northern Ireland under the 1978 Order).
Service of documents
55.—(1) Any document required or authorised by these Regulations to be served on a person may be served by—
(a)delivering it to that person in person;
(b)leaving it at that person’s proper address;
(c)sending it by post or electronic means to that person’s proper address;
(2)In the case of a body corporate, a document may be served on a director of that body.
(3)In the case of a partnership, a document may be served on a partner or a person having control or management of the partnership business.
(4)For the purposes of this regulation, “proper address” means—
(a)in the case of a body corporate or its director—
(i)the registered or principal office of that body; or
(ii)the email address of the secretary or clerk of that body;
(b)in the case of a partnership, a partner or person having control or management of the
partnership business—
(i)the principal office of the partnership; or
(ii)the email address of a partner or person having that control or management;
(c)in any other case, a person’s last known address, which address may be an email address.
(a) 1995 c.46.
挖土安全操作规程(新编版)
The prerequisite for vigorously developing our productivity is that we must be responsible for the safety of our company and our own lives. （安全管理） 单位：___________________ 姓名：___________________ 日期：___________________ 挖土安全操作规程(新编版)
挖土安全操作规程(新编版)导语：建立和健全我们的现代企业制度，是指引我们生产劳动的方向。而大力发展我们生产力的前提，是我们必须对我们企业和我们自己的生命安全负责。可用于实体印刷或电子存档（使用前请详细阅读条款）。 1挖土前根据安全技术交底了解地下管线、人防及其他构筑物情况和具体位置。地下构筑物外露时，必须进行加固保护。作业过程中应避开管线和构筑物。在现场电力、通信电缆2m范围内和现场燃气、热力、给排水等管道1m范围内挖土时，必须在主管单位人员监护下采取人工开挖。 2开挖槽、坑、沟深度超过1.5m，必须根据土质和深度情况按安全技术交底放坡或加可靠支撑，遇边坡不稳、有坍塌危险征兆时，必须立即撤离现场。并及时报告施工负责人，采取安全可靠排险措施后，方可继续挖土。 3槽、坑、沟必须设置人员上下坡道或安全梯。严禁攀登固壁支撑上下，或直接从沟；坑边壁上挖洞攀登爬上或跳下。间歇时，不得在槽、坑坡脚下休息。 4挖土过程中遇有古墓、地下管道、电缆或其他不能辨认的异物和液体、气体时，应立即停止作业，并报告施工负责人，待查明处理后，
英语作文关于共享单车的篇精编
(一) 假定你是红星中学初三学生李华。你的美国朋友Jim在给你的邮件中提到他对中国新近出现的一种共享单车“mobike”很感兴趣，并请你做个简要介绍。请你给Jim回信，内容包括： 1. 这种单车的使用方法(如：APP查看车辆、扫码开锁等); 2. 这种单车的优势; 3. 你对这种单车的看法。 注意：1. 词数不少于80; 2. 开头和结尾已给出，不计入总词数。 提示词：智能手机smartphone, 二维码the QR code 参考范文 Dear Jim, I’m writing to tell you more about the new form of sharing bike mobike mentioned in your latest letter. It’s very convenient to use if you have a smartphone. What you do is find a nearest mobikethrough the APP, scan the QR code on the bike, and enjoy your trip. Compared to other forms of sharing bike, the greatest advantage of mobike is that you can easily find one and never worry about where to park it. It is becoming a new trend as a means of transportation, which relieves the traffic pressure and does good to the environment as well. Hope to ride a mobike with you in China. Yours, Li Hua (二) 最近很多大城市都投放了共享单车(shared bikes)，比如摩拜单车(Mobike)、Ofo共享单车等。由于它们方便停放，骑车也能起到锻炼身体的作用，作为代步工具很受大家欢迎。但是，各地也出现了很多毁车现象，比如刮掉车上的二维码(QR code)、上私锁等。 你对这种现象怎么看?你对共享单车公司有什么建议吗?写一篇符合逻辑的英语短文，80词左右。 参考词汇：bike-sharing companies 共享单车公司，Mobike 和Ofo 是两家共享单车公司，convenience 方便，register登记 参考范文 The shared bikes like Mobike and Ofo bring great convenience to people. You needn’t lock them by simply using your smart phone. They can take you where the subway and bus don’t go. And they can be left anywhere in public for the next user. However, bad things happen. Some people damage the QR code on the bike, or use their own lock, which causes trouble to other users. In my opinion, it’s difficult to turn these people’s ideas in a short time. Therefore, bike-sharing companies like Mobike and Ofo need to do something. For example, those who damage the bike should pay for their actions. Also, because people use their real name toregister as a user, it’s a good way to connect to one’s personal credit. In the end, what I want to say is to take good care of public services. (三) 共享单车(bicycle sharing)已成为时下最热的话题之一，请你就这一话题写一篇短文。内容须包括三方面：1. 共享单车蓬勃发展，成为社会热潮;2. 共享单车带来便利，但也存在问题;3. 我对解决问题的建议。 参考范文 Bicycle Sharing With the development of technology, bicycle sharing comes into people's lives. It becomes more and more popular and much news reported it. At the same time, we should see that there are some problems caused by bicycle sharing. On one side, bicycle sharing makes it very convenient of people traveling. You can find a bicycle anywhere at any time when you want to go out for a cycling, and the price of one trip is very low. It can save time for people. On the other side, its management is not perfect. Even kids can open the lock and ride the bicycle, there is no doubt that such behavior is very dangerous.
安全文化的结构与功能(标准版)
安全文化的结构与功能(标准 版) Safety culture is to establish a safe, reliable, harmonious and coordinated environment and a safety system for matching operation. ( 安全管理 ) 单位：______________________ 姓名：______________________ 日期：______________________ 编号：AQ-SN-0982
安全文化的结构与功能(标准版) 一、安全文化的结构 安全文化体现为人类群体生活及生产中安全价值观和安全行为准则的总合，这一价值观和行为准则可以概括为一句话，就是人类在从事生活及生产活动中“安全第一”。 可以从不同的角度对安全文化的内涵作出不同的归纳和分类，例如，从其功能上划分，可以将其分为生活安全文化、体育安全文化、科研安全文化、生产安全文化等，而每一类又可以作出更详细的划分，譬如生产安全文化又可以分为采矿安全文化、化工安全文化、核安全文化等。 这里从安全文化建设工程的角度将安全文化分为基础安全文化与专业安全文化两大类。 基础安全文化是每一个社会成员都应当普遍具备的，也可以称
为社会安全文化，它主要是指人类生活过程中应具备的安全文化知识与技能，包括起居安全、煤气安全、电器安全、交通安全、防火灭火等各个方面安全知识、避免事故的行为方式和事故中逃生与救援方法等。 专业安全文化是指各种技术专业中的安全文化，各种专业活动多是以企业的组织形式进行，因此也可以称为企业安全文化。在不同的专门技术、不同的研究领域中有着不同的技术装备、工艺方法、作业环境及操作技艺，因此各专业有着不同的安全科学知识、安全工程技术及安全管理方法。 基础安全文化是专业安全文化建立的基础，而专业安全文化又推动着基础安全文化的提高和发展。 不论基础安全文化还是专业安全文化，都具有表层与理层两重结构。 表层是指安全文化的表象层，它是各种意义明确、内容具体的行为规范和标准构成的文化表象，也可以称为表现层。表层结构由立约和非立约两类内容组成：立约类是指那些用上定的形式（例如；
介绍北京的英语作文(2)
介绍北京的英语作文(2) AsBeijinghasbeenconfirmedhomecityofOlympics2008,the spiritofgreenOlympics,scientificOlympicsandhumanizedOlymp icwillsurelybringmoreandmorechangestoBeijing,promotethed evelopmentofsportsandOlympicsinChinaaswellasintheworld,a ndstrengthenthefriendlycommunicationsbetweenChineseandf oreignpeople. 篇六：Beijing BeijingisthecapitalofPeoplesRepublicofChinaandthenation scentreforpolitics,economyandculture.Itenjoysalongandrichhis tory.Therearenumerousheritagesitesandwonderfulexamplesof ancientarchitecture,suchastheworld-famousGreatWall,theTem pleofHeavenandtheForbiddenCity. Besidessightseeingplaces,therearemanydeliciousfoodsuch asPekingducksandBeijingsnacks.Beijingisreallyagoodplacetotr avel. 篇七：Beijing AsthecaptainofChina，Beijinghasbeenthemostpopularcityofchina。SomoreandmorepeoplewanttovisitBeijing.
挖土安全操作规程(新版)
( 操作规程 ) 单位：_________________________ 姓名：_________________________ 日期：_________________________ 精品文档 / Word文档 / 文字可改 挖土安全操作规程(新版) Safety operating procedures refer to documents describing all aspects of work steps and operating procedures that comply with production safety laws and regulations.
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