本科毕业论文外文翻译-欧盟扩展后的产业结构和产业定位论文文献翻译-中英文论文对照翻译

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本科毕业论文外文翻译-欧盟扩展后的产业

结构和产业定位

作者： Karolina Ekholm

原文：

Industrial Structure and Industry Location in an Enlarged Europe

Effects on industrial structure Increased trade generates scope for increased specialization both between and within industries. The tendency for the accession countries in CEE to be specialized in industries such as textiles and apparel can be seen as reflecting comparative advantages in labour intensive industries. With increased trade, such inter-industry

specialization patterns are likely to be reinforced. At the same time, we would expect increased trade to also lead to increased specialization in activities within industries that reflect the countries’ comparative advantages.

When the entire process of producing a final good involves several different activities, such as conducting research and development, producing intermediate inputs, and assemble inputs into final products, there may be benefits from locating these different activities in different countries. Assembly activities are typically relatively labour intensive, and it may therefore be advantageous for a fir- m to carry out such activities in countries in which labour is cheap. Similarly, the production of labour intensive intermediate inputs will be produced more cheaply in low-wage countries, and therefore it may be advantageous for a firm to outsource this activity to a foreign firm or, possibly, to carry out the activity in a foreign subsidiary. It has been estimated that about half of the increase in trade between the OECD countries the lastcouple of decades is related to this type of fragmentation of production.

The evidence on the bilateral pattern of trade and FDI suggests that production networks of this kind typically involve countries located in geographical proximity to one another. So-called gravity analyses of trade show that, all else being equal, countries trade more with countries located close by than with countries located far away. Similar type of

analyses carried out for FDI reveal the same type of pattern: all else being equal, countries invest more in countries located close by than in counties located far away (e.g. Ekholm, 1998, Shatz and Venables, 2000). This means that it seems likely that the Baltic States and Poland could be prime targets for firms based in Sweden and Finland looking for low-wage sites for part of their production processes. Countries such as Germany and Austria may be more prone to invest in countries such as the Czech Republic and Hungary. Kaminski and Smarzynska (2001) provide evidence that FDI inflows in Poland have contributed to an increased participation in these types of global production and distribution networks.

It seems reasonable to expect that increased trade between Sweden and the accession countries is going to contribute to a further specialization in skill and knowledge intensive industries and segments of industries and a further movement away from production in labour intensive industries and segments of industries. Which regions in Sweden are likely to be the most affected by this? The previously mentioned report on the effect of Eastern enlargement on the Swedish economy from a regional perspective (Eliasson et al., 1998) shows that Southern and Central Sweden had large employment shares in

labour intensive industry in 1995. In particular, this was true for regions located in Smaland and Bergslagen. The report also argued that small regions tend to be more specialized in labour intensive industries than large regions, resulting in a pattern where some small regions are very dependent on labour intensive industries for local employment. The opposite pattern is found for knowledge and research intensive industries. These industries are typically found in relatively large regions, such as regions close to the major cities Stockholm and Gothenburg and to the university towns Uppsala, Lund, and Linkoping.

Another relevant question is whether accession is going to affect firms differently depending on their size. It may be easier for large firms to exploit theopportunities of improved access to the accession countries’ markets and of outsourcing labour intensive stages of production. Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMES) may find it more difficult to reap the benefits of accession, being affected mainly through increased competition from producers in CEE. A study by the Rheinisch-Westfalisches Institute fur Wirtschaftsforschung (RWI, 2000) concluded that SMES in the EU would not be affected

strongly by enlargement, except possibly medium-sized firms located in regions bordering the accession countries.

It is apparent that compared to many other countries, a relatively large share of the population in many of the countries in CEE have long formal educations. In this respect, these countries have potentially comparative advantages in skill-intensive production. However, as the previous section has shown, at present the CEE countries appear to be no more skill abundant than the Southern European countries. Moreover, the transition process led initially to a dramatic fall in employment in several of the accession countries (see Commission of the European Communities, 2003). Even if employment levels have recovered somewhat, unemployment is still relatively high. High levels of unemployment should put a cap on wage increases, keeping labour costs relatively low. Thus, in the foreseeable future, it seems unlikely that increased trade would drive specialization away from industries and segments of industries that are intensive in low-skilled labour in the CEE countries.

An issue related to the effects of trade integration on patterns of specialization is the effect of trade integration on firm and industry location. In industries characterized by

increasing returns to scale it may be advantageous for firms to locate in regions with good market access. The reason for this is that if trade is costly and the firm wants to derive economies of scale by concentrating production in a single production unit, total trade costs will be minimized if the firm locates its single plant in the market with best access to consumers. Regions with good market access tend to be regions with large domestic markets and/or a central location vis-à-vis other regions with large domestic markets. Thus, in industries with increasing returns to scale we would expect a tendency for firms to cluster in core regions and a tendency for peripheral regions to be at a disadvantage in producing such goods.

It is not completely clear how trade integration in the form of a lowering of tradecosts is likely to affect industrial location. In order for the firm to gain from locating where market access is good, trade has to be costly. On the other hand, if trade costs are very high, firms will only sell to domestic consumers and then a high degree of local competition will be a factor that might lead firms to stay away from core regions, since these regions have not only a large number of consumers but also a large number of producers. The theoretical

literature on trade integration and industrial location suggests that it is primarily at intermediate levels of trade costs that the attraction of core regions is strong (see e.g. Fujita, Krugman, and Venables, 1999). A consequence of this attraction is a tendency for real wages to be higher in the core than in the periphery. Lower real wages in the accession countries as well as in a country such as Sweden compared to the European core might thus simply reflect a less advantageous geographical location, and might be needed in order to induce firms to remain in the region.

Not every industry is likely to be strongly affected by the benefits of having good market access. It is crucial that the economies of scale are such that the firm chooses to carry out its operations in one or a few plants. In some industries, economies of scale at plant level are relatively weak and firms typically operate many plants in different locations. Moreover, market access is only important if you are producing final goods or inputs potentially bought by many different customers. If the industry is fragmented so that inputs of a specific firm may be produced in one place, whereas the production of the final product takes place in another, the production of final

products may very well be attracted to the core, while intermediate inputs production takes place in the periphery.

Whereas there is a considerable literature analyzing the theoretical implications of trade integration on industrial location, there is very little empirical evidence to draw on. One study analyzing how the location of European industries has evolved in the face of European integration finds very mixed evidence for different industries (Midelfart-Knarvik, Overman, Redding, and Venables, 2002). Some industries seem to have become more concentrated, some more dispersed, while yet some others do not seem to have changed at all. Although countries and regions have be- come more specialized within the EU, this process has been very slow. There is no evidence ofpolarization occurring at the national level, meaning increasing differences in the extent of economic activities, but there is some evidence at the regional level, implying that some regions are in fact losing out (see also Midelfart-Knarvik and Overman, 2002).

However the changes, in those cases where there are changes, seem to be very slow. Thus, the fear that increased trade integration with low-wage countries in CEE will produce drastic changes in the location of industries might not be justified.

On the other hand, European integration has not involved countries with such low wages before, so it may very well be the case that there is much greater scope for a relocation of labour intensive industries and segments of industries to the new member countries. Within the group of new member countries, the Baltic States may be at a certain disadvantage compared to countries such as Poland, Hungary and the Czech Republic on account of their more peripheral location. Still, the Baltic States are conveniently located for participation in production networks involving Scandinavian firms.

Effects on industrial structure and industry location

A common feature of low-wage, or low-income, countries are that in the absence of capital movements the limited scope for domestic savings would severely restrict domestic investment. In this sense, foreign capital is instrumental in increasing the pace at which capital accumulation takes place in such countries. Furthermore, low-wage countries are usually scarce in technological know- ledge. FDI is associated not only with a financial investment flow, but also with a foreign firm keep- ing control over the investment project, thereby being able to apply its technology to the project. Thus, an increased inflow

of FDI will be very important for industrial development and industrial restructuring in the accession countries.

There are two main reasons as to why the incentives for foreign firms to invest in the accession countries are likely to increase with accession. To begin with, a membership will improve the prospects for high economic growth and a stable development in these countries. This means that the incentives to invest in order to get better access to a growing market in the accession countries will increase. Furthermore, the improved access to the EU market combined with the low wageswill make the accession countries a more attractive location for production for the Western European market. This means that the incentives to invest in order to lower the costs of producing goods for the markets in the current EU members will also increase.

FDI in production intended for exports is sometimes referred to as export-platform FDI. The recent development in Ireland is to a large extent based on such FDI. In particular, US firms have invested heavily in production of goods that are mainly sold outside Ireland itself (e.g. Barry, 1999). The available evidence on FDI in the accession countries during the late 1990s suggests a strong emphasis on export production.

Marin et al. (2003) report a similar emphasis on export production of affiliates of German firms in CEE, in particular for those located in the Baltic States and the Slovakia.

译文：

欧盟扩展后的产业结构和产业定位对产业结构的影响

贸易增加提高了专业化和产业内部之间的范围。中欧和东欧国家有将专门从事如纺织品和服装这种可以被看作是反映比较优势的劳动力密集型产业的趋势。随着贸易的增长，这种产业间的专业化格局很可能会得到加强。与此同时，我们希望增加贸易同时也产生更多的行业内的反映了各国比较优势的专业化活动。

在整个生产过程中最后涉及的几个不同的环节，如从事研究和开发，生产的中间投入，最终产品的投入组装，在不同的国家定位这些不同的活动可能会增加利益。装配环节通常是劳力相对密集的，因此它可能会有利于在劳动力价格很便宜的国家进行这类活动的公司。同样，劳力密集的中间投入的生产加工在低工资国家将更便宜，因此，公司把这一活动外包给外国公司是有利的，如果可能的话，在外国子公司进行这类生产。据估计，在过去几十年经合组织国家之间大约一半的贸易增长是通过这种分散生产的方式实现的。

双边贸易模式和外国直接投资表明，这种生产网络通常设在地理上接近对方的国家。所谓的重力贸易分析表明，所有其他条件相同的国家与邻近国家的贸易多于距离远的国家。通过对对外直接投资进行类似的分析，可以揭示同种模式：在其他条件相同的情况下，一个国家更多地投资于邻近国家。这意味着波罗的海国家和波兰的首要目标是公司的总部设在瑞典和芬兰，同时为生产流程部分寻找低工资的地点。如德国和奥地利等国可能会更容易投资在捷克共和国和匈牙利。 Kaminski和Smarzynska（2001）提供的证据表明，更多地参与这些类型的全球生产和分销网络有助于增加波兰的外国直接投资流入量。

看来可以看出瑞典和欧盟加入国之间的贸易增加将有助于技术的进一步专业化，知识密集的行业和部分部门进一步脱离劳动力密集型的产业和部分行业。瑞典的哪个地区可能是受影响最严重的呢？前面提到的东扩对瑞典经济影响的报告从区域角度显示，1995年瑞典的南部和中部大量就业量是在劳动力密集型产业。尤其是，位于Smaland和Bergslagen的地区。该报告还认为，小区域往往比大区域更致力于劳动力密集型产业，一些小的地区过分依赖于劳动力密集型产业为当地创造就业机会造成了这种模式的形成。与此相反的是知识和研究密集型产业。这些行业通常是在比较大的地区，如主要城市斯德哥尔摩、哥德堡和大学城乌普萨拉，隆德及附近地区。

另一个相关的问题是，规模不同的企业加入带来的影响是否也不相同？它能使大型企业可以更容易利用进入加入欧盟国家的市场和

外包劳力密集的生产阶段的机会。中小型企业受中欧和东欧的企业的竞争加剧的影响，可能会觉得更难以获得加入的好处。莱茵- Westfalisches经济学院的研究所得出的结论是欧盟的中小型企业除了设在与加入国接壤的地区，其余的企业将不会受到欧盟扩张的强烈影响。

很显然与其他许多国家相比，很多中东欧国家的相当大份额的人口长期接受正规教育。在这方面，这些国家具有潜在的技术密集型生产的比较优势。然而，正如前一节所表明，目前中欧和东欧国家相比南欧国家没有更多的技能优势。此外，进程的过渡加快导致最初几个加入国的就业人数急剧下降。即使就业水平已经有所恢复，失业率仍比较高。高失业率会限制工资增长，同时保持相对较低的劳动力成本。因此，在可预见的将来，增加贸易推动专业化，使中欧和东欧国家减少低技能劳动力密集的产业和部分行业，似乎不大可能。

一个涉及到影响专业化的贸易一体化模式，公司的贸易一体化和产业的定位的问题。行业的特点是规模报酬递增可能有利于公司在设置地区具有良好的市场准入。这样做的理由是，如果贸易成本昂贵而公司希望获得在一个单一单位集中生产的规模经济，如果该公司的单厂设置在其面向消费者具有最佳机会的市场上，贸易的费用总额将会减少。具有良好的市场准入的区域往往是具有巨大国内市场的区域或在一个相对于其他具有巨大国内市场地区的中央位置。因此，在产业具有规模报酬递增时，我们希望企业在核心区域具有集群的趋势，使周边地区将处于不利于再生产这种产品的地位的趋势。

在不完全清楚贸易一体化的形式的情况下，降低贸易成本，可能会影响到产业的定位。为了使公司从在最好的市场准入定位，较高的贸易成本中获益。如果贸易成本高昂，公司只能将产品出售给国内消费者，高度的地方竞争是可能导致公司远离核心区域的一个因素，因为这些地区不仅存在众多消费者，而且还有大量的生产者。研究贸易一体化和产业的定位的理论文献表明，这主要因为是中间层次的贸易成本对核心区域的强力吸引。这形成一种核心地区的实际工资水平比周边地区高的趋势。实际工资较低的加入国和如瑞典等在欧洲核心地区的国家相比，可能只是反映了优越的地理位置，并可能需要重新定位以促使公司继续留在该地区。

不是每个产业都可以享受拥有较好的市场准入的好处。规模经济对公司决定开展其业务中一个或少数几个部分是至关重要的。在一些行业，企业通常在不同地点经营许多部门而使规模经济减弱。此外，如果你是生产最终产品或投入潜在的具有购买力的不同客户，那么，市场准入是最重要的。如果该行业的投入分散，使一个公司设置在一个地方而最终产品的生产设置在另一地区，那么，当中间投入生产发生在周边地区, 生产最终产品很可能被设置到核心地区虽然有很多文献分析了贸易一体化对产业定位的影响，但其中很少有实证借鉴。一项面对欧洲一体化如何定位欧洲产业发展的研究分析表明，不同行业的分析非常复杂。有些产业已发展的较为集中，有些产业仍较为分散，而其他的产业并没有发生改变。虽然一些国家和地区的产业在加入欧盟后已变得更加专业化，但这一进程非常缓

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译文： 中国上市公司偏好股权融资：非制度性因素 国际商业管理杂志 2009.10 摘要：本文把重点集中于中国上市公司的融资活动，运用西方融资理论，从非制度性因素方面，如融资成本、企业资产类型和质量、盈利能力、行业因素、股权结构因素、财务管理水平和社会文化，分析了中国上市公司倾向于股权融资的原因，并得出结论，股权融资偏好是上市公司根据中国融资环境的一种合理的选择。最后，针对公司的股权融资偏好提出了一些简明的建议。 关键词：股权融资，非制度性因素，融资成本 一、前言 中国上市公司偏好于股权融资，根据中国证券报的数据显示，1997年上市公司在资本市场的融资金额为95.87亿美元，其中股票融资的比例是72.5％，，在1998年和1999年比例分别为72.6％和72.3％，另一方面，债券融资的比例分别是17.8％，24.9％和25.1％。在这三年，股票融资的比例，在比中国发达的资本市场中却在下跌。以美国为例，当美国企业需要的资金在资本市场上，于股权融资相比他们宁愿选择债券融资。统计数据显示，从1970年到1985年，美日企业债券融资占了境外融资的91.7％，比股权融资高很多。阎达五等发现，大约中国3/4的上市公司偏好于股权融资。许多研究的学者认为，上市公司按以下顺序进行外部融资：第一个是股票基金，第二个是可转换债券，三是短期债务，最后一个是长期负债。许多研究人员通常分析我国上市公司偏好股权是由于我们国家的经济改革所带来的制度性因素。他们认为，上市公司的融资活动违背了西方古典融资理论只是因为那些制度性原因。例如，优序融资理论认为，当企业需要资金时，他们首先应该转向内部资金（折旧和留存收益），然后再进行债权融资，最后的选择是股票融资。在这篇文章中，笔者认为，这是因为具体的金融环境激活了企业的这种偏好，并结合了非制度性因素和西方金融理论，尝试解释股权融资偏好的原因。

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毕业论文外文翻译模板

农村社会养老保险的现状、问题与对策研究社会保障对国家安定和经济发展具有重要作用，“城乡二元经济”现象日益凸现，农村社会保障问题客观上成为社会保障体系中极为重要的部分。建立和完善农村社会保障制度关系到农村乃至整个社会的经济发展，并且对我国和谐社会的构建至关重要。我国农村社会保障制度尚不完善，因此有必要加强对农村独立社会保障制度的构建，尤其对农村养老制度的改革，建立健全我国社会保障体系。从户籍制度上看，我国居民养老问题可分为城市居民养老和农村居民养老两部分。对于城市居民我国政府已有比较充足的政策与资金投人，使他们在物质和精神方面都能得到较好地照顾，基本实现了社会化养老。而农村居民的养老问题却日益突出，成为摆在我国政府面前的一个紧迫而又棘手的问题。 一、我国农村社会养老保险的现状 关于农村养老，许多地区还没有建立农村社会养老体系，已建立的地区也存在很多缺陷，运行中出现了很多问题，所以完善农村社会养老保险体系的必要性与紧迫性日益体现出来。 （一）人口老龄化加快 随着城市化步伐的加快和农村劳动力的输出，越来越多的农村青壮年人口进入城市，年龄结构出现“两头大，中间小”的局面。中国农村进入老龄社会的步伐日渐加快。第五次人口普查显示：中国65岁以上的人中农村为5938万，占老龄总人口的67.4%.在这种严峻的现实面前，农村社会养老保险的徘徊显得极其不协调。 （二）农村社会养老保险覆盖面太小 中国拥有世界上数量最多的老年人口，且大多在农村。据统计，未纳入社会保障的农村人口还很多，截止2000年底，全国7400多万农村居民参加了保险，占全部农村居民的11.18%，占成年农村居民的11.59%.另外，据国家统计局统计，我国进城务工者已从改革开放之初的不到200万人增加到2003年的1.14亿人。而基本方案中没有体现出对留在农村的农民和进城务工的农民给予区别对待。进城务工的农民既没被纳入到农村养老保险体系中，也没被纳入到城市养老保险体系中，处于法律保护的空白地带。所以很有必要考虑这个特殊群体的养老保险问题。

电子信息工程专业毕业论文外文翻译中英文对照翻译

本科毕业设计（论文）中英文对照翻译 院（系部）电气工程与自动化 专业名称电子信息工程 年级班级 04级7班 学生姓名 指导老师

Infrared Remote Control System Abstract Red outside data correspondence the technique be currently within the scope of world drive extensive usage of a kind of wireless conjunction technique,drive numerous hardware and software platform support. Red outside the transceiver product have cost low, small scaled turn, the baud rate be quick, point to point SSL, be free from electromagnetism thousand Raos etc.characteristics, can realization information at dissimilarity of the product fast, convenience, safely exchange and transmission, at short distance wireless deliver aspect to own very obvious of advantage.Along with red outside the data deliver a technique more and more mature, the cost descend, red outside the transceiver necessarily will get at the short distance communication realm more extensive of application. The purpose that design this system is transmit cu stomer’s operation information with infrared rays for transmit media, then demodulate original signal with receive circuit. It use coding chip to modulate signal and use decoding chip to demodulate signal. The coding chip is PT2262 and decoding chip is PT2272. Both chips are made in Taiwan. Main work principle is that we provide to input the information for the PT2262 with coding keyboard. The input information was coded by PT2262 and loading to high frequent load wave whose frequent is 38 kHz, then modulate infrared transmit dioxide and radiate space outside when it attian enough power. The receive circuit receive the signal and demodulate original information. The original signal was decoded by PT2272, so as to drive some circuit to accomplish

毕业论文外文翻译模版

长江大学工程技术学院 毕业设计（论文）外文翻译 外 文 题 目 Matlab Based Interactive Simulation Program for 2D Multisegment Mechanical Systems 译 文 题 目 二维多段机械系统基于Matlab 的 交互式仿真程序 系 部 化学工程系 专 业 班 级 化工60801 学 生 姓 名 李泽辉 指 导 教 师 张 铭 辅 导 教 师 张 铭 完 成 日 期 2012.4.15 顶层配置在管路等，要求设备，所有设要求，对调整使案，编是指机确保机组中资料试

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毕业论文外文资料翻译题目(宋体三号，居中) 学院(全称，宋体三号，居中) 专业(全称，宋体三号，居中) 班级(宋体三号，居中) 学生(宋体三号，居中) 学号(宋体三号，居中) 指导教师(宋体三号，居中) 二〇一〇年月日(宋体三号，居中，时间与开题时间一致)

（英文原文装订在前）

Journal of American Chemical Society, 2006, 128(7): 2421-2425. (文献翻译必须在中文译文第一页标明文献出处：即文章是何期刊上发表的，X年X 卷X期，格式如上例所示，四号，右对齐，杂志名加粗。) [点击输入译文题目-标题1，黑体小二] [点击输入作者，宋体小四] [点击输入作者单位，宋体五号] 摘要[点击输入，宋体五号] 关键词[点击输入，宋体五号] 1[点击输入一级标题-标题2，黑体四号] [点击输入正文，宋体小四号，1.25倍行距] 1.1[点击输入二级标题-标题3，黑体小四] [点击输入正文，宋体小四，1.25倍行距] 1.1.1[点击输入三级标题-标题4，黑体小四] [点击输入正文，宋体小四，1.25倍行距] 说明： 1.外文文章必须是正规期刊发表的。 2.翻译后的中文文章必须达到2000字以上，并且是一篇完整文章。 3.必须要有外文翻译的封面，使用学校统一的封面； 封面上的翻译题目要写翻译过来的中文题目； 封面上时间与开题时间一致。 4.外文原文在前，中文翻译在后； 5.中文翻译中要包含题目、摘要、关键词、前言、全文以及参考文献，翻译要条理

清晰，中文翻译要与英文一一对应。 6.翻译中的中文文章字体为小四，所有字母、数字均为英文格式下的，中文为宋体， 标准字符间距。 7.原文中的图片和表格可以直接剪切、粘贴，但是表头与图示必须翻译成中文。 8.图表必须居中，文章段落应两端对齐、首行缩进2个汉字字符、1.25倍行距。 例如： 图1. 蛋白质样品的PCA图谱与8-卟啉识别排列分析(a)或16-卟啉识别排列分析(b)。为了得到b 的 数据矩阵，样品用16-卟啉识别排列分析来检测，而a 是通过捕获首八卟啉接收器数据矩阵从 b 中 萃取的。