如何看懂英文合同之三： 英文合同常用虚词
第三章、英文合同常用虚词（Usual Function Words）1． Here/there/where+介词构成的古体词
基本规则：Here代表this，there代表that，where代表which或what即here /there/where+介词=介词+this/that/which or what
l Hereby: by means of; by reason of this.特此，由此，兹等意。
例句：The Buyer hereby orders from the Seller the undermentioned goods su bject to the following conditions:买方向卖方订购下列商品，条件如下：
l Herein：in this。此中，于此。
例句：The minimum royalty herein specified shall be paid by Party B to Party A. 在此规定的最低特许权使用费应由乙方付给甲方。
l Hereinafter: later in the same Contract. 以下，在下文。通常与 to be referred to as, referred as, called 连用。
例句：This Agreement is made and concluded on ______, (date)____(year), by and between _____(hereinafter called Party A) on the one hand and _____ (hereinafter called Party B) on the other hand. 本协议书于____年___月___日由_____（以下简称甲方）为一方，与_____(以下简称乙方)为另一方签订。
l Hereof：of this。关于此点，在本文件中。Hereunder：under this. 本文件规定。
例句：Both parties agree to attempt to resolve all disputes between the partie
s with respect to the application or interpretation of any term hereof of transact ion hereunder, through amicable negotiation.合同双方就本合同规定交易任一
条款的适用和解释所产生的所有争议同意力求通过友好协商予以解决。
l Hereto：to this.本文件的。Thereof：of that.它的，其。Thereto：to that 与之，向那里。
例句：“Licensed Products” means the device s and products described in Sch edule 1 annexed hereto together with all improvement and modification thereo
f or development with respect thereto. “特许产品”系指在本协议附件1中所述
的装置和产品，及其全部改进和修改的产品和与之相关的产品。
l Herewith：with this.与此，附此。Thereby：by that means.因此，由此，从而例句：In any one or more of the provisions contained in this Contract or any d ocument executed in connection herewith shall be invalid of unenforceable in any respect under any applicable law, the validity and enforceability of the re maining provisions contained herein shall not in any way be affected thereby.
如果根据现行法律，本合同及与此有关文件中有一项或多项条款被视为无效或
不能履行，本合同其余条款的效力和履行将不因此受影响。
l Thereafter: after that，afterwards.此后。
例句：The Contract for the contractual joint venture shall continue from a peri od o two years thereafter.本合作经营企业合同，此后应持续有效两年。
l Therein: in that; in that particular context; in that respect.在那里；在那点上；在那方面。
例句：The Leased Premises are deemed to be fit for occupation when the bui lding therein is substantially completed.当在那里的建筑物实质完成时，该租赁房屋才认为适合占有居住。
l Therewith：with that.以此；此外。
例句：The Employer shall indemnify and save harmless the Contractor again st and from the same and against and from all claims, proceedings, damages, costs, charges and expenses whatsoever arising there out or in connection th erewith.业主应赔偿所有索赔、诉讼、损害赔偿、支出、花费、费用，不论因本合同产生或与其相关，并保证承包人免于承担上述责任。
l Whereby: by the agreement; by the following terms and conditions, etc. 凭此协议，凭此条款等。
例句：This Agreement is made and concluded by and between AA Corporatio n (hereinafter referred to as Party A) and BB Company (hereinafter referred to as Party B) whereby the Parties hereto agree to enter into the compensation t rade under the terms and conditions set forth below: 本协议由AA公司（以下简称甲方）和BB公司（以下简称乙方）签订。双方同意按下列条款进行补偿贸易。（本句中省略未译）
2．WITNESSETH, Whereas, Now Therefore, NOW THESE PRESENTS WIT NESS, Know All Men by these presents，In witness Whereof, In Testimony W hereof, Undersigned.
WITHNESSETH, Whereas, Now Therefore用于英文合同前言部分，In witnes s Whereof用于合同结尾证明部分，在第二章篇章结构特点中已有涉及，恕不赘述。
l In Testimony Whereof: in Witness Whereof.以此为证，特立此证。
例句：In Testimony Whereof we have hereto signed this Document on _____ (date) accepted on _____ (date).我方于__年__月__日签署本文件，并于__年_ _月__日接受该文件，特此为证。
l NOW THESE PRESENTS WITNESS: 兹特立约为据, 本句话也是用于WHER EAS条款之后引出具体协议事项。
例句：NOW THESE PRESENTS WITNESS that it is hereby agreed between the parties hereto as follows: 兹特立约为据，并由订约双方协议如下：
l KNOW ALL MEN by these presents:根据本文件，特此宣布。（通常用于前言部分）
例句：KNOW ALL MEN by these presents that we_____(bank’s name)having our registered office at ______ (hereinafter called “the Bank”) will be bou nd u nto _____(the Owner’s name)(hereinafter called “the Owner”) in the sum of __
__ for payment well and truly to be made to the said Owner, the Bank will bind itself, its successors and better assignee by these presents.根据本文件，兹
宣布，我行，（银行名称），其注册地点在（以下简称本银行）向（业主名称）（以下简称本业主）立约担保支付（金额数）的保证金。本保证书对本银行及
其继受人和受让人均具有约束力。
l Undersigned:法律文件末尾的签名者,前面加定冠词the,是指文件签署者的自称。
例句：The undersigned Seller and Buyer have agreed to close the following tr ansaction in accordance with the terms and conditions stipulated as follows:兹经签约的买卖双方同意，按下列条款，达成这笔交易。
3． Notwithstanding: in spite of, despite. 即使，尽管。
例1：Notwithstanding any other provisions to the contrary herein, insurance c overage and limits shall be subject to approval of all the parties.即使有与本合
同相悖的规定，保险范围和责任限制应以合同各方同意为准。
例2：Notwithstanding Article 2.2, the parties may agree to extend the Expirati on date to such date as is reasonable in the circumstances if any of the condit ions precedent referred to in Article 2.1 is not satisfied or waived on or before the Expiration Date, any such agreement or waiver to be in writing. 尽管有本
合同第二条第二款规定，如上述第二条第一款规定的先决条件在合同期满日之
前既未实现又未放弃，合同各方亦可根据具体情况，约定合理延长合同的期满日。
4． As
合同英语中as出现的频率极高，而且用法灵活多变，是典型的自由人。在某种意义上讲，as使用的熟练程度可以衡量合同英语的造诣。具体用法和含义见以下实例：
l As 放在代表规定的provide，stipulate，set forth，prescribe等词的过去分词前，含义为“依照某某规定”。
例1：For purpose of this, Capital Account shall be adjusted hypothetically as provided for in Section 4.6 herein.基于此，应依照本合同第四条第六款调整资金账户。
例2：based on their respective Venture interests as set forth in Section 5.2 h ereof. 基于本合同第五条第二款规定的各方在合资公司中的权益。
l 另有Except as otherwise provided结构，表示“除非本文/某条款另有规定”。例句：Except as otherwise provided herein, all notices or demands sent by re gistered airmail shall be deemed received 8 days after they have been sent a nd notices or demands sent by telex shall be deemed received at the time of t he dispatch thereof.除非本合同另有规定，所有通知和请求以航空挂号信寄出则发出后8日应视为送达收悉，以电传方式发出则在发送时视为收悉。
来源：(https://www.wendangku.net/doc/f77889135.html,/s/blog_516690e9010091ky.html) - 英文合同解读（五）_kevin_新浪博客
l As构成as the case may be（视具体情况而定）， as the case may require （视具体要求而定）和 as the Venturers may determine等短语。
例句：The Venture may relocate its office from time to time or have additional offices as the Venturers may determine.该合资公司视投资者决策，可随时迁址或增添营业场所。
l As构成as of the date of ____ (date) 短语是英语合同中表示“自某年某月某日起”最正式的表达。
例句：In witness whereof, the parties have caused this instrument to be duly executed as of the day and year first above written. 合同双方签订本文件，该文件自以上书就日期即时生效，特此为证。
l As还用在as soon as practical短语中，意义用法相当于as soon as possible. 例句：During the Employment Period, the Company agrees that it shall recom mend to the Board the election of the Employee as a Director of the Company on the Commencement Date or as soon as practical thereafter. 本公司同意在聘用期间，应自本协议开始或其后尽早的时间向董事会推选受聘方为本公司董事。
As与 such连用是英文合同中一大特色，参看本书第二章第三节部分，在此不
在赘述。
5. foregoing, aforesaid, the said, aforementioned, above-mentioned, in questi
on
l Foregoing, aforesaid, the said, aforementioned, above-mentioned一族，一
般放在名词前作限定，意为“前述的”或“上述的”，为避免重复已经提到的姓名或
名称。
例1：The Bank shall give prompt written or telex notice to the Borrower of the Interest Rate in effect from time to time in accordance with the foregoing sent ence.本银行将根据前述的句子以书面或电传形式随时及时通知借款方生效的利率。
例2：The contract shall be written in Chinese and in ____________. Both lan guage versions are equally authentic. In the event of any discrepancy betwee
n the two aforementioned versions, the Chinese version shall prevail.本合同应以中文和_文书就，具同等法律效力。前述两种文本如有歧异，以中文文本为准。l In question: under consideration; being talk about.通常表示“在考虑或讨论中的”某件事或某个问题，可译为“这”或“该”问题。
例句：All prices to be paid by the Buyer under its obligations of the buyback/c ounter-purchase Contract shall be the world market prices taking into account the other delivery terms for the goods in question.买方根据返销或回购货物合
同的义务所支付的价格应为世界市场价格，结合考虑该货物的其他交货条件。
6. follows, as below, the following
这一族都表示“下列”，一般放在动词后，而the following作为“下列”在英文合同中用的较少。这样的例子俯手皆是，恐怕每个英文合同都少不了的。
NOW THEREFORE, the parties hereby covenant and agree as follows;
为此，双方达成契约，约定如下：
NOW THEREFORE, it is hereby agreed as below.
为此，双方约定如下：
Now therefore, in consideration of the premises and covenants described her einafter, Party A and Party B agree as follows:
兹以上述各点和契约所载条款为约因，订约双方协议如下：
7. according to, under, subject to, in accordance with, as per, as provided in, p ursuant to, in compliance with
这一族都表示“依照，根据”合同的约定或者法律的规定。其中尤以“according to”最不正式，自然用的最少了，而“in accordance with”最为常见。
例如：In case no settlement can be reached, the case may then be submitted for arbitration to China International Economic And Trade Arbitration Commis sion in accordance with the provisional Rules of Procedures promulgated by t he said Arbitration Commission.如未能达成和解，该案件可提交中国国际贸易
仲裁委员会根据该仲裁委员会颁布的仲裁程序暂行规定进行仲裁。
又如：A Photostat copy of the Acceptance Certificate of the Contract Plant sig ned by the representatives of both parties as per Chapter 9 of the present Co ntract.该合同设备的验收证书的影印副本由双方代表按照该合同第九章签收。
再如：Both Parties shall each contribute their paid in capital in compliance wit
h the items specified in the appendix to the Contract.合同双方应按照本合同附
件中载明的项目进行出资。
8. Including but not limited to与including, without limitation以及including by way of illustration but not limitation
英文合同表达“包括但不限于”时，就会用到这几个短语。
例如：The time for the performance of the Seller's obligations set forth in this Contract shall be automatically extended for a period equal to the duration of any nonperformance arising directly or indirectly from Force Majeure events in cluding but not limited to fire, flood, earthquake, typhoon, natural catastrophe, and all other contingencies and circumstances whatsoever beyond the Seller'
s reasonable control preventing, hindering or interfering with the performance thereof.本合同规定卖方履行义务的时间应自动延长等同于由于直接或间接由于
不可抗力事件导致的不能履行的期间。不可抗力事件包括但不限于火灾、洪水、地震、台风、自然灾害和卖方无论怎样也无法合理控制的阻止、妨碍、干扰本
合同履行的其他风险和情形。
9. prior to, no later than, on or before，on and after
prior to, on or before，no later than, on or after常用在英文合同中限定日期，p rior to表示“某日之前，提前多少日”。on or before, no(not) later than,表示“不迟于”，On and after表示“从某日起”。
例如：Party A shall be unauthorized to accept any order sort to collect any ac count on and after September 20. 自9月2O日起，甲方已无权接受任何定单或收据。
例如：Our terms are cash within three months, i.e. on or before May 1.
我公司的条件是，3个月内，即不得晚于5月1日，支付现金。
例如： Party B shall ship the goods within one month of the date of signing thi s Contract, i.e. not later than December.本合同签字之日一个月内，即不迟于1 2月15日，你方须将货物装船。
例如：10-15 days prior to the date of shipment, the Buyer shall inform the Sell er by cable or telex of the contract number, name of vessel, ETA of vessel, qu antity to be loaded and the name of shipping agent, so as to enable the Seller to contact the shipping agent direct and arrange the shipment of the goods.装运前10天到15天，买方应以电报或电传方式通知卖方合同编号、装运船名，预计到达时间，装载数量和承运代理商名称，以便能使卖方直接联系承运代理
商安排货物装运。
此外，为限定时间更为明确，还常用inclusive、including和included，来限定含当日在内的时间。
例如： This credit expires till January1 (inclusive) for negotiation in Beijing. (or: This credit expires till and including January1 for negotiation in Beijing.) 本证
在北京议付，有效期至1月1日。如果不包括1月1日在内，则为till and not i ncluding January 1。
10．Without prejudice to
Without prejudice to,常用于英文合同中，表示在“不损害某规定/情况下”。
例如：The Buyer shall nevertheless have the right to cancel in part or in whol e of the contract without prejudice to the Buyer's right to claim compensations.不妨害买方索赔权，买方仍有权取消合同的部分或全部。
11．Attributable to, due to, owing to, by virtue of, in view of, because of, on ac count of，considering, in consideration of
这一组短语出现在英文合同中都表示“因为”，其中due to，owing to，because of较不正式，很少使用。
英文合同合同常用词
英文合同合同常用词 第一节合同常用词(Usual Wording)(1) 当大量接触英文合同，就会发现英文合同中有些词或短语出现的频率非常高，往往影响或决定了对 合同的准确理解，下面就分门别类从常见实词和常见虚词两个方面进行具体介绍： 一、英文合同常用虚词（Usual Function Words） 1．Here/there/where+介词构成的古体词 基本规则：Here 代表this，there 代表that，where 代表which 或what 即here/there/where+介词=介词 +this/that/which or what Hereby: by means of; by reason of this.特此，由此，兹等意。 例句：The Buyer hereby orders from the Seller the undermentioned goods
subject to the following conditions:买方向卖方订购下列商品，条件如下： Herein：in this。此中，于此。 例句：The minimum royalty herein specified shall be paid by Party B to Party A. 在此规定的最低特许权 使用费应由乙方付给甲方。 Hereinafter: later in the same Contract. 以下，在下文。通常与to be referred to as, referred as, called 连 用。 例句：This Agreement is made and concluded on ______, (date)____(year), by and between _____(hereinafter called Party A) on the one hand and _____(hereinafter called Party B) on the other hand. 本协议书于____年___月___日由_____（以下简称甲方）为一方，与_____(以下简称乙方)为另一方 签订。
英文合同常见词汇及句型
英文合同常用词汇和句型 1、开场白（合同的当事人背景介绍） 2、过渡条款 Now therefore, in consideration of the premises and covenants described herein-after, Party A and Party B agree as follows: 参考译文：因此，双方基于各自提供之对价订立本合同，并做如下约定： 注释和说明:”in consideration of premises and covenants”表示“在当事人提供的对价基础上”而非仅指“考虑到…”。读者应重点理解“premise”这个词。在一般场合下它是指与房屋相关的基础不动产或处所，但是在英文合同里边它却变成了“前提条件”。 3、结尾条款： IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the parties hereto have caused this Agreement to be executed by duly authorized representatives of both parties on the date and year first written above. 参考译文：本合同由被正当授权之人，于本协议于上述记载之日期代表双方当事人订立，特此证明。 注释和说明： （1）“in witness whereof”的含义类似于中文合同中常见的“口说无凭，立此为证”。 （2）“execute”在英文合同中常解为“签署”，而非“执行”。 4、favor, “in favor of somebody”= ”in one’s favor”的意思主要有两种： 以某人为受益人、有利于某人 5、subject to sth. 1) 遵从、遵守： This letter of Credit is subject to the Uniform Customs and Practice for Documentary Credits (1983 Revision), international Chamber of commerce, Publication No.400. 2) 根据（法律、法规、合同） 3) 作动词用，意思是“服从于…”，“率属于…”，“使经受…” 4) 办理、存在。 5、Without prejudice to “在不损坏……”。 6、Any person who does... shall …表示任何做某人之人应。 7、For the purpose of “就……而言”。 8、Provided that 但是 9、Notwithstanding “即使，表示一种让步”。 10、in question “表示该” 11、including but not limited to “包括但不限于” 12、常理解为“有权利做某事” 1）have the right to do 2）be entitled to do 3）do sth. at one’s option or/ and discretion 4）have the authority to do 13、合同英语中“因为”的表达方法 1）owing to 2）attributable to 3）due to 4）in view of 5）by virtue of 14、notify sb. Of sth. in writing: 书面通知某人某事 15、in lieu of: 替代 16、关联企业： 1）affiliate: 广义上的具有法人人格的子公司，只要有参股关系即可，常翻译为“关联公司”
英文合同常用词
英文合同常用词、短语和句型 1.订立、变更合同 动词 Make a contract / Enter into / form / create / conclude / execute /covenant 名词 the making of / the conclusion of a contract / the entry into contract / the formation of / the creation of / the conclusion of / the execution of a contract / covenant This agreement/contract is made and entered into 8th of August, 2008 by and between Party A and Party B. 2.合同的终止、解除、撤销 terminate a contract 通常指合同在约定期满前终止履行，可双方同意而作出，也指一方因另一方违约而行使的一种救济权。美国“终止”指合同各方未违反合同约定而依法终止合同。 cancel a contact 因另一方违约而解除合同，其效力基本等同于terminate，不同是撤销方仍有权对整个合同或中未履行部分主张救济。 discharge a contract 合同当事人的合同关系已终止。 rescind a contract 免除当事人之间的合同义务，将当事人各自地位恢复到合同订立之前状态。 revoke a contract 即以取消或撤回的方式废止或宣布无效。出于行为人的意愿，即主动发出的行为。
英文合同常用词汇
英文合同常用词汇 第一节合同常用词(Usual Wording)(1) 当大量接触英文合同，就会发现英文合同中有些词或短语出现的频率非常高，往往影响或决定了对 合同的准确理解，下面就分门别类从常见实词和常见虚词两个方面进行具体介绍： 一、英文合同常用虚词（Usual Function Words） 1．Here/there/where+介词构成的古体词 基本规则：Here 代表this，there 代表that，where 代表which 或what 即here/there/where+介词=介词 +this/that/which or what Hereby: by means of; by reason of this.特此，由此，兹等意。 例句：The Buyer hereby orders from the Seller the undermentioned goods subject to the following conditions:买方向卖方订购下列商品，条件如下： Herein：in this。此中，于此。 例句：The minimum royalty herein specified shall be paid by Party B to Party A. 在此规定的最低特许权 使用费应由乙方付给甲方。 Hereinafter: later in the same Contract. 以下，在下文。通常与to be referred to as, referred as, called 连 用。 例句：This Agreement is made and concluded on ______, (date)____(year), by and between _____(hereinafter called Party A) on the one hand and _____(hereinafter called Party B) on the other hand. 本协议书于____年___月___日由_____（以下简称甲方）为一方，与_____(以下简称乙方)为另一方 签订。 Hereof：of this。关于此点，在本文件中。 Hereunder：under this. 本文件规定。 例句：Both parties agree to attempt to resolve all disputes between the parties with respect to the application or interpretation of any term hereof of transaction hereunder, through amicable negotiation.合
常见英文合同翻译与详解
常见英文合同翻译与详解
引子:鉴于现在对外交流事例逐渐增多,英文合同特别是经济合同的翻译愈显重要,若译文不准确或不严谨,势必会引起不必要的经济纠纷.故今以一英文(经济)合同写作书籍为蓝本,录入一些有益文字,希望大家共同提高英文(经济)合同的翻译和写作。 合同文件是合同双方签订并必须遵守的法律文件,因此合同中的语言应体现其权威性.英文合同用语的特点之一就表现在用词上,即选择那些法律用词,以及正式用词,使合同表达的意思准确无误,达到双方对合同中使用的词无可争议的程度。 一.hereby 英文释义:by means of , by reason of this 中文译词:特此,因此,兹 用法:常用于法律文件、合同、协议书等正式文件的开头语；在条款中需要强调时也可用。 语法：一般置于主语后,紧邻主语. 例1： The Employer hereby covenants to pay the Contractor in consideration of the execution and co mpletion of the Works and the remedying of defects therein the Contract Price or such other s um as may become payable under the provisions of the Contract at the time and in the manne r prescribed by the Contract. 参考译文: 业主特此立约保证在合同规定的期限内,按合同规定的方式向承包人支付合同价,或合同规定的其它应支付的款项,以作为本工程施工、竣工及修补工程中缺陷的报酬。 注释: (1)hereby: by reason of this 特此 (2)covenant: v. make a formal agreement 立约,签订合同、条约; n. legal agreement具有法律约束的正式合同 (3)completion of the Works: 工程的竣工 (4)therein: in the Works在本工程中 (5)the Contract Price: 合同总价,指工程的总造价 (6)such...as: 关系代词,相当于that, which (7)under: in accordance with 根据,按照 (8)the provisions of the Contract: terms and conditions of the Contract合同条款 例2： We hereby certify to the best of our knowledge that the foregoing statement is true and correc t and all available information and data have been supplied herein, and that we agree to provi de documentary proof upon your request. 注释： （1）hereby：特此 （2）to the best of our knowledge：as far as we know据我们所知 （3）foregoing statement：above-mentioned statement上述声明 （4）herein：in this, in the statement在声明中 （5）documentary proof：证明文件 参考译文： 特此证明，据我们所知，上述声明内容真实，正确无误，并提供了全部现有的资料和数据，我们同意，
英文合同常见词汇及句型
1、开场白（合同的当事人背景介绍） 2、过渡条款 Now therefore, in consideration of the premises and covenants described herein-after, Party A and Party B agree as follows: 参考译文：因此，双方基于各自提供之对价订立本合同，并做如下约定： 注释和说明:”in consideration of premises and covenants”表示“在当事人提供的对价基础上”而非仅指“考虑到…”。读者应重点理解“premise”这个词。在一般场合下它是指与房屋相关的基础不动产或处所，但是在英文合同里边它却变成了“前提条件”。 3、结尾条款： IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the parties hereto have caused this Agreement to be executed by duly authorized representatives of both parties on the date and year first written above. 参考译文：本合同由被正当授权之人，于本协议于上述记载之日期代表双方当事人订立，特此证明。 注释和说明： （1）“in witness whereof”的含义类似于中文合同中常见的“口说无凭，立此为证”。 （2）“execute”在英文合同中常解为“签署”，而非“执行”。 4、 favor, “ in favor of somebody”= ”in one’s favor”的意思主要有两种： 以某人为受益人、有利于某人 5、subject to sth. 1) 遵从、遵守： This letter of Credit is subject to the Uniform Customs and Practice for Documentary Credits (1983 Revision), international Chamber of commerce, Publication . 2) 根据（法律、法规、合同） 3) 作动词用，意思是“服从于…”，“率属于…”，“使经受…” 4) 办理、存在。 5、 Without prejudice to “在不损坏……”。 6、 Any person who does... shall …表示任何做某人之人应。 7、 For the purpose of “就……而言”。 8、 Provided that 但是
(整理版)合同翻译常用
英文合同翻译常用 一.hereby 英文释义:by means of , by reason of this 中文译词:特此,因此,兹 用法:常用于法律文件、合同、协议书等正式文件的开头语；在条款中需要强调时也可用。 语法：一般置于主语后,紧邻主语. 例1： The Employer hereby covenants to pay the Contractor in consideration of the execution and completion of the Works and the remedying of defects therein the Contract Price or such other sum as may become payable under the provisions of the Contract at the time and in the manner prescribed by the Contract. 参考译文: 业主特此立约保证在合同规定的期限内,按合同规定的方式向承包人支付合同价,或合同规定的其它应支付的款项,以作为本工程施工、竣工及修补工程中缺陷的报酬。 注释: (1)hereby: by reason of this 特此 (2)covenant: v. make a formal agreement 立约,签订合同、条约; n. legal agreement具有法律约束的正式合同 (3)completion of the Works: 工程的竣工 (4)therein: in the Works在本工程中 (5)the Contract Price: 合同总价,指工程的总造价 (6)such...as: 关系代词,相当于that, which (7)under: in accordance with 根据,按照 (8)the provisions of the Contract: terms and conditions of the Contract合同条款 例2： We hereby certify to the best of our knowledge that the foregoing statement is true and correct and all available information and data have been supplied herein, and that we agree to provide documentary proof upon your request. 注释： （1）hereby：特此 （2）to the best of our knowledge：as far as we know据我们所知 （3）foregoing statement：above-mentioned statement上述声明 （4）herein：in this, in the statement在声明中 （5）documentary proof：证明文件 参考译文： 特此证明，据我们所知，上述声明内容真实，正确无误，并提供了全部现有的资料和数据，我们同意，应贵方要求出具证明文件。 例3： This Contract is hereby made and concluded by and between Co. (hereinafter referred to as Party A) and Co. (hereinafter referred to as Party B) on (Date), in (Place), China, on the principle of equality and mutual benefit and through amicable consultation. 注释：
英文合同常用虚词
英文合同常用虚词（Usual Function Words） 1．Here/there/where+介词构成的古体词 基本规则：Here代表this，there代表that，where代表which或what即here/there/where+介词=介词+this/that/which or what Hereby: by means of; by reason of this.特此，由此，兹等意。 例句：The Buyer hereby orders from the Seller the undermentioned goods subject to the following conditions:买方向卖方订购下列商品，条件如下： Herein：in this。此中，于此。 例句：The minimum royalty herein specified shall be paid by Party B to Party A. 在此规定的最低特许权使用费应由乙方付给甲方。 Hereinafter: later in the same Contract. 以下，在下文。通常与to be referred to as, referred as, called 连用。 例句：This Agreement is made and concluded on ______, (date)____(year), by and between _____(hereinafter called Party A) on the one hand and _____(hereinafter called Party B) on the other hand. 本协议书于____年___月___日由_____（以下简称甲方）为一方，与_____(以下简称乙方)为另一方签订。 Hereof：of this关于此点，在本文件中。Hereunder：under this. 本文件规定。 例句：Both parties agree to attempt to resolve all disputes between the parties with respect to the application or interpretation of any term hereof of transaction hereunder, through amicable negotiation.合同双方就本合同规定交易任一条款的适用和解释所产生的所有争议同意力求通过友好协商予以解决。 Hereto：to this.本文件的。Thereof：of that.它的，其。Thereto：to that 与之，向那里。例句：“Licensed Products”means the devices and products described in Schedule 1 annexed hereto together with all improvement and modification thereof or development with respect thereto. “特许产品”系指在本协议附件1中所述的装置和产品，及其全部改进和修改的产品和与之相关的产品。 Herewith：with this.与此，附此。Thereby：by that means.因此，由此，从而 例句：In any one or more of the provisions contained in this Contract or any document executed in connection herewith shall be invalid of unenforceable in any respect under any applicable law, the validity and enforceability of the remaining provisions contained herein shall not in any way be affected thereby.如果根据现行法律，本合同及与此有关文件中有一项或多项条款被视为无效或不能履行，本合同其余条款的效力和履行将不因此受影响。 Thereafter: after that，afterwards.此后。 例句：The Contract for the contractual joint venture shall continue from a period o two years thereafter.本合作经营企业合同，此后应持续有效两年。
英文合同合同常用词
英文合同合同常用词
英文合同合同常用词 第一节合同常用词(Usual Wording)(1) 当大量接触英文合同，就会发现英文合同中有些词或短语出现的频率非常高，往往影响或决定了对 合同的准确理解，下面就分门别类从常见实词和常见虚词两个方面进行具体介绍： 一、英文合同常用虚词（Usual Function Words） 1． Here/there/where+介词构成的古体词 基本规则：Here 代表 this，there 代表 that，where 代表 which 或what 即 here/there/where+介词=介词
+this/that/which or what Hereby: by means of; by reason of this.特此，由此，兹等意。 例句：The Buyer hereby orders from the Seller the undermentioned goods subject to the following conditions:买方向卖方订购下列商品，条件如下： Herein：in this。此中，于此。 例句：The minimum royalty herein specified shall be paid by Party B to Party A. 在此规定的最低特许权 使用费应由乙方付给甲方。 Hereinafter: later in the same Contract. 以下，在下文。通常与 to be referred to as, referred as, called 连 用。 例句：This Agreement is made and concluded on ______, (date)____(year), by and between
英文合同用词及关键细节
英文合同用词及关键细节 英文合同用词及关键细节（1） 本文章共2045字，分2页，当前第1页，快速 翻页：12 商务合同属于法律性公文，所以英译时，有些词语要用公文语词语、特别是酌情使用英语惯用的一套公文语副词，就会起到使译文结构严谨、逻辑严密、言简意赅的作用。
一?公文副詞 但是从一些合同的英文译本中发现，这种公文语副同常被普通词语所代替，从而影响到译文的质量。 实际上，这种公文语惯用副同为数并不多，而已构词简单易记。常用的这类副词是由here、there、where 等副词分别加上after、by、in、of、on、to、under、upon、with 等畐U词，构成一体化形式的公文语副词。例如： 从此以后、今后：hereafter ；此后、以后：thereafter ；在其上：there on \thereup on ; 在其下：thereunder ； 对于这个：hereto ； 对于那个：whereto ； 在上文：herein above'here in before ； 在下文：hereinafter'hereinbelow ； 在上文中、在上一部分中：there in before ；
在下文中、在下一部分中：thereinafter . 现用两个实例，说明在英译合同中如何酌情使用上述副词。 例1:本合同自买方和建造方签署之日生效。 This Con tract shall come in to force from the date of execution hereof by the Buyer and the Builder. 例2:下述签署人同意在中国制造新产品，其品牌以此为合适。 The undersigned hereby agrees that the new products whereto this trade name is more appropriate are made in China. 二、谨慎选用极易混淆的词语 英译商务合同时，常常由于选同不当而寻致词不达意或者意思模棱两可，有时甚至表达的是完全不同的含义。因此了解与掌握极易混淆的词语的区别是极为重要的，是提高英译质量的关键因素之一，现把常用且易混淆的七对词语，用典型实例论述如
英文合同常见实词
英文合同常见实词(Content Words) 1．Represent, warrant, undertake, guarantee 在英文合同中这几个词都表示“保证”的含义。Represent 往往和warrant连用，出现在合同的声明保证部分： 例如：Both the Seller and the Purchaser warrant and represent that no broker was involved in negotiating this purchase and sale, and both the Seller and the Purchaser agree to indemnify and hold each other harmless against any and all claims for brokerage. 买卖双方保证并声明没有中介介入交易磋商，且保证赔偿对方因中介引起的索赔并使其免受损害。 例如：Under FOB terms, the Seller shall undertake to load the contracted goods on board the vessel nominated by the Buyer on any date notified by the Buyer, within the time of shipment as stipulated in Clause 8 of this Contract. 根据离岸价格术语，卖方应保证根据在本合同第八条规定的时限内，按买方通知的日期，装运货物至买方指定船只。 例如：Party B guarantees that the machines and equipment are unused, sophisticated and of best quality, and that the machines and equipment are capable of manufacturing the steel wire rope. 乙方保证机器设备未经使用，性能良好、品质卓越而且该设备能生产出钢丝绳。2．Principal place of business (principal office), domicile, business premise, registered office 在英文合同中，这几个词的意思分别是：“主营业地”、“住所地”、“营业场所”、“注册地”。往往出现在前言的“parties”部分。 例如：This Contract made on April 1, 19- -, at ______, China, between ABC Co. with its principal office at ______, China (hereinafter called Party A), and XYZ Co. with its principal office at______, USA (hereinafter called Party B). 本合同于19**年4月1日于中国***签订，合同双方为ABC公司（以下简称甲方），其主营业地位于中国***，和XYZ公司（以下简称乙方），其主营业地为美国***。 例如：If franchisee is declared in default of the agreement, the franchiser has the right to conclude the terms of the agreement and also has the right, without notice to execute any dutiful and authorized acts, on the business premise necessary. 如被特许方承认违约，许可方则有权终止该协议且有权未经通知在必要的营业场所采取任何尽责和授权行为。 例如：EMPLOYMENT AGREEMENT is made and entered into on ________ day of _________ (month), ____ (year), by and between: _______ (hereinafter referred to as the "Company"), a corporation organized and existing under the laws of the State of ____, with its registered office located at ________________, and ______ (hereinafter referred to as the "Employee"), an individual, with nationality of _________ (Passport No._____) residing at ________________. 本聘用协议订立于*年*月*日，协议双方为***（以下本公司），其按*州法律组织设立，注册地为***，和***，自然人，国籍为*国，护照号码为***，住址为***。 例如：The Arbitration shall be conducted in the country of the domicile of the defendant. 本仲裁应在被申请人住所地的国家进行。
英文合同书常用词汇及句型
英文合同常用词汇与句型 初步学习了英文合同的整体结构后，读者可能仍然觉得一头雾水，感觉不到对本合同结构从处下手进行具体的解读。没有关系，读者只需要与大家一起继续阅读就会发现那些固定在英文合同结构中的术语原来都是如此的简单和易于理解。为什么呢？因为整个英文合同结构不过是一个个英文条款组成的而已，同时，其中还有大量的定型化的有很强规律可循的常用条款（即前文提到的通用条款“General Provision”以及其他常见“Useful Provision”）。而且，构成这些条款的词汇、短语和句型也存在着很强的重复性。所以说掌握这些条款以及组成这些条款的常见句式和词汇，就成为攻克合同英语阅读的关键。如果读者把合同的结构比作人体的骨骼，那么这些通用及常用条款就是这些骨骼组合在一起的穴位与脉络。事实上，研究由这些条款组成的合同结构不但对高效阅读英文合同有帮助，而且对于英文合同起草能力的培养也是大有裨益的，因为这可以帮助读者在起草合同时达到结构的完整和健全，从而有效地避免合同漏洞。读者在掌握普通英语（比如通过大学英语四级考试）后进入到专业英语学习阶段时，首先遇到的障碍就是这些由平时不太熟悉的词汇与句型表达的专业含义。如果可以把英文合同结构比作“森林”，那么英文合同中常用的词汇与句型便是其中一类重要的“树木”。所以，重点研究这类专业表达的规律，是掌握英文合同阅读的一个重要技巧。本章中，读者将用两节容训练读者对合同词汇和句型的掌握。第一节着重讲解，第二节着重练习。 第一节英文合同词汇与句型解析
法律英语难学，基本上是当代中国法律人的一个共识。难在处呢？可能法律英语词汇的掌握就是第一只拦路虎。当我们打开英文合同时，经常会发现非常难以理解，即使是常用的合同条款中也充斥着大量的难以理解的词汇。例如下面这句话（在下文中将进一步解析） “Limits on Indemnification. No indemnification is required under Section [insert the number of the Section in which Party B agrees to indemnify Party A] until the aggregate amount of Losses [plus Litigation Expenses] exceeds [$500,000], and then only for the amount by which the aggregate amount of Indemnifiable Losses exceeds [$500,000].”学过法律英语的人都知道，这个句子实际上在法律英语句子中是比较短小和简单的一句，语法问题难不倒我们，难的是里面的几个关键的词汇，比如indemnification、indemnify 、Indemnifiable 、aggregate、Litigation 以及exceed。如果我们知晓上面的列举的几个所谓法律英语词汇的含义分别是：补偿（名词）、补偿（动词）、补偿（形容词）、总计、诉讼、超出，那么本句就很容易理解。它的含义实际上就是指： “补偿限额。只有损失总额（加上诉讼费用）超过（$500,000）时，才能根据第（插入乙同意补偿甲的条款编号）条要求补偿，此时也只对可补偿费用中超过（$500，000）的部分进行补偿。” 除了生僻的词汇以外，我们还要注意大量的我们平时熟悉但不能按照普通英语含义理解的词汇。这样的词，我们称之为“熟词生义”。这些词汇的存在也是我们必须解决的一个问题。比如，“abandon”这个词汇。大家都知道它的含义
英文合同中介词-连词等常用词语解释
合同中常用词语解释 (Explanations to Commonly-used words and Expressions in Contracts) 1.“here+介词”所构成的合成词，如：hereafter（此后），hereby（特此，兹）， herein（此中，于此），hereinafter（在下文中），hereof（关于这一点，在本文中），hereto （于此，至此），heretofore（在此之前，前此），hereupon（就在此刻），herewith（于此一道，随函附上）等。在这类合成词中，here相当于this，因此，hereafter = after this，hereto = to this，herewith = with this，余类推。请看下面例句： a)Example forms for the letter of Invitation and Instructions to Tenderers are reproduced hereafter, for use with any of the three Books. 下文复制了邀请函和投标人须知范例格式，供三本合同条件中的任何一本使 用。 b)Whereas Party B and Party A have entered into this Contract for the installation of Party A’s air-conditioning equipment, the Parties here to do hereby agree as follows. 鉴于乙 方与甲方订立合同，为甲方安装空调设备，双方达成如下协议。the Parties here to = the Parties to this contract:合同双方。 c)We enclose herewith a soft copy of this document. 随信附上本文件的软拷贝。Herewith = with this letter:随本信 2.“there+介词”所构成的合成词，如：thereafter（此后，其后，据此），thereby （因此，从而，由此；借此；在那附近），therefor（为此，因此，因之），therefrom（从哪里，从哪一点，从其中，从此），therein（在其中；在那件事情上，在哪一点上），thereinafter（在下文中，一下），thereof（其，其中；它的），thereon（在其上，就此），thereto（加于[协议]等之上，随附），thereunder（在其下；依照），thereupon（因此，关于此事；随即，随后），therewith（以此，与此；立刻，随即；同时，又）等。在这类合成词中，there相当于that，因此，thereafter = after that，thereto = to that，therewith = with that，余类推。请看下面例句： a)The Drawings shall remain in the sole custody of Engineer, but two copies there of shall be provided to the Contractor free of charge. 图纸应由工程师单独保管，但应免费为承包商提供两套图纸的复印件。Two copies thereof = two copies of the Drawings. b)The several documents forming the Contractor are to be taken as mutually explanatory of one another, but in case of ambiguities or discrepancies the same shall be explained and adjusted by the Engineer who shall thereupon issue to the Contractor instructions thereon and in such event, unless otherwise provided in the Contract, the priority of the documents forming the Contract shall be as follows.