英语国家文化论文

The Society and Culture of Major English Speaking Countries

Book Report

题目: The Limitation and Counteraction

—Between the President and the Congress

所在学院：外国语学院

专业：英语

班级： 11英语(2)班

学生姓名：丁莹莹学号： 1111101046

2013年11月24日

The Limitation and Counteraction

—Between the President and the Congress

As the time is merging

During the meeting, later known as the Constitutional Convention, the delegates had to deal with two main fears shared by most Americans. One fear was that one person or group, including the majority, might become too powerful or be about to seize control of the country and create a tyranny. To guard against this possibility, the delegates set up a government consisting of three branches: the executive, the legislative and the judicial. Each branch has powers that the others do not have and each has a way of counteracting and limiting any wrong actions of another branch, which later is known as the “check and balance”, the main character of the American democracy.

The chief executive of the United States is the president who is elected to a four-year-term. Under a Constitutional Amendment passed in 1951, a president can be elected to only two terms. The legislative branch is made up of elected representatives from all of the states and is the only branch that can make federal laws, levy federal taxes, declare war or put foreign treaties into effect. It consists of a Congress that is divided into two groups, called house:The House of Representatives and The Senate. The judicial branch is headed by the Supreme Court, which is the only court specifically created by the Constitution.

As the time is going, the “check and balance” is not only a counteraction on any wrong actions of another branch, but also a tool for the competition between different parties. Hence in the Federal Government, the competition between the President and the Congress on the authority are in existence although a cooperation is the main part of the relation of the President and the Congress. Then on the premise of capitalism, there always are some specific contradictions in some specific period.

According to the American Constitution, the President and the Congress can counteract or limit each other in six aspects: legislation, executive, foreign affairs,

military affairs and impeachment. Hence the balance point of intersection may be the focus of the contradiction, especially in financial affairs. It is common that the Congress has a struggle with the President on the budget but none of them has the right to perform the funding budget alone. Then they have to reach a compromise after a struggle. The 2013 Shutdown of the US Federal Government is a perfect example of the struggle.

Commencing from 1 October 2013, the US government has begun a partial shutdown after Republicans refused to approve a budget, saying they would only do so if funding for President Barack Obama’s healthcare reforms was delayed. President Obama warned a shutdown would have “a very real economic impact on real people, right away”, putting the fragile US economic recovery at risk. Why did the shutdown happen? It is a matter of political wrangling between the Republicans, who control the lower house,the House of Representatives, and the Democrats, who have a majority in the upper house, the Senate. Due to disagreement between the two houses over federal government spending, the US Congress failed to pass a budget before the fiscal year ended on 30 September 2013. It is said that the President Obama introduced the budget for essential functions, related to national security and public safety, to gain the support of the public, especially the middle and lower class. Then the Democrats would be more likely to win the Mid-term Election in 2014 and the General Election in 2016. However the Republicans refused to help the Democrats to achieve their aim and agree to the Obama’s healthcare reforms. Unexpectedly Obama refused to negotiate with Republicans. Eventually the US government began a partial shutdown for the first time 17 years, which did much harm to the American economic so that the public felt doubtful about the “check and balance”. During the shutdown, the Congress took on more pressure and condemnation than the President. Under the pressure from the public, the Republicans had to give in and the Congress passed the bill.

We can see that the president is the true determiner on finance. In the American political life, the President lies in the center of the power and the Congress is not a counteraction as before. For all that, it can’t be denied that the Congress remains the

most important power to tie up the President because the President and the Congress still perform their authorities under the frame of “check and balance”. It is also believed that the imbalance between the two would be gradually adjusted.

Reference

[1] 朱永涛. 英语国家社会与文化入门[M].北京：高等教育出版社，2011

[2] 董秀丽. 美国政治基础[M].北京大学出版社，2010

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英语国家社会与文化教学大纲

英语国家社会与文化教 学大纲 Revised as of 23 November 2020

《英语国家社会与文化》教学大纲 一、课程基本信息 课程编号： 课程中文名称: 英语国家社会与文化 课程英文名称：Exploring English-speaking Countries 课程类型：专业方向选修课 总学时：36理论学时：32 实验学时：4 学分：2 适用专业：初中毕业起点五年制小学教育专业英语方向2012级专科段 先修课程：英语网络阅读 开课院系：小学教育系 二、课程性质和任务 《英语国家社会与文化》本课程是以英语为授课媒介，重点介绍英国、美国、澳大利亚、加拿大和新西兰等主要英语国家的历史、宗教、政治、教育、体育、经济、娱乐等社会文化各个层面的背景性人文学科知识。要求学生了解主要英语国家社会和文化的起源和发展和变迁、各国文化间的共性与差异，以及当今英美的流行文化。主要任务在于扩展学生的文化和社会视野，引导他们注意到英语语言内在的文化土壤、英语语言外在的多面性、语言和产生其语言的社会的一致性、相关性；提高学生对文化差异的敏感性、宽容性以及处理文化差异的灵活性，培养学生的跨文化交际能力。 三、课程教学目标 本课程的总体目标在于使学生通过学习，了解这些国家的社会与文化概况，如地理、历史、政治、经济、教育、社会生活以及文化风俗等方面的基础知识，理解英美文化、思维方式、价值观念和生活习惯，扩大学生的知识面培养学生正确分析有关英美等国问题的能力，并能以正确的眼光看待世界上所发生的问题，提高学生对文化差异的敏感性和宽容性，培养学生跨文化交际能力。同时也促进加强学生的语言学习，达到提高英语水平的目的。培养学生成为热爱祖国、热爱社会主义、为国家繁荣发展而奋斗的人才。 四、理论教学环节和基本要求

英语国家社会与文化入门试卷2772171

英语国家社会与文化》考试试卷（A 卷） 适用班级 学院外国语班级学号姓名成绩 考试时间120 分钟 一二三四五六七八九十总分 题号 分数 得分 一、Fill in the following information gaps(20%)(1 point each) 1.England is a highly ____1____ country ,with more than 80% of its population living in cities ,and about 2% of the population working in agriculture. 2.The first permanent settlement in North America was established, in today's __ 2 in the year of 1607 3.The American transcendentalist, _____3______- published a startling book called Nature he claimed by studying and respecting to nature individual could reach a higher spiritual state without form religion . 4.The U.S. federal government consist of the following three branches ____4____, the legislative and the judicial . 5.One advantage of corporation over sole proprietorship and partnership is that it has _____5___,so investors risked only the amount of their investment and not their entire assets 6.The best -known stock exchange is ___6_________located in Wall Street area of New York City 7.WASP stands for ______7_______. 8.The majority of the Catholics in the U.S. are descendants of immigrants from _______8______,Italy and Poland. 9. _______9______ , they refer to the five novels written by Fennimore Cooper.