英语翻译实践

CONTENTS

Overview------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 1

Chapter One History of American IT Industry ------------------------------- 1 1.1 Wired Communication -------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 1.2 Wireless Communication --------------------------------------------------------- 1 1.3 Internet ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 2 1.4 American Corporations in Silicon Valley ------------------------------------- 3 1.5 Laws of American IT Corporations -------------------------------------------- 4

Chapter Two Current Situations of American IT industry -------------------- 4 2.1 Job Hopping Phenomenon ------------------------------------------------------- 4 2.2 Effects on Other Fields ----------------------------------------------------------- 5 2.3 Influence of Economic Crisis ---------------------------------------------------- 5

Chapter Three The Future of American IT Industry ------------------------- 6 Conclusion ---------------------------------------------------------------------6 Work Cited ---------------------------------------------------------------------7

Overview

It is widely acknowledged that IT industry plays an important role in the development of our society. All practitioners have been seeking effective methods and elites to further develop IT industry. Reviewing the past experience can help them better manage their corporations and have a clear understanding of the tendency of the development of IT industry. As we know, American IT industry ranks first in the world. Undoubtedly, it is worthwhile to study American IT industry. Actually, American IT industry has a long history. It develops through 3 stages, namely wired communication, wireless communication and Internet. We can get much enlightenment from each of the three stages. In this thesis, I’ll offer you some information about the history and current situations of American IT industry. The topics will be discussed chronologically. In the first chapter, I’d like to introduce some knowledge about the history of American IT industry. I’ll also cite some well-known corporations as examples. The developing process of these corporations can help us better understand the topics. In the next chapter, I’ll talk about the current situation of American IT industry, including job hopping phenomenon, the effects on other fields and the changes brought about by the economic crisis. In the last chapter, I’ll briefly talk about the future of American IT industry, namely the tendency of its development.

Chapter One History of American IT Industry

1.1 Wired Communication

In the 18th century, American industry was beaten by Japanese automobile industry. Later on, America put emphasis on IT. At the same time, American IT industry started its rapid development. In this period, American IT industry depended on wired communication, namely telephone and telegraph. In 1876, Alexandria invented telephone. In the next year, A T&T Corporation was founded. This was the first time that people living far from each other could communicate at the same time. It took 15 years to expand its scale from New Y ork to Chicago. Its service expanded to the whole nation in 1915 and to the Europe in 1927. A T&T Corporation monopolized American market for a long period and controlled telephone service of Canada. Later on, the federal government started anti-monopoly policy. However, it didn't collapse as most people thought. Instead, this policy helped it to better develop its service gradually.

1.2 Wireless Communication

Wireless communication is the most widely used and developed fastest technology in recent years. It developed from the original telegraphy. Actually, it went through a long period of popularization. American famous inventor Edison founded Edison General Electronic Company in 1890 after he invented electric bulb. The expansion of this company was from wired communication to wireless radio. After the first World Was, American navy realized that wireless radio was vitally important used in military. Afterwards, GE was encouraged to purchas Marconi 's wireless company. He was an Italian who invented wireless electricity. GE turned this company to its sub-company named RCA- Radio Corporation of America. The way of managing this corporation was the same to that of today's television network and film corporation. RCA was a marvelous corporation in American history and laid down many standards together with GE. Since radio broadcast needed programs, GE, RCA and Westinghouse altogether set up NBC - American National Broadcasting Corporation. After a short time, GE's RCA and NBC controlled the whole American market. Although NBC had to divide a half of its scale to set up a new corporation named ABC - American Broadcasting Corporation under the constraint of anti-monopoly, it is still the largest broadcasting television network. In my opinion, two main reasons accounted for the successful expansion of GE. To begin with, it naturally expanded based upon the service that it had already owned. Second, the fields GE entered were new or started in a short time. At the beginning of the 20th century, wireless communication belonged to the high-tech field and the broadcasting market just began its business. After the second World War, the development of television network in America speeded up its pace. GE gradually became a mature corporation. As the largest corporation n the world, it must always be creative. From electric bulb to wireless radio to television network, GE created a new industry every time.

1.3 Internet

Throughout the 1980s and 1990s, some high-tech companies, such as Microsoft and Intel were devoted to create affordable computers, cell phones, and a variety of electronic products which were used in office and at home. From 1996 to 2001, IT industries' real domestic output increased 41% from $589 billion to $829 billion. Besides, IT industries made up approximately 8% of the American economy in the late 1990s, according to a report titled Digital Economy.

Apple Corporation is the representative of American IT industry in the Internet stage. In 1976, Steve Jobs, Steve Wozniak and Wayne founded Apple Corporation in a garage. They studied personal computer there. At that time, a computer cost thousands of dollars. Jobs realized that people would buy computers only if the prices went down scores of times. Afterwards, Jobs and Wozniak invented the first personal computer, Apple-I, in the world. The original Apple computer's operating system was inconvenient. In 1984, the second generation Apple computer-Macintosh was invented, which had interactive interface and operated by using a mouse. Apple Corporation had 4 thousand employees and earned 2 billion dollars by 1985. In order to meet the demand of the market, Jobs persuaded John Sculley to be CEO of Apple Corporation. Sculley issued a variety of types of computers. Besides, he increased the market prices. The profits were used to develop NewtonPDA - the first palmtop computer in the world. During the past years, Apple Corporation continued to update its products and set a good example to the other American

IT corporations. Nowadays, it is not merely a personal computer manufacture. Some experts said that it is transitng to household electric appliance company.

IBM is one of the few corporations that didn't suffer such heavy loss in each economic crisis. In some people's mind, IBM is merely a large computer manufacturer and outdated nowadays when micro-computers and Internet are widely used. However, it is the largest consulting company, the second largest software company and the second largest database company in the world. The reason that IBM can be compared to the ever-green tree in IT field is that it is conservative. Although IBM let many opportunities of improvement pass by because of conservation, it can focus on the important tasks. When IBM started its business, it sticked to the principles of priority of performance and 集中式service. Many computers produced by IBM have become classic works and the life cycle of the products is long. In the first 30 years in the Internet stage, IBM had just one competitor - DEC. Since middle and small - sized companies and schools couldn't afford the large computers produced by IBM, DEC could meet demands of small - sized computers. Another competitor of IBM was American Judicial Department due to its policy of anti-monopoly. As it were, IBM successfully led the revolution of computer technology after the second World War, making the usage from governments to the whole society, from science to business. IBM is conservative when doing business and carefully open up new fields. IBM always controls the service of American government department, military, big companies and banks.Technologically, IBM is a creative corporation. IBM set up its first laboratory in New Y ork in1945. It was the well - known T.J.watson laboratory. What's more, IBM owns a number of patents. It has several thousand patents every year. IBM always encourages its employees to apply for patents. Its employees can get many bonuses. IBM adjusted its internal structure now and then. It sells the departments that don't have remarkable interests for a long time and expand the scale of business that can bring many profits. Therefore, IBM is few of the most successful corporations in the world.

1.4 American Corporations in Silicon Valley

American Silicon V alley is the most well-known place of IT industry. Many IT corporations situate there. I'll cite Intel Corporation as an example to view the development of American IT industry in Silicon V alley. It is the largest semiconductor corporation in the world. It was founded by Gordon Moore and Robert Noyce in 1968. At that time, the largest three semiconductor corporations in the world were from Japan. 60 percent of personal computers' chips were produced by Japanese. Some Japanese politicians thought that Japan could challenge America in IT industry. Besides, the leading position of American IT industry was doubted by many people. But after a thorough analysis, we can draw the conclusion that Japan's semiconductor industry focused on low-tech chips, such as memory. On the contrary, the world's high-tech chips were made in America, such as computer processor and digital signal processor. Intel Corporation decisively delayed its memory service and studied processor. In 1985, it successfully invented microprocessor 80386 and expanded its market share.

Hewlett-Packard Corporation is the earliest founded corporation in Silicon V alley. It witnessed the whole process of Silicon V alley. To some extent, Hewlett-Packard Corporation is the epitome

of Silicon V alley. It was founded in 1939 by Hewlett and Packard. At the beginning of 1990s century, it steadily developed. In 1960s, it entered microcomputer field. In 1980s, it entered laser printer industry. In 1990s, it entered personal computer market. It made great progress during the 50 years. In the end of 1990s, it went through some unsuccessful transition. IT after the second war was manly from America. Silicon V alley was the innovative center of the world. The economy began to revive from 2003.

1.5 Laws of American IT Corporations

American IT industry has its developing law. In fact, IT field and nature have something in common. If a field has developed to a degree, there would be at most three major competitors in the world. Besides, there must be a corporation leading the whole field. It occupies about 60 to 70 percent of the market and makes out the rules when dealing business. Here are some facts about the law in American IT industry. Microsoft Corporation takes the leading position in the microcomputer field. Intel is the most powerful corporation in the microcomputer processor field. Cisco Corporation occupies the most market shares in the network router field. Google is the leading corporation in the Internet field. IBM is obviously the best successful corporation in the IT service field. As a whole, the market develops towards these leading corporations. Actually, in IT field, rule is more important than technology for every corporation. And IT industry is more likely to form dominant advantages than the traditional industry. There are two major reasons. The first reason is that contrast of the percentage of prime costs. The other reason is coupling of IT industry.

Chapter Two Current Situations of American IT industry

2.1 Job Hopping Phenomenon

At present, American IT industry still undoubtedly ranks first in this field of the world. Many famous and powerful corporations have sprung up in the past several years. These corporations are rapidly enlarging their scales. The export of their products can reflect their popularity. More and more people choose jobs in IT field. In 2006, the number of employers of American IT industry amounted to 3472 thousand and reached the top in history. Actually, the scale of IT work force dramatically changed. For example, the percentage of computer programmers decreased, while that of experienced computer software engineers increased.

Job hopping has become a social phenomenon. In my opinion, there are two main reasons. On the one hand, since American IT industry can provide relaxed working environment for the energetic people with creative and free thoughts, a large number of elites from the traditional jobs are attracted. They don't like the tedious work style. On the other hand, there is more demands for e-commerce. Authorities of most corporations have realized that the Internet can not only help to

decrease prime costs through the process of supply, but also contribute to creating new ways of supply.

2.2 Effects on Other Fields

American IT industry transformed other industries outside of the IT sector as well in the past several years as IT spread through American offices. For examples, in the financial industries, such innovations as scanners and interconnected bank networks vastly reduced the number of paper checks in daily circulation. The retail industry found an alternative way to sell their products. According to an official figure, in 2002, retail sales accumulated about $44 billion over the Internet. What is more, $752 billion in business-to-business manufacturing shipments were ordered online. In the Internet stage, American IT industry didn't exert positive effects on all businesses. Taking travel agencies for an example, there was an enormous drop in revenue due to online reservation sites. The growth in online bookings led to an 18.6% drop in the number of travel agency jobs in the United States between 1998 and 2003. Information technologies, however, had their biggest impact on the productivity of American business as a whole. Nearly every industry incorporated new technologies that could help to do business more efficiently and affordably. Some changes in several fields were obvious. Entire medical and law libraries were replaced by online databases that could help to search the needed information in a short time. Retail inventories, which used to be counted by hand, were linked to cash registers. Much time was saved and the tedious work style was altered.

2.3 Influence of Economic Crisis

However, American IT industry is facing some challenging problems. Due to the rapid development of IT industry and competition it brings about, American IT industry is in dire need of talents. It has been acknowledged that countless overseas students go to America to study majors that are related to IT, but the current situation is that many employees are not qualified enough. Therefore, the employment rate is not high. It is reported that many American IT corporations in Silicon V alley and New Y ork increase salaries to hire experienced salesmen and IT engineers in order to keep up the pace of the development of economy and survive in the fierce competition. According to the detailed analysis of comparison between the number of hired employees and fired employees by TopProspect Corporation, in order to attract elites, every IT corporation promises to pay several million dollars per year in the contract. Moreover, the economic crisis poses a serious threat to American IT industry. Some experts said that many American Internet enterprises which are related to fictitious economy and finance are badly influenced by the economic crisis, while the enterprises that are related to substantial economy don't suffer too many disadvantages. In contrast to Chinese market which mainly sells hardware products, American market relies on software products and service. According to an official figure, software corporations' 30 percent of gross comes from financial field. For example, IBM is the

corporation that relies on its service, so it suffers some loss in the economic crisis. Powerful IT corporations suffer different degrees of influences. It is reported that IBM Corporation doesn't suffer too much loss through protecting itself by promoting internationally. On the contrary, Sun Corporation whose traditional target market is financial customers who use high-end servers is much more influenced than other corporations. Oracle Corporation's speed of new software growth decreases. Besides, the corporations which own vast capital and less debts may plan to purchase small-scale IT industries.

Chapter Three The Future of American IT Industry

We benefit a lot from the improvement of IT industry. Actaully, IT products have affected every aspect of our life. Most people own their mobile phones. We can find our old friends whom we lose contact with by searching the Internet. For many workers who don't have enough time to go shopping, they can choose on-line shopping. Managers of two corporations can do business through video meeting.

In the last part of this thesis, I'd like to talk about the future of American IT industry. It will further contribute to the development of the whole society, affecting almost every aspect of life. The scale of American IT industry will be enlarged. As a result, on the one hand, practitioners in growing numbers are in demand. On the other hand, the quality of products and service, to a large extent, will be improved so that products will be more conveniently used. What's more, there will be a wider range of products.

Conclusion

To sum up, IT industry is a field that is worth studying. It is not easy for all American IT corporations to make so many achievements throughout history. On the one hand, there must be some far-sighted businessmen who have a correct insight of the market and are capable of leading their employees. As I have mentioned above, the founders of successful and powerful American IT corporations realized the what the market needed and the developing tendency of the society. The products that could make our life convenient and improve the working efficiency must be in demand. On the other hand, innovations are needed during a period and adapt to the development of the whole society. It has been admitted that different things have different usage and popularization in different times. Therefore, certain products of IT industry must be updated. IT is just one part of economy, so must make progress and create new products according to the developing direction of economy. We can get much valuable experience and enlightenment by viewing the history and current situations of American IT industry, which can be used as an effective guidance to further develop other countries' economy.

Work Cited

[1]浪潮之巅作者：吴军

[2] https://www.wendangku.net/doc/f8362681.html,/p-228060494.html

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[4] https://www.wendangku.net/doc/f8362681.html,/forfuture1978/archive/2010/02/23/1671909.html

[5] https://www.wendangku.net/doc/f8362681.html,/20110621/n311096580.shtml

[6] https://www.wendangku.net/doc/f8362681.html,/enews

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[9] https://www.wendangku.net/doc/f8362681.html,/TopicInfo.asp?id=90

英语翻译实践报告

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外朋友了解了宁夏枸杞的与众不同，同时也为百瑞源走出中国，迈向国际舞台提供了良机。 在参观过程中，同学们品尝了味美色鲜的枸杞、其他枸杞制品和，可谓是大饱了口福。但同学们并未忘记此行的目的，大家一边参观，一边了解相关的知识，对于枸杞的营养价值和种类有了进一步了解;同时，在参观过程中，同学们发现了不少汉英翻译的错误，对于一个企业来说，要想进入全球市场，对外宣传和对外交流是至关重要的，所以企业品牌的跨文化交流成为了一种必然趋势。这让同学们不禁为企业的进一步发展担忧。作为翻译专业的学生，对此比较敏感，于是，大家纷纷把有错误的地方拍下来，准备参观结束后再进行更正。 回校后，王老师把全班分成若干组，每组负责一部分企业的宣传资料，然后让同学们查找翻译的错误并改正。我们组分到的任务比较少，但是，在我们仔细读过之后发现了不少错误，而且有些还是由于英汉表达习惯的不同导致的比较明显的错误。虽然字数不多，却涉及不少商贸以及新闻语体。我们小组成员认真思考，经过讨论后把我们最后的翻译结果交给了王老师。 课程实践的收获 通过这次的翻译实践，我更加清楚的认识到自己英语相关方面的知识还远远不足，也让我更加清醒的认识到，丰富自己的词汇量及语境英语句型的重要性。我对翻译充满了热爱，怀着这份热爱，我要跟加严格的要求自己。今后，把更多的时间和精力投身到翻译知识中去，争取在翻译方面有所突破和发展。 翻译是一项很困难的工作，要做到精益求精，专业性非常强，而且要与时俱进，这让我知道了仅有翻译技巧是远远不够的，需要平时大量的艰苦练习，不断积累，才能在翻译中获得巨大收获。而且，作为翻译专业的学生，只凭课堂上学到的理论知识，是远远不够的。要想成为一名优秀的翻译人员，就要抓好每一个机会，在实践中不断磨练自己，不断强化自己的翻译技能，同时提升自身的综合能力，，

(完整word版)英语专业翻译实践报告

实践报告 这周是英语专业的翻译实践周，这次的专业实习让我受益匪浅，收获颇多。专业实习的主要目的是要培养我们理论联系实际，综合运用所学基础知识、基本理论和技能，独立分析、解决问题的能力。在大学的第三学年，实习是一个很重要的环节，对我们以后的工作实习也有一定的帮助。所以，我们要端正态度，认真对待这次的专业实习。 我们的主要任务是进行英译汉和汉译英的翻译实践，为此在实践的过程中，我总结了四种必备的翻译工具：一是灵格斯翻译工具，里面可安装各式的词典；二是百度搜索工具；三是有道词典；四是英汉词典；五是汉英词典。翻译的过程如下：首先可以现在灵格斯里查询不懂的单词和词组，寻找最符合原文的解释。然后采取同时在百度和有道词典搜索的做法，并对同种搜索工具搜索结果进行比较。他们有着各自的优缺点。所以我们最后用到的就是英汉和汉英辞典，可以对我们翻译之中的词汇，进行最后的确认，确定出最最准确的译法。 在翻译过程中也遇到到了一些困难，这说明在漫漫的英语学习过程中我还要继续努力。学如逆水行舟，不进则退，只要每天我认真学习，那就是一种进步。人生总归会有许多挫折，但我们若不跨过这道坎，就不会有进步，滞留不前。我们要用有限的生命创造无限的价值，勇敢面对每一个挑战。 翻译是运用一种语言把另一种语言所表达的思维内容准确而完整地表达出来的语言行为。当然纸上谈兵是无稽之谈，光有理论知识而不实践操作也是没有用的。有位翻译家这么说过，“学翻译犹如学游泳。只在岸边看别人游，或只听教练讲解，是学不会的。”所以要想提高自己的翻译能力，一定要通过实践。实践可以分为两类，直接的实践和间接的实践。 所谓直接的实践，就是自己亲身参加的实践，也就是自己动手翻译。一回生，二回熟，日积月累，第一手经验多了，做起来得心应手，翻译能力有所提高。所谓“熟能生巧”，就是这个道理。但自己能译的东西是有限的，从这种实践中得出的经验也是有限的。因此，还需要借助于间接的实践。 所谓间接的实践，就是研究别人的译文。比如，一篇文章在手，准备翻译，这时先找一些有关的资料或同类文章的译文看一看，在词语和风格方面定会有所借鉴。别人的译文是别人直接实践的产物，看了别人的译文，就是从事间接实践。

英语模拟翻译总结

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英语翻译模拟试题

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英语常用翻译技巧总结

翻译考察三方面内容： 1、专有名词（如operational research expert）、习惯用法（如depend on）及多义词的翻译(如school、set的多义) 2、一般性翻译技巧:包括词义选择，词序调整，词性转换和增词法等等 3、具体句型（定从、状从、主从、宾从、表从、同位从、强调结构、并列、比较、倒装、插入、被动、否定等） 一、常用方法 英汉两种语言在句法、词汇、修辞等方面均存在着很大的差异，因此在进行英汉互译时必然会遇到很多困难，需要有一定的翻译技巧作指导。常用的翻译技巧有增译法、省译法、转换法、拆句法、合并法、正译法、反译法、倒置法、包孕法、插入法、重组法和综合法等。这些技巧不但可以运用于笔译之中，也可以运用于口译过程中，而且应该用得更加熟练。 1. 增译法：指根据英汉两种语言不同的思维方式、语言习惯和表达方式，在翻译时增添一些词、短句或句子，以便更准确地表达出原文所包含的意义。这种方式多半用在汉译英里。汉语无主句较多，而英语句子一般都要有主语，所以在翻译汉语无主句的时候，除了少数可用英语无主句、被动语态或“There be…”结构来翻译以外，一般都要根据语境补出主语，使句子完整。英汉两种语言在名词、代词、连词、介词和冠词的使用方法上也存在很大差别。英语中代词使用频率较高，凡说到人的器官和归某人所有的或与某人有关的事物时，必须在前面加上物主代词。因此，在汉译英时

需要增补物主代词，而在英译汉时又需要根据情况适当地删减。英语词与词、词组与词组以及句子与句子的逻辑关系一般用连词来表示，而汉语则往往通过上下文和语序来表示这种关系。因此，在汉译英时常常需要增补连词。英语句子离不开介词和冠词。另外，在翻译时还要注意增补一些原文中暗含而没有明言的词语和一些概括性、注释性的词语，以确保译文意思的完整。总之，通过增译，一是保证译文语法结构的完整，二是保证译文意思的明确。如： （1）What about calling him right away 马上给他打个电话，你觉得如何（增译主语和谓语） （2）If only I could see the realization of the four modernizations. 要是我能看到四个现代化实现该有多好啊！（增译主句） (3) Indeed, the reverse is true 实际情况恰好相反。（增译名词） (4) 就是法西斯国家本国的人民也被剥夺了人权。 Even the people in the fascist countries were stripped of their human rights.（增译物主代词） (5) 只许州官放火，不许百姓点灯。 While the magistrates were free to burn down house, the common people were forbidden to light lamps. （增译连词） (6) 这是我们两国人民的又一个共同点。

英语翻译题题库

英语翻译题库 Translation. Directions: This part is to test your ability to translate English to Chinese. Each of the 10 sentences is followed by four choices of suggested translation marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best answer. 1. When exporting goods, it is essential to arrange insurance cover in case the goods are lost or damaged in transit. A.为了促进货物出口, 减少货物的丢失或者损坏, 必须发展保险业. B.出口时, 货物基本上都会上保险, 这样货物就避免了丢失或损坏. C.出口货物时必须办理保险, 以防货物在运输过程中丢失或者损坏. D.出口前货物一般都会上保险, 以便在货物遗失或损坏后得到赔偿. 2. If we do not receive payment by the end of this month, we will have no alternative but to take legal action. A.如果本月底我们还收不到付款, 我们将会采取除申诉以外的一切行动. B.如果在本月底我们仍未收到货款, 我们别无选择, 只能采取法律行动. C.如果本月底我们还收不到订货, 我们就不得不采取其他办法了. D.如果本月底我们还收不到订购的货物, 我们就不得不拒绝付款. 3. Party B has the right to a written notice to Party A under the following conditions. A.乙方在下述情况下有权以书面通知甲方取消合同. B.乙方有义务在下述条件下通知甲方签定书面合同. C.乙方在下列条件下有权拒绝接受甲方书写的合同. D.乙方在下列情况下才得有权与甲方终止书面合同. 4. I have already given instructions for the task to be taken up first and the engineers doing the job to work overtime. A.我已下达指示, 首先要承担这项任务, 并且从事该项工作的工程师们必须加 班. B.我已做了说明, 从事该项工作并肯加班的工程人员具有优先权来参与这项 任务. C.我已经下达指令, 涉及该项工作的人员应首先接受该项任务, 并且要加班工 作. D.我已做了解释, 首先必须有工程师们愿意加班工作才能有可能来完成这项 任务. 5. Electronic computers, which have many advantages, cannot carry out creative work and replace man. A.尽管电子计算机有许多优点，可是它不能理解创造性工作，也不能代替人类。 B.有许多优点的电子计算机也不能代替人类去做创造性工作。

英语笔译实训报告

翻译实习报告 为了把我们近一年所学的基本的英汉互译知识和方法全面地结合起来，院里给我们安排 了翻译实习，使我们能相对忠实、准确、流畅地将各种文体进行英汉互译，以此提高自身翻 译各种文本的实际能力。同时，通过翻译实习,养我们成为一名翻译工作者所应具备的优秀品 质:诚实笃信, 认真负责,严格遵守翻译从业人员必备的各种职业规则以及严谨细致的作风, 吃苦耐劳的精神,团结合作的风尚等。 我们的指导老师给了我们12份英文材料，每份约2000字。我们实习的任务是完成所有 材料的翻译。根据学院及指导老师的要求，我计划将所有材料在三周内翻译完成，每周平均 翻译四分材料。 为了配合院里的工作，更为了通过实践，总结自己的不足，以便在今后的语言实践中自 己翻译水平和能力能够得到相应的提高和发展，我在完成计划工作后，我开始了我的翻译实 习工作。 在进行翻译实习的过程中，我充分调动了我大脑中的知识及老师教给我们的基本翻译技 巧，例如：“英译汉时，有时某些词并不能完全按照词典的基本含义翻译，如生搬硬套或逐词 死译，会使译文生硬，令人费解，甚至可能造成误解。这时应当根据上下文和逻辑关系，从 该词的基本含义出发，进一步加以适当的引申，选择比较适当的汉语词语来表达”以及增词 法、省略法(减词法)、重复法、正反, 反正表达法、分句法, 合句法、词义的引伸、词类的 转译等英译汉常用的方法和技巧。尽管如此，我在实际翻译时候还是碰到了很多问题。 首先，词汇量的不充足使我在翻译的过程中经常遇到阻碍，我不得不借助电脑，词典等 工具查找出我所不能准确描述的关键词句。其次，是常用句型的缺乏也使得我在翻译过程中 举步维艰。再次，就是对一些专有词汇的不熟悉还有一些国外历史文化背景等方面知识的匮 乏也使得我的翻译工作进展的不太顺利。这时，我会借助网络的帮助，在网上查询在词典中 查不到的专有名词、新词，以及相关背景知。最后，语文功底的薄弱和常识性知识的缺乏也 是阻碍我翻译工作的一大难题。例如，在第一份翻译材料中有个句子是“the united states economy ”，在这个句子中，我不知道是 把“the united states economy”翻译为“美国经济”还是“美国经济体”好，并且我 总觉得两种翻译都很怪。如果把“the united states economy”翻译为“美国经济”，那么 “美国经济拥有世界上最大的国内生产总值(gdp)”。但是“国内生产总值”整句话的翻译就是： 只能是一个国家的啊，不能说经济拥有多少国内生产总值吧。但是，如果把“the united states economy”翻译为“美国经济”体，那么整句话的翻译就是：“美国经济体拥有世界上最大的 国内生产总值(gdp)”。这样又成为经济体有多少国内上产总值的。于是，我又想：可不可以 把“economy”直接省略不翻呢？就翻译为“美国拥有世界上最大的国内生产总值(gdp)”，但 是我又不敢妄下结论。总之，我真的是在经过艰苦的“奋战”后才最终完成了本次的翻译实 习任务。 通过这次的翻译实习，我更加清楚的认识到自己英语相关方面的知识还远远不足，也让 我更加清醒的认识到，丰富自己的词汇量及语境英语句型的重要性，更让我懂得“理论联系 实际”的真理——没有理论知识肯定不行，但是光有理论知识而不通过实践来巩固旧知识和 获得新知识更不行。任何事情和工作都不是夸夸其谈就能完成的和做好的。此外，我也变得 更能忍耐和坚持。在实习的过程中，由于翻译工作过于枯燥以及在翻译中遇到各种困难而使 翻译过程的缓慢，我曾多次想放弃，想随便敷衍了事。但是我从小养成的强烈责任感和拥有 的良好道德观敦促我忍受枯燥乏味和冲破各种阻碍把我的任务完成。最后，我也深刻的体会 到时间的紧迫性。我的大学生活即将结束，这意味着我已经没有多少在学校学习的时间了（因 为我不考研将）。我真的意识到我在过去的三年中浪费了多少本可以用来学习充电的大好时光。 我知道不管是否来得及，我都要充分这最后的半年（我觉得最多只有半年学习时间了）好好

211重点大学英语专业：翻译实践报告

《世界历史百科全书（World History Encyclopedia）》（节 选）翻译项目报告

摘要 本文是一篇翻译项目报告。翻译项目原文选自《世界历史百科全书（World History Encyclopedia）》——一部由多位作者共同完成的、全面介绍世界范围内各人种各文明历史发展的巨著。该项目选取的是该书“哥伦布大交换与人类适应性”章节作为翻译报告材料。哥伦布大交换是一场东半球与西半球之间生物、农作物、人种（包括黑奴）、文化、传染病、甚至思想观念的突发性交流。本翻译报告的内容主要分为四个部分, 第一部分为翻译项目介绍，包括项目的来源、意义以及报告结构等。第二部分为原作背景介绍，包括作者简介、主要内容和原作分析等。第三部分为翻译难点与翻译方法，包括翻译难点分析、译前的准备工作，以及翻译理论与方法的选择与简述。第四部分总结了在翻译过程中所获得的经验教训、启发并指出仍待解决的问题。在该翻译报告中，译者以奈达的功能对等理论为支撑，并结合翻译实践经验，采用多种翻译策略并运用具体的实例论证了该理论在翻译中得重要性。 关键词：翻译项目报告，《世界历史百科全书（World History Encyclopedia）》，功能对等理论，翻译策略

A Project Report on Translation of World History Encyclopedia (excerpts) ABSTRACT This is a project report on translation of World History Encyclopedia (excerpts), the first comprehensive work to take a large-scale thematic look at the human species worldwide. The excerpts of this report are from the chapter of “The Columbian Exchange and Human Adaption”. The Columbian Exchange, also known as the Grand Exchange, was a dramatically widespread exchange of animals, plants, culture, human populations (including slaves), communicable disease, and ideas between New World and Old World. The main content of this report is divided into four parts: Part one is the translation projection description, including project significance, project origin and structure of the report. Part Two is the introduction of the source text background, including introduction of the author, main content and analysis of the source text. Part Three is about quality control, including preparations before translation，the difficulties encountered while translating and how to settle those problems through various translation strategies. Part Four concludes with the lessons, enlightenments and unsolved problems in the translation project. Underpinned by Nida’s The Functional Equivalence Theory, the reporter argued the importance of Functional Equivalence in translation using different translation strategies and concrete examples. Key Words：translation report; World History Encyclopedia; Functional Equivalence theory; translation strategies

英语翻译总结

Unit1 中译英 1. 男孩们，例如杰克和大卫，对我都很友好。（such as） Boys such as Jack and David are very friendly to me. 2.在作出这一决定的过程中，他起了重要的作用。（play a role in） He played an important role in making the decision. 3. 你如果找不到这本书没关系。（matter） It doesn’t matter if you can’t find the book. 4. 帮助他们就是帮助拯救我们自己。（by helping…） By helping them we are helping (to) save ourselves 5. 我愿意做你所期望我做的任何事情。（be willing to do, whatever）I’m willing to do whatever you expect me to do. 英译中 1. In fact, anyone can be a hero ― even you! 事实上，任何人都可能成为英雄——甚至你也能! 2. Y ou don’t have to save someone from a burning building or fight a robber.你不必从燃烧的大楼里救出某个人，或者与抢劫犯搏斗。 3. It doesn’t matter if you do something big or small. 你做的事或大或小，这并不重要紧。 4.A hero is a person who helps others in some way. 英雄是以某种方式帮助他人的人。 5. Help older people around the neighborhood.