翻译课讲义(8)

But life is not worth anything if he is not kept busy. From morning till night he toils and works on some scheme which will meet a social need or solve a social problem. He may talk to you as if he were a pessimist beyond redemption, but his own activities are always prompted by unblenching idealism. As a matter of fact, he is today a hard worker who does not get paid for it. In Peiping or in Shanghai he is the most effective public citizen wherever he is found. He cannot be said to be rich or even well-to-do, but he is most lavish in digging into his own pocket in order to induce a millionaire to make a contribution to a worthy cause.

blench--flinch: to make a sudden flincining movement out of fear or pain (因害怕或痛苦) 突然退缩，畏缩；unblenching：无所畏惧的，一往无前的，毫不动摇的，坚定的参考译文：无所事事的生活对他来说毫无意义。为了满足某社会需求或是解决某社会问题，他整天忙于订计划，做方案。与人交谈起来，他俨然是一个无可救药的悲观主义者，然而，他的所作所为又都是出于一种坚定的理想主义。如今他不辞劳苦地干事，却又不拿报酬。无论在北平，还是在上海，所到之处，他都是最有影响力的公众人物。他谈不上富有，甚至算不上殷实，可一旦为了说服某富豪捐助于某项有意义的事业时，他会慷慨解囊，倾其所有。

Reflections on the Sports Meet

The first campus football match Hu Shih watched after he entered an American university was played ______ two ______. Compared with the _____ in China, American football is a tough game. A few thousand people attended the match _____ the high cost of 2 US dollars per person for ______. When the match reached a ______ ______, the audience would shout in ______ to cheer for the warriors of their ______ team. If a player of their ____ team got _____ and was helped out of the field, they would solute and comfort him by ______ of yelling. At first Hu could not get used to the rough play and deafening noise, ______ that it was ______ and he _____ it to the ancient bloody fights in the arena of the Roman amphitheater.

What _____ Hu was the fact that some _______ professors were yelling along with young boys and girls, and he was very surprised to find Mr. Rolly, his professor of botany sitting _____ to him, shouting with great ______.

After attending football match several times, Hu Shih _____ his fellow students in cheering for the players in ______ of himself. He wondered how such a _____ had taken place in him. Was it because he had accepted such barberous _______? The answer was _____. He had graduaully ______ up the “old-age mentality” and became _______.

Five years after he had spent teaching at Peking University, he _______ to his “scholarly dignity” and his ______ “old-age mentality” had revived _______.

Now he was very glad to learn that a sports meet was _______ in Peking university. That made him ______ of how 12 years ago he joined the football crowds and shouted with them at the ______ of his ______. He _______ to have the opportunity to regain some of his youthful spirit and ______ that all his students would be present to taste the joy of youthfulness and _____ about their “scholarly dignity” for the ____ ____.

Comparison between English and Chinese (continued)

形合hypotactic (hypotaxis) vs. 与意合paratactic (parataxis)

形合hypotactic is the dependent or subordinate construction or relationship of clauses with

eg I shall despair if you don’t come.

意合paratactic is the arranging of clauses one after the other without connectives showing the relationship between them.

Eg: The rain fell; the river flooded; the house was washed away.

王力（1984）：西洋语的结构好像连环，虽则环与环都联络起来，毕竟有联络的痕迹；中国语的结构好像无缝天衣，只是一块一块的硬凑，凑起来还不让它有痕迹。西洋语法是硬的，没有弹性的；中国语法是软的，富于弹性的。惟其是硬的，所以西洋语法有许多呆板的要求。如每一个从句里面必须有一个主语；惟其是软的，所以中国语法只以达意为主，不用任何的连接词之类。

高名凯（1986）：汉人平时说话不喜欢用太多没有基本意义的虚词，只是把事情或意思排列起来，让人去了解这两个事情或两个意思之间的关系如何。不过这并不是说汉人说话没有逻辑，因为不加虚词，我们也知道到这句话的意思。

More examples in English:

1.All was cleared up some time later when news came from a distant place that an earthquake

was felt the very day the little copper ball fell.

过了一些时候，从远方传来了消息：在小小铜球坠落的当天，确实发生了地震。这一切终于得到了澄清。

2.When I try to understand what it is that prevents so many Americans from being as happy as

one might expect, it seems to me that there are two causes, of which one goes much deeper than the other.

为什么如此众多的美国人不能如想象中那样幸福呢？我认为原因有二，而两者之间又有深浅之分。

3.It was what sentimentalists, who deal in very big words , call a yearning after the ideal, and

simply means that women are not satisfied until they have husbands and children on whom they may centre affections , which are spent elsewhere, as it were, in small change. (Vanity Fair)

一般情感主义者喜欢用大字眼，称之为对于理想爱情的渴望。换言之，他们认为女人的情感平时只能零星发泄，必须有了丈夫和孩子，情感收聚起来有了归宿，自己才能得到

满足。

4.Change of information, if any, concerning the contents of this section will be found in the

appendix at the end of this book.

本节内容如有改动，均见本书末附录。..

Example in Chinese:

不到黄河心不死。

Until all is over, ambition never dies.

不进则退。

He who does not advance falls back.

物极必反。

Once a certain limit is reached, a change in the opposite direction is inevitable.

尺璧非宝，寸阴是竞 A piece of jade, big as it is, is by no means as precious as time, no matter how short the time is.

女慕贞洁，男效才良。知过必改，得能莫忘

Women who are pure and virtuous are to be admired and respected,

Men should learn from the people who are both talented and morally good.

You should correct your mistake as soon as you know it,

And do not forget what you have learned.

性静情逸，心动神疲●When people are calm, their emotions are peaceful;

When people are attracted by material, they are liable to become tired spiritually.

●差之毫厘，失之千里。

A little error may lead to a large discrepancy-a small error to make may lead to a great mistake.

●贫穷自在，富贵多忧

The poor are care-free while the rich and powerful are worried.

人无远虑，必有近忧。People who give no thought to difficulties in the future are sure to be beset by worries much closer at hand.

得宠思辱，居安思危。●When you are graced, you should think of the time when you might be disgraced; in times of safety, you should think of anger and difficulty.

善有善报，恶有恶报，不是不报，日子未到。●Good will be rewarded with good, and evil with evil; if the reward is not forthcoming, it is because the time has not yet come.

养兵千日，用兵一时。Armies are to be maintained in the course of long years, but to be used in the nick of time.

作业

Proud as a Lucifer, he never tolerates an act which injures his dignity. Such an insult he would not take even from his closest friend. He is humble in admitting his own mistakes when his attention is directed to them in a friendly way, but even in his fifties he would have none of the foolishness which hurts his pride.

He is wiser today through his many disappointments. But where he excels others whom we

revere is that he has regained his romanticism in life through his disillusions. In other words, he has got hold of what may be called the “secondwind” and the strength of his personality is irresistible.

英语讲义(附翻译)1

Final Guide to 2011 MBA T est --- A Bird’s Eye View T ype I Social Phenomenon (Debatable T opic) 1. 近两年，美国的大学入学考试进入中国，吸引了众多家长和中学生的关注。在一些大城市，申请参加考试的人数逐年增加。请对此现象谈谈看法。 Paragraph One Nowadays more and more Chinese high school students choose to apply for American college entrance test. This phenomenon has received immediate attention from our society. Relevant concern and discussion can be frequently found in media of every kind. (38 words) (第一段) 现今，越来越多中国高中生申请参加美国大学入学考试。这种现象立刻引起了全社会的关注。相关的关心和讨论能够频繁得出现在各种媒体上。 Paragraph Two Just as every coin has two sides, this phenomenon is no exception. People vary greatly in their viewpoint. Some argue that it’s understandable for Chinese students to take this action. They even add that American test is another good choice for those students. Of course, other people have radically different view. For them, American test comes as a competition to Chinese test system. They fear that our best students will be lost in this way. Besides, one more test means another burden to the students. (85 words) (第二段）正如每个硬币都有两面，这种现象也不例外。人们对这个现象观点不一。有些人认为中国学生这种行为是可以理解的，他们甚至认为美国考试对那些学生来说是另一种好的选择。当然，有些人持不同的观点，他们认为美国的考试对国内的考试体系构成竞争，他们担心我们会流失最好的学生。况且，更多的考试对学生存在不好的影响。 Paragraph Three It seems there is no ground for these two groups of people to reach an agreement on this phenomenon. As for me, it’s not bad to have another type of test. Therefore, I insist that there is no need to make a big fuss over the phenomenon. After all, it is up to the students to make the right choice. (60 words) (第三段)眼下看起来，上面的两种人，针对这种现象形成一致意见是没有基础的。就我而言，我认为多一种考试也不错。因此，我认为，针对这种现象，完全没有必要大惊小怪。毕竟，最终做决定的是学生。 2. 据中国青年报的调查，57%的大学生愿意毕业后从事保姆职业。也有33%的大学生认为这样的工作是对人才的浪费，不会选择这个工作。根据这个调查结果，请陈述自己的观点，并给大学生就业提出相关建议。 Paragraph One Nowadays more and more college graduates choose baby-sitting as their first job after graduation from college. This phenomenon has received immediate attention from our society. Relevant concern and discussion can be frequently found in media of every kind. (38 words) 第一段现如今，越来越多的大学生愿意毕业后从事保姆职业。这种现象立刻引起了全社会的关注，相关的评论和报道频繁的出现在各种媒体上. Paragraph Two While there is a heated discussion, even controversy, over the current issue of whether college graduates should do baby-sitting, my view is obvious enough: baby-sitting is a job, and

山东师范大学翻译讲义

山东师范大学外国语学院 英汉翻译English-Chinese Translation 贾磊 2011

1.Editing/修改 English Chinese ..the best collection of his drawings being in the Uffizi in Florence 他最好的草图都被收集在佛罗伦萨的乌菲兹美术馆 …during the funeral service,St Stephen and St Augustine were said to have miraculously intervened to place the body in its tomb with their own hands.据说圣史蒂芬和圣奥古斯丁神秘地介入了殡葬仪式并亲手将尸体放入墓地 He(Prince of Angri)had offered Caravaggio6,000scudi(a large sum)to fresco a loggia,an offer that was refused, doubtless because he disliked the medium,which he is not definitely know to have employed.亲王支付给卡拉瓦乔六千银币（一大笔钱）请他为自己的凉廊绘制壁画却遭到了拒绝，显然画家不喜欢这种绘画，因为这样不能明确地表明他是受雇而创作。 This marriage of convenience is clearly doomed.显然，这场贪图财利的婚姻，将不可避免地走向灾难的结局。 Wright of Derby was one of the earliest artists to restore men and women(pictorially at least)to what society then believed was their proper spheres:men think and reason, women feel.德比的莱特是把男人和女人重新恢复到当时社会所认为的适当社会地位的早期艺术家之一（至少在绘画上如此），即：男人善于思考推理，女人善于感性体验。 Unfetted by the conventions that such grandiloquent portaits required,Reynolds created his freshest and most daring portait of a society beauty.雷诺兹没有被这种浮华肖像画的惯例所束缚,他创造了一个上流社会美女的最令人耳目一新，也是最大胆创新的肖像画。 Sitting backwards in a chair,Mrs Abington has her thumb in her mouth as she stares distractedly,yet with bright, captivating eyes,out into space.阿宾顿夫人靠在椅背上，拇指放于嘴中，瞪着眼睛若所所思，但她明亮美丽的眼睛却望向苍穹。 在20世纪初期 拿破仑的妈妈在骄傲地观礼。 He confronts a people whose language he does not know, on whose kindness he must rely,and with whom–his poetic gifts now all but useless to him–he must attempt to communicate.他碰上的这个民族，他不懂他们的语言，他又必须依赖他们的善良生存，而且他必须试着去跟他们沟通——现在诗人的天赋对他来说已是百无一用。 The painting must have been admired by Edgar Degas, because the older artist started in earnest on his own quest to represent the“modern”,but female,body in the act of bathing in1884-85,just as Caillebotte signed and dated his most important late painting.这幅画肯定受到了埃德加?德加的赞美，因为这位艺术前辈早在1884-85年就开始用他自己的方式虔诚地表现“现代的”，而不是女性的，浴中人体艺术，正如同卡耶波特在他晚期最重要的作品中所签署并注明的一样。 当它还在画架上时便被著名的俄国收藏家史楚金(Sergei Shchukin)预定收藏。 Schwitters was particularly influenced by Kandinsky’s ideas about the synthesis of different art forms and his ideal of creating a universal Gesamtkunstwerk（‘total work of art’）.康定斯基对不同艺术表现形式之间应相互融合的思想以及他希望创造一个世界性的完全的纯艺术作品的理想深深地影响着施维特斯。 Essentially self-taught,in autumn1954the young American Jasper Johns destroyed all the works in his New York studio as a prelude to reinventing his art from first principles.1954年秋天，贾斯帕?约翰斯——一位基本上是自学成才的年轻的美国小伙子——销毁了他纽约工作室里所有的作品，这一举动，拉开了约翰斯挑战抽象主义画风的序幕。

英语翻译技巧选修课讲义

第一单元词语的翻译（1） 增词法 汉英两种语言在词法和句法结构方面存在着极大的差别。例如，英语中有词形变化，汉语中没有；英语中大量用连词、介词、关系代词等，而汉语中各成分往往通过内在的关系贯串在一起，不一定或很少使用连词和介词，也没有关系代词。所以，翻译时常常有必要在译文的词量上作适当的增加，使译文既能忠实地传达原文的内容和风格，又能符合译入语的表达习惯，但是增词必须是根据具体情况增加非增加不可的词语。 汉译英中的增词 一、根据句法结构需要增词 1．增补主语 汉语里无主语的句子相当多，汉译英时常常要根据上下文的意思选择适当的代词或名词补做主语。增加什么样的主语则取决于上下文。 例1：不坚持就会失败。 One will fail unless —one perseveres． 例2：怕要下雨了。 I am afraid it is going to rain. 例3：又要马儿跑得快，又要马儿不吃草，简直可笑! You want the horse to run fast and yet you don’t 1et it graze．Isn’t it ridiculous! 2．增补非人称的或强调句中的it 英语中it除了指天气、时间等外，还常用来表示强调、代替不定式等。汉语中有许多表达方法，英译时需增补it。 例4：一天天冷起来了。 It is getting colder day by day． 例5：是我们采取有效措施的时候了。 It’s time we took effective measures. 例6：尝试而失败还是比不尝试好。 It’s better to try and fail than never try at a1l． 从以上例句可以看出汉英语言表达思想顺序的不同。如果一个句子里既有叙事部分，又有表态部分，在汉语里往往是叙事在前，表态在后。叙事部分比较长，表语部分一般都很短(如句中的“不容易”、“容易”、“好”)。在英语中则往往相反，表态在前，叙事在后。所以译文中要增补it作先行主语，以便把较短的表态部分放在前面。 下面两个例句中it起强调作用。 例7：我们费了很大力气才解决了那些问题。 It was with great effort that we solved those problems． 例8：我们这样做都是为了你好。 It was for your benefit that we did all that． 3. 增补作宾语的代词或先行宾语it 在汉语中，只要从上下文能正确理解，宾语常常可以省略，但在英语中凡及物动词都得有宾语，因此在英译时经常要增补宾语。 例9：我们认为理论与实践相结合是十分重要的。 We think it most important that theory should be combined with practice．

翻译讲义

一．课堂导入 （以温故提问的方式导入） 1、提问:从高考的特点与考查目的出发,文言文翻译要严格遵循的两个原则是什 么? 第一: 忠于原文,力求做到_____、 _____、 _____ 。(信达雅) 第二: 字字落实,以_____为主,以_____为辅 (直译意译) （①让学生用自己语言表述文言文翻译“信、达、雅”三字原则的理解 ②直译：指译文要与原文保持对应关系，重要的词语要相应的落实，要尽力保持原文遣词造句的特点和相近的表达方式，力求语言风格也和原文一致。意译：指着眼于表达原句的意思，在忠于愿意的前提下，灵活翻译原文的词语，灵活处理原文的句子结构。） 2、提问: 文言文翻译的“六字决”? ①对：一般指把原名中的文言单音词对译为现代汉语的双音或多音词。 ②换：有些词语意义已经发展，用法已经变化，语法已经不用，在译文中， 应换这些古语为今语。 ③留：人名、地名、年号、国号、庙号、谥号、书名、物名都保留不译；与 现代汉语表达一致的词语可保留。 ④删：一些没有实在意义的虚词，如表敬副词、发语词、部分结构助词等，同义复用的实词或虚词中的一个和偏义复词中陪衬的词应删去。 ⑤补：省略的部分；词语活用相应的部分；代词所指的内容；使上下文衔接连贯的内容等。 ⑥调：把文言文中倒装的句子成分调整过来，使之符合现代汉语的语法习惯。前四种方法是用于解词，后二种方法是用于调整文言文特殊句式造成的语序不合现代规范现象。 二．文言句子翻译题的解题步骤： （一）总体分五步： 第一步： 第二步： 第三步： 第四步

第五步： （二）分步解析： 第一步： 通读语句、整体理解 这一步其实是很重要的，告诉学生，翻译的第一步要从整体理解句意入手，不要一拿到题目就一个字一个字的去抠，会出现前后不照应、句意不通顺等毛病，而且也这样容易走入死胡同。初次读句，只要理解句子的大意就行，这为下面推断词义打下基础。 第二步： 找得分点、发现“生词” 这一步是关键，因为挑出来让学生翻译的句子，一定有几个得分点，突破这些点是解题成功的关键。另外，每一位学生由于情况不同，在这些句子中总有几个字是他们一时难以断定词义甚至根本不知词义的“生词”。在这一步中，要让学生用笔把这些字圈出来，然后逐个解决。具体解释词语时，可以给学生提供下面的方法： 第三步：理清句式、调整语序 有很多情况下，因为没有看出句子中所隐藏的特殊句式，导致很多学生翻出来的句子很乱，不合现代文的句子规范。所以，翻译句子一定要把语序理顺。告诉学生，要掌握以下几种文言文特殊句式： 第四步：草拟底稿、连词成句 这一步可以在草稿纸（考试时可以在试卷上）上先大致草拟一下答案，结合上面几步连词成句。 第五步： 调整至答卷 这最后一步即把第四步的草稿再作调整，然后誊写到答卷上，这样既可以保证答案的思路清晰，又可以保持卷面清洁。 总结规律：①做翻译题的时候，应该有踩点得分的意识，要洞悉命题者关键想考查你哪些地方。要抓住翻译的两个关键点：一是关键词，二是特殊句。

翻译课讲义(5)

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