雅思阅读UNIT 13 Transport
UNIT 13 Transport
W a r m u p - T h i n k i n g a b o u t t h e T o p i c Look at these photos. Talk about them with your partner.
1 In your city, do more people ride bikes or drive cars?
2 Think about traffic congestion. Are bicycles 'part of the problem' or 'part of the solution' ?
Beginning to Read
Skimming to Identify the Author ’s Purpose and Passage Structure Complete the activities below to practise how to do this. Keep to the time limit.
Cycling in the City How much time do you spend stuck in traffic, breathing in diesel fumes, as you commute to work or to college every day? Traffic congestion in the big cities is one of the key issues facing city planners these days. It has only continued to get worse, despite the attempts to solve these problems. Expensive solutions such as new flyovers, bus-only lanes and park-and-ride options are all under consideration in many big cities. But these are all car-friendly solutions, What about the humble bicycle?
A TIP
For IELTS reading , you need to the able to read QUICKL
Y to find the author ’s purpose and the main structure of the reading passage.
Cycling is a key way of reducing traffic congestion, and has other benefits as well. It saves fuel, is healthier for the cyclists (if they survive the trip unharmed) and reduces air pollution for all other commuters who walk or travel on other forms of transport. It provides a more cost-effective and efficient use of city space by reducing the need for enormous parking buildings and inner city motorways. Another point is that cycling is a cheaper alternative than car ownership with its registration fees, fuel costs, and regular mechanical expenses. At present, many people drive over relatively short distances that; could equally be travelled by bike. However, often the fear of cycling in heavy commuter traffic keeps such people off their bikes.
Take a moment to think about those who risk the dangers of busy city roads on a bicycle. Cyclists are the most vulnerable people in heavy traffic. They move fast, they are balanced on two wheels, and they have no outer metal shell to protect them. If they are on their way to work, they may well be carrying work-related documents in a backpack or pannier, which increases the balance problem. As cyclists are much smaller than vehicles, drivers frequently do not even notice them and accidents are common. Often, especially in hot weather, cyclists only wear light clothing, which means the injuries they suffer are likely to be serious. Even helmets cannot always prevent fatal head injuries.
What needs to happen for cyclists to feel comfortable cycling to work? The first major requirement is changing our ideas so that cycling becomes a sensible transport choice and cyclists are safe on the roads. Public education is an essential part of this, to ensure that other road users are more considerate to cyclists and learn how to drive safely when bicycles are sharing the roads. Employers also need to be aware of cyclists' needs. These usually range from secure cycle racks to prevent theft, to the provision of showers and lockers, so people can change from cycling to business clothes once they arrive at work. Larger companies might also find that providing 'fleet cycles' to enable employees to go on errands during work hours is an effective policy.
The second major necessity is the development of a safe, convenient network of cycling pathways that link different parts of the city, but ideally are separate from the regular road system. These cycle paths should also allow for some separation of cyclists and pedestrians, as people walking can be badly injured or even killed if a cyclist collides with them. In areas where this is not possible, city streets should have clearly marked cycle lanes with restrictions to prevent drivers from using them.
Some cities, for example, Copenhagen and Amsterdam, have made a particular effort to achieve this. They have developed areas that are either car-free (only for pedestrians and cyclists) or 'pedestrian priority', where pedestrians and cyclists have the right-of-way and cars are only permitted to move at low speeds. Planners believe that the presence of cyclists at all hours of the day and evening keeps the city safer. Since 1995, there has been a city bike system in Copenhagen which allows anyone to B C D E F
borrow a bike from one of 110 bike stands around the city for a small deposit. Once the bike is returned to the same or another stand, this money is refunded. There has also been an active policy of establishing bike lanes, adding bike crossings to intersections and reducing the number of car parks to discourage cars in the central city. Currently, about 34% of commuters in Copenhagen cycle to work.
G
Cycling is clearly a healthy and effective alternative to the private car in our congested cities. The greater the proportion of cyclists to other vehicles, the safer cycling becomes. As some forward-thinking cities have 'demonstrated, there are many ways in which local city governments can actively encourage and subsidise cycling as a positive option for commuters. The most important of these require some brave decisions to curb the dominance of the private car, and the gridlock experienced in all major cities shows that such action has become essential.
3 Read the first sentence ONLY of each paragraph in the reading passage. Take NO MORE THAN FIVE minutes to do this.
What is the main structure of this passage?
A A description of types of transport in modern cities
B An analysis of traffic congestion problems
C A discussion of how cyclists are vulnerable
D A description of cycling as a solution to traffic problems
Predicting the Content from Topic Sentences
4 Look at the following topic sentences which come from the reading passage. The first paragraph, is NOT included. Underline the key words in each topic sentence and then discuss with your partner the likely topic of each paragraph.
B. Cycling is a key way of reducing traffic congestion, and has other benefits as well.
C. Take a moment to think about those who risk the dangers of busy city roads on a
bicycle.
D. What needs to happen for cyclists to feel comfortable cycling to work?
E. The second major necessity is the development of a safe, convenient network of
cycling pathways that, link different parts of the city, ...
F. Some cities, for example, Copenhagen and Amsterdam, have made a particular
effort to achieve this.
G. Cycling is clearly a healthy and effective alternative to the private car in our
congested cities.
IELTS Type Questions: Reading for Details and for Main Ideas
Matching Headings to Paragraphs
The reading passage has seven paragraphs, A-G . Choose the correct heading for each paragraph from the list of headings below. There are more headings than paragraphs.
List of Headings
i.
Cyclists at Risk ii.
Necessity for Action iii.
Educating Drivers and Employers iv.
Reasons for Cycling v.
Planning to Reduce Traffic Congestion vi.
Problems of Traffic Congestion vii.
Examples of Effective Cycle-friendly Developments viii. Safe Cycling Networks
1) __________Paragraph A 5)_____________ Paragraph E
2) __________Paragraph B 6)_____________ Paragraph F
3) __________Paragraph C 7) _____________Paragraph G
4) __________Paragraph D
Multiple Choice
8) Traffic planners are thinking about new solutions to traffic congestion. Which TWO of the following are NOT described in the reading?
Choose TWO letters, a-e.
a) overbridges for vehicles b) expansion of road networks
c) making streets wider
d) special lanes for buses
e) parking areas for motorists to change to public transport
9) The text describes some reasons for encouraging cycling.
Which ONE of the following is NOT listed?
Choose the correct letter, a, b, c, d, or e.
a) to lower the number of cars on the streets
b) to move quickly through heavy traffic
c) to lessen pollution of city air
TIP
These usually follow the
order of the reading passage.
d) to provide an option that costs less than using a car
e) to lessen need for car parks and roads
10) The reading passage discusses requirements for cycling to work.
Which THREE of the following are NOT listed?
Choose THREE letters, a-f
a) laws preventing cyclists from carrying documents in backpacks
b) education of drivers
c) action taken by employers to support employees who cycle
d) laws requiring cyclists to wear helmets
e) system of cycling pathways or special lanes for cyclists
f) policies requiring cyclists to wear bright-coloured clothing
11) In the examples given, a number of cycling-friendly developments are described.
Which TWO of the following are NOT included?
Choose TWO letters; a-j
a) areas without vehicle access
b) areas where people walking or on bikes have priority
c) free, covered bike parks
d) bikes that anyone can borrow and return later
e) additional taxes on petrol and diesel
f) fewer car parks
Locating Information
The passage has seven paragraphs, A -G. Which paragraph contains the following information? Write the correct letter, A-G, beside the statements below. Note: You may use airy letter more than once. 'You may not need to use all the letters.
12) _____Statistics to show that cycle-friendly policies are effective.
13) _____ A description of company facilities for employees who cycle to work.
14) _____The fact that cyclists are often not noticed by drivers.
15) _____Solutions from city planners that favour private cars.
16) _____ Reasons why cyclists should not use the same paths as
people who are walking.
17) _____A comparison of the cost of owning a bike and a car. Global Multiple Choice
Circle the letter fir the correct answer
18) The writer's main idea is that:
a.) In the future, cars will need to be banned from cities. TIP 1
You will usually find the answer to this question in the final and the first paragraph
TIP 2
Not all the four choices will be ideas from the passage. Your job is to choose the main idea, the
b). Automobiles are shaping our city planning.
c). Cycling is the key to a reduction of traffic congestion.
d). Some city governments have encouraged cycling.
After You Read
This section of the reading units will include some activities to help you to understand and practise reading skills that will help you with the IELTS test.
Vocabulary· Adjectives
humble efficient enormous
mechanical vulnerable frequent fatal essential considerate
ideal separate particular forward-thinking congested
5 Match the words above to the meanings below.
a. To be at risk of harm __________________________
b. Necessary __________________________
c. Modern, progressive __________________________
d. Happening very often __________________________
e. Special, focused __________________________
f. Perfect __________________________
g. Causing death __________________________
h. Crowded __________________________
i. Simple, modest __________________________
j. Not joined or linked __________________________
k. Related to machines __________________________
l. Effective, without wasted time or effort __________________________
m. Huge __________________________
n. Thinking about the needs of others __________________________
6 Complete the following sentences, using the adjectives above, or an adverb form if necessary.
a.Given that traffic congestion is worsening, official action to encourage cycling has
become ______________________.
b.____________________ , cycle paths will be divided from the regular road
system by walls or hedges.
c.Most parking buildings are _____________________________and ugly.
d.Copenhagen and Amsterdam are both cities with_______________________
policies for cyclists.
e.Cyclists are at risk in heavy traffic, as drivers ___________________________do
not even notice them.
f.Drivers need to be educated to be_____________________________ to cyclists.
g.Sadly, a collision between a cyclist and a car is often .
_______________________for the cyclist.
h.Equally, pedestrians are ___________________________when cyclists and
pedestrians share the same paths.
Other Vocabulary
fumes expansion pedestrians commuters alternative registration
pannier requirement provision
errands restrictions priority
intersections dominance
7 Complete the following sentences, using the target vocabulary above. You will not need all of the words.
a. ________________________ means making something bigger.
b. An ___________________is another option.
c. ________________________ are people moving around on foot.
d. A______________________ is a bag on the side of a bik
e.
e. A_____________________ is something that is essential.
f. _________________________ are things that limit what can be done.
g. The_________________________ of showers means they are made available.
h. ________________________ are people who regularly travel to work in the city.
i. Diesel ____________________ are the gases from buses and trucks.
j. ______________________ are short trips to collect or deliver things.
k. Having__________________________ means being the most important. Comparatives and Superlatives
8 In the reading passage, there are a number of cases of comparatives and superlatives. Find many as possible and highlight them. Then try to complete the following chart and identify what is being compared in each case.
Base Comparative Superlative …compared to …? bad worse worst traffic congestion now/ traffic
congestion 20 years ago narrow
healthy
efficient
cheap
vulnerable
considerate
large
safe
important
Pronoun Reference
9 Consider these parts of the main reading passage. Words, such as it, they, them,
this and these, which refer to something previously mentioned in the passage, are in bold.
Identify (highlight or underline) which word or words each one refers to.
The first one has been done for you –‘It’ refers to ‘traffic congestion’.
Cycling in the City
A ... Traffic congestion in the big cities is one of the key issues facing city planners these days. It has only continued to get worse, despite the attempts to solve these problems.
B Cycling is a key way of reducing traffic congestion. It also saves fuel, is healthier for the cyclists (if they survive the trip unharmed) and reduces air pollution for all other commuters who walk or travel on other forms of transport. It provides a more cost-effective and efficient use of city space, by reducing the need for enormous parking buildings and inner city motorways.
C Take a moment to think about those who risk the dangers of busy city roads on a bicycle. Cyclists are the most vulnerable people in heavy traffic. They move fast, they are balanced on two wheels, and they have no outer metal shell to protect them.... As cyclists are much smaller than vehicles, drivers frequently do not even notice them and accidents are common. Often, especially in hot weather, cyclists only wear light clothing, which means the injuries they suffer are likely to be serious.
D ... The first major requirement is changing our ideas so that cycling becomes a sensible transport choice and cyclists are safe on the roads. Public education is an essential part of this, to ensure that other road users are more considerate to cyclists and learn how to drive safely when bicycles are sharing the roads. Employers also need to be aware of cyclists' needs. These usually range from secure cycle racks, to prevent theft, [0 the provision of showers and lockers, so people can change from cycling to. business clothes once they arrive at work.
E The second major necessity is the development of a safe, convenient network of cycling pathways that link different parts of the city, but ideally are separate from the regular road system. These cycle paths should also allow for some separation of
cyclists and pedestrians, as people walking can be badly injured or even killed if a cyclist collides with them. In areas where this is not possible, city streets should have clearly-marked cycle lanes with restrictions to prevent drivers from using them.
G ... As some forward thinking cities have demonstrated, there are many ways in which local city governments can actively encourage and subsidise cycling as a positive option for commuters. The most important of these require some brave decisions to curb the dominance of the private car, but the gridlock experienced in all major cities shows that such action has become essential.
雅思阅读填空题(让考官告诉你)
雅思阅读summary填空题是雅思阅读题中常见题型, 在阅读考试中占较大的比重. 同时也是众多考生头痛的一种题型. 因为此题型不仅考查考生快速准确理解阅读文章的主旨能力, 也考查考生对定位,同义转化以及语义间逻辑关系的灵敏度. 总的来说, 雅思阅读summary填空题主要有两种形式: 一种是单词填空式, 这种形式主要针对文章全文或者部分段落写出的一篇摘要, 空出若干空格, 要求考生从文章中寻找相应的单词进行填空; 另一种是单词选择式, 就是在第一种形式的基础上, 额外提供了一个词库, 要求考生从词库中选词填空. 下面环球雅思的老师将详细讲解如何快速而有效的解答这两种形式的summary填空题. 单词填空式 解题策略 对于单词填空式题, 一般把握三个关键信息: 逻辑关系词, 语法属性, 定位. 首先, 观察空格前后是否有语义间有逻辑关系的连接词, 即逻辑关系词推断. 这类表示空格前后内容逻辑关系的连接词主要包括:
①表示因果关系的词, 如because, as, since, for, due to, thanks to, as a result of等. 在考试中, 在因果关系中除了一些连接词的衔接外, 还有一些表示因果关系的大词, 如trigger, breed, induce, engender, generate, be responsible for, affect, determine等, 这些词在语义中隐含了因果关系. 所以也是考生在解题中值得注意的. ②表示转折关系的词, 如but, however, while, yet, instead, rather, whereas等 ③表示让步关系的词, 如despite, in spite of, although等 ④表示并列关系的词, 如and, both…and…, neither…nor等 ⑤表示举例关系的词, 如such as, for example等 观察有无这类词的目的在于为了回原文定位时, 能缩小寻找范围, 使定位更加准确. 在文章阅读中, 题目中的某些单词会进行同义转换而变得面目全非，但是句意不会变，语义关系不会变，这是最可靠的定位依据。从而逻辑关系词对于考生在解题中把握语义间的内在关系起了关键作用. 如剑桥4 Test 2 Passage 1 Lost for words 一篇中的summary 题中This great variety of languages came about largely as a result of geographical ___Q1______. But in today’s world, factors such as government initiatives and ____Q2_____ are contributing to a huge decrease in the number of languages. One factor which may help to ensure that some endangered languages do not die out completely is people’s increasing appreciation of their ____Q3_____.
paraphrase
10分等于翻译加写作 “Paraphrase”改写就是运用同类词语的替换或句型的变换解释句或段的意义。Paraphrase 也就是一种同义转译，换句话说，用字不同，但所表达的意思相同。一些paraphrase的技巧：使用同义词、反义词，注释性说明，改换说法，倒换顺序等。做paraphrase 练习时，读懂很关键。只有清楚无误地读懂了原来的句子或段落才可能用自己的话完整地表达出来。还要扩充自己的词汇量，，平时多注意找单词的近义词。 如果水平较低，则从初级Paraphrasing入手，按照单个词、短语、句子、段落这样的顺序逐级练习；如果学生水平已经较高，就直接以句子为背景，将词与短语的同义转换含至其中练习。 一．关于paraphrase的常见问题 Question 1：什么词才会被同义替换? 其实，连基础较好的考生也会对paraphrase犯怵这一事实本身就已经反映出来问题——paraphrase并不是靠使用高级词汇来考人的。正相反，理论和时间都可以证明，越容易进行同义替换的往往不是那些“相貌丑陋”的难词、怪词，而是那些非常生活化，很“亲民”的小词。 由于paraphrase的定义即为以不同的词表示同样的意思，而往往又是以更常见、更小的词来表示意思，就以为这paraphrase和原文相比通常会占据更多的篇幅。这样一来，当一个相对艰深晦涩的概念好不容易找到paraphrase的时候，其所占用的空间就是不能被忽略的一个问题了。而在雅思考试的format下，每道题目仅仅占用非常有限的空间，这客观上导致对于深词、难词、怪词、术语等paraphrase的难度加大。换句话说，就是雅思考试同义替换的使用一般仅限针对相对高频和常用的表达。很难想象，像如下这样的一个单词会在有限的试题空间中进行有效的替换，这也就意味着，越是难的单词，越是罕见的表达，我们反而不需要担心其被同义替换。如果考题真的涉及到某个大、难、偏的怪词，那么几乎可以肯定在文章里一定会原文再现。 所以，其实对于基础较好和较差的考生，所面对的潜在paraphrase是一样的!那为什么前者也会比较受困呢?答案很简单。他们没有真正有效掌握重用的高频的词汇和表达。事实上，正是这样一些概念和表达由于其常用性，在日常生活中存在着极其大量的替换说法。而我们众多的考生往往因为轻视低级别的词汇，造成知其一不知其二，只了解皮毛的不利局面。这肯定会造成paraphrase识别的困难的。那么就有了第二个问题： Question 2：怎样才能有效识别同义替换? 由于上面所提到的原因，解决词汇阅读过程中的识别问题，首先应该加强对高频和常用词的掌握。事实上，越是常用的词，词义越多，词性也越多。如果仅仅满足于看到后能反应出一个意思，显然不能够称得上对该单词的有效把握。对高频、常用单词的有效把握，是提高paraphrase能力的基础。这意味着，对于相对较生僻的单词，只需要了解一两个词义也
雅思阅读模拟试题及答案解析(2)
雅思阅读模拟试题及答案解析（2）
Next Year Marks the EU's 50th Anniversary of the Treaty A. After a period of introversion and stunned self-disbelief，continental European governments will recover their enthusiasm for pan-European institution-building in . Whether the European public will welcome a return to what voters in two countries had rejected so short a time before is another matter. B. There are several reasons for Europe’s recovering self-confidence. For years European economies had been lagging dismally behind America (to say nothing of Asia)， but in the large continental economies had one of their best years for a decade， briefly outstripping America in terms of growth. Since politics often reacts to economic change with a lag，’s improvement in economic growth will have its impact in ， though the recovery may be ebbing by then. C. The coming year also marks a particular point in a political cycle so regular that it almost seems to amount to a natural law. Every four or five years， European countries take a large stride towards further integration by signing a new treaty： the Maastricht treaty in 1992， the Treaty of Amsterdam in 1997， the Treaty of Nice in . And in they were supposed to ratify a European constitution， laying the ground for yet more integration—until the calm rhythm was rudely shattered by French and Dutch voters. But the political impetus to sign something every four or five years has only been interrupted，not immobilised， by this setback. D. In the European Union marks the 50th anniversary of another treaty—the Treaty of Rome， its founding charter. Government leaders have already agreed to celebrate it ceremoniously， restating their commitment to “ever closer union” and the basic ideals of European unity. By itself， and in normal circumstances， the EU’s 50th-birthday greeting to itself would be fairly meaningless， a routine expression of European good fellowship. But it does not take a Machiavelli to spot that once governments have signed the declaration (and it seems unlikely anyone would be so uncollegiate as to veto
雅思阅读：关系之转折
雅思阅读：关系之转折 我们还是先看一个非常经典的一个例子，雅思《剑五》97页上的第34题。 题目是这样表述的：Day length is a useful cue for breeding in areas where ……………. are unpredictable。通过分析，我们得出以下结论：这里需要一个复数名词，而且是一个不可预测的事物；在该事物不可预测的地区，繁殖行为就得以日照长度作为提示了。接下来就是定位了，我们可以用这些名词作为定位依据：day length，breeding，cue。现在我们回文章，会看到以下几个句子可能会有答案出现，因为它们里面含有两个定位词：第二段的第一句"Breeding in most organisms occurs during a part of the year only，and so a reliable cue is needed to trigger breeding behaviour."第二句"Day length is an excellent cue，because it provides a perfectly predictable pattern of change within the year." 但是很显然，第一句话里出现的唯一的复数名词organisms并无不可预测的意思，而第二句话里根本没有复数名词，因此这两句话都不是我们所需要的。但是既然定位词已经这么密集的出现了，这就预示着答案已经离我们近在咫尺了，所以我们需要特别关注接下来的一两句话。 现在我们来看第三句：In the temperate zone in spring，temperatures fluctuate greatly day to day，but day length increases steadily by a predictable amount。如果就定位词来看的话，这句话里只有一个day length，其实不太符合我们的普通定位词要有两个的原则，但是有两个理由让我们对其刮目相看：首先，这句话里有一个复数名词"temperatures"；其次，后半句话里有个"unpredictable"的反义词"predictable"。 很多同学对这句话是持怀疑态度的，因为fluctuate对巨大多数人来说是个生词，而且predictable是可预测的意思，也不是我们需要的不可预测。但是如果大家注意到句中的"but"的话，那么一切疑惑都将迎刃而解。 But是最典型，也最为同学们所熟知的转折连词，只要出现了该词，就说明前后的意思是完全矛盾或者说相反的，既然but之后的从句出现了predictable，就说明but之前的主句是unpredictable，这样fluctuate这个生词造成的影响就可忽略不计了，自然答案就是temperatures。 But只是众多我们熟知的转折逻辑关系词中的一个，常见的还有however，although，yet，still，其次还有比如nevertheless，nonetheless，on the contrary，instead，instead of，on the other hand，whereas，while，in contrast with等等。我们从initially，originally这些表示起初、原本之类意思的副词里也能判断出前后意思的跌宕起伏。
雅思阅读的精读训练
雅思阅读的精读训练 雅思阅读的精读训练真的没有效果么?方法不对而已，今天小编给大家带来了雅思阅读的精读训练，希望能帮助到大家，下面小编就和大家分享，来欣赏一下吧。 雅思阅读的精读训练真的没有效果么? 怎么读才是精读? 精读意味着仔细读，认真读，读到骨头里，不要只查查词，看看句子意思。如果是这样, 这还没达到精读的深度。 举个例子513 For many environmentalists, the world seems to be getting worse. They have developed a hit-list of our main fears: that natural resources are running out; that the population is ever growing, leaving less and less to eat; that species are becoming extinct in vast numbers, and that the planet's air and water are becoming ever more polluted. 精读的步骤 第一步从词汇(单词, 短语)入手：把句子里的单词(主要是动词，形容词，副词)这三类词达到认知程度, 拓展同义词,派生词等，因为根据雅思阅读考点的出现频率看，这三类词最容易被替换。如果时间允许，再看看名词里的抽象名词，物质名词采取猜词技巧可以解决。例如以上的句子： 动词： run out(拓展exhaust/use up, 例如832 ); grow(拓展growth/increase/progress….例如441); leave(拓展不仅表示“留下来，离开的意思，还可以表示使处于某种状态, 例如721); eat(拓展feed, 例如412); extinct(拓展extinction/die out 例如513); pollute(拓展pollution/pollutant 例如532);
雅思阅读模拟试题精选
雅思阅读模拟试题精选
雅思阅读模拟试题精选 1. Washing， brushing and varnishing fossils — all standard conservation treatments used by many fossil hunters and museum curators alike —vastly reduces the chances of recovering ancient DNA. 2. Instead， excavators should be handling at least some of their bounty with gloves， and freezing samples as they are found， dirt and all， concludes a paper in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences today. 3. Although many palaeontologists know anecdotally that this is the best way to up the odds of extracting good DNA， Eva-Maria Geigl of the Jacques Monod Institute in Paris， France， and her colleagues have now shown just how important conservation practices can be. This information， they say， needs to be hammered home among the
雅思阅读技巧专题介绍
雅思阅读技巧赵曙明 (华师7分精品班) 一．雅思阅读猜词常用词缀（在我的信箱里） 常用前缀（Pr efixes）: a-, an- not, without, hackin ultra- beyond, excessive, extreme 常用词根（Stems）: -anthro-, -anthropo- man -metr-, -meter- measure -morph- form -pathy- feeling, suffering 常用后缀（Suffixes）: ---phobia , ---mania , scope, ----cide 二．雅思阅读技巧篇 第1节寻找3种语言重现 同其他考试的阅读部分相比，雅思考试阅读部分最大的特点是文章篇幅长。考生要在 一个小时内完成8种类型共计40道题目(这个要求近乎苛刻)。因此，阅读目的就从单纯的“信息获取’’转变成”寻找答案”。在这个过程中，原文涉及的大部分细节内容对于完成题目是无意义的，无需字斟句酌。只有在阅读中准确把握题干的关键词，才能区分哪些字句与题目(答题点)有关。 所谓“关键词’’是指题干中的核心词或者决定答案性质或位置的词。典型的关键词是 句子的主干、人名、地名、时间、数字和生词。由于它们会在原文重现，因此产生了一种答 题方法：回原文找关键词。这往往给考生一种印象：只要在题干中划出关键词就一定能找到原词。那么关键词一定会“原型”重现吗?请看下面这道判断题： Example: While it is acknowledged for many years that an increasing number of animals are bound to become extinct，it is only recently that the problem has been addressed by politicians． 题目: We have known for along time that more species of animals will disappear．(判断题) AA语言重现 关键词在原文中以原词形式出现。AA语言重现在试题中占的比例最大，也是最简单的 一类考法。它以特殊关键词为主，包括人名、地名、时间、数字和生词。 Example: At precisely 4:20 am on Friday the 24th of September 1993 it was announced that Sydney had beaten five other competing cities around the world，and Australians everywhere，not only Sydney-siders，were justifiably proud of the result．But，if Sydney had lost the bid，would the taxpayers of NESW and of Australia have approved of government's spending millions of dollars in a failed and costly exercise? 题目：How many cities were competing in 1993 for the right to hold the 2000 Games? (简答题) AB语言重现 定义：关键词A在原文中以同义词B的形式出现。AB语言重现题考察考生的单词量，主要凭理解力去定位。 Sea fishing grew rapidly in the decades after the Second World War. Mechanisation increased the fishermen's catch in traditional grounds and then carried them to distant waters for more. 题目: Technological developments contributed to the higher fish catches after the Second World War. ( 判断题) 关系重现 定义：所谓“关系重现”是把定位对象从“词”上升到“句子结构”，从而越过生词造成的阅读障碍。这是最关键的一类语言重现，是阅读技巧的完美体现。 例：Paper is also biodegradable, so it does not pose as much threat to the environment when it is discarded.
分析雅思阅读中的普通定位词和特殊定位词
分析雅思阅读中的普通定位词和特殊定位词 在做雅思阅读的过程中，很多学生会发现有一个很大的问题就是时间的把握。我们知道，雅思A类阅读文章一共有三篇，文章总长度有2400-3000单词的阅读量，题目一共是40道，而时间只有短短的60分钟。在这么短的时间内要高效准确地把答案找出来，如果不经过一定的训练是很难完成的。这其实是一种快速阅读，根据所需信息快速定位的一种能力。这和A类考试的考察宗旨是一致的。因为A类考试是针对那些想要出国留学的学生，所以出题方要考察这些学生的学习能力，而快速阅读快速定位是学习能力中不可或缺的一部分。在完成一篇学术论文之前必定要收集大量的资料，但是时间不是无限的，所以必须要在大量的资料中快速筛选出有用的，摒除无用的，这就是快速阅读快速定位的能力。 但是在雅思阅读考试中，这种能力其实是被细化到了40道题目当中，怎样在1个小时的有限时间内挑出对于答题有帮助的内容仔细阅读，说到底就是怎样确定题目中能够利用的去文章中找答案的定位词。尤其是针对雅思阅读的一些需要细节理解的题目，如T/F/NG，Choice, Matching, Sentence completion等是不需要全文读的，所以定位词就更显的重要了。 定位词一般可以分成两类，特殊定位词和普通定位词。 特殊定位词 在很多题目当中会出现人名、地名、数字、年份和大写字母缩写这五类特殊词。为什么说这些词特殊呢?因为它们的特点是在一长篇英文小写字母的文章里非常的醒目，所以几乎在短短的几秒钟内就能够做精确定位。例如在人名和其理论配对的题目中，(如剑五P89强化玻璃，剑四P44语言的消失)，就可以利用题目
中给出的这些特殊定位词，人名，并快速地将人名找到，那么阅读的内容也就锁定到了人名出现的这些词语附近，在最短的时间内把近1000字的阅读内容缩小到几句话的有效内容中，时间自然节省了不少。 但是在判断题的情况下，雅思中国网海外考试研究中心的专家提醒考生要注意，使用数字和年份作为定位是需要斟酌的。因为在判断题的情况下，数字和年份很有可能也是一个考察的点，也许是会错误的。因此要找出判断题的定位词，数字和时间年份通常还要再伴随另一个定位词。这个所谓的另一个定位词就会涉及到其他的特殊定位词，或者是我们接下来要探讨的普通定位词。 普通定位词 普通定位词与特殊定位词相比，出现的几率为更高。当我们看到题中没有特殊定位词的情况下，要思考的就是在这道似乎没有啥重点的词语中挑选出最能帮助我们快速找到的词语。我们可以先联想一下，英语的词汇中分成几种词性的词，什么词性的词变化形式或者说同义词是比较少的，相比而言，名词就具有这样的特征。所以除了特殊定位词之外，首先可以运用当做定位词的首选就是名词，但也不是所有的名词都可以当做定位词，能做普通定位词的还要有以下一些特征：首先是挑出现频率不高的词。定位词的最大优势就是可以缩小阅读范围，如果我们定位了一个在文章中处处可能出现的词语，那就失去了定位的意义。一般拿到文章后先大致浏览标题和第一段，都会发现这篇文章的中心是什么，那么这个中心就肯定不是我们可以利用的定位词。例如剑四第一篇第一套题的第一题the plight of the rainforests has largely been ignored by the media. 这里出现的名词有plight, rainforests和media, 如果浏览过文章第一段和文章配图，就
雅思阅读中的定位词
阅读中的定位词 转眼3月份又过去了，4月份要考试的娃们，Crystal想换个方式与大家分享雅思阅读的心得。为了让大家有亲临课堂的感觉，我决定将平时课堂上的互动以文字方式呈现给大家，这样可以边思考，边学习，从而避免乏味的死记硬背。 每个班级的第一节课，我们都会详细介绍雅思阅读解题的第一步—审题！很多同学迫于时间紧张，常常忽视审题的重要性，基本都是题干一扫，大致翻译一下，或者随便挑两个词，就迫不及待回原文去定位了。 个人觉得，一个成熟的烤鸭应该能够看出题干中的两类词—定位词和考点词，定位词定位，考点词解题。 今天，我们先弄清楚第一个问题：什么是定位词？ 大家就跟着我一起走进课堂吧！ 我问：定位词，顾名思义，是为了定位，那么你希望你在题干中找的那个定位词回到原文是变还是不变？ 学生答：不变！ 我问：那么什么样的信息回到原文不变？ 学生答：名字，时间，地点，名词… 我说：很好，但是有点零散，我记不住，所以我们可以简化一下，我习惯叫它们为特殊的词。也就是题干当中，一看就跟别人长得不一样，所以无需单独记忆。这一类词最稳定，我们会优先考虑。 我再问：如果题干中没有特殊的词怎么办？我们去找什么词？动词？名词？形容词？
学生答：名词！ 我问：如果现在有两个名词，bicycle和importance，你会选择哪一个？ 学生答：bicycle 我说：很好! 并不是所有的名词我们都会选，我们常常会选择具体细节的名词，而不是抽象名词，因为抽象名词不稳定，易变。 我再问：大家已经知道雅思阅读考到最后，其实就是同义改写，也就是说你可以换词，换词组，换句式，但是你可不可以换了我的逻辑关系？比如说因果，否定。 学生答：不会！ 我问：所以第三类定位词是什么？ 学生答：逻辑关系词！ 我说：你们太厉害，自己都知道答案！（亲爱的读者，你是否也一样清晰？） 我再问:这三类词有什么共性？变还是不变？ 学生答：不变！ 所以，就是一个简单的逻辑推理，要想快速定位，我们自然希望或者说奢望选择的定位词回到原文不变，因为只有不变，才会给我们最直接的视觉冲击，才会吸引你的眼球！那么，你自己就会思考：什么样的词才不会变？首先就是最稳定的特殊的词，如果没有特殊的，在句子主干中，我们会倾向选择较稳定的具体细节的名词，最后无论进行如何的同义改写，逻辑关系是无法更改的，所以自然就成了我们第三个保险的定位词。 接下来，我们就实战练习一下： Power companies have given Diels enough money to develop his laser. 看到题干，优先特殊的定位词，所以会选择Diels，很多人又忙着回去定位了，这时切记另外一点:不要在一棵树上吊死！只选择一个词回去定位，不安全，万一它出现的地方跟题干没关系，岂不是要重新审题？我们要一步到位，所以我们要再去找一个定位词，没有特殊的，也没有明显逻辑关系，就去找具体名词，那就是主语power companies.一般来说，一个句子主谓宾，我们常常会选择主和宾作为定位词，也就是句子的头跟尾，如果没有出现明显考点，就选择谓语动词作为考点词。因为动词决定了一个句子的方向，也是牵着主和宾的那根线！
雅思阅读方法(中英文)
Remember to read the instructions carefully. The instructions will tell you where to find the answers, what you need to do, what kind of answer is required , and how many words you need to write. The instructions will also tell you if an option can be used more than once, and will remind you to transfer your answers to your Answer Sheet. 仔细阅读考试答题指导。答题指导会告诉你在文章中哪里定位答案，你需要做什么，需要你填写哪种类型的答案，以及你填写答案的字数。答题指导也会告诉你备选项是否要超过一次使用，还会提醒你把答案转填到答题纸上。 Remember that the questions for certain task types follow the order of information in the reading passage. 某些题型的问题的答题顺序是按照文章中信息出现的先后顺序排列的，即“顺序原则”。 Remember to read all the questions very carefully . 仔细阅读所有的问题。 Practise scanning for key words in the extracts or the reading passage that match the items. You can also practise scanning for paraphrases of key words. 通过文章的节选或整篇文章，练习扫读关键词。还可以通过意译重述关键词进行关键词转换练习。 Remember that in most tasks which involve writing words or numbers, e.g. Short-answer Questions, the answers have to be grammatically correct and spelt correctly. Accuracy in spelling and word form. are very important and you will be penalised for incorrect spelling. 在填写词汇或数字的题型中，如简短回答问题，答案必须在语法和拼写上完全正确。拼写和词汇的准确性是很重要的;如果拼写错误，整道题目就完全错误，造成失分。 Use the information provided in the notes, tables, diagrams or flow-charts, as well as any examples, to predict the type of information that is required. 运用文章中的注释，表格，图表或流程图以及范例中提供的信息，预测文章的内容，从而获取答题信息。 Underline key words and phrases when you read as well as paying attention to key words in the questions. 阅读过程中划出关键单词和词组，并且特别关注问题中的关键词。
2019年雅思考试阅读理解模拟练习试题及答案
2019年雅思考试阅读理解模拟练习试题及答案A. When Denis Hennequin took over as the European boss of McDonald’s in January 2004，the world’s biggest restaurant chain was showing signs of recovery in America and Australia，but sales in Europe were sluggish or declining.One exception was France，where Mr Hennequin had done a sterling job as head of the group’s French subsidiary to sell more Big Macs to his compatriots.His task was to replicate this success in all 41 of the European countries where anti- globalisers’favourite enemy operates. B. So far Mr Hennequin is doing https://www.wendangku.net/doc/fa10485306.html,st year European sales increased by 5.8%and the number of customers by 3.4%， the best annual results in nearly 15 years.Europe accounted for 36%of the group’s profits and for 28%of its sales.December was an especially good month as customers took to seasonal menu offerings in France and Britain，and to a promotion in Germany based on the game of Monopoly. C Mr Hennequin’s recipe for revival is to be more open about his company’s operations，to be“locally relevant”，and to improve the experience of visiting his 6，400 restaurants.McDonald’s is blamed for making people fat，exploiting workers，treating animals cruelly，polluting the environment and simply for being American.Mr Hennequin says
雅思阅读教案
雅思阅读教案 paragraph headings（段落标题） 在阅读文章的前面给出 list of headings, 一般是 5 到 10 个左右选项，其中含一到两个段落及其标题的例子。要求对题目中给出的段落，根据其内容找出与其相匹配的段落标题。尽管题目说明中提示一个选项可能会适用多个，但正式考试中一般一个选项只能用于一个段落。 ? 段落标题类答题步骤： 1.首先在 list of headings 中划去做为例子的 heading 或 headings ，以免在根据段落内容在 list of headings 中找出与其相匹配的段落标题时，它（它们）会干扰考试者对其他 headings 的选择。 ? 2.在文章中把做为例子的段落划掉，以免对例子段落进行不必要的精读。 3.对题目中给出的段落，按照首句（第一、二句）、末句和中间句寻找主题句的方法，在 list of headings 中找出与其相匹配的段落标题。 ? 4.如果时间允许，按照文章的段落顺序，对非题目中给出的段落及例子段落进行快速阅读，而对题目中给出并要求找出与其相匹配的段落标题的段落进行精读。找出其中心意思后，再在 list of headings 中找出与其相匹配的段落标题。 ? 5.选出几个可能匹配的题目进行比较（通常两至三个），当然其中只能有一个为正确答案。 ? 6. 对于第一种匹配题型可以将最难的题留在最后进行匹配，不要在较难的题上花费更多的时间，而应选择较易回答的题目进行匹配，最后所剩即为该难题的答案。 ? 7. 要仔细检察答案，特别是第一题型，因为答错一题，就意味着答错两道题。 ? 相应练习：剑四 test3 passage2 剑五 test3 passage3 剑六 test2 passage1 剑六 test3 passage2 剑六 test4 passage1 二、辨别正误题型 (True / false /not given)? 该题型还涉及到：（not given / not mentioned）没有提到，有时还会出现下列提法 accurat / inaccurat 精确/不精确； supported / contradicted 一
解析雅思阅读常见的三种逻辑问题
解读雅思阅读高频出现的三种逻辑问题 以下三立在线老师就带大家来了解下解读雅思阅读高频出现的三种逻辑问题。针对雅思阅读考试而言，阅读对逻辑思维的考察是相当强的，大家可以去多总结一些雅思阅读方法，这样会对我们答题有好处的。 雅思阅读中包含的逻辑结构林林总总，但我们可以大概的归纳成下面的三种，我们称之为雅思阅读三大逻辑关系：并列逻辑关系，转折逻辑关系，比较逻辑关系。 这三种逻辑关系并非只是牵涉到了题目的半壁江山，同时针对理解一篇文章，又或是段落的有的句子具有重大意义，下面我就讲一一分解它们： 一、并列逻辑关系 并列逻辑关系是这三种逻辑关系中最为简单的，同时还是最容易理解的一种，针对很多同学而言，无外乎就是and, or这两个词。 解析雅思阅读常见的三种逻辑问题 二、因果逻辑关系 因为它是因果关系，如此就会有谁因谁果的问题存在，世间没有无因之果，也不会有无果之因，cause和effect是相互依存的，在任何一个句子中出现了表述原因的词，必然能看到其结果，反之亦然。 三、比较逻辑关系 说到比较逻辑关系，大家也许首先会想到的则是T，F，NG中对比较关系的判断，诚然，判断题中比较级是一大考点，但是比较逻辑关系的运用比这要广泛得多大家一般都认为学习英语最关键的是背单词与做题目，事实上学英语最为重要的是在平时积累，题海战术才是最重要的，但大量的题目以及阅读后总结归纳却更加的重要。此外大
家还要去抓住一切的机会“听”和“说”，例如利用网络去阅读英语的新闻，再与国外的朋友在网上聊天做英语对话，在外教上课时再去多发言。还可以去参加一些培训班，但是有关上海哪家学雅思机构好?上海环球雅思学校雅思课程不错，参加过，感觉老师还有教学环境呀都挺好的。自己查查呀。 以下就是三立在线老师带大家来了解下的解读雅思阅读高频出现的三种逻辑问题，希望能给有需要的同学提供帮助，也希望同学们可以取得好成绩。如果想了解更多的信息，请咨询三立在线。
雅思作文paraphrase of task one's overview
Original script： 1、The bar chart shows the sporting preferences of100adults,boys and girls in Manchester. 2、The graphs show the number of students that have attended the college since 1980and their different nationalities. 3、The two pie charts show the average household expenditure in the US in1900and in2000. 4、The pie charts below show units of electricity production by fuel source in Australia and France in1980and2000. 5、The pie charts give information about the Gross Domestic Product and employment sectors of a developing country in1992. Paraphrase by students： 1、The histogram reveals the popularity of different sports of100boys,girls and adults in Manchester. 2、The line charts indicate the changes of the total population in students who have the college entrance from the beginning of1980and their diverse nationalities. 3、The two pie graphs demostrate the consumption share of the average American family in1900and2000. 4、The pie graphs give information about the way to classify the electricity production’s units according to fuel source in Australia and France in1980and 2000. 5、The pie graphs tell the data about a developing country’s Gross Domestic Product and employment sectors in1992.