初三语法
九年级语法
专题一名词
名词：表示人，事物，地点或抽象概念的名称的词。
名词可数名词个体名词：chair, book
集体名词: people, family
不可数名词物质名词：rain, ice
抽象名词：love, knowledge(知识)
一、词尾加-s。
读音变化：结尾是清辅音读[s]，结尾是浊辅音或元音读[z]。在ce, se, ze, (d) ge 等结尾的词后加-s，读作[iz]。
例：lake—lakes[s] cat→cats[s] friend→friends[z]; style→styles[z];
face--faces[iz] house--houses[iz] orange--oranges[iz]
二、以s、x、ch、sh结尾的词，词尾加-es。
读音变化：读[iz]。
例：bus→buses; b ox→boxes; match→matches;bru sh→brushes
三、以辅音字母+y结尾的名词，将y改变为i，再加-es。
读音变化：读[z]。
例：candy→candies;countr y→countries; lady→ladies; story→stories
四、以-o结尾的名词，大多加-es，有些加-s。
读音变化：读[z]。
例：tomato→tomatoes; potato→potatoes; hero→heroes piano→pianos ; photo→photos; zoo—zoos; radio--radios
五、以-f或-fe结尾的名词，多将-f或-fe改变为-ves。
读音变化：读[vz]。
例：knife→knives;life→lives; leaf→leaves; scarf→scarves wife—wives; half---halves; shelf（架子）—shelves
thief（贼）--thieves
六、不规则变化
1. man—m e n ; woman—wom e n ; foot---f ee t; tooth—t ee th;
goose（鹅）—g ee se; mouse（老鼠）—m ice
child—child ren ox（公牛）—ox en
2. 有些名词单数、复数不分
例：deer; fish; sheep; Chinese ; Japanese
3. 另一些名词则以复数词出现的机会较多
例：clothes; police; shorts; scissors(剪刀);socks; shoes
pants; goods(货物); glasses；people
注：若表达具体数目，有些词要借助数量词
例：pair(对，双);suit(套): a pair of glasses; two pairs of pants
4.在名词词组中第一个名词是man和woman时，两个组成部分都要变复数。
man doctor --- m e n doctor s
woman teacher — wom e n teacher s
注：其他的一般前面的名词用单数形式：girl student s(女学生) ; paper flower s （纸花）
5. 有些名词的复数形式表示特殊的意义
例：works （著作）, papers （论文），goods（货物），
waters（水域），fishes（各种鱼），
room（空间）—2 rooms(房间)
6. daughter s-in-law 媳妇
father s-in-law 岳父; 公公
son s-in-law 女婿
不能直接表示数量，即：不能说 a news ; a paper ; a bread 或
breads ; news , papers等。要表示不可数名词的数量，用一些词作定语：a
glass of ; a piece of ; a cup of 等。
room--- 房间（可数），空间（不可数）
paper---论文（可数），纸（不可数）
fruit ----水果种类（可数），水果（不可数）
fish----鱼种类（可数），鱼肉（不可数）
chicken----鸡（可数），鸡肉（不可数）
:
在英语中，有些名词可以加 's 来表示所有关系，带这种词尾的名词形式称为该名词的所有格。
名词+’s(有生命的或时间距离地点等无生命的名词)
一、 's 构成名词所有格的方法：
1. 直接在词尾加 's 。例如：
This is my mother's bag. （这是我妈妈的包。）
Where are Tom's books? （汤姆的书在哪儿？）
2. 若名词已有复数形式的词尾 -s ，则仅在词尾加 ' 。例如：
She is in the teachers' reading-room. （她在教师阅览室里。）
Can you tell me how to get to the Workers' Stadium?
（你能告诉我怎样才能到达工人体育馆去吗？）
3. 在并列名词表示共同所有时，在后一个名词词尾上加 's 。例如：
Mr Smith is Mary and Tom's father. （史密斯先生是玛丽和汤姆的爸爸。）
He is my father and mother's friend. （他是我爸妈共同的朋友。）
并列名词表示各自所有时，在两个或两个以上的名词的词尾上分别加 's 。例如： These are John's and Henry's bikes. （这些是约翰和亨利的自行车,两辆车.）Mary's and Helen's beds are in the next room.（玛丽和海伦的床在隔壁房,两张床）
二、 's 构成的名词所有格的用法：
1. 主要用于表示人的名词，说明“某人所有的”。例如：
Is this Mr Black's or Miss Jane's office? （这是布莱克先生的办公室还是简小姐的办公室？）
It's one of Shelley's best poems. （这是雪莱的最佳诗作之一。）
2. 表示时间概念。例如：
My birthday is only in a few days' time. （我的生日只在几天之后。）
We have two weeks' vacation for Christmas. （圣诞节我们有两周的假期。） 3. 表示距离范围。例如：
It's about ten minutes' walk from here to our school.
（从这里到我们学校大约步行 10 分钟的路程。）
数词+连字符+名词单数作前置定语相当于名词所有格
ten minutes' walk = 10--minute walk
three days’ holiday = three--day holiday
4. 表示重量、价格等意义。例如：
I bought one hundred dollars' worth of stamps.（我买了价值 100 美元的邮票。）
I have lost at least ten pounds' weight. （我的体重至少减轻了 10 磅。）
5. 表示节日名称。例如：
March 8th is Women's Day. （ 3 月 8 日是妇女节）
又如： Teachers' Day （教师节）， Mothers' Day （母亲节）， April Fools' Day （愚人节）， New Year's Day （元旦）等。
6. 表示“某人的家,场所或店铺”，所有格名词后面往往省略了相关的名词。例如：
— Where are you going? （你上哪里去？）
— To Tom's. （到汤姆家去。）（ to Tom's = to Tom's house ）
She is now at the doctor's. （现在她在医生的诊所里。）
（ at the doctor's = at the doctor's clinic ）
at her uncle's (= at her uncle's home) （在她叔叔的家里）等。
三、由of短语构成的所有格
1. 表示"无生命的名词"一般与of构成短语，表示所有关系。名词+of+名词（无生命的或有生命的）如：a map of China; a stamp of the Winter Olympics
2. 有时我们用名词 + of +名词所有格构成双重所有格的形式。例如：
This is a photo of Mr Brown's. 这是一张布朗先生的照片。
专题二代词
一.人称代词
人称代词是表示"我"、"你"、"他"、"她"、"它"、 "我们"、"你们"、"他们"的词。人称代词有人称、数和格的变化，见下表：
1.人称代词用法(略)
2.人称代词排序: 当几个人称代词并列充当主语时,它们的顺序是:
单数: 二, 三, 一: you, he and I
复数：一，二，三：we, you and they
3.it的用法
（1）it用作人称代词最基本的用法就是代替前面已提到过的事物，以避免重复：This is my watch, it is new . 这是我的手表，它是新的。
（2）引导表示天气、时间、季节，地点、温度、距离,婴儿或不明身份的人等的句子中，it的语法功能是明确的（作主语），而意义却是含糊的，可以说是没有词汇意义的。
二.物主代词: 形容词性物主代词, 名词性物主代词（形容词性物主代词+名词）
注：名词性物主代词可在of后作定语，相当于“of + 名词所有格”
He is a friend of mine.
三．反身代词
1. 固定搭配：enjoy oneself, help oneself to , learn… by oneself / teach
oneself
2. 在句中做主语或宾语的同位语，表示亲自本人。
We ourselves will build the house.
3. 在句中做宾语或表语.
enjoy, teach, help, buy , wash , hurt , look after 等词及一些介词后。
四．指示代词
this , that , these , those
注：that ，those 可代替前面提到的名词，以免重复，this，these不能。
The weather in Guangzhou is much warmer than that in Beijing in winter.
The apples on this tree are bigger than those on that one.
五．疑问代词
who , whom(who的宾格) , whose , what, which
六．不定代词
some, any
一些，可修饰可数或不可数名词。some用于肯定句，any用于疑问，否定句，条件状语从句.在疑问句中表示说话人希望得到对方肯定回答时用some。any用于肯定句表任何一个。
复合不定代词：somebody/someone（某人）, something（某物）, anyone / anybody（某人，任何人）, nobody/ no one（没人）, nothing （没东西）, everybody / everyone（每个人）, everything（每件事）当else或形容词修饰不定代词时，不定代词放前面。
little, a little , few ,a few
little, a little修饰不可数名词。few ,a few修饰可数名词。
few , little表否定， a few , a little 表肯定。
many（可数）, much（不可数），都可以与表示程度的副词: so , too, as, how连用。
还有一些词组表许多：a lot of = lots of(可/不可) , plenty of(可/不可) , a large number of (可), a good many(可)
both: 两个都，可构成：both …and，both of
neither: 两者都不，可构成：neither..nor , neither of
either: 两者任选其一，可构成：either..or，either of
注：neither /either of + 名词（代词复数）+ 单数谓语动词neither..nor , either or 临近原则，谓语动词与离它最近的主语人称和数上保持一致。
Neither of the books is good.
Neither LiMing nor I like watching TV.
Either you or I am going to America.
all: 三者或三者以上都，可构成：all of
none: 三者或三者以上都不，可构成：none of ，谓语动词即可用单数也可用复数，代替不可数名词做主语时，谓语动词只能用单数。
both ，all 做主语时，若与否定的谓语动词连用，表部分否定.
Both of them are not beautiful. 她们俩并不是都漂亮。
要表达全部否定：both 改neither , all改none。
both ,all 作同位语时，放在实意动词前，系动词，助动词，情态动词后。
the other , other , the others, others , another
another：许多中任意一个
the other: 如果与one连用，构成one…, the other…
the other + 复数名词，表示一定范围内剩下的所有人或物。
other 泛指，另外的。
others = other + 复数名词, the others = the other + 复数名词
every ，each
each强调个体，可构成each of ，every强调整体。
it，one ，that ，those
it指同一个事物；
one 泛指上下文提及的同类事物，同类不同一。复数形式：ones one前可直接加this，that，或the修饰。ones必须有别的定语，才可加these，those，否则只用these，those。例如：those blue ones that,those常用于比较级中，代替前面的提到的名词，以免重复.
专题三数词
1. 数的读法：1---100略，100---999：百后加and（也可省略），如果只含个位数，and不能省略。400：four hundred 688: six hundred (and) eighty—eight 706: seven hundred and six
1000以上：从右向左用逗号分节，每三个数字为一节，第一份分节号前用thousand（千），第二分节号前用million（百万），第三分节号前用billion（十亿），每小节的三位数按照百位数读法。
8，426 ：eight thousand four hundred and twenty-six
75，801: seventy-five thousand eight hundred and one
964，358 : nine hundred and sixty-four thousand three hundred and fifty-eight
6，003，729: six million three thousand and twenty-nine
42，815，320，006: forty-two billion eight hundred and twenty thousand and six
2. hundred , thousand , million , billion 用在具体数字后不加s，例如：
9 hundred people ，表示“数以…计”,加s , 加of。例如：hundreds of,
thousands of , millions of , billions of
基数词变序数词：1，2,3要变体，th要从4加起，8加h，9去e, 5,12去ve然后加fth，以y结尾的基数词去y变i加eth。超过20，变序数词，只把个位数变序数词。表生日要用序数词。序数词前一般要加the，有时有形容词物主代词或名词所有格修饰时可不加，如：my first time, Tom’s second job 。用a/an修饰时表示“又，再”,例如：we can try it a second time. 我们能再试一次。
5. 分数表达法：分子基数词，分母序数词，分子超过一，分母加s, 分母是2,4
时用half ,quarter 代替。如：three quarters. 分数做主语谓语动词单复数根据分数后名词决定。
6. 百分数基数词+ percent表示
7. 世纪年月日表达法
世纪：the 1900s: 20世纪，the 1980s : 20 世纪80年代
the 6th century : 公元6 世纪
年：1949 ：nineteen forty-nine ; nineteen hundred and forty-nine 1800 : eighteen hundred ;
1902 : nineteen o two ; nineteen hundred and two 日期：2012 , 3 ，21，周三：on Wednesday, March 21th, 2012 具体一天(具体一天早中晚)要用on, 世纪，年，月，早中晚用in
专题四动词的时态
一般现在时
1. 表示经常性，习惯性,永久性的动作或存在的状态.通常与副词sometimes, often, usually, always, every day (year, month ), once (twice, three times) a day等时间状语连用。
2. 表示客观真理，科学原理，自然现象等客观事实或格言，谚语等。
3. 在有if, as soon as, until, when 等引导的时间和条件状语从句中，主句将来时，从句一般现在时。
例如：I will call him as soon as he comes back.
If you study hard, you will make progress.
When he grows up , he will become a film star.
I will not watch TV until I finish my homework.
. 一般现在时的变化
例：1. be动词陈述句：She is a student.
疑问句→ Is she a student? Yes, she is. No ,she isn’t.
否定句→ She is not a student.
2.情态动词陈述句：I can swim.
疑问句→ Can you swim？Yes, I can. No, I can’t.
否定句→ I can not swim.
3.实意动词陈述句①：We get up at 7:00 every morning.
疑问句→Do you get up at 7:00 every morning? Yes, I do. No, I don’t.
否定句→We don’t get up at 7:00 every morning.
实意动词陈述句②：She has a brother.
疑问句→ Does she have a brother? Yes, she does. No, she doesn’t.
否定句→ She doesn’t have a brother.
4. 三单变化：（1）直接在动词词尾加-s.
ask---asks work---works get---gets stay---stays
（2）以字母s, x, ch, sh或o结尾的动词，在词尾直接加-es.
watch---watches wish---wishes do---does go---goes pass---passes （3）以“辅音字母加- y”结尾的动词，要先变y为i再加-es.
try---tries study---studies cry---cries fly---flies
（4）不规则变化：have----has
一般过去时
一.概念：一般过去时是表示过去某个时间发生的动作或存在的状态，在句子中由“主语+动词的过去式”来表示,既可以表示过去的动作,也可以表示过去的状态或过去的行为习惯。常用于过去时间状语有：yesterday，last (year/ week/night/month), 一段时间+ ago，in 1992，just now等。
二．一般过去时的变化：
例：1. be动词陈述句：She was a student.
疑问句→ Was she a student? Yes, she was. No ,she wasn’t.
否定句→ She was not a student.
2. 实意动词陈述句①：We got up at 7:00 yesterday.
疑问句→D id you get up at 7:00 yesterday?
Yes, I did. No, I didn’t.
否定句→We did n’t get up at 7:00 yesterday.
否定句：didn't +动词原形，一般疑问句：在句首加did，句子中的动词过去式变回原形。
三．规则动词的过去式变化如下：
1. 一般情况下，词尾加-ed ，如：worked played wanted
2. 以不发音的-e 结尾动词，词尾加-d，如：lived moved decided
3.以辅音字母+ y结尾的动词，把-y变为-i 再加-ed，如：studied tried
4. 以一个辅音字母结尾的重读闭音节动词，双写词尾辅音字母，再加-ed，如：
stopped dropped
注：不规则动词的过去式变化规律性不强，须多加记忆。
5. read → read(注意read的过去式读[red])
bring → brought buy → bought, thin k → thought catch → caught teach → taught am is ---was are ---were do---did can---could will—would have---had
一般将来时
一．概念：表示将要发生的动作或存在的状态及打算、计划或准备做某事。
句中一般有以下时间状语：
tomorrow, next day(week, month, year…), soon,
the day after tomorrow（后天），in + 一段时间，in 2013等。
二、基本结构：①be going to + do；②will+ do.
三、否定句：在be动词（am, is, are）后加not或will后加not成won’t。
四、一般疑问句：be或will提到句首，some改为any, and改为or，
五．现在进行时表将来：come，go, leave等表示位置移动的词，可用现在进行时表将来。例如：I am leaving for Beijing. 我将要去北京。
六．be to + 动词原形表将来
The queen is to visit Japan in a few days.
现在进行时
一．表示（说话瞬间）正在进行或发生的动作。也可表示当前一段时间内的活动或现阶段正在进行的动作。常用时间状语：now, at this moment
构成：be (am/ is/ are)＋v-ing （动词的现在分词）
I’m watching TV now.
They’re playing football.
二．现在分词的构成。
（1）一般情况下在动词词尾加ing。
go→going ask →asking look→looking
（2）以不发音的e结尾的动词，去掉e加ing。
have →having take→taking make→making write→writing （3）以一个辅音字母结尾的重读闭音节，双写最后一个字母，再加-ing。
get→getting sit→s itting put→putting run→running swim→swimming begin→beginning shop→shopping
三．现在进行时态的肯定式、否定式、疑问式及简略回答。
（1）肯定式：be＋v-ing She is singing in the next room.
（2）否定式：be＋not＋v-ing The students aren’t cleaning the room.
（3）一般问句：be动词提前。肯定答语Yes，主语＋be，否定答语No，主语＋be not。
Are you playing the computer game? Yes, I am. /No, I am not.
过去进行时
一．表示在过去的某一刻或某一阶段正在进行的动作。常与at this time yesterday, at that moment , at nine last night,when, while, just as 引导的时间状语从句。
二．构成：主语+ was / were + doing
否定句：主语+ was / were not + doing
疑问句：Was / Were+主语+ doing?
注：1.常和always等时间副词连用，表示过去频繁发生的习惯动作，有感情色彩。
He was always changing his mind. 他总是改变主意。
2. 在含有when，while引导的时间状语从句的主从复合句中过去进行时的运用。
主句的动作先于从句动作发生，主句过去进行时，从句一般过去时。
When my parents came back, I was taking a shower.
从句动作先于主句动作发生，从句过去进行时，主句一般过去时。
When I was walking in the street, I met an old friend.
广州中考英语五年英语语法选择真题
广州中考英语五年英语语法选择真题 广州中考五年英语语法选择真题 2009年 Homework can put you in a bad mood(情绪)，but that might be a good thing. New research shows that being too happy can sometimes 26 your learning performance. Researchers wanted to know 27 mood would affect(影响）the way children learn. So they decided to do a study. In the study, each child 28 20 problems. In each problem a small shape was hidden inside a different, larger shape. The children had to find the small shape while they were listening to either happy 29 sad music. To measure their mood, the researchers asked the children 30 to one of the five faces, from laughing 31 crying. Children 32 listened to happy music pointed to the smiling faces, showing that they felt 33 . Children who listened to sad music pointed to the crying faces instead. The researchers found that sad children took less time to find the small shapes. They also correctly found three or more shapes.
2021初三英语语法选择提高篇(5篇)
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否定结构： Let's not talk of that matter. Let us not talk of that matter. 二、感叹句结构 感叹句结构 感叹句通常有what, how引导，表示赞美、惊叹、喜悦、等感情。 what修饰名词，how 修饰形容词，副词或动词，感叹句结构主要有以下几种： 掌握它的搭配，即掌握了感叹句的重点。 How +形容词+ a +名词+ 陈述语序 How+形容词或副词+ 陈述语序 What +名词+ 陈述语序 What+a+形容词+名词+ 陈述语序 What+ 形容词+复数名词+ 陈述语序 What+ 形容词+不可数名词+ 陈述语序 How clever a boy he is! How lovely the baby is! What noise they are making! What a clever boy he is!
2019精选教育广州中考英语必考语法
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