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商务统计学+习题 (12)[16页]

商务统计学+习题 (12)[16页]
商务统计学+习题 (12)[16页]

Chapter 12: Comparing Two Groups – Quiz A

Name_________________________

Data were collected on annual personal time (in hours) taken by a random sample of 16 women and 7 men employed by a medium-sized company. The women took an average of 24.75 hours of personal time per year with a standard deviation of 2.84 hours. The men took an average of 21.89 hours of personal time per year with a standard deviation of 3.29 hours. The Human Resources Department believes that women tend to take more personal time than men because they tend to be the primary child care givers in the family.

Personal Time (hours)

Women Men

25 21 22

22 27 21

19 29 24

25 26 27

24 30 19

25 27 23

24 26 17

23 23

1. Are the assumptions and conditions for carrying out the t-test for two means satisfied? Explain.

2. Write the null and alternative hypotheses.

3. Based on the test statistic and its P-value, state your conclusion using α = .05.

4. Create and interpret a 90% confidence interval.

Use the following for questions 5 – 8:

A mid-sized company has decided to implement an enterprise resource planning (ERP) system, and management suspects that many of its employees are concerned about the planned implementation. Managers are considering holding informational workshops to help decrease anxiety levels among employees. To determine whether such an approach would be effective, they randomly select 16 employees to participate in a pilot workshop. These employees were given a questionnaire to measure anxiety levels about ERP before and after participating in the workshop. Do the data indicate that anxiety levels about ERP decreases as a result of the workshop?

Pre-workshop

7 6 9 5 6 7 5 7 6 4 3 2 1 3 4 2

anxiety level

Post-workshop

4 3 7 3 4

5 4

6 5 3 2 2 1 3 4 3

anxiety level

Difference

-3 -3 -2 -2-2-2-1-1-1-1-10 0 0 0 1 (Post – Pre)

5. Are the assumptions and conditions for carrying out the paired t-test satisfied? Explain.

6. Write the null and alternative hypotheses.

7. Based on the test statistic and its P-value, state your conclusion using α = .05.

8. Create and interpret a 90% confidence interval.

Chapter 12: Comparing Two Groups – Quiz A – Key

Data were collected on annual personal time (in hours) taken by a random sample of 16 women and 7 men employed by a medium-sized company. The women took an average of 24.75 hours of personal time per year with a standard deviation of 2.84 hours. The men took an average of 21.89 hours of personal time per year with a standard deviation of 3.29 hours. The Human Resources Department believes that women tend to take more personal time than men because they tend to be the primary child care givers in the family.

Personal Time (hours)

Women Men

25 21 22

22 27 21

19 29 24

25 26 27

24 30 19

25 27 23

24 26 17

23 23

1. Are the assumptions and conditions for carrying out the t-test for two means satisfied? Explain.

Conditions:

* Independent group assumption: Women and men are definitely independent groups.

* Randomization condition: These are random samples.

* Nearly Normal condition: The histograms below show that both sets are unimodal and roughly symmetric.

2. Write the null and alternative hypotheses.

H0: μ1 - μ2 = 0 and H A: μ1 - μ2 > 0

3. Based on the test statistic and its P-value, state your conclusion using α = .05.

t = 2.02

P-value = .0352

Because the P-value is low, we reject the null hypothesis. There is evidence of a difference in the average number of hours of personal time taken by women and men. Women take a higher average number.

4. Create and interpret a 90% confidence interval.

Using 10 degrees of freedom, the critical t-value is 1.812. The 90% confidence interval is (0.30, 5.48). We are 90% confident that, on average, women use between .30 and 5.48 more hours of personal time per year than men.

Use the following for questions 5 – 8:

A mid-sized company has decided to implement an enterprise resource planning (ERP) system and management suspects that many of its employees are concerned about the planned implementation. Managers are considering holding informational workshops to help decrease anxiety levels among employees. To determine whether such an approach would be effective, they randomly select 16 employees to participate in a pilot workshop. These employees were given a questionnaire to measure anxiety levels about ERP before and after participating in the workshop. Do the data indicate that anxiety levels about ERP decreases as a result of the workshop?

Pre-workshop

anxiety level 7 6 9 5 6 7 5 7 6 4 3 2 1 3 4 2

Post-workshop

anxiety level 4 3 7 3 4 5 4 6 5 3 2 2 1 3 4 3

Difference

(Post – Pre) -3 -3 -2 -2-2-2-1-1-1-1-1

0 0 0 0 1

5. Are the assumptions and conditions for carrying out the paired t -test satisfied? Explain. Conditions:

* Paired data: The data are paired because they are measurements on the same individuals both before and after the workshop.

* Independence: The anxiety level of any employee is independent of the anxiety level of any other employee, so the differences are independent. * Randomization: This is a random sample from the company.

* Nearly Normal condition: The histogram of the differences (below) is unimodal and roughly symmetric.

6. Write the null and alternative hypotheses.

Let d = Post-workshop anxiety level – Pre-workshop anxiety level.

H0: μd = 0 The mean difference in the anxiety levels is zero.

H A: μd < 0 The mean difference in the anxiety levels is less than zero.

7. Based on the test statistic and its P-value, state your conclusion using α = .05.

t = -3.92

P-value = .0007

With a P-value this small, we can reject the null hypothesis. We have strong evidence that participating in this workshop reduces employee anxiety levels about ERP.

8. Create and interpret a 90% confidence interval.

With 15 degrees of freedom, the critical t-value is 1.753. The 90% confidence interval is (-1.63, -0.62). We are 90% confident that, on average, participating in this workshop will decrease employee anxiety between .62 and 1.63 points (on the scale).

Chapter 12: Comparing Two Groups – Quiz B

Name_________________________

A consumer group was interested in comparing the operating time of cordless toothbrushes manufactured by two different companies. Group members took a random sample of 18 toothbrushes from Company A and 15 from Company B. Each was charged overnight and the number of hours of use before needing to be recharged was recorded. Company A toothbrushes operated for an average of 119.7 hours with a standard deviation of 1.74 hours; Company

B toothbrushes operated for an average of 120.6 hours with a standard deviation of 1.72 hours. Do these samples indicate that Company B toothbrushes operate more hours on average than Company A toothbrushes?

Hours of Operation

Company A Company B

121 119 122 120

122 121 121 118

117 122 121 121

120 119 122 123

120 119 121 118

121 118 119 120

118 120 120 124

120 123 119

117 118

1. Are the assumptions and conditions for carrying out the t-test for two means satisfied? Explain.

2. Write the null and alternative hypotheses.

3. Based on the test statistic and its P-value, state your conclusion using α = .05.

4. Create and interpret a 90% confidence interval.

Use the following for questions 5 – 8:

An army depot that overhauls ground mobile radar systems is interested in improving its processes. One problem involves troubleshooting a particular component that has a high failure rate after it has been repaired and reinstalled in the system. The shop floor supervisor believes that having standard work procedures in place will reduce the time required for troubleshooting this component. Time (in minutes) required troubleshooting this component without and with the standard work procedure is recorded for a sample of 19 employees. Does this sample indicate that having a standard work procedure in place reduces troubleshooting time?

5. Are the assumptions and conditions for carrying out the paired t -test satisfied? Explain.

6. Write the null and alternative hypotheses.

7. Based on the test statistic and its P-value, state your conclusion using α = .05.

8. Create and interpret a 95% confidence interval.

Without Standard Work Procedure With Standard Work

Procedure Difference

Without -

With 142 119 23 144 118 26 153 126 27 148 119 29 146 121 25 149 125 24 138 116 22 145 120 25 153 124 29 160 138 22

163 135 28

170 144 26

169 142 27

151 128 23

152 131 21

167 141 26

164 140 24

165 140 25 163 138 25

Chapter 12: Comparing Two Groups – Quiz B – Key

A consumer group was interested in comparing the operating time of cordless

toothbrushes manufactured by two different companies. Group members took a random sample of 18 toothbrushes from Company A and 15 from Company B. Each was charged overnight and the number of hours of use before needing to be recharged was recorded. Company A toothbrushes operated for an average of 119.7 hours with a standard

deviation of 1.74 hours; Company B toothbrushes operated for an average of 120.6 hours with a standard deviation of 1.72 hours. Do these samples indicate that Company B toothbrushes operate more hours on average than Company A toothbrushes?

1. Are the assumptions and conditions for carrying out the t -test for two means satisfied? Explain.

Conditions:

* Independent group assumption: Company A and Company B are two independent groups.

* Randomization condition: Samples were taken by random selection. * Nearly Normal condition: The histograms below show that both sets are unimodal and roughly symmetric.

Hours of Operation Company A Company B 121 119 122 120 122 121 121 118 117 122 121 121 120 119 122 123 120 119 121 118

121 118 119 120 118 120 120 124 120 123 119 117 118

2. Write the null and alternative hypotheses.

H0: μ1 - μ2 = 0 and H A: μ1 - μ2 < 0

3. Based on the test statistic and its P-value, state your conclusion using α = .05.

t = -1.488

P-value = .0735

Because the P-value is fairly high, we fail to reject the null hypothesis. There is not enough evidence to indicate that Company B cordless toothbrushes operate longer on average than those of Company A.

4. Create and interpret a 90% confidence interval.

Using 30 degrees of freedom, the critical t-value is 1.697. The 90% confidence interval is (-1.93, 0.13). We are 90% confident that, on average, there is no difference in operating hours between toothbrushes from Company A compared to those from Company B.

Use the following for questions 5 – 8:

An army depot that overhauls ground mobile radar systems is interested in improving its processes. One problem involves troubleshooting a particular component that has a high failure rate after it has been repaired and reinstalled in the system. The shop floor supervisor believes that having standard work procedures in place will reduce the time required for troubleshooting this component. Time (in minutes) required troubleshooting this component without and with the standard work procedure is recorded for a sample of 19 employees. Does this sample indicate that having a standard work procedure in place reduces troubleshooting time?

5. Are the assumptions and conditions for carrying out the paired t -test satisfied? Explain.

Conditions:

* Paired data: The data are paired because they are measurements of troubleshooting time on the same employee.

* Independence: The troubleshooting time by any employee is independent of that of other employees, so the differences are independent.

* Randomization: We assume these employees are representative of all employees. * Nearly Normal condition: The histogram of the differences is unimodal and somewhat symmetric.

Without Standard Work Procedure With Standard Work

Procedure Difference

Without -

With 142 119 23 144 118 26 153 126 27 148 119 29 146 121 25 149 125 24 138 116 22 145 120 25 153 124 29 160 138 22

163 135 28

170 144 26

169 142 27

151 128 23

152 131 21

167 141 26

164 140 24

165 140 25 163 138 25

6. Write the null and alternative hypotheses.

Let d = Time without standard work procedure – Time with standard work procedure.

H0: μd = 0 The mean difference in the times is zero.

H A: μd > 0 The mean difference in the times is greater than zero.

7. Based on the test statistic and its P-value, state your conclusion using α = .05.

t = 47.4

P-value < .0001

With a P-value this small, we can reject the null hypothesis. We have strong evidence that having standard work procedures in place reduces troubleshooting time for this component.

8. Create and interpret a 95% confidence interval.

With 18 degrees of freedom, the critical t-value is 2.101. The 95% confidence interval is (23.99, 26.22). We are 95% confident that having standard work procedures in place reduces troubleshooting time on this component, on average, between 23.99 and 26.22 minutes.

Chapter 12: Comparing Two Groups – Quiz C – Multiple Choice Name_________________________

Consider the following to answer questions 1 –5:

Data were collected on annual personal time (in hours) taken by a random sample of 16 women and 7 men employed by a medium sized company. The women took an average of 24.75 hours of personal time per year with a standard deviation of 2.84 hours. The men took an average of 21.89 hours of personal time per year with a standard deviation of 3.29 hours. The Human Resources Department believes that women tend to take more personal time than men because they tend to be the primary child care givers in the family.

1. The correct null and alternative hypotheses (assuming women are group 1 and men are: group 2) are

A. H 0: μ1 - μ2 = 0 and H A: μ1 - μ2 < 0.

B. H 0: μ1 - μ2 = 0 and H A: μ1 - μ2 ≠ 0.

C. H 0: μ1 - μ2 = 0 and H A: μ1 - μ2 > 0.

D. H 0: μ1 - μ2 > 0 and H A: μ1 - μ2 < 0.

E. None of the above.

2. The t -test for two means is appropriate in this situation because

A. women and men are dependent samples.

B. women and men are independent samples.

C. women and men are matched samples.

D. the observations are paired.

E. None of the above.

3. The correct value of the test statistic is

A. t = 2.02.

B. t = - 2.91.

C. t = 0.458.

D. t = 4.02.

E. None of the above.

Personal Time (hours)

Women Men

25 21 22

22 27 21

19 29 24 25 26 27 24 30 19 25 27 23 24 26 17 23 23

4. At α = .05

A. we reject the null hypothesis.

B. we fail to reject the null hypothesis.

C. we can conclude that women take a higher average number of hours of personal time per year compared to men.

D. Both A and C.

E. Both B and C.

5. Based on the data, the correct 90% confidence interval for the difference between women and men in the average number of hours of personal time taken per year is

A. 0.30 to 5.48 hours.

B. -0.50 to 3.21 hours.

C. -4.67 to -0.62 hours.

D. 1.27 to 6.89 hours.

E. None of the above.

Consider the following to answer questions 6 - 10:

An army depot that overhauls ground mobile radar systems is interested in improving its processes. One problem involves troubleshooting a particular component that has a high failure rate after it has been repaired and reinstalled in the system. The shop floor supervisor believes that having standard work procedures in place will reduce the time required for troubleshooting this component. Time (in minutes) required troubleshooting this component without and with the standard work procedure is recorded for a sample of 19 employees. Does this sample indicate that having a standard work procedure in place reduces troubleshooting time?

Without Standard Work Procedure With Standard

Work

Procedure

Difference

Without -

With

142 119 23 144 118 26 153 126 27 148 119 29 146 121 25 149 125 24 138 116 22 145 120 25 153 124 29 160 138 22 163 135 28 170 144 26 169 142 27 151 128 23 152 131 21

167 141 26

164 140 24

165 140 25

163 138 25

6. Which of the following statements is true?

A. This is a one-tailed paired t-test.

B. This is a two-tailed test of two independent means.

C. This is one-tailed test of two independent means.

D. This is a two-tailed paired t-test.

E. This is a test of two proportions.

7. Assuming that we define our differences as Time without standard work procedure – Time with standard work procedure, the correct alternative hypothesis is

A. μd = 0.

B. μd < 0.

C. μd > 0.

D. μd≠ 0.

E. None of the above.

8. The correct value of the test statistic is

A. t = 47.4.

B. t = -6.70.

C. t = 3.19.

D. t = -0.36.

E. None of the above.

9. The P-value associated with the test statistic is

A. 0.321.

B. < .0001.

C. .05.

D. .0233.

E. > .0001.

10. At α = .05

A. we reject the null hypothesis.

B. we fail to reject the null hypothesis.

C. we can conclude that having standard work procedures in place reduces troubleshooting time for this component.

D. Both A and C.

E. Both B and C.

Chapter 12 – Quiz C – Key

1. C

2. B

3. A

4. D

5. A

6. A

7. C

8. A

9. B

10. D

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Chapter 8 The Instruments of Trade Policy Multiple Choice Questions 1. Specific tariffs are (a) import taxes stated in specific legal statutes. (b) import taxes calculated as a fixed charge for each unit of imported goods. (c) import taxes calculated as a fraction of the value of the imported goods. (d) the same as import quotas. (e) None of the above. Answer: B 2. Ad valorem tariffs are (a) import taxes stated in ads in industry publications. (b) import taxes calculated as a fixed charge for each unit of imported goods. (c) import taxes calculated as a fraction of the value of the imported goods. (d) the same as import quotas (e) None of the above. Answer: C 3. The excess supply curve of a product we (H) import from foreign countries (F) increases as (a) excess demand of country H increases. (b) excess demand of country F increases. (c) excess supply of country H increases. (d) excess supply of country F increases. (e) None of the above. Answer: D 4. If a good is imported into (large) country H from country F, then the imposition of a tariff in country H (a) raises the price of the good in both countries (the “Law of One Price”). (b) raises the price in country H and cannot affect its price in country F. (c) lowers the price of the good in both countries. (d) lowers the price of the good in H and could raise it in F.

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6个等价定理 1o确界定理 2o单调有界定性 3o闭区间套定理 4o列紧性定理(Weierstrass聚点原理) 5o完备性定理(Cauchy收敛原理) 6o紧性定理(Borel有限覆盖定理) 在一般的教科书上论证它们的线路是:1o(作为公理)→2o→3o→4o→5o及3o→6o. 实际上,它们是等价的,而且可从任何一个直接推出其它任何一个. 这些训练对真正掌握分析学方法以及进一步学习后续课程和考研都是非常重要的. 下面就作其中一些训练,其余留给大家自己作. 1.5o→6o. 即用完备性直接证明紧性. 2.6o→1o. 即用紧性直接证明确界定理. 3.6o→2o. 即用紧性直接证明单调有界定理. 4.6o→3o. 即用紧性直接证明闭区间套定理. 5.6o→4o. 即用紧性直接证明列紧性. 6.6o→5o. 即用紧性直接证明完备性. 7.3o→1o. 即用闭区间套定理直接证明确界定理. 8.3o→2o. 即用闭区间套定理直接证明单调有界定理. 9.3o→5o. 即用闭区间套定理直接证明完备性. 10.1o→3o. 即用确界定理直接证明闭区间套定理. 11.1o→4o. 即用确界定理直接证明列紧性. 12.1o→5o. 即用确界定理直接证明完备性. 13.1o→6o. 即用确界定理直接证明紧性. 14.4o→1o. 即用列紧性直接证明确界定理. 15.4o→2o. 即用列紧性直接证明单调有界定理. 16.4o→3o. 即用列紧性直接证明闭区间套定理.

17.4o→6o. 即用列紧性直接证明紧性定理. 18.5o→1o. 即用完备性直接证明确界定理. 19.5o→2o. 即用完备性直接证明单调有界定理. 20.5o→3o. 即用完备性直接证明闭区间套定理. 21.5o→4o. 即用完备性直接证明列紧性定理. 22.2o→1o. 即用单调有界定理直接证明确界定理. 23.2o→4o. 即用单调有界定理直接证明列紧性定理. 24.2o→5o. 即用单调有界定理直接证明完备性定理. 25.2o→6o. 即用单调有界定理直接证明紧性定理.

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