全国硕士研究生招生考试英语试题完整版及参考答案

全国硕士研究生招生考试英语试题完整版及参考答

案

The document was prepared on January 2, 2021

2015 年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语一试题

Section 1 Use of English

Directions:

Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark [A], [B], [C] or [D] on

ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)

Though not biologically related, friends are as related as fourth cousins, sharing about 1% of genes. That is 1 a

study published from the University of California and Yale University in the Proceedings of the National

Academy of Sciences, has 2 .

The study is a genome-wide analysis conducted 3 1932 unique subjects which 4 pairs of unrelated friends and

unrelated strangers. The same people were used in both 5 .While 1% may seem 6 , it is not so to a geneticist. As

James Fowler, professor of medical genetics at UC San Diego, says, Most people do not even 7 their fourth

cousins but somehow manage to select as friends the people who 8 our kin. The study 9 found that the genes for smell were something shared in friends but not genes for immunity. Why

this similarity in olfactory genes is difficult to explain, for now. 10 Perhaps, as the team suggests, it draws us to

similar environments but there is more 11 it. There could be many mechanisms working in tandem that 12 us in

choosing genetically similar friends 13 than nal kinship of being

friends with 14 !One of the remarkable

findings of the study was that the similar genes seem to be evolving 15 than other genes. Studying this could

help 16 why human evolution picked pace in the last 30,000 years, with social environment being a major 17

factor.

The findings do not simply corroborate peoples 18 to befriend those of similar 19 backgrounds, say the

researchers. Though all the subjects were drawn from a population of European extraction, care was taken to 20

that all subjects, friends and strangers were taken from the same population. The team also controlled the data to

check ancestry of subjects.

Section II Reading Comprehension

1、What

2、Concluded

22

3、On

4、Compared

5、Samples

6、Insignificant

7、Know

8、Resemble

9、Also

10、Perhaps

11、To

12、Drive

13、Ratherthan

14、Benefits

15、Faster

16、understand

17、Contributory

18、Tendency

19、Ethnic

20、see

23

Part A

Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing [A], [B], [C] or [D]. Mark

your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)

原标题：2015 年考研英语一真题答案（完整版）

TEXT 1

King Juan Carlos of Spain once insistedkings dont abdicate, they die in their sleep. But embarrassing scandals

and the popularity of the republicans left in the recent Euro-elections have forced him to eat his words and stand

down. So, does the Spanish crisis suggest that monarchy is seeing its last days Does that mean the writing is on

the wall for all European royals, with their magnificent uniforms and majestic lifestyles

The Spanish case provides arguments both for and against monarchy. When public opinion is particularly

polarized, as it was following the end of the France regime, monarchs can rise above mere polities and embody

a spirit of national unity.

It is this apparent transcendence of polities that explains monarchys continuing popularity as heads of state. And

so, the Middle East expected, Europe is the most monarch-infested region in the world, with 10 kingdoms (not

counting Vatican City and Andorra). But unlike their absolutist counterparts in the Gulf and Asia, most royal

families have survived because they allow voters to avoid the difficult search for a non-controversial but

respected public figure.

Even so, kings and queens undoubtedly have a downside. Symbolic of national unity as they claim to be, their

very history-and sometimes the way they behave today-embodies outdated and indefensible privileges and

inequalities. At a time when Thomas Piketty and other economists are warming of rising inequality and the

increasing power of inherited wealth, it is bizarre that wealthy aristocratic families should still be the symbolic

heart of modern democratic states.

The most successful monarchies strive to abandon or hide their old aristocratic ways. Princes and princesses

have day-jobs and ride bicycles, not horses (or helicopters). Even so, these are wealthy families who party with

the international 1%, and media intrusiveness makes it increasingly difficult to maintain the right image.

While Europes monarchies will no doubt be smart enough to survive for some time to come, it is the British

royals who have most to fear from the Spanish example.

24

It is only the Queen who has preserved the monarchys reputation with her rather ordinary (if well-heeled)

granny style. The danger will come with Charles, who has both an expensive taste of lifestyle and a pretty

hierarchical view of the world. He has failed to understand that monarchies have largely survived because they

provide a service-as non-controversial and non-political heads of state. Charles ought to know that as English

history shows, it is kings, not republicans, who are the monarchys worst enemies.

21. According to the first two graphs, King Juan Carlos of Spain

[A]eased his relationship with his rivals.

[B]used to enjoy high public support.

[C]was unpopular among European royals.

[D]ended his reign in embarrassment.

22. Monarchs are kept as head of state in Europe mostly

[A]to give voters more public figures to look up to.

[B]to achieve a balance between tradition and reality.

[C]owing to their undoubted and respectable status.

[D]due to their everlasting political embodiment.

23. Which of the following is shown to be odd, according to graph 4

[A] The role of the nobility in modern democracies.

[B] Aristocrats excessive reliance on inherited wealth.

[C] The simple lifestyle of the aristocratic families.

[D] The nobilitys adherence to their privileges.

25

24. The British royals have most to fear because Charles

[A]takes a tough line on political issues.

[B]fails to change his lifestyle as advised.

[C]takes republicans as his potential allies.

[D]fails to adapt himself to his future role.

25. Which of the following is the best title of the text

[A]Carlos, Glory and Disgrace Combined

[B]Charles, Anxious to Succeed to the Throne

[C]Charles, Slow to React to the Coming Threats

[D]Carlos, a Lesson for All European Monarchs

his reign in embarrassment.

22. C owing to the undoubted and respectable status

23. A the role of the nobility in modern democracy

24. B fails to change his lifestyle as advised.

25. D Carlos, a lesson for all Monarchies

TEXT 2

Just how much does the Constitution protect your digital data The Supreme Court will now consider whether

police can search the contents of a mobile phone without a warrant if the phone is on or around a person during

an arrest.

26

California has asked the justices to refrain from a sweeping ruling, particularly one that upsets the old

assumptions that authorities may search through the possessions of suspects at the time of their arrest. It is hard,

the state argues, for judges to assess the implications of new and rapidly changing technologies.

The court would be recklessly modest if it followed Californias advice. Enough of the implications are

discernable, even obvious, so that the justice can and should provide updated guidelines to police, lawyers and

defendants.

They should start by discarding Californias lame argument that exploring the contents of a smartphone- a vast

storehouse of digital information is similar to say, going through a suspects purse .The court has ruled that

police dont violate the Fourth Amendment when they go through the wallet or pocketbook, of an arrestee

without a warrant. But exploring ones smartphone is more like entering his or her home. A smartphone may

contain an arrestees reading history, financial history, medical history and comprehensive records of recent

correspondence. The development of cloud computing. meanwhile, has made that exploration so much the

easier.

But the justices should not swallow Californias argument whole. New, disruptive technology sometimes

demands novel applications of the Constitutions protections. Orin Kerr, a law professor, compares the explosion

and accessibility of digital information in the 21st century with the establishment of automobile use as a digital

necessity of life in the 20th: The justices had to specify novel rules for the new personal domain of the

passenger car then; they must sort out how the Fourth Amendment applies to digital information now.

26. The Supreme court, will work out whether, during an arrest, it is legitimate to

[A] search for suspects mobile phones without a warrant.

[B] check suspects phone contents without being authorized.

[C] prevent suspects from deleting their phone contents.

[D] prohibit suspects from using their mobile phones.

27. The authors attitude toward Californias argument is one of

[A] tolerance.

27

[B] indifference.

[C] disapproval.

[D] cautiousness.

28. The author believes that exploring ones phone content is comble to

[A] getting into ones residence.

[B] handing ones historical records.

[C] scanning ones correspondences.

[D] going through ones wallet.

29. In graph 5 and 6, the author shows his concern that

[A] principles are hard to be clearly expressed.

[B] the court is giving police less room for action.

[C] phones are used to store sensitive information.

[D] citizens privacy is not effective protected.

Kerrs comparison is quoted to indicate that

(A)the Constitution should be implemented flexibly.

(B)New technology requires reinterpretation of the Constitution.

(C)Californias argument violates principles of the Constitution.

(D)Principles of the Constitution should never be altered.

28

26. Bcheck suspects phone contents without being authorized.

getting into ones residence

29. D citizens privacy is not effectively protected

new technology requires reinterpretation of the constitution

Text 3

The journal Science is adding an extra source at Peer-review process, editor-in-chief Marcia McNott announced

today. The Follows similar efforts from other journals, after widespread concern that Mistakes in data analysis

are contributing to the Published research findings.

Readers must have confidence in the conclusions published in our journal,writes McNutt in an editorial.

Working with the American Statistical Association, the Journal has appointed seven experts to a statistics board

of reviewing Manut will be flagged up for additional scrutiny by the Journals editors, or by its existing Board of

Reviewing Editors or by outside peer The SBoRE panel will then find external statisticians to review these

Asked whether any particular papers had impelled the change, McNutt said,The creation of thestatistics

boardwas motivated by concerns broadly with the application of

statistics and data analysis in scientific

research and is part of Sciences overall drive to increase reproducibility in the research we publish.

Giovanni Parmigiani，a biostatistician at the Harvard School of Public Health, a mr of the SBoRE group, says

he expects the board to play primarily on advisory role. He agreed to join because he found the foresight behind

the establishment of the SBoRE to be novel, unique and likely to have a lasting impact. This impact will not

only be through the publications in Science itself, but hopefully through a larger group of publishing places that

may want to model their approach after Science.

John Ioannidis, a physician who studies research methodology, says that the policy is a most welcome step

forwardand long overdue,Most journals are weak in statistical review，and this damages the quality of what they

publish. I think that, for the majority of scientific papers nowadays, statistical review is more essential than

expert review,he says. But he noted that biomedical journals such as Annals of Internal Medicine, the Journal of

the American Medical Association and The Lancet pay strong attention to statistical review.

29

Professional scientists are expected to know how to analyze data, but statistical errors are alarmingly common

in published research，according to David Vaux，a cell biologist. Researchers should improve their standards, he

wrote in 2012，but journals should also take a tougher line，engaging reviewers who are statistically literate and

editors who can verify the says that Sciences idea to pass some papers to statisticians has some

merit，but a weakness is that it relies on the board of reviewing editors to identifythe papers that need scrutinyin

the first place.

31. It can be learned from graph I that

[A] Science intends to simplify its peer-review process.

[B]journals are strengthening their statistical checks.

[C]few journals are blamed for mistakes in data analysis.

[D]lack of data analysis is common in research projects.

32. The phrase flagged up (.2)is the closest in meaning to

[A]found.

[B]revised.

[C]marked

[D]stored

33. Giovanni Parmigiani believes that the establishment of the SBoRE may

[A]pose a threat to all its peers

[B]meet with strong opposition

[C]increase Sciences circulation.

[D]set an example for other journals

30

34. David Vaux holds that what Science is doing now

A. adds to researchers worklosd.

B. diminishes the role of reviewers.

C. has room for further improvement.

D. is to fail in the foreseeable future.

35. Which of the following is the best title of the text

A. Science Joins Push to Screen Statistics in Papers

B. Professional Statisticians Deserve More Respect

C. Data Analysis Finds Its Way onto Editors Desks

D. Statisticians Are Coming Back with Science

journals are strengthening their statistical checks

marked

33. D set an example for other journals

34. C has room for further improvement

science joins Push to screen statistics in papers

Text4

Two years ago. Rupert Murdochs daughter, spoke at the unsettling dearth

of integrity across so many of our

collapsed, she argued, because of a collective acceptance that the mechanismin society should be profit and the

market we the people who create the society we want, not profit.

31

Driving her point home, she continuedIts increasingly absence of purpose，of a moral language with in

government, could become one of the most dangerous goals for capitalism and freedom. This same absence of

moral purpose was wounding companies, such as International, she thought, making it more likely that it would

fore had with widespread illegal telephone hacking.

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