大学英语四级翻译中的四种词

大学英语四级翻译中的四种词

摘要：大学英语四级翻译题由原来的完成句子改为段落翻译，对学生提出了新的挑战。要做好段落翻译，首先应该重视处理好动词、模糊词、衔接词、关键词四种词语的翻译。尤其是动词和衔接词，前者决定了句子的结构，后者决定了整段行文的逻辑性。

关键词：大学英语四级翻译动词模糊词衔接词关键词

从2013年12月开始，大学英语四级考试中的翻译题进行了改革，将原来5个句子的翻译（翻译句子部分内容）改为短文翻译。新的题型“测试学生把汉语所承载的信息用英语表达出来的能力”，内容涉及到中国的历史、文化、经济、社会发展等，长度为140～160个汉字。虽然新的题型不过仍然是几句话（最典型的为4句话，恰好体现出起承转合的行文逻辑），但从句子到段落，内涵的增加、理解的深化导致翻译难度的增加则是显然的。如何做好新的翻译题，这成为许多老师和同学焦虑的问题。笔者在一定的教学实践基础之上，结合英汉语言的差异，认为要做好段落翻译，可以从处理好这四种词语的翻译做起：动词、模糊词、衔接词、关键词。

下面以四级考试翻译样题为例，具体阐述做好翻译题与处理这四种词语的关系。

大学英语四级考试翻译样题：

世界上拥有书法（calligraphy）艺术的民族屈指可数。其中，唯有中国书法具有最悠久的历史，传播得最为广泛，同民族文化保持着密切的关系。中国书法看似十分简单，仿佛凡是能使用毛笔在宣纸（Xuan paper）上写字的人似乎就成了书法家，其实不然。书法作为一种艺术，是玄妙而精深的，因此能够真正走进书法艺术境界的（artistic realm）的书法家并不多。

一、动词――句式处理的关键

段落翻译的基本单位仍然是句子。句子翻译的基础是句子的结构处理，而一个汉语原句到底是翻译为英语的简单句、并列句，还是复合句，在基本保持原意允许多种译法存在的前提下，则取决于对动词的选择。

原题第一句应该算是较为简单的起始句，但是，也存在句式的选择：句子的主谓结构应该是nations are few（或there are few nations）呢？还是few nations have calligraphy？若为前者，则有以下译文：

In the world， nations who have calligraphy as a form of art （或 the art of calligraphy ） are very few （或为避免头重脚轻多用词语译为 only a few to

count ）

In the world， nations having calligraphy as a form of art are only a few to count.

In the world， there are few nations who have calligraphy as a from of art.

若为后者，则有：

Few nations in the world have calligraphy as a form of art.

上述多种翻译产生的起因首先是对英译句子谓语动词的选择（是“有”还是“屈指可数”？）。若将其中一个作为谓语动词（“有”的翻译也有两种句式的选择），则另一个要么成为从句谓语要么成为非谓语动词；若将“屈指可数”译为形容词作定语，逆汉语原句语序翻译，如最后一种译法，则句子结构较为简单紧凑。

若说第一句翻译较为简单，那么第二句就比较难了。难处表面上是句子更长，实践层面则是句子结构组织的难度。第二句的动词为“具有、传播、保持”。一句含有三个动词的汉语译为英文，如果不拆分，其结构方式大概有这三种类型：

简单句：（1）三个动词为并列谓语；（2）其中两个作并列的谓语动词，另外一个作非谓语动词（或者转化为名词或其他词）；（3）其中一个作为谓语动词，其他两个作非谓

语动词（或者转化为名词或其他词）。

并列句：（4）三个均作谓语动词，但是为并列关系；（5）三个动词所在的小句子，两个为并列关系，第三个从属于前两者中某一个，为从句的谓语动词或者非谓语动词，整体为含有从句的并列句；（6）三个动词均作谓语动词，其中一个为一个小句子的单独谓语，另两个为另一个小句子的并列谓语，两个小句子为并列关系。

复合句：（7）其中一个动词为主句的谓语动词，另外两个作从句的谓语动词（为并列谓语，或者8其中一个又从属于另一个，或者又9均为从属于主句的从句）。即从理论上来说，不考虑一词多译的变化，仅从结构考虑就至少有八种译法（当然考虑到动词之间的关系、具体的语境，有些句式是不宜选择的）。试举其中几种译法为例：

Among them，Chinese calligraphy has the longest history， becomes the most popular among its people，and maintains a close relationship with the national cultural development.（1）

Among them， Chinese calligraphy has the longest history， being the most popular among its people and maintaining a close relationship with the national cultural development.（2）

In them，with the longest history，only Chinese

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