中西翻译简史第1、3、5章部分课后习题答案
1.“翻译”的词源学含义给我们带来什么样的启示？（P6）
答：从翻译的词源可以看出，（1）印欧语言比其他语言更强调相似性，特别是在早期的宗教典籍翻译中甚至要求一致性。这也就是为什么在西方的翻译理论中“对等”观念会起到核心作用，而要表示自有翻译时，则会使用其他术语如“改编”的原因。（2）很多语言中，“翻译”与“口译”使用不同的术语，意味着这是两种完全不同的活动。“口译”比“翻译”更强调“调停”。（3）不同的语言对翻译观念的阐释方式也不同，并非所有的阐释都像印欧语言中那样强调保存同一性。斯特科尼提出翻译的符号学特征具有三个方面共性：相似性，差异性与调停。这些共性可以看作是所有翻译都具有的特征，但“翻译”一词的确切含义不是预先给定，一劳永逸的，也不是不证自明的，它需要在对历史上翻译过程与翻译结果的研究中去发现。
3、三大宗教典籍的翻译存在哪些差异？
答：（1）《圣经》是世界上印数最多、发行最广、翻译语种最多的书籍，也是被联合国工人为对人类影响最大、最深的一本书。对西方社会的精神信仰和行为方式影响尤其巨大，与希腊神话同为打开西方精神世界的钥匙。《圣经》除了是一本宗教典籍之外，它本身还是一部重要的文学作品，它的一本几乎是欧洲大多数民族语言的第一范本。阅读《圣经》各种一本的人如此之多，甚至连研究它的著作也是汗牛充栋，以至于形成了一种专门的学问，即“圣经解释学”。（2）印度佛经原无写本，初期翻译主要靠外来僧人凭记忆口授。译者受中国传统宗教尤其是道家“得道成仙”观念的影响，往往是以道家的哲学名词，概念来比附佛学。（3）与《圣经》、佛经典籍不同，《古兰经》则要求对它的解释和理解必须有一定的知识框架，翻译《古兰经》必须要对经文有深入的理解，并把《古兰经》的深刻含义传达出来。然而《古兰经》的修辞、韵律等很难翻译，这就导致《古兰经》的译本注释特别多。专家们制定了评论《古兰经》的人应具有的15个方面的零号修养，如语言学、句法、语义学、修辞学、信仰原理、伊斯兰法学原理等，这也是翻译《古兰经》所必须具备的基础条件。
1、中国古代佛经的翻译历史，大致可分为几个时期？每个阶段的特点分别是什么？
1.东汉末年和三国时期公元148到256：此时翻译阶段为佛经翻译的初期，译者没有原本，全凭外来僧人“以口授相付，不听载文“。译者多为中亚和中国新疆的僧人，此时的翻译方法为集体翻译，称为”译场”｛括三部分：口译（传言）记录（笔受）检验（证义）。由于传言者梵文水平较差，反映在译作中除目标语的句法扭曲之外，还有大量字母直译的内容，这就造成了译文晦涩难懂，没有宗教学基础的人难以理解。此时的翻译活动尚未得到政府的支持，而是在民间信徒的资助下分散进行。此时多采用直译法。
2.两晋和南北朝时期公元256到589年:此时由于统治者对佛教的逐渐接受，佛经翻译事业有了很大的发展。逐渐脱离了私人的小规模翻译，变为大规模的译场，由私译转为官译，由个人翻译转为大规模的集体翻译。佛经翻译采用传译和讲习相结合的方法，译场便呈现“疑难纵横”“交辩文旨”的热闹景象。这样对译文的讲解讨论和反复钻研，使翻译同时带有研究的性质。此时由于梵本的不断传入，天竺求经者较多，原本往往不止一种，这就便于相互校勘，使译文更为正确。由于译出的经典不断增加，佛经的目录整理应运而生。总体来说，翻译理论和技巧在这一时期得到初步的总结与整理。道安总结出“五失本，三不易”的佛经规律。彦宗提出“八备说”，鸠摩罗什主张“依实出华”。译文质量较前一阶段有多提高。此时多采用意译。
3.隋唐北宋时期公元589到1110年：此时的翻译活动与之前有明显不同，译场较大程度缩小规模，译场在参加人员方面极为挑剔，只有具备特殊能力的僧人或世俗官员才能参加，除工作人员，其它人禁止入内。各职司分工明确，各司其职。为培养新一代译者，各地僧院设立翻译学校。然而佛教在印度的衰落导致中国佛经翻译活动从公元11世纪迅速衰落，译场时代随之结束。
3、中国古代佛经翻译的各个阶段，翻译佛经的译场分别有什么特点？为什么会发生这些变化？
1.东汉末年和三国时期，此时的翻译方法为集体翻译，称为”译场”，由外国僧人担任“译主”，背诵某一经，并详细解释文本的准确含义一个外僧配有一个或多个口译员，翻译活动分为三部分：口译（传言）记录（笔受）检验（证义）。
2.两晋和南北朝时期，佛经翻译逐渐脱离了私人的小规模翻译，变为规模的译场，从而产生了译场制度以及译经的原则和方法，促进了译经事业的更大进步。
3.隋唐北宋时期，译场已经相当完善，但佛经翻译的过程与从前有了明显的不同，宗教阐释的过程与翻译的过程被分开了。译场较大程度地缩小了规模，一般由不超过36名僧人负责翻译。
因为佛教不断地被人民所接收，译场也逐渐变为官办。
5、佛经翻译对中国的文化和语言有哪些影响？
1.印度语支的文本给中文带来大量陌生的语言形式：名词三个数格和三个人称的复杂语法结构，过去时和现在时等。
2.影响宋明理学，在很大程度上首佛教的激发。
3.佛教理论武装当时学术名流的思想，研究佛学蔚然成风。
4.佛教的慈悲，平常，无常，无我的思想深入人心，人民受其鼓舞。
5.佛教为中国的文学带来新的意境，新的文体，新的命意遣词方法。鼓舞晋唐小说创
作，禅宗思想影响诗歌创作。
6.促进形成文词酣畅，想象力丰富的新文学——变文。朴素而活泼的语录体的产生。
第五章
1、早期的圣经中译者为何采用“经”字命名译本？
耶稣会传教士在翻译《圣经》时，考虑到中国人对重要著作称为经的传统，以“经”来对应基督教的经典，而且还在“经”字前加上中国人敬仰的“圣”字，借以表明所译作品的重要性。
3、“译名之争”仅仅是一个语言理解和表达的问题吗？为什么？
不是。译名之争反映出来的是文化问题。基督教文化和中国传统文化是两种异质文化，在一些基本观念是南辕北辙、水火不容的。译名问题一直困扰《圣经》的译者，可以说直到今天也仍未能完全解瘊。
基督教传教士来华的直接目的是转播教义、发展信徒，翻译《圣经》则是他们呢实践这个目标的手段。对于传教士而言，《圣经》首先是基督教教义的载体，然后才谈得上其他特征和功用，因此在翻译过程中，忠于原文是他们不言而喻的原则。
译名之争的核心在于如何使用恰当的中文词汇表达基督教所特有的一些概念，如Theos, Deus, God, Spirit, Baptizo等。
5、圣经中译与佛经中译有何异同之处？
同：翻译方法与策略上，归化；早期的译者多为外来僧人与传教士；对于目的语文都有一定的推动作用；
异：1、圣经只有一本，佛经有无数本。
2、圣经的译者相对较少，局限于传教士；佛经翻译规模大，人数多，设有专门的译场。
3、佛经是中国人去求的，而圣经是西方传教士带进来的。
4、佛经的语言与中国话结合较大；圣经的语言与中国话结合较小。
5、佛经翻译到今天已经停止了，圣经翻译还在进行。
中西翻译简史论文
2013--2014学年第2学期外国语学院期末考试卷 《 中西翻译史》 （课程论文） 学号: 201252060220 姓名: 温立媛 班级: 翻译2班 成绩： 评语： （考试题目及要求） 本课程考试以课程论文的形式进行考查，课程论文题目自拟，选择中西翻译史范围内的某翻译思想家、某翻译流派、某翻译思潮进行介绍。论文使用汉语写作，字数为1500-2500字。组成部分如下： ● 中英摘要：要求200字。 ● 关键词：要求3～5个关键词，各关键词之间用“，”隔开。 ● 引言：是对研究背景、目的、研究范围和研究意义与价值等的简要说明。 ● 分析与讨论：其实质就是论证，可以采用类比、例证、归纳、演绎等丰富多样 的论证方法。 ● 结论：应涵盖本研究的结果、该结果的创新以及理论和实践意义等。 ● 参考文献：格式要求参见《中国翻译》。 ● 注释：统一采用夹注的形式。 提交时间 2014年7月1日 教学对象 翻译系2012级1、2班本科生 ● 格式要求 统一采用A4纸型。课程论文中文题目（楷体，3号，加粗）；课程论文正文：英文字 体用Times New Roman ，中文正文用宋体（字号5号。）页面上边距为3厘米, 下、左、右边距为 2.3厘米。页眉为1.5厘米。页脚为1.75厘米, 页脚排阿拉伯数字的页码，居中。页面行间距为1.5倍。要求上交纸质版一份；电子版一份由班长打包集中发至zhouyali2009@https://www.wendangku.net/doc/f9792866.html, 。 装 订 线
浅析道安“五失本、三不易”翻译观 【摘要】道安是一位翻译理论家，在佛经翻译理论方面做出杰出贡献，并提出了著名的“五失本、三不易”翻译思想。“五失本”谈到翻译的语序问题，文质问题和详简问题，“三不易”谈到佛经翻译面临的时代因素，读者因素和译者因素，这三个因素导致了佛经翻译的不容易。本文从来源和内容两方面对道安“五失本、三不易”之说进行简单的解读，以便于人们更好地了解道安的翻译理论。这些翻译理论对现代翻译有重要的借鉴意义。 【关键词】道安，五失本，三不易 【Abstract】Dan’an, a translation theorist who had made outstanding contributions in the translation theories of Buddhist sutras, put forward the famous translation thought of “Five Losses of Source Texts and Three Difficulties in Translation”. “Five Losses of Source Texts” discusses the problems of word order, work of esence and detail or simplification. “Three Difficulties in Translation” disceses the factors of times, readers and translators that Buddhist sutras translation faces. It is these three factors that result in the difficulties of translating Chinese Buddhist sutras. This thesis will give an simple explanation of “Five Losses of Source Texts and Three Difficulties in Translation”on its origin and content, so that people can get a better understanding of Dao’an’s translation theories. These theories have an revealing effect on modern translation. 【Key words】Dan’an, five losses o f source texts, three difficulites in translation 一、引言 道安是我国佛教史上的一位佛教领袖，对我国佛教的发展以及佛经翻译具有积极贡献。在佛经翻译方面，虽然道安没有直接参与，但是对佛经的翻译却有着很大的贡献。他整理了已译出的经典，撰成了中国第一部“经录”——《众经目录》，这为后来系统翻译佛经起了非常关键的作用。有了这样的注疏和经录，佛经翻译才能承前启后，循着正规发展。他也是中国翻译史上总结翻译经验的第一人。其所撰《摩诃钵罗若波罗蜜经抄序》中提出了翻译的“五失本、三不易”的译论。原文如下：“译梵为秦，有五失本也。一者，胡语尽倒而使从秦，一失本也。二者，梵经尚质，秦人好文，传可众心，非文不可，斯二失本也。三者，梵语委悉，至于“咏叹”，叮咛反复，或三或四，不嫌其烦，而今裁斥，三失本也。四者，梵有义说，正似乱辞，寻说向语，文无以异，或千五百，刈而不存，四失本也。五者，事已全成，将更傍及，反腾前辞，已乃后说，而悉除此，五失本也。” “然《般若经》，三达之心，覆面所演，圣必因时,时俗有易，而删雅古,以适今时，一不易也。愚智天隔，圣人叵阶，乃欲以千岁之上微言，传使合百王之下末俗，二不易也。阿难出经，去佛未久，尊者大迦叶令五百六通，迭查迭书，今离千年，而以近意量裁，彼阿罗汉乃兢兢若此，此生死人而平
大英3课后翻译
UNIT 1 Translation 1. We have a problem with the computer system, but I think it’s fairly minor. 2. My father died when I was too young to live on my own. The people of my hometown took over (responsibility for) my upbringing at that point. 3. The toys have to meet strict/ tough safety requirements before they can be sold to children. 4. Radio and television have supplemented rather than replaced the newspaper as carriers of news and opinion. 5. When it comes to this magazine, it is/ carries a digest of articles from many newspapers and magazines around the world. A decade ago,Nancydid what so many Americans dream about. She quit an executive position and opened/ set up a household device store in her neighborhood. People likeNancymade the decision primarily for the improvement in the quality of their lives. But, to run a small business on a small scale is by no means an easy job. Without her steady income,Nancyhad to cut back on her daily expense. Sometimes she did not even have the money to pay the premium for the various kinds of insurance she needed. Fortunately, through her own hard work, she has now got through the most difficult time. She is determined to continue pursuing her vision of a better life. UNIT 2 Translation 1. Though greatly affected by the consequences of the global financial crisis, we are still confident that we can face up to the challenge and overcome the crisis. 2. Under threat of constant sand storms, we were compelled to leave our cherished village and move to the new settlement. 3. According to a recent online survey, a lot of consumers say they may be motivated to consider buying products shown in TV commercials. 4. Having spotted a truck driver dumping contaminated waste alongside the river, the old man reported to the police at once. 5. Some scientists hold to the firm conviction that people will come to like genetically modified crops someday since they can increase yields and help combat hunger and disease in the developing world. Shortly after he achieved freedom Henson became intent on assisting fugitive slaves. He secretly returned to theUnited StatesfromCanadaseveral times to help others to travel the Underground Railroad to freedom. Once some slave catchers closed in on the escaping slaves and Henson when they were on the run. He disguised them and successfully avoided capture. Later he built a small settlement inDresdeninCanadafor escaped slaves, setting up a chapel and a school. He held to the conviction that slavery would be abolished, and the day was bound to come when racial discrimination no longer existed. UNIT 3 Translation 1.
新视野第三版-第一册-课后翻译答案
新视野大学英语（第三版）第一册课后翻译答案及原文 Unit 1 原文： Socrates was a classical Greek philosopher who is credited with laying the fundamentals (基础) of modern Western philosophy. He is a mysterious [m??st?ri?s] figure known chiefly([?t?ifli?]adv.主要地) through the accounts of later classical writers, especially the writings of his most famous student Plato.Socrates has become well known for his contribution to the field（n.领域）of ethics（['eθ?ks]n.伦理学）. His method of teaching, known as the Socratic Method, by asking and answering questions to stimulate（vt.激发）critical thinking and to explain ideas remains a commonly（[?kɑ:m?nli]adv.普通地）used tool in a wide（adj.广泛的）range of discussions. He also made important and lasting contributions to the field of epistemology ([??p?st??mɑ:l?d?i]认识论) and logic, and the influence of his ideas and approach remains a strong foundation（[fa?n?de??n]基础）for Western philosophy that followed.Socrates was the most colorful figure in the history of ancient philosophy. His fame was widespread in his own time, and his name soon became a household word although he con structed no philosophical system, established no school, and founded no sect (宗派). 翻译： 苏格拉底是古希腊哲学家，被誉为现代西方哲学的奠基人。他是一个谜一般的人物，人们主要通过后来的一些古典作家的叙述，尤其是他最著名的学生柏拉图的作品去了解他。苏格拉底以他对伦理学的贡献而闻名。他的教学法亦称为苏格拉底法，即通过提问和回答来激发批判性思维以及阐述观点。该方法在各种讨论中仍被普遍使用。他还在认识论和逻辑领域做出了重大而深远的贡献。他的思想和方法所带来的影响一直是后来的西方哲学的坚实基础。苏格拉底是古代哲学史上最丰富多彩的人物。他在他那个时代已威名远扬。虽然他未曾建立什么哲学体系，未曾设立什么学派，也未曾创立什么宗派，但他的名字很快就变得家喻户晓了。 原文： 孔子是中国历史上著名的思想家、教育家，是儒家学派（Confucianism）的创始人，被尊称为古代的“圣人”（sage）。 他的言论和生平活动记录在《论语》（The Analects）一书中。《论语》是中国古代文化的经典著作，对后来历代的思想家、文学家、政治家产生了很大影响。不研究《论语》，就不能真正把握中国几千年的传统文化。孔子的很多思想，尤其是其教育思想，对中国社会产生了深远的影响。在21世纪的今天，孔子的学说不仅受到中国人的重视，而且也越来越受到整个国际社会的重视。 翻译： Confucius was a great thinker and educator in Chinese history. He was the founder of Confucianism and was respectfully referred to as an ancient (古代的)"sage". His words and life story were recorded in The Analects. An enduring（持久的）classic of ancient Chinese culture, The Analects has had a great influence on the thinkers, writers, and statesmen that came after Confucius. Without studying this book, one could hardly truly understand the thousands-of-years' traditional Chinese culture. Much of Confucius' thought, especially his thought on education, has had a profound influence on Chinese society. In the 21st century, Confucian thought not only retains the attention of the Chinese, but it also wins an increasing attention from the international community. Unit 2 原文： Christmas is a widely observed cultural holiday, celebrated on December 25 by millions of people around the world. It commemorates (纪念) the birth of Jesus Christ. The festival dated from as early as 336 AD. Gradually it evolved into a religious as well as secular (非宗教的) celebration, celebrated by an increasing number of non-Christians. Today Christmas is observed as an important festival and public holiday around the world. Christmas customs differ in different
新视野大学英语(第二版)第3册课后翻译原题与答案
新视野大学英语第3册课后翻译原题与答案 Unit 1 1. 无论你是多么富有经验的演说家，无论你做了多么充分的准备，你都很难再这样嘈杂的招待会上发表演讲。 1. No matter how experienced a speaker you are, and how well you have prepared for your speech, you will have trouble making a speech at such a noisy reception. 2. 就像吉米妹妹的朋友都关心吉米一样，吉米也关心他们。 2. Just as all his sister’s friends cared about him, Jimmy cared about them. 3. 汽车生产商在新车的几处都印有汽车识别号码，以便帮助找回被盗的车辆。 3. Car manufacturers stamp a vehicle identification number at several places on new cars so as to help track down stolen vehicles. 4. 老师回来时你敢告诉我状的话，我就不再和你说话了。 4. If you dare tell on me when the teacher comes back, I won’t say a word to you any more. 5. 有些老年人愿意独自过日子，但大多数老人选择和儿女一起生活。 5. Some elderly people would rather live on their own while the majority choose to live with their children. 6.现在需要面对的事情是：如何筹集创建公司需要的资金。 6. Here is what needs to be reckoned with: How to collect necessary capital to establish the company. Unit 2 1. 被告是位年仅30岁的女子，她坚持称自己无罪。 1. The defendant, a woman of only 30 , kept persisting in her innocence. 2. 总体看来，枣、豆类以及一些多叶的绿色蔬菜时最好的铁质来源。 2. All things considered, dates, beans and some leafy green vegetables are the best sources of iron. 3. 正餐时不供应饮料，饮料会影响消化。 3. No drinks are served with dinner because they interfere with digestion. 4. 考虑到那个地区受欢迎的程度，提前订旅馆时明智的。 4. Considering the popularity of the region, it is advisable to book hotels in advance. 5. 服药后若有呕吐感，请立即停止服用并尽快咨询医生。 5. If you have a feeling of throwing up after taking this medicine, stop to consult your doctor as soon as possible. 6.总结这次讨论时，他说双方都要好好考虑怎样以最有效的方法来解决这一问题。6. When summing up the discussion, he said both sides should fully consider the most effective way to solve the problem. Unit 5 1. 直到看见弥留之际躺在床上的母亲，他才意识到自己是多么地爱她。 1. Not until he saw his mother lying in bed dying, did he realize how much he loved her. 2. 考虑到他是最近的身体状况，我认为他这次考试成绩还不错。 2. Considering his recent physical condition, I think he has done quite well in the exam. 3. 克拉克夫人躺在床上一动不动，一时间我都纳闷她是否还活着。 3. Mrs. Clark lies in bed motionless, so I wonder briefly if she is still alive. 4. 整栋楼一片黑暗，只有三楼的某个窗户透出一丝光。 4. The whole building was completely dark except a single light from a third-storey window.
大学英语新视野读写教程第三册课后翻译答案
1.你认为一个人要做些什么才能成为一个幸福的人？ What do you think one can do to be a happy person? 2. 自从她去年离开上海去重新过她的农村生活后，我的心里一直很失落。Since she left Shanghai and resumed her life in the country last year, a void has found its way into my heart. 3. 我甚至没想过他会中头奖。 It didn't even cross my mind that he would win the first prize. 4. 我是在大城市长大的，忙忙碌碌的生活对我不再新鲜了。 I grew up in a big city, so the rat race is no longer new to me. 6. 教书是一个重要的职业——一个令人神往的职业，充满挑战和激情。Teaching is an important profession—a fascinating one, filled with challenges and excitement. 7. 如果这位科学伟人还活着的话，毫无疑问他会扩充他的定义，把最新的研究成果If the great scientist were still alive today, he would no doubt expand his definition to include the latest research findings. 8. 解决国与国之间争端的最好的办法是通过联合国。The best way to solve disputes between countries is through the United Nations. 9. 大工厂生产的产品正在替代小工场生产的产品。 Goods produced by big factories are taking the place of the goods produced by small workshops. 10. 这事件可能产生的后果应予以认真考虑。 The likely consequences of the incident need to be reflected on/upon. 11. 他差点解决了这个问题。He was within an inch of solving the problem. 12. 假如你要把财产转让给他人，须使他成为合法产权人 If you want to transfer your property to someone, you should first make him the legal owner of it. 13. 自从公司迁到这个地区以来，已有数十台电脑被盗，公司决定采取措施制止盗窃。More than ten computers have been stolen since the company moved to this area, so the company decided to take action to stop it. 14. 形势要求政府立即作出反应，否则，重大损失将不可避免。
中西翻译简史第 章课后习题部分答案
中西翻译简史第7、9、11章课后习题部分答案 中国古代重要的科技翻译作品有哪些有何特点 天文、历法、数学、医学等， 中国古代的科技翻译始于东汉末年，不过与翻译佛经的”译场“不同，这些翻译往往由译僧独自完成，所译内容也比较零散，是佛经翻译的附属或附产品，而非系统的介绍。 我国清末民初的科技翻译有哪些特点对我国的科学和文化发展有何作用此阶段是从19世纪开始，西方科技知识在中国广泛传播，并对中国的只是分子产生了普遍影响。此时的各人文学科渐渐自成体系，而此时社会腐败，仅有少数有识之士注意到西学的优越之处，但仍不把它作为与中学对等的学术文化，其地位远不及中国的学术思想。鸦片战争战败及一系列不平等条约的签订，激起思想先进者向西方学习的欲望，以达到“维新”之目的。这就促成了西方科学技术再一次传入中国。P118 清末译出的科学书籍的知识就内容而言，清末译出的书籍比较浅显。数量上看，清末73年约2100种，而民国时期译出的有10700种左右，五四后，科技译着的数量是清末的十倍。且质量较高。林则徐设立译馆，翻译西方书刊报纸，积极搜集西方信息。译出了中国第一部系统介绍世界历史，地理类知识的《四洲志》。它是当时介绍最齐备，最新颖的世界地理，历史，风土人情的图书。魏源在《海国图志》中大量介绍外国自然，地理，经济，科学，文化等方面的资料。徐继畲通过采访来华传教士，商人等编着了《灜环志略》，第一本中国人全面介绍世界地理的书籍。虽然他们不通外语，但是较早重视并组织翻译外国资料，为同时代的人了解外部世界做出了贡献。梁启超等一批富有世界眼光的思想家向西方学习大量的自然科学和社会科学的知识，政治上也强烈要求改革。此时的大量西方知识，也产生了广泛而深刻的影响。 各类翻译出版机构也先后翻译出版了大量科学技术文献和教科书。传播了化学，医学，等各方面的知识。为中国介绍了不少西方先进的科学知识。 以佛经翻译为例，翻译活动在哪些层面上悄然改变了译入语的语言和文化
新视野大学英语第三版读写教程3课后翻译
NNCE Book3课后翻译参考答案 Unit1 英译中原文：Global citizen is someone who identifies with being part of an emerging world community and whose actions contribute to building this community's values and practices. Global citizenship believes that humankind is essentially on and each individual has the power to change things.In our interdependent world, global citizenship encourages usto recognize our responsibilities toward each other and learn from each other. Global citizens care about education, disease, poverty, and environmental issues around the world. Today, the forces of global engagement are helping some people identify themselves as global citizens who have a sense of belonging to a world community. This growing global identity in large part is made possible by the forces of modern information, communications and transportation technologies. Global citizenship aims to empower people to lead their own action. Along with the knowledge and values that they have gained from learning about global issues, people need to be equipped with the necessary skills to give themselves the ability and confidence to be pro-active in making a positive difference in the world. Keys：世界公民是指一个人承认自己是新兴的全球社区的一分子，而且其行动对全球社区的价值打造和实践活动有所贡献。世界公民相信人类从本质上来说是一个整体，任何个人都有改变事物的能力。在我们这样一个相互依赖的世界中，世界公民意识鼓励我们认识到对彼此的责任，并从对方身上学习。世界公民关心全球的教育、疾病、贫穷和环境问题。在当今，全球合作的力量在使一些人萌发世界公民的意识，让他们拥有对全球社区的归属感。这种不断发展的世界公民意识在很大程度上来讲，要归功于现代信息、通信和交通技术的力量世界公民意识致力于给予人们力量，让他们付诸行动，世界公民除了要从世界问题中学习知识和价值观，还要拥有必需的技能，使他们拥有能力和自信，积极推动世界的发展。 汉译英原文：如今，很多年轻人不再选择" 稳定" 的工作，他们更愿意自主创业，依靠自己的智慧和奋斗去实现自我价值。青年创业（young entrepreneurship）是未来国家经济活力的来源，创业者的成功不但会创造财富、增加就业机会、改善大家的生活，从长远来看，对于国家更是一件好事，创业者正是让中国经济升级换代的力量。尤其是在当前，国家鼓励大众创业、万众创新，在政策上给予中小企业支持，这更加激发了年轻人的创业热情。 Keys：Nowadays, many young people no longer choose "stable" jobs. Instead, they prefer to start their own businesses and realize their self-value through their own wisdom and efforts. Young entrepreneurship is the source of national economic vitality in the future. The success of entrepreneurs not only creates fortune, increases job opportunities, improves people's life, but it is also good for the country in the long term. Entrepreneurs are a driving force in upgrading China's economy. Especially for the time being, our country is encouraging people to start their own businesses and make innovations and giving policy support for medium and small businesses. This further arouses young people's enthusiasm to start their own businesses. Unit 2
中西翻译简史期末总结通用版
单位名称：_________________________ 姓名：_________________________ 日期：_______年______月______日 中西翻译简史期末总结通用版 ——We must not only sum up the successful experience, but also draw lessons from failure。
中西翻译简史期末总结 本学期，有幸选了赵老师的中西翻译简史课，目睹了赵老师作为目前中国译界大师的风采，收获颇多，感触颇深。翻译的学习中实践很重要，同时理论知识也必不可少。赵老师以风趣幽默的讲课方式，使我们在轻松的学习环境下了解的中外翻译历史，对于翻译界众多着名的大师也有了更深刻的认识。 首先，关于中西翻译历史，赵老师在本学期初以时间为顺序讲述了中外翻译的兴起、发展与成果，使我们对中西翻译史有了宏观的了解。做为翻译专业的学生，对中西翻译史学习和了解是十分重要的，在中西翻译简史课上，我们首次看到了赵老师用其生动的语言和独特的构思为我们展现的中西翻译历史画卷，内容丰富，画面宏伟壮观。同时，也使我们深深折服于赵老师的博古通今，学贯中西。 其次，在微观上，老师位我们详尽介绍了中外历史上着名的翻译家、汉学家，其中包括鸠罗摩什、道安、僧睿、僧佑、罗xx、jameslegge、williamedwardsoothill等等。老师对翻译大师及其作品的认识有自己独到的见解，既不是完全肯定，也没有完全否定，这也教会了以辩证的观点看待许多翻译理念和译着，这样的学习和思考方式有助于我们在今后的学习中不断取长补短，稳步前进，同时做一个有思想的译者。 此外，本学期课程，以博客为平台，我们有幸欣赏到赵老师的众多翻译作品，同时，老师在课堂上也与我们交流了自己在翻译《三字经》、《道德经》等中国古典文学的心得体会，我们也看到了老师在弘扬中华文化方面做出的突出贡献，在
新视野大学英语第三版3课后翻译答案.
如今，很多年轻人不再选择“稳定”的工作，他们更愿意自主创业，依靠自己的智慧和奋斗去实现自我价值。青年创业（young entrepreneurship)是未来国家经济活力的来源，创业者的成功不但会创造财富、增加就业机会、改善大家的生活。从长远来看，对于国家更是一件好事，创业者正是让中国经济升级换代的力量。尤其是在当前，国家鼓励大众创业，万众创新，在政策上给予中小企业支持，这更加激发了年轻人的创业激情。 Nowadays, many young people no longer choose “stable” jobs. Instead, they prefer to start their own businesses and realize their self-value through their own wisdom and efforts. Young entrepreneurship is the source of national economic vitality in the future. The success of entrepreneurs not only creates fortune, increases job opportunities, improves people’s life, but it is also good for the country in the long term. Entrepreneurs are a driving force in upgrading China’s economy. Especially for the time being, our country is encouraging people to start their own businesses and make innovations and giving policy support for medium and small businesses. This further arouses young people’s enthusiasm to start their own businesses.
新视野大学英语第三版读写教程2课后翻译答案
Unit1中国书法 中国书法(calligraphy)是一门独特的艺术、是世界上独一无二的艺术瑰宝。中国书法艺术的形成，发展与汉文字的产生与演进存在着密不可分的关系。汉字在漫长的演变发展过程中，一方面起着交流思想、继承文化的重要作用，另一方面它本身又形成了一种独特的艺术。书法能够通过作品把书法家个人的生活感受、学识、修养、个性等折射出来，所以，通常有“字如其人”的说法。中国书法不仅是中华民族的文化瑰宝，而且在世界文化艺术宝库中独放异彩。 Chinese calligraphy is a unique art and the unique art treasure in the world. The formation and development of the Chinese calligraphy is closely related to the emergence and evolution of Chinese characters. In this long evolutionary process, Chinese characters have not only played an important role in exchanging ideas and transmitting culture but also developed into a unique art form. Calligraphic works well reflect calligraphers' personal feelings, knowledge, self-cultivation, personality, and so forth, thus there is an expression that "seeing the calligrapher's handwriting is like seeing the person". As one of the treasures of Chinese culture, Chinese calligraphy shines splendidly in the world's treasure house of culture and art. Unit2互联网 近年来，随着互联网技术的发展，我国的数字化教育资源建设取得了巨大的成就。很多高校建立了自己的数字化学习平台，数字化教学在教育中发挥着越来越大的作用。和传统教学方式相比，数字化教学方式有很大的优势。一方面，数字化教学使教学资源得以全球共享；另一方面，它拓展了学习者的学习时间和空间，人们可以随时随地通过互联网进入数字化的虚拟学校学习。这使得人类从接受一次性教育走向终身学习成为可能。 In recent years, with the development of Internet technology, the construction of digital education resources of our country has made great achievements. Many universities have set up their own digital learning platforms, and digital teaching is playing an increasingly important role in education. Compared with the traditional way of teaching, the digital way has a lot of advantages. On one hand, digital teaching makes global sharing of teaching resources possible on the other hand, it expands the learner's study time and space to learn, allowing people to get access to the digital virtual schools through the Internet anytime and anywhere. These advantages make it possible for people to shift from one-time learning to lifelong learning. Unit3 孝道（filial piety）是中国古代社会的基本道德规范（code of ethics）。中国人把孝视为人格之本、家庭和睦之本、国家安康之本。由于孝道是儒家伦理思想的核心，它成了中国社会千百年来维系家庭关系的道德准则。它毫无疑问是中华民族的一种传统美德。孝道文化是一个复合概念，内容丰富，涉及面广。它既有文化理念，又有制度礼仪（institutional etiquette）。一般来说，它指社会要求子女对父母应尽的义务，包括尊敬、关爱、赡养老人等等。孝道是古老的"东方文明"之根本。 Filial piety is the basic code of ethics in ancient Chinese society. Chinese people consider filial piety as the essence of a person's integrity, family harmony, and the nation's well-being. With filial piety being the core of Confucian ethics, it has been the moral standard for the Chinese society to maintain the family relationship for thousands of years. It's undoubtedly a traditional Chinese virtue. The culture of filial piety is a complex concept, rich in content and wide in range. It includes not