作业1翻译
C. Manufacturing Cells (Group Technology)(Family of Parts Concept)
The use of manufacturing cells represents a particular kind of factory layout for manufacturing equipment. The essence of the concept is that, when manufacturing a particular part or family of similar parts in substantial quantities, the equipment for successive operations on the part should be grouped together. The operator - or team of operators who make that part (or the family of parts) - operate all the equipment in the cell. This arrangement is in contrast to a more traditional factory layout that groups like equipment together in departments. Then parts move from department to department for each operation. The advantage of the cell layout is that lines of communication and transportation are made very short. The factory's through-put rate is speeded; work-in-process inventory is greatly reduced; when problems arise at one operation, their effect on subsequent operations is immediately recognized. Route sheets to control movement of parts through the factory are greatly simplified or not needed. Operators learn what is needed at each operation to avoid problems at subsequent operations and have the satisfaction of seeing the results of their efforts. Quality tends to improve. The dis- advantage is that there is apt to be lesser utilization of some equipment. There is also the necessity of having operators learn the operation of several kinds of equipment rather than specializing in one type. The concept is illustrated in Fig. 14C for one particular family of machined parts. Fig. 14G8 shows a more advanced system where a robot does the handling between operations. When a circular layout is used, the robot can tend all machines in the cell.
Fig. 14( The concept of a manufacturing cell illustrated with a cell arranged to make a family of spur gears of various pitches and diameters from forged blanks . This cell is shown with one operator for seven operations, based on the use of automatic equipment. A similar arrangement may be made using more operators and possibly duplicate machines for some workstations depending on the production level needed, and the operation time at each workstation. The gear blanks are first faced on both
sides, turned, drilled and reamed at station one. At station 2, a keyway is broached in the center hole. At station 3, the gear teeth are hobbed and at station 4, they are finish shaved. Stat ion 5 is a brush deburrer. At stat ion 6, the gear is laser- marked to identify its model or part number, and with other descriptive data. At station 7, various gages and inspection devices are used to ensure that quality is of the pre-scribed level. The small tables between machines act as decouplers/Kanbans, containing small amounts of work- in- process, to illustrate which machines may need operator attention to maintain production flow. Ideally, these tables are empty and all work-in-process is undergoing machine operations.
D. Advanced Inspection Devices
Dl. coordinate measuring machines (CMMs)-utilize diffraction gratings to gauge the position of a measuring probe with high accuracy. Typical systems include, in addition to the measuring machine, a sensing probe, a control and computing system and measuring software. Various kinds of probes may be used. The probe is moveable with very low friction because of nearly friction-free linear bearings in the machine. The workpiece to be measured is placed on the granite table and is then stationary. The electronic touch probe is guided to move around the workpiece and make contact with it where measurements are wanted. Probe movements can be in the x, y, or z direction. Movement of the probe can be manual, by CNC, or by a programmable controller. The readout console displays the position of the probe simultaneously in terms of the three coordinates. Different probe shapes can be used, depending on the element that is being measured. For example, if dimensions involving the center axes of holes are to be measured, a tapered plug is used as the probe. The measurement accuracy results from use of the moire' fringe pattern from two glass scales placed together on the machine at a slight angle from each other. The fringe pattern between the scales is detected by photocells and converted to electrical pulses. Measurement accuracies within 2 to 4 ten-thousandths of an inch in a span of 10 to 30 inches are common. The probe is often mounted on a bridge- like structure, but may be cantilever mounted or fastened to an articulated arm. The
machine is usually installed in a room in which temperature and humidity are controlled. Coordinate, profile, and angular measurements can be made. Some machines are equipped with more than one probe or with a machine vision device or laser scanner (see below), in addition to a contact probe. Such machines are referred to as multisensor systems. Fig. 14D1 illustrates a typical coordinate measuring machine.
Fig. 14D1 Dimensional inspection of a machine component with a coordinate measuring machine. (Courtesy Sheffield Measurement, Inc.)
D2.machine vision - in industry, utilizes a pictorial image of the workpiece as part of a system of quality, machine or process control. Control is accomplished by capturing the image by electronic methods and then using digital data of the image, as the data is processed by a computer, to provide a display, to sort good and bad parts or to actuate control mechanisms. Machine vision systems are versa- tile and have many non-manufacturing applications in the fields of medical diagnosis, surveillance, zip-code mail sorting, traffic control, and bar code reading.
A machine vision system includes means for proper illumination of the workpiece or scene to be pictured, a camera or cameras, an analog to digital converter (though some systems process digital data directly from the camera), sufficient computer stages to process the data, computer software for the application, and actuating equipment that responds to the digital signal from the computer. Proper lighting is a critical factor and there are various lighting arrangements: backlighting, low-angle lighting or diffuse lighting to emphasize the essential image elements. Fig. 1402 illustrates the elements of a typical industrial vision system. Image processing removes unwanted detail. What detail is wanted and what is not wanted is a result of segmentation, the procedure of choosing the elements that must be measured to achieve the desired results. Segmentation reduces the amount of data that must be computer processed, speeding up the operation of the system. One common form of segmentation is to concentrate on the "edges" of the image, the changes in contrast
that are characteristic of the edges of the workpiece or the edges of a shadow of a three-dimensional workpiece. (This localized analysis is one reason why proper illumination is critical.) Unexpected edges may be evidence of a surface flaw or other defect in the workpiece. Another segmentation approach is to scan with the camera only a narrow strip across the workpiece instead of its full area, if that is enough to make the desired measurement. Another is to analyze only a small critical portion of the whole image. Even with segmentation, because of the large amount of data in each picture image, high-capacity computer systems are required. The camera includes a lens system to focus the light and a CCD (charged coupled device) integrated circuit that receives the camera image (instead of photographic film that would be used in a film camera). Each pixel (picture element of the CCD sensor) in the camera senses the brightness of light focused on it. The brightness level at each significant pixel is converted to a binary digital number that is processed by the system's computer. Most machine vision cameras are monochromatic, so the brightness value is from a grayscale. Color filters may be used on the camera, however, or color cameras may be used, when color is an important factor in the particular application. All inspection and machine control operations involve computer analysis of the image data. This analysis may involve such things as counting the number of pixels between two lines or edges, determining the radii of some curved edge, counting the number of pixels in the entire image, etc. After such analysis, these measurement data are compared with the data stored in the computer that defines a standard pattern or value for the characteristic being measured. Depending on the difference between the two sets of values, machine or process controls may be adjusted or parts may be rejected.
The advantages of machine vision systems compared with human visual inspection or control are the much greater consistency and reliability of measurement that are inherent in the machine sys- tem. Also, machine vision does not suffer from fatigue, can operate in adverse working conditions and can often be operated at higher speeds than a human counterpart.
When used for component inspection, machine vision can provide several different types of information: 1) part identification, 2) the presence or absence of a component or certain features, 3) shape verification, 4) measurement of length, width, area, hole diameter and hole position 5) inspection of surface finish including surface flaw detection. 6) quantity verification when multiple components are involved.
One machine control application is the guiding of robots. Machine vision on a robot can guide the robot to locate the part, then identify it, then direct the robot's gripper to the proper position to grasp the part correctly, and then, after it is grasped and moved to the desired location, orient the part to fit the receiving space. Other applications of machine vision are inspections made throughout the electronics industry for both circuit board and integrated circuit manufacture. Specific examples are inspection of circuit path widths, completeness of population of boards and soundness of solder joints. Machine vision provides feedback control data in wire bonding and die slicing operations. In the paper, textile and plastics industries, machine vision monitors the soundness of continuous webs of rapidly-moving material during processing, including the completeness of coatings applied. In high-production printing, it monitors the registration of different colors on the printed document. In the food industry, machine vision identifies and rejects undersize, oversize or misshapen products in the packaging of cookies, candy bars, and similar products. For many products, it verifies that labels are properly in place on containers. In the painting of various products, it confirms the proper gloss, color, coverage and freedom from runs or other defects. Machine vision finds flaws in individual parts made with highly automatic glass, plastic and metal manufacturing processes, and monitors the quality of manufactured containers.
https://www.wendangku.net/doc/fb13341033.html,ser scanning- is a method used for dimensional inspections. In one common technique, the workpiece is placed between a low-power scanning laser beam and a
photodetector. Scanning is achieved by directing the beam to the axis of a rotating mirror which reflects the image to different points on a collimating lens. The axis of the mirror is at the focal point of the lens. The lens directs the parallel beams to a collecting lens that focuses the beams on a photodetector. A workpiece is placed between the two lenses. The collecting lens receives the beams that pass the workpiece but not those that strike the workpiece and cast a shadow on the collecting lens. The dimensions of the shadow, and thus the workpiece, are calculated by the timing of the spaced laser beams on each side of the shadow. A microprocessor makes the necessary calculations and displays the width or other work-piece dimension of interest. Fig. 14D3 illustrates the working principle. Since there is no contact between the workpiece and measurement tools, the procedure is useful for in-process measurements. Workpieces can be measured while they are in motion on a machine or conveyor. Multiple parts can be measured simultaneously by the one beam. Bench-mounted laser "micrometers" are also used. Accuracies of ±10μin (0.25μm) are achievable for dimensions of 2 in (50 mm) or less. For larger dimensions, measurement tolerances are correspondingly larger.
In another system, the scanned laser beam is received by an array of photodiodes instead of a single photocell. Depending on the location of the edges of the workpiece, some diodes receive the laser beam and some do not. From these differences in the signals received, the dimensions of the part can be determined. Another measurement aims a laser beam at a curved surface and records the reflections.
Fig. 14D3 The working principle of laser scanning for dimensional measurement. The dimensional measurement is based on the elapsed time between the detection by the photodetector of the laser beam from each side of the workpiece.
Thousands of points per second are scanned and the resulting data describes the curved surface in detail. The unit's computer compares these data with the specified
dimensions and indicates whether or not the shape meets specifications.
Still another system uses interferometry. In this method, a laser beam is split into two separate beams by a partially silvered mirror. One beam travels to a fixed mirror and the other to a movable mirror on the workpiece to be measured. The beams are combined and the visual pattern of the interference of the two beams is fed to a photoelectric detector and digital counter. The number of light fringes indicates the displacement of the movable mirror. The method is very accurate and is used in measuring the accuracy of, and in calibrating movements of machine tool elements.
E. Automatic Guided Vehicle (AGV) Systems
An automatic guided vehicle is a device for moving unit loads of materials from one place to another, within a facility, with no accompanying human operator. Vehicles are battery powered and an on-board computer controls the movement. Guidance is provided by one or more of a number of methods. One method uses an electrical inductance wire embedded in the floor. The vehicle has a sensor system that follows the wire. Other methods use optically-read paint or tape markings on the floor or electronically-read magnetic markings on the floor. Some systems use a scanning laser and reflective markers to determine the vehicle's position by triangulation. An inertial guidance system is used on other vehicles with an on-board gyroscope and odometer. Current systems have the capability to control movement over a number of different routes and destinations. Some have data-entry devices so that the path can be modified by factory-floor personnel when necessary.
The vehicle may be loaded and unloaded by human operators, by robots, or by arrangements involving powered conveyors. Automated guided vehicles (AGV) are considered by some to be robots. Both materials, tools, and major components such as car or truck engines, are moved with AGV systems. The vehicles normally move at a rate that is slower than a person's walking speed and can stop very quickly if
necessary. They include easily-found emergency stop buttons and/or obstacle sensors and circuitry to stop the vehicle immediately if some object is in the vehicle's path.
There are three main types of AGVs: those that carry the unit load right on the vehicle, those that tow one or more trailers or other non-powered vehicles, and those equipped with lifting forks. The latter type are used to transport pallets or skids of material. They replace, for at least some operations, human-operated forklift trucks. Many unit-load vehicles are made to transport one particular kind of material, for example, paper rolls in a newspaper printing plant or coils of sheet steel in a stamping plant.
Fig. 14E Automatic guided vehicles, AGV, are used to move materials, parts, products, tooling and supplies within a factory, without an on-board operator. One guidance system using a wire buried in the floor as a guidepath is illustrated. From Materials and Processes in Manufacturing, 8th ed., E. Paul DeGarmo and others ?1997. Reprinted with permission of John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
F. Automated Storage/Retrieval (ASIR) Systems
These systems use automatic devices which, under computer control, place standard loads of material on storage racks or remove them from the racks. The location in the racks is random, depending on where there is open space. The system uses a standard load of material - a pallet load, a handling tray load (for small to medium-sized parts) or a tote box load. The racks have openings that match the size of the standard load. The system is under complete computer control; the computer remembers where each item is stored and, when an item is to be retrieved from stock, directs the retrieval device to the oldest unit of that item in the racks. There are four basic components in the AS/R system: 1) the storage/retrieval, stock-handling, machine which usually runs on a track at the storage rack and operates automatically from computer signals, 2) the storage racks, usually one to
three unit loads deep at each opening, and built to a height of as much as 70 ft. (21 m). 3) a computer to control the system and keep stock records and 4) a conveyor or other means to handle the stored items to and from the storage/retrieval device. Fig. 14F illustrates a typical system.
AS/R systems are used for a wide variety of materials. They are employed in manufacturing for factory-floor storage of work-in-process, tools and spare parts. In warehousing and distribution, these systems are used for order picking of finished products and for storage of raw materials and component parts. Applications include grocery warehouses, university and corporate research libraries for low-usage books and periodicals, chemical blending operations where drums or raw materials and finished products are stored, textile, sheet metal and printing operations where rolls of coiled material are stored, and storage of bakery pans, office records and production molds, fixtures, tools and dies when they are not in use.
Fig. 14F A complete automatic storage and retrieval system, operated under computer control. Cartons of completed products are automatically placed in open locations in the storage racks. When shipping orders are processed, the computer directs the unloading device to the oldest carton in storage of the product to be retrieved. The carton is automatically moved to the particular loading station where it is needed. (Courtesy Westfalia Storage Systems)
G. Use of Robots in Manufacturing Operations
Industrial robots are mechanical devices that can be programmed to perform a variety of tasks of moving and manipulating materials, parts, tools or other devices automatically. Often having an appearance similar to that of a human arm and hand, robots typically have the following major elements: 1) the manipulator - the structure and linkages that provide movement. Robots may have as many as 6 axes of movement, described some- times as "six degrees of freedom", 2) the end- effector - a hand-like gripper or some device that performs a useful operation, 3) a controller -
the apparatus that starts, stops and controls the action of the robot, stores data and communicates with other data devices or with persons, 4) the power supply - for operation of the robot. This may be from hydraulic or pneumatic sources or from electrical servo or stepper motors. Electric power is the most common, 5) sensors (in many robots) - that detect position, contact, force, torque, resistance, or may have vision capabilities. The signals or data are transmitted back to the controller. 6) active devices - Robots may be equipped at the end of the arm with active devices such as spray guns, welding tools, drills, routers, grinders, buffing wheels, or other tools. Fig. 14G illustrates the major elements of a typical industrial robot.
Some robots are equipped with a "teaching pendant", a hand controller that can be used by a human operator to move the robot's arm and gripper. The pendant records the movements, their rate of speed and the end points. The sequence of motions is retained in the controller's memory and can be "played back" to repeat the desired series of motions necessary to perform the operation. Some robots have point-to-point control over the end effector's movement; others employ continuous path control. Some have fixed motion paths; others provide variation in the movement of the arm depending on information sent to the controller by sensors.
G1. areas of robot applicability - Robots have been most common in operations where the work-ing conditions are unpleasant, difficult, or unsafe for human operators. Hot forgings and castings are easily handled by robots. Heat, fumes or odors, dirt, dust and solvents are unpleasant, unhealthy, or hazardous for human operators but are not a problem for robots. The other justification for robots comes from the labor savings that they provide. However, the cost of accompanying equipment for feeding, orienting and transporting parts for robotic application is a cost that must be considered in addition to the cost of the robots themselves. The operation must have sufficient volume to justify the investment. Robots are particularly useful in situations where there are frequent product changes; they provide "flexible automation" because many operational sequences can be stored in the memory of their control computers. Because of the sensory capability of present
robot-based systems, especially in units with machine vision, justification for use in operations with variable conditions is more feasible. Still, robots are less likely to be found in assembly operation where a great number of parts are involved. The flexibility, compactness and skill of the human operator in those situations is less easy to replace.
G2. robots in foundries - Because of heat, the heavy weight of many workpieces and the other unpleasant or hazardous aspects of the working environment, robot use is often easily justifiable in foundries. Robots are most common in high-production shops where the opportunities for labor cost reduction may be more substantial.
G2a. in die casting - The heat, dirt, hazards and repetitiveness of the operation make robotic handling particularly attractive in die casting. An early, and still common, application was the unloading of castings from die casting machines. Spraying lubricant on the die casting die, and ladling molten metal to the machine are other applications. Additional operations are cooling the casting by dipping or spraying, trimming to remove flash, gates and runners, and placement of inserts in the die.3 Trimming involves the placement of the casting in a suitable press die, activation of the trimming press and the removal and setting aside of the trimmed part. Deburring with robot-held rotating tools has been employed. The tool is moved along the parting line of the casting. An advantage of this method is that it does not require the use of a dedicated die for each casting.
G2b. in sand-mold casting- Robots are used less in sand-mold foundries than in die casting despite the heat and unpleasant working conditions but there are many possible applications. Robots are used for pouring molten metal into molds, for core handling and core gluing - if needed, core deflashing, spraying refractory coatings on molds, moving molds to and from baking ovens, venting molds and handling of hot castings at shake-out. Other robotic operations are the removal of gates and risers, using robot-held flame or plasma cutters, and the deflashing of
castings after shake-out. Dross skimming of molten metal is another application in aluminum foundries. Deflashing may be simply done by breaking off the excess material; otherwise grinding with a robot-held rotating grinder is the robotic method.
G2c. in investment casting - The process of making shell molds for investment casting requires repeated dipping of the wax pattern in slurries or fluidized beds of ceramic material and sand. Each dipping step is followed by a drying stage. There is a final firing operation to melt the wax pattern and fuse the ceramic. The repeated dipping and the handling to and from the drying and firing operations are carried out robotically instead of manually, in some foundries, with both cost and quality benefits.
G3. robots in forging - Robots are being used in higher-production shops to load forging billets into furnaces, to move heated billets from furnaces to presses or drop hammers, to move workpieces from one die station to another, and to move the forgings from forging presses to trimming presses, drawing benches, pallets, or conveyors. They are also used to apply lubricant to both workpieces and dies. Since the workpieces are very hot, the use of robots can be justified for elimination of unpleasant workplace conditions as well as for productivity improvements.
G4. robots in metal stamping - are used for unloading workpieces from punch presses (fed with coil stock), loading workpieces in presses for secondary stamping operations (for example, unloading a workpiece from a deep drawing press and positioning it in a trimming press die) and for press-to-press transfer of workpieces in stamping lines. Robots are justifiable because of the elimination of exposure of human operators to safety hazards at the presses. When production levels are sufficiently high to justify high speed, dedicated, transfer equipment, robots are not fast enough to compete. However, when there are a variety of parts to process on the stamping line or when quantities of each are more moderate, robots are more apt to be specified.
G5. robots in injection molding and other plastics molding - Unloading molded parts is the most common robotic operation with plastics. Usually, injection molding is involved but robots are also used with compression and transfer molding, particularly when the parts are large. Another robotic application in the molding of plastics is the placement of metal inserts in molds. In layup molding of reinforced fiberglass parts, the mixture of glass fibers and polyester plastic is sprayed into open female molds by robots. Other robotic operations are trimming parts after molding, drilling, buffing, palletizing and packaging. Fig. 14G5 illustrates an arrangement where one robot unloads two injection molding machines.
Fig. 14G5 A robot unloading molded parts from two injection molding machines. (Courtesy Milicron, Inc.)
G6. robots in welding - More robots are involved in welding than in any other industrial operation and the most common robotic welding operation is spot welding. Robotic spot welding is the standard method for automotive sheet metal body components. Several kinds of arc welding and, more recently, laser welding are also carried out robotically. In all robotic welding operations, the guns or opposed welding electrodes are positioned, held and actuated by the robotic devices. With spot welding, the robot (usually six-axis) moves the electrodes from spot to spot on the fixtured sheet metal assembly.
Robots performing arc welding use noncontact seam trackers 3 ? The full robotic arc welding system includes, in addition to the robot, a suitable welding gun, a positioner to hold the workpiece in a controlled location, grippers to hold the workpiece, a control system for movement of both the robot and the positioner, arc control equipment, power supply, shielding gas supply, and adaptive control that utilizes feedback from the joint as the operation progresses. Robots with teaching pendants can be programmed to make the weld along complex spatial paths. Submerged arc
welding can be carried out robotically, and some robotic laser welding has been used in the automotive industry instead of arc or spot welding to fasten roof panels to other components, for floor pan and truck front-end assemblies, and for frame member.
Since welding robots do not get fatigued or distracted, they typically achieve a much higher percentage of time in operation, and much better repeatability than welding tools operated manually. The robots also relieve human operators of the need to carry out an awkward, not fully healthful, operation. Vision systems track and control the welds.
G7. robots in painting, sealing, coating- Spray painting by robots provides greater consistency and uniformity of coating than that controlled by a human spray painter.3 Robotic painting is very com-mon in the automobile industry for auto bodies and is also used on appliances, furniture and other commercial components. Paint, both liquid and powdered, is sprayed robotically. Primer, top coat, stain, mold release, porcelain enamels or other materials are similarly applied. When painting parts on a conveyor, the robot and the conveyor are synchronized. Electrostatic attraction typically accompanies the robotic system. Robots are programmed to spray deep pockets where electrostatic attraction is not effective.
Sealants and adhesives are also applied robotically, but rather than using a spray, the robot deposits a bead or spots of sealant material along a prescribed path on the workpiece. Robotic application provides consistent, uniform dispensing with a better utilization of sealant material and freedom from operator exposure to solvents and other possibly harmful materials. The automotive, appliance, aerospace and furniture industries use robotic application of these materials3.
G8. robots in material handling - are common. Less-sophisticated robots having less precise placement capabilities often can be used when moving workpieces from one workstation to another. In manufacturing cells with a circular layout, one robot may move workpieces to and from seven workstations as illustrated in Fig. 14G8. Other
applications include moving workpieces from pallets to machines (and the opposite operation - palletizing workpieces after an operation), removing parts from cases, bins, carousels, and conveyors; positioning parts in fixtures on machines, placing parts in kits; and placing parts or materials on conveyors. Gantry robots, which are conventional robots mounted on the underside of a bridge crane, have a much larger envelope (service area) and are used in material handling applications.
Fig. 14GB A manufacturing cell with a circular layout so that a single robot can move workpieces between the conveyors and the production machines.
G9. robots in mechanical assembly - The penetration of robots into assembly operations is less than in the welding, painting and material handling mentioned above. One exception is electronic assembly as noted below and in Chapter 13. Other notable robotic assembly operations are the installation of light bulbs in automotive instrument panels, the installation of auto windshields as noted below, and the spray application of adhesives. Assembly of small electric motors is another application.3 Video tape recorders have been assembled robotically by Sony Corp and Polaroid camera shutters and other precision components have been assembled by robots.3 Where necessary or justifiable, robotic equipment can handle and assemble difficult parts such as springs, crooked wires, and compliant plastic parts. 3 Fig. 14G10 shows a robotic pick and place machine assembling parts of an electronic remote key for an automobile.
G 10. robots in electronics - Although they are not normally called robots in the industry, robotic or robot-like machines are used in the placement of circuit devices on printed circuit boards. These units are normally referred to as pick and place machines, or placement machines, and are used for both the surface-mount type of devices and those with through-hole connecting leads. The machines are also used in test and inspection operations, and to load and unload machines involved in parts fabrication. These machines have a limited number of axes of motion compared to
the sophisticated 6-axis robots that have pivoting actions similar to those of the human upper and lower arm, wrist and hand. Most pick and place machines are mounted on a gantry-type frame which supplies motion in the x and y directions. The gripping device is given Z-axis motion (up and down) and there is also a gripping motion (or use of vacuum) to hold the devices to be placed. Computer control and programmability help these machines conform to the usual definition of robots. Similar machines are also used to assemble major parts of cellular tele-phones automatically.
G 11. robots in quality control- The major use of robots in quality control is to move and position workpieces in testing and measurement devices and, after the operation, to move the workpiece to where it is needed. In some applications, the robot may actively participate in the inspection or test. In one test of cellular phones, the robot places each phone in a test cradle, presses specific numbered keys and, using machine vision, verifies that the phone's display is correct. In a more conventional arrangement, robots are used to move compact discs between a series of eight testing units, each of which per- forms a particular test on the discs. Robots with machine vision can make some visual verifications or evaluations during the process of moving a workpiece from one workplace to another.
Fig. 14G12 Robotic handling of a large work-piece (an aluminum vehicle wheel) between machining operations. (Courtesy Alcoa Inc.)
G 12 robots in machining - Loading and unloading workpieces from machine tools is the prime robotic application in machining. Fig. 14G 12 shows a typical application. However, robotically held and used power-tools are used in a number of applications where the precision requirements are less strict or where fixtures can help control the accuracy of the cut. Fixtures may be required because robotic arms do not possess the rigidity of machine tools, nor the accuracy of CNC positioning mechanisms. Powered cutting tools held and operated by robots include: drills,
reamers, taps, countersinking and counterboring tools, routers, rotary files, grinders, polishing and buffing wheels. These tools are power driven, and are used for drilling and related or similar operations, deburring or surface improvement. When deburring, the cut- ting tool is usually a rotary file, made of carbide or other hard material. The robot is equipped with a force compensation device to offset deflections caused by variations in the size of the burr to be removed. Other robotic machining involves the use of flame or plasma cutting torches or a laser cutter held by the robot.
Machining operations with the robot handling the cutting tool are most common on large parts where the operation otherwise would be performed by a worker with a hand-held power tool. Aircraft, trucks, space vehicles, vessels, railroad cars and locomotives are examples of products where these operations may be feasible, where it is easier to move the tool to the work instead of vice versa.
G 13. robots in heat treatment- are used to handle parts to be processed, primarily in loading and unloading heat treatment furnaces, salt baths or washing and drying equipment. Robots also are used to immerse workpieces in quenching baths.
G14. robots in some specific industries
G 14a. in automobile assembly - The auto industry has been a leader in the use of robots. The single most prevalent use of robots in automobile assembly is in spot welding body stampings. Other significant uses are arc welding, body painting and coating, dispensing and placement of adhesives and sealers, and loading, unloading and transfer of workpieces.
Assembly of glass windshields to auto bodies is one interesting operation. The windshield is first picked up with vacuum cups and positioned in a fixture. A robot dispenses an adhesive to the edges of the glass in the fixture. A laser system measures the position of the auto body in relation to known reference points and the transport robot uses those data, after the windshield has been picked up again, to
position it accurately in the auto body opening.
Body stampings are moved to the assembly line by material handling robots. Painting of auto bodies includes the use of long-arm robots that can apply paint uniformly to large body panels.
Fully automatic assembly of automobiles and subassemblies is inhibited, per Nof, by the very large number of different parts involved, limitations of accuracy and tactile sense of robots, and space limitations.
G 14b. in appliances - One example of robotic assembly in appliance manufacture is the use of a six- axis robot to insert an extruded profile rubber seal in the doors of dishwashers. Robots are also used to unload and load wire coils used in transformers.
G 14c. in the food industry -Robots are used in the food industry for many tasks: to handle poultry products and prawns, to candle eggs, inspect pouches of ready-to-eat foods, sort mushrooms and oysters, grade and cut meat, and process fish. They place airline food, tableware and condiments on trays, using machine vision. Robots assemble assortments of chocolate candies, placing each item in its assigned location. They load machines for packaging wrapped candies. Robots are also used in decorating cakes and chocolate candies. They transfer baked items (bread, cookies, dough- nuts and cakes) from oven conveyors and place them on packaging lines with each item prearranged for position in the packages. Gripping is achieved by vacuum. When equipped with machine vision, the robots inspect the products as they are handled.
In meat packing plants, robots pick up frozen fish fillets, ground beef patties, sausages and poultry pieces from freezer conveyors and stack them in packaging containers. Machine vision directs the pick up location for the robots and inspects pieces for correct size and shape. The robots stack the proper quantities of pieces in each container and place each piece in the correct position.
G 14d. in glass making - robots are used to charge molds for molded glass components and to handle sheet glass and molded parts. The heat factor in these operations presents difficult working conditions if human operators are used, but does not impede a properly designed robot.
G 14e. in chemical industries - Robots are used for various material handling applications in chemical processing. They are employed for reactor clean up, particularly when the work would be hazardous for human operators.
?G 14f. in woodworking - Robotic handling is sometimes used with furniture components. Other applications are drilling and routing or milling of workpieces by robots and some assembly operations. Robots place components in assembly fixtures and press dowels or similar parts into workpieces for their assembly into furniture. However, the use of robots in woodworking is less widespread than in a number of other industries. 3
G 14g. in other industries - Robots pack assortments of pills in blister packages using machine vision. Other similar applications are palletizing of containers of various products and packing of bagged materials into shipping containers.
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5. Materials and Processes in Manufacturing, 8th ed., E.P. DeGarmo, J.T. Black, R.A. Kohser, Prentice Hall, Saddle River, NJ, 1997.
6. Van Nostrand's Scientific Encyclopedia, 7th ed.,
Considine, D.M., Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1989.
北语网院20春《英汉／汉英翻译》作业_1答案
(单选)1：She does not photograph well. A：她不上镜。 B：他不爱照相。 正确答案：A (单选)2：随着人数的增加，他们力量也增加了。 A：As the increse of the number, their power is increased B： Their power increased with their number. 正确答案：B (单选)3：We stand now where two roads diverge. But unlike the roads in Robert Frost＇s familiar poem, they are not equally fair. A：我们站在两条路的岔路口，但是不像罗伯特熟悉的诗里那样，并不是同样的公平 B：我们正处在两条路的分岔口。但是并不像我们所熟悉的罗伯特的诗中所说的，这两条路是同样的好 正确答案：B (单选)4：I don＇t know how far I didn＇t run. A：我不知道跑了多远 B：我不知道还有多远我没有跑。 正确答案：A (单选)5：质量服务月 A：Quality Service Month B：Quantity Service Month 正确答案：A (单选)6：无事不登三宝殿。 A：I wouldn’t come to you if I hadn’t something to ask of you. B：I wouldn’t come to you if I hadn’t something for you. 正确答案：A (单选)7：Little remains to be said. A：简直没有什么可说的了 B：还能说一点。 正确答案：A (单选)8：ginger beer A：姜汁啤酒 B：姜汁汽水 正确答案：A (单选)9：走马观花 A：to appreciate flowers on a running horse
英文翻译练习作业
英文翻译练习（一） The status of Philosophy in Chinese culture has always been regarded as a comparison with that of religion in other cultures. In China, Philosophy is the concerned field by each educated one. Long time ago in China, a person would firstly accept enlightened education in Philosophy if he could be given education. Children should read the Analects, Mencius, The great Learning, The Doctrine of mean once they entered school. The Four Books were regarded as the most important documents after Song(regarded as “new Confucianism”in west).When children began to learn words, the commonly used textbook is Three Words, in which every three words a group, every six words one sentence, and the even sentence rhyme has rhyme, easy to read aloud and easy to remember. In fact, this book is used to learn words for Chinese children. The first sentence of Three Words “Man’s nature is good at birth.” Is the basic idea of philosophy of Mencius.
实用英文写作与翻译作业与参考答案21
实用英文写作与翻译2-1作业及参考答案 第一次作业： Americans Eat Out More often and Less Healthfully Although food cooked at home is far more healthful than meals eaten at restaurants, Americans are dining out more than ever, the U.S. Agriculture Department said Tuesday. Restaurant food accounted for（[在数量，比例方面] 占） 39 percent of U.S. meals bought in 1996, up from 26 percent in 1970, the department said in a report, ``Away-From-Home Foods Increasingly Important to Quality of American Diet.'' ``While（尽管）the nutritional quality（营养质量）of foods consumed by Americans has improved overall, foods prepared at home are generally much more healthful than away-from-home foods,'' the department said. ``Despite nutritional gains at home, Americans will find it difficult to improve their diets because they purchase so many meals outside the home,'' the study said. While （尽管）the nutritional content of food prepared both at home and in restaurants has improved in recent years, food eaten out contains more of the nutrients Americans typically（一般地；通常）eat too much of, including fat and saturated fat（饱和脂肪）, and less of what is lacking from most diets, such as calcium, fiber and iron. The department recommended nutrition education programs should place more emphasis on teaching U.S. consumers about how to order healthful meals when dining out. Improved diets have been found to prevent risk of heart disease, stroke（中风）, cancer, diabetes（糖尿病）, osteoporosis-related hip fractures（与骨质疏松症有关的髋关节骨折） and neural tube birth defects（神经管先天缺损）. Osteoporosis-related hip fractures cost up to $10.6 billion each year in the United States in medical care expenses, missed work and premature deaths（早亡）, the department said. 参考译文：美国人外出用餐频繁而饮食健康水准美况愈下 据美国农业部星期二称尽管在家煮烧的食物远比餐馆里所用之餐有益于健康，美国人外出用餐更频繁。餐馆里的食物占1996年美国人购餐的39%，比1970年增长了26%。该部门在报告中称：“外出所用之餐对于美国人饮食质量日益重要”。该部门还称：“虽然美国人消费的食物的营养质量总体改善了。但是，一般来说，家里所备的食物远比外出用餐的食物有益于健康。”研究表明：“尽管在家里用餐能获取养份，美国人发觉他们难以改善自己的饮食，因为他们多次在外购餐。”近年来在家里和餐馆里所备的食物的营养结构都得到了改善，然而，外出用餐的食物包含了较多典型的美国人汲取过多的养份，包括脂肪和饱和脂肪，也包含了较少多数饮食中所缺少的，如钙，纤维和铁。该农业部提议营养教育计划应更着重于教导美国消费者外出用餐时如何预定有益于健康的一餐。人们发现改善后的饮食结构能预防心脏病，中风，癌症，糖尿病，与骨盆炎相关的髋部骨折以及试管婴儿的神经缺陷所带来的危险。该部门称，在美国与骨盆炎相关的髋部骨折每年在医疗照料费用，医疗失误和早产死亡之上的耗费高达106亿美元。 第二次作业 1、Kill one’s appetite ?Kill time ?Kill the peace ?Kill the mood ?Kill the proposal ?Kill the engine ?Kill the child with kindness 2、If the doctor had been available, the child would not have died. 3、This ticket is available in all parks. 4、I’ll have Mr. Perkin call you back as soon as he is available.
1484745756第一次句子翻译作业 (1)
第一次作业 1.翻译下面的句子 1). 在家工作的人可以灵活安排时间。 2). 政府应该审查媒体的内容。(用基础的主谓宾句型来翻译) 3). 应该有政府对媒体内容的审查。(用there be句型来翻译) 4). 政府对媒体内容的审查是非常有必要的。(用主系表句型翻译) 5). 燃烧化石燃料的汽车是空气污染的主要来源。 6). 通过参加社区服务，青少年能培养宽泛的能力。(介词短语) 7). 当孩子们读书的时候，他们会尝试理解每个单词，这能增加他们的词汇量。(状语从句) 8).不应该禁止孩子看电视，家长应该建议他们看什么和看多久。(用Instead of在句首的句型翻译)
9). 有很多的争论关于孩子应该被送去寄宿还是走读学校。(用there be句型翻译) 10). 然而，这并不意味着所有的幸福都来源于金钱。 11). 一方面，有人认为大学课程应该由专家来制定因为他们更了解学生需要哪些知识和技能。(状语从句) 12). 另一方面，支持学生自己选择课程的人们认为这能增加他们学习的动力。(定语从句的考察) 13). 学生们可以通过艺术课程来提高自己的表达能力。(注意中文惯性翻译错误问题，不要直接字面翻译) 14). 有一个大幅的增长在老年人比例上，从1990年的13%增长到了2010年的37%。(用there be句型来翻译，注意时态) 15). 上寄宿学校的孩子比走读学校的孩子更加独立，因为他们有更多机会自己来解决问题。 16). 政府应该做的是对电影和游戏进行分级。(用what….的主语从句来翻译)
17). 体重的增加可以由如下原因来解释。(用被动句，主语用抽象名词短语) 18). 有更多的耐心是一个主要原因为什么小学里有更多女老师。 19). 不可否认金钱和幸福之间有紧密的联系。(It is 句型翻译) 20). 学生的学习能力有很大的差别。(用there be句型翻译) 21). 我认为虽然孩子们可以从电脑游戏里得到很多好处，但是他们花在这些游戏上的时间应该被合理控制。(用although的从句来翻译)
英语翻译作业
Americans are much more likely than citizens of other nations to believe that they live in a meritocracy, i.e. Government by people selected according to merit. But this self-image is a fantasy: America actually stands out as an advanced country in which it matters most who your parents were, the country in which those born on one of society’s lower rungs have the least chance of climbing to the top or even to the middle. And if you ask why America is more class-bound in practice than the rest of the Western world, a large part of the reason is that our government falls down on the job of creating equal opportunity. The failure starts early: in America, the holes in the social safety net mean that both low-income mothers and their children are all too likely to suffer from poor nutrition and receive inadequate health care. It continues once children reach school age, where they encounter a system in which the affluent send their kids to good, well-financed public schools or, if they choose, to private schools, while less-advantaged children get a far worse education. 美国人可能比任何其他国家的人都更相信他们生活在一个精英制度之下，人们推选的政府也是据其优势。然而，这个自我形象是一种幻想：作为先进国家，实际上美国的突出特点是出身至关重要，在这个国度里，来自社会底层的人几乎没有机会爬到社会中层，更不用说社会顶层。 如果你要问为什么实际上美国比其他西方国家都要阶级分明，主要原因就是我们的政府在创造公平机会方面的失败。 这种不公平很早以前就开始了：在美国，由于社会安全网存在漏洞，这就意味着低收入的母亲和他们的孩子完全有可能存在营养不良，得不到足够的医疗服务。孩子到了上学年龄这种情况也不会得到改观，他们所遇到的体制是富人可以送自己的孩子到资金充足的好的公立学校上学，如果愿意，还可以从送到私立学校上学，而穷人孩子接受的教育却非常差。
2018专业英语第一次作业(一二课内容)
湖南文理学院学院2017-2018学年度第一次作业 考核课程： 《计算机专业英语》 学生所在院系： 国际学院 年 级： 2017 姓名： 刘飞 班级： 网工17102班 学号： 201719040213 一、Give out the full names for the following abbreviations(写出下列缩写词的全称)（２0%） EEPROM_Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory_ CPU ___Central Processing Unit____________________________ ALU ___A rithmetic/Logic Unit _______________________________ IT ___Information Technology___________________________ WWW___World Wide Web_________________________________ RAM ____Random Access Memory_________________________ PNP _____Plug-And-Play__________________________________ OS _____Operating System_______________________________ HTML____Hyper Text Markup Language______________________ TCP ____Transfer Control Protocol_________________________ SSI _____Small-Scale Integrated circuit_____________________ DRAM____Dynamic Random Access Memory________________ CA(M)D___Computer Aided Design__________________________ CAI_______Computer Aided Instruction______________________ 256000000__two hundreds and fifty six million________________ 25600000___twenty five million and six thousands_____________ SRAM_____Static Random Access Memory___________________ CAT_______Computer Aided Text____________________________ CA Ｍ______Computer Aided Made(Manufacture)_______________ Ｉ／Ｏ_____Input/Output__________________________________ 二、Match the following words and expressions in the left column with those similar in meaning in the right column( 将)（10%） 1. memory unit a. 半导体存储器 2. high density b. 主存
北语20春《英汉／汉英翻译》作业1答案
20春《英汉／汉英翻译》作业1 试卷总分:100 得分:100 一、单选题(共15 道试题,共75 分) 1.It is a wise man that never makes mistakes. A.只有聪明的人才不会范错误 B.再聪明的人也会范错误。 答案:B 2.I＇m not a little afraid of snakes. A.我一点也不怕蛇 B.我非常怕蛇。 答案:B 3.He is a Napoleon of finance. A.他是金融界的拿破仑 B.他是金融界的巨头。 答案:B 4.I don＇t know how far I didn＇t run. A.我不知道跑了多远 B.我不知道还有多远我没有跑。 答案:A 5.中国政府决定，要用3年左右时间使大多数国有企业走出困境。 A.The Chinese government has decided to take about three years to extricate most state-owned enterprises from their difficulties B.Chinese government decides to help most national enterprises going out obstacle with about 3 years. 答案:A 6.You can never be too careful about English-Chinese translation A.作英译汉时，不能太仔细 B.作英译汉时，越仔细越好。 答案:B 7.在这个紧要关头，我们尤其不该为了已经无法挽回的事情相互埋怨。 A.At a critical time we especially should not blame one for what has already happened B.The last thing we should do at this crucial moment is blaming one another for what can not be undone. 答案:B 8.The burning question of my childhood had been richly answered. A.我小时候梦寐以求想得到答案的问题，终于得到了圆满的回答 B.我儿童时代在心中燃烧的问题，终于得到了充分的回答。
英语翻译作业1
He stopped traffic on Fifth Avenue like the Beatles or Marilyn Monroe. He could've been president of Israel or played violin at Carnegie Hall, but he was too busy thinking. His musings on God, love and the meaning of life grace our greeting cards and day-timers. Fifty years after his death, his shock of white hair and droopy mustache still symbolize genius. Einstein remains the foremost scientist of the modern era. Looking back 2,400 years, only Newton, Galileo and Aristotle were his equals. Around the world, universities and academies are celebrating the 100th anniversary of Einstein's "miracle year" when he published five scientific papers in 1905 that fundamentally changed our grasp of space, time, light and matter. Only he could top himself about a decade later with his theory of general relativity. Born in the era of horse-drawn carriages, his ideas launched a dazzling technological revolution that has generated more change in a century than in the previous two millennia. Computers, satellites, telecommunication, lasers, television and nuclear power all owe their invention to ways in which Einstein peeled back the veneer of the observable world to expose a stranger and more complicated reality underneath. Yet there is more, and it is why Einstein transcends mere genius and has become our culture's grandfatherly icon. He escaped Hitler's Germany and devoted the rest of his life to humanitarian and pacifist causes with an authority unmatched by any scientist today, or even most politicians and religious leaders. He used his celebrity to speak out against fascism, racial prejudice and the McCarthy hearings. His FBI file ran 1,400 pages. His letters reveal a tumultuous personal life -- married twice and indifferent toward his children while obsessed with physics. Yet he charmed lovers and admirers with poetry and sailboat outings. Friends and neighbors fiercely protected his privacy 他曾像披头士和玛莉莲-梦露一样让第五大道交通阻塞， 他本可以成为以色列总统，或在卡内基音乐厅演奏小提琴，但他却把时间都用来思考。他对上帝、爱和对人生意义的思考经常出现在贺卡和台历上。 在他去世五十年后,他一头浓密的白发和下垂的胡须仍是天才的象征。 爱因斯坦仍然是现代最伟大的科学家。看过去的2400年里也只有牛顿、伽利略和亚里士多德才能与之相较。 世界各地的大学和学院都在庆祝爱因斯坦的“奇迹年”100周年纪念。就是他1905年发表五篇科学论文。从根本上改变了我们对空间、时间、光和物质的认识。只有他自己能在数十年之后超越他的广义相对论。 爱因斯坦出生在马车盛行的年代，但他的理论和思想却引发了一场令人眼花缭乱的科学技术革命。在短短的数百年中，这场科技革命带来的的变化远比以往2000年来变化的总和还要多。 计算机、人造卫星、电子通讯、激光、电视和核能的创造发明都归功于爱因斯坦提出的研究方法：......揭露一个陌生人和更复杂的现实。 当然爱因斯坦意味的并不仅仅是这些，他已经超越了科学天才的范畴，成为人类文明中德高望重的偶像。 他逃离了希特勒统治下的德国并把他的余生都献给了人道主义与和平主义事业。他的威望是当今任何科学家和大多数的政治或宗教领袖不能相比的。 作为公众人物，爱因斯坦常常站出来抨击法西斯主义、种族歧视以及当时美国当权者提出的“麦卡锡主义”。他提供给联邦调查局的文件达1400页。 爱因斯坦的书信揭示了他不寻常的个人生活：他结过两次婚；每当专注思考物理问题时，他就会忽略身边的子女。但是，他也会用诗歌和帆船出游来吸引他的爱人和仰慕者。他的朋友和邻居们都极力保护他的隐私。
英汉翻译作业(5) 参考译文
邀请名人做广告，只要商品确实是货真价实，名人又愿意，这应该是广告技巧的上策，会产生很强的名人效应。但是商品质量差，广告又言过其实，又请名人做广告，这种广告一时也会产生一些好的影响，但最终是砸了自己的牌子，也塌了名人台，影响名人的信誉，因此名人在接受时要慎之又慎。请名人做广告，付给的报酬高得惊人，而一些名人尤其是政界和科学界的名流往往不肯抛头露面。这样西方国家的一些广告商便在平民中千方百计物色酷似名流的人来做广告，甚至被弄去参加开业典礼或者开张剪裁以招徕生意。局外人往往不明真相而受蒙骗。正因为真假难分，名人替身常遭不测。 To invite those eminent persons to help make advertisements should be regarded as one of the best ad strategies and could of course, produce a spectacular VIP effect, provided that those eminent persons are perfectly willing to accept the invitation and, more importantly, the commodities to be advertised are genuine and their prices fair. Sometimes, while a commodity is of inferior quality, the ad is full of words lavishing praise on it. If, under such a circumstance, an eminent person comes to help make the ad, the ad could, if anything, be temporarily successful before it turns the brand of the commodity in question notorious and more disastrously, ruins the reputation of the eminent person thereafter. It is precisely for this reason that the eminent persons are well advised to think more than twice before agreeing to appear on a commercial. Despite the fact that an eminent person could be paid a staggering sum of money after he or she helps make a commercial ad, some eminent persons, those in political and scientific circles in particular, are averse to public exposures. As a result, some advertisers in Western countries have had to try every means possible to scout among the populace at large men or women that are very copies of the eminent persons they are after. Once recruited, an eminent person’s substitute, apart from appearing on an ad, is often made to show up on certain high profile occasions, such as opening ceremonies or ribbon cutting ceremonies, with a view to soliciting customers. Outsiders, unable to distinguish a real eminent person from his substitute, are usually taken in. However, not every hired substitute is lucky. Some of them may become victims of unexpected attacks aimed at the real eminent persons and suffer unfortunately, for them. Work Produced against the grain and in marginality by George Steiner in After Babel: This book was written under somewhat difficult circumstances .I was at the time increasingly marginalized and indeed isolated within the academic community. This is not ,necessarily, a handicap. Tenure in the academy today ,the approval of one’s professional peers, the assistance and laurels in their giving, are not infrequently symptoms of opportunism and mediocre conventionality. A degree of exclusion, of compelled apartness, may be one of the conditions of valid work. In the humanities,in the disciplines of intuitive discourse, committees, colloquia, the conference circuit are the bane. Nothing is more ludicrous than the roll-call of academic colleagues and sponsors set out in grateful footnotes at the bottom of trivia. In poetics ,in philosophy, in hermeneutics, work worth doing will more often than not be produced against the grain and in marginality.
137英汉翻译第一次作业
《英汉翻译》第一次作业 一、Phrase Translation（词语翻译） A．Directions: Put the following phrases into Chinese(将下列词语译成汉语)．1．credit cards ( ) 2．National People’s Congress ( ) 3．Consumer Rights Day ( ) 4．money bill ( ) 5．anatomy of a sale ( ) 6．commercial advertising ( ) 7．a nuclear family ( ) 8．panic purchasing ( ) 9．brain shrinkage ( ) 10．a documentary film ( ) B．Directions：Put the following phrases into English．(将下列词语译成英语) 1．国际货币基金组织( ) 2．美联社( ) 3．钢铁工业( ) 4．田径运动( ) 5．广告代理人( ) 6．时装表演( ) 7．海峡两岸关系( ) 8．种族隔离( ) 9．风险投资( ) 10．西部大开发( ) 二、T ranslation Theories (理论常识)
A. Directions: Fill the following blanks (填空) 1．从内容来看，翻译的种类可分为( )翻译、政治翻译、( )翻译和事务性函电翻译。 2．汉译英时，比较普遍的现象是汉语的( )词转换为英语的 ( )词。3．汉语里，状语通常放在( )之后，( )之前。 4．汉语的“把”字句，在结构上用特殊介词“把”字将 ( )引出,放在( )之前而成一种汉语特有的句型。 5．汉语拟声词多半带有形容词性质，在句中可作定语、状语或谓语；而英语拟声词多半属于( )词或 ( )词，在句中可作谓语、主语或宾语。 B．Directions: Choose the right sentences. （下列各组每组有两个句子，请选择正确的句子） 6. [A]英译汉时，忠实是指内容，通顺是指语言。 [B]英译汉时，忠实是指语言，通顺是指内容。( ) 7. [A]英语代词比汉语用的多。 [B]英语代词比汉语用的少。( ) 8. [A]鸠摩罗什的译文倾向于直译。 [B]玄奘的译文倾向于直译。( ) 9. [A]我国近代翻译中最有影响的要算傅雷提出的“信”、“达”、“雅”了。 [B]我国近代翻译中最有影响的要算严复提出的“信”、“达”、“雅”了。( ) 10. [A]Essay on the Principles of Translation is written by Cicero． [B]Essay on the Principles of Translation is written by Tytler．( ) 三、Multiple Choice Questions. Directions：This part consists of fifteen sentences，each followed by several different translations．Choose the one that is the most equivalent to the original in terms of meaning and expressiveness. （选择。从下列每组译文中，选择正确的译文。） 1．我喜欢哲学，更喜欢文学.( ) A．I like literature better than philosophy. B．I like literature more than philosophy. 2．他的一切希望都破灭了.( )
英语翻译作业1
一、改译 宰客slaughter customers(cheating customers) 自学self learn(study on one’s self) 彩票colorful tickets(lottery) 救火save a fire(Firefighting) (电脑)死机systerm dead(computer crash) 吃食堂eat the canteen(eat in the canteen) 风凉话cold word(sarcastic remark) 太平门safe door(emergency exit) 三角债triangle debts(chain debts) 扣帽子put a hat on(put a label on) 文化程度cultural degree(education level) 抓紧时间grasp time firmly(hurry up) 来信写道the latter writes(the letter reads) 提高英语水平raise the level of one’s English(Improve one’s English) 胸有成竹have a bamboo in one’s stomach(have a well-thought-out plan) 二、直译 大海捞针Look for a needle in the ocean 猫哭耗子假慈悲Cat cry for mouse 嫁鸡随鸡嫁狗随狗Marry a chicken with chicken married dog follows dog 挥金如土Spend money like water 易如反掌As easy as to turn one's hand 打草惊蛇To beat the grass and frighten away the snake 呆若木鸡Dumb as a wooden chicken 千里之行始于足下Every journey begins with the first step 瑞雪兆丰年A timely heavy snow promises a good harvest . 跑得了和尚跑不了庙Run a monk can not run the temple 三、重点翻译 她经常在邻里之间搬弄是非 She always makes mischief between neighbors. 她毛遂自荐来这所学校当老师 She recommending herself to be a teacher in this school. 正真的好朋友应该是雪中送炭 True friend is who provides you timely help. 我要有个三长两短，你给我娘捎个话 If something happens to me, please give my mother a massage. 留得青山在，不愁没柴烧 As long as the green mountains are there, one need not worry about firewood. 你这人真的是狗嘴里吐不出象牙 他对你的许诺不过是个空头支票而已 His promise to you just a blank check. 我喜欢那套房子，但美中不足的是离上班的地方太远 I like that house,but the fly in the ointment is too far away from the work place.
东师《英汉翻译》20春在线作业2答案14
(单选题)1: 有关英语词类的说法中，下列选项中正确的一项是。 A: 动词和名词在英语里是非常活跃的词类 B: 动词和副词在英语里是非常活跃的词类 C: 名词和形容词在英语里是非常活跃的词类 D: 形容词和副词在英语里是非常活跃的词类 正确答案: D (单选题)2: A translator has to know everything 0f something and something 0f everything． A: 一个翻译人员对一些事情要什么都懂，对什么事情又要懂一些。 B: 翻译人员对有些事情要无所不晓，对什么事情又要略知一二。 C: 翻译人员对于知识既要精深，又要渊博。 D: 译者要知之为知之，不知为不知。 正确答案: C (单选题)3: 你什么时候方便就过来玩。 A: Come and play when you are convenient． B: Come here to play if you are convenient． C: Drop in whenever it’s convenient． D: Drop in whenever you have convenience． 正确答案: C (单选题)4: I would draw a further conclusion, which I believe is central to assessing China’s future place in the world economy. A: 我将得出进一步的结论，这个结论我相信在评估中国在未来世界经济中的位置中是中心问题。 B: 我还想得出进一步的结论，我认为这对于估价中国今后在世界经济中的地位是中心问题。C: 我还有一个想法，我认为这对于估价中国今后在世界经济中的地位是至关重要的。 D: 我还有一个想法，这个结论我相信是评估中国的未来在世界经济中的位置是中心问题。正确答案: C (单选题)5: 就科技英语与汉语的表达特点而言，下列选项中不正确的一项是。 A: 汉语词汇含义相对单一并且固定，而英语的词汇含义内涵大，一词多义。 B: 汉语中用被动语态表达的句子不多，而科技英语中被动语态使用广泛。 C: 汉语趋向于用多重复合句子表达，而英语多用单句表达。 D: 科技英语中介词短词及各类非限定动词短语使用频繁。 正确答案: C (单选题)6: 第一次世界大战后，帝国主义对中国加紧侵略，北洋军阀政府对外妥协投降，对内残酷压迫人民，给中国带来了深重的民族危机。 A: After World WarⅠ, the imperialists stepped up their aggression against China while the Northern Warlord Government resorted to compromise and capitulation externally and to ruthless oppression of the people internally, thus landing China in a grave national crisis.