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2016高考专项【3+2+1】-英语(全国)考点梳理-专题20 阅读理解——应用文类

专题20阅读理解——应用文类阅读

【高考预测】

预测一高考阅读理解所选材料通常都是国外学*科*网网站上的地道的英语文章，然后经过命题专家整合、改编而成。文章主要介绍国内外的文化风俗、历史名胜、人文地理、著名人物等。

预测二文章的篇幅较短，词数多为280～330，兼顾多种体裁，通常有记叙文、说明文、议论文、应用文等，要求考生充分利用所给信息，回答文章提出的问题。通常文章难度不大，关键是考查考生高效处理信息的能力，还要求考生对文章有更深层次的理解。但是题目并不容易，很容易出错。全国卷的命题逐渐向地方自主命题卷，尤其是新课标地区的试卷看齐，不断增加词汇量和文章长度，向新课标过渡。

预测三题目设置灵活多样，通常以细节理解题为主，推理学*科*网判断题为辅，兼顾猜测词义、句意题及目的意图题和主旨大意题。这种命题特点要求考生更好地了解文章中的有用信息，提高阅读速度。

【考点归纳】

广告类阅读题的五大特点

1. 材料特点：大家知道，刊登广告是要钱的，为了节省费用，人们在拟写广告时往往都希望用最少的篇幅表现最大量的信息，这就决定了广告类材料通常具有以下特点：信息量大，用词简练，形式灵活。

2. 内容特点：综观近几年的高考英语阅读理解题，其中广告类学*科*网阅读题内容主要涉及的是与人们生活息息相关的信息，如产品宣传、服务介绍、招生招聘等。

3. 形式特点：做广告的主要目的就是要让受众了解并记住广告内容，并为广告上所

刊登的内容(产品或服务等)买单。为了达到这一目的，人们在设计广告时往往会做到：标题醒目，重点突出，条理清楚。

4. 用词特点：广告类阅读材料的用词有以下“三多”特点：一是人名、地名、专有名词多；二是生词多；三是缩略词、省略句多。

5. 命题特点：广告类阅读是近几年高考英语阅读理解最常考的题材，在阅读理解的选材中占有很大的比重命题者的目的是要考查考生提取信息和处理信息的能力，所以命题的题

型多是以获取信息为主的细节理解题。

考点透析

考点一、细节事实理解。

一篇文章必然是由许多具体的细节、具体的内容构成的，所有这些信息以某种顺序（时间、空间、情感变化等）排列起来，来进一步解释或阐释主题，体现文章的主旨大意。

细节理解题目主要考查学生对文章具体事实和细节的理解能力，属于表层理解题范畴，难度较小，但在整个阅读理解题中所占比例最大，细节理解题多从文章的某个具体事实或细节出发来设计题目。

此类题通常根据文章具体内容来设问，也常使用下列方式来提问

1.Which of the following statements is(not) true/correct?

2.Which of the following is not mentioned?

3.All of the following are true except...

4.According to the passage,when/where/why/how/how/what/which,etc...？

1.直接事实题

在解答这类问题时要求学生抓住题干文字信息，采用针对性方法进行阅读，因为这类题的答案在文章中可以直接找到。如：

A giant dam was built many years ago to control the Colorado River in the U.S.This dam was built to protect the land and houses around the river.

This huge dam is in the Black Canyon.It is possible to drive a car from one side of the river to the other on a road，which is on the top of the dam.This dam is so big that there is an elevator inside.The elevator goes down forty-four stories from the road to the bottom.There is enough concrete in this dam to build a highway from New York to San Francisco.Thousands of people worked on this dam for five years.

This huge dam was called Boulder Dam when it was finished in https://www.wendangku.net/doc/fc14223151.html,ter it was renamed Hoover Dam in honor of a president of the United States.Hoover Dam，one of the highest dams in the world，is situated between the states of Arizona and Nevada.

Q：Hoover Dam lies______ .

A.between Arizona and Nevada

B.in the Black Canyon

C.between New York and San Francisco

D.both A and B

【解析】由第二段的第一句话和最后一段的最后一句话可得出正确答案是D项。

2.间接事实题

解答此类题，需要结合上下文提供的语境和信息进行简单的概括和判断或者要进行简单的计算。

Invited by Mr.Ye Huixian，host of the well-received TV programme“Stars Tonight”，Miss Luo Lin，Miss Asia of 1991，appeared as the guest hostess on the Shanghai TV screen last Sunday.

Born in Shanghai and taken to Hongkong when she was only six years old，Luo Lin has never dreamed of being Miss Asia.Her childhood dream was to be an air hostess.Before she took part in the competition，she had been an airhostess in Cathay Airline for seven years.However，it still took her three months to learn the art of walking on the stage，dancing,singing,making-up and other proper manners，designed by the Asia TV Station.

“It’s really a hard job for me.I won’t enter for such competition any more.Anyhow，I am quite lucky.I am also glad to have had more chance to work for the social welfare since I won the title.This time，in Shanghai，I’d love to make a deep impression on my TV audience，”said Luo Lin with a sweet smile.

Q：Which of the following is NOT true?

A.Luo Lin is a native of Shanghai.

B.Luo Lin moved to Hongkong with her parents.

C.Luo Lin won the title of Miss Asia in 1991.

https://www.wendangku.net/doc/fc14223151.html, TV Station helped Luo Lin to become Miss Asia.

【解析】A、C和D项都可在原文找到答案，而B项原文所给的是：taken to Hongkong 可判断不是moved to Hongkong with her parents，因此选B。

3、数据推算。

If you register both the VIEW qualification course and the Forum at the same time,you will save_______ .

A.$100

B.$300

C.$350

D.$400

这类题目要求学生就文章提供的数据，以及数据与文中其他信息的关系做简单计算和推断。在做此类题时：

1.要抓住并正确理解与数据有关的信息含义。

2.弄清众多信息中那些属于有用信息，那些属于干扰信息。

3.不要孤立看待数字信息，而要抓住一些关键用语的意义。

考点二、主题理解或写作意图推断。

一、主旨阅读理解题考查的内容

1.短文的标题（title,headline）；

2.短文或段落的主题（subject）；

3.中心思想(main idea)；

4.作者的写作目的(purpose)。

二、此类题的设问方式

1.What would be the best title for the text?

2.What does the second paragraph mainly discuss?

3.What is the passage mainly about?

4.The main purpose of announcing the above events is__________.

考点三、推理推断。

推理题要求考生根据文章提供的事实和线索进行逻辑推理，推断出学*科*网作者没有提到或者没有明说的事实或者可能发生的事实。这类题旨在考查学生透过词语的字面意义去理解作者的言外之意或弦外之音的能力，属于深层理解题。

此类题的设问常常包括infer,imply,suggest,conclude 等词，这类题的设问方式主要有：

1.We can infer from the Passage that__________.

2.What can be inferred from the Passage?

3.Which of the following can be inferred from the Passage?

4.It can be inferred from Paragraph 3 that__________.

5.The author suggests in this paragraph that__________.

6.The writer implies that__________.

7.It can be inferred that__________.

8.It can be concluded from the Passage that__________.

9.On the whole,we can conclude that__________.

10.From the text we can conclude that__________.

11.After reading the Passage we may conclude that__________.

12.What conclusion can be drawn from the Passage?

13.The author is inclined to think that__________.

14.When the writer talks about,what he really means is that__________.

15.What’s the writer’s attitude/feeling towa rds...?

16.In the writer’s opinion,...

近年来，高考加大了对学生判断推理能力的考查。判断推理题要求在理解原文表面文字信息的基础上，作出一定判断和推论，从而得到文章的隐含意义和深层意义。推理题所涉及的内容可能是文中某一句话，也可能是某几句话，但做题的指导思想都是以文字信息为依据，既不能做出在原文中找不到文字根据的推理，也不能根据表面文字信息做多步推理。做题时要注意题干的语言形，如According to the passage...,It can be inferred from the passage that...；It can be concluded from the passage that...等，虽然从表面上看是问有关全文的题，但实际上不用看全篇，仍然只需要根据选项中的线索找到原文中与之相关的一句话或几句话，然后得出答案。针对推理题的不同形，可以采取以下做法：1.假如题干中有具体线索，根据具体线索找到原文相关句(一句或几句话)，然后做出推理；2.假如题干中无线索，如It can be inferred from the passage that...；It can be concluded from the passage that...等，先浏览一下4个选项，排除不太可能的选项，然后根据最可能的选项中的关键词找到原文相关句，作出推理；3.如果一篇文章中其他题都未涉及文章主旨，那么推理题，如infer,conclude题型，可能与文章主旨有关，考生应该定位到文章主题所在学*科*网位置(如主题句出现处)；假如其他题已经涉及文章主旨，那么要求推断出来的内容可能与段落主题有关，如果如此，应该找段落主题所在处；如果不与段落主题有关，有时与全文或段落的重要结论有关，这时可以寻找与这些结论相关的原文叙述。

考点四、词义、句义猜测。

词义猜测阅读理解题考查对文中关键词语的理解。在阅读理解题中，所考查的词或短语的意义往往不停留在字面上，要根据语境来判断。

此类题的设问方式主要有

1.The word “...”in Line...means/can be replaced by...

2.As used in the passage,the phrase “...”suggests...

3.From the passage,we can infer that the word/phrase “...” is/referred to...

4.The word “...” is closest in meaning to...猜词是应用英语的重要能力，也是高考中常用的题型。它不但需要准确无误地理解上下文，而且要有较大的泛读量，掌握或认识较多的课外

词汇。我们要学会“顺藤摸瓜”，通过构词、语法、定义、同位、对比、因果、常识、上下文等线索确定词义。

1.定义法。如:

Annealing is a way of making metal softer by heating it and then letting it cool very slowly.

句子给予annealing 以明确的定义，即“退火”。

It will be very hard but also very brittle—that is,it will break easily.

从后面的解释中我们可以了解到brittle 是“脆”的意思。

The herdsman,who looks after sheep，earns about 650 yuan a year.

定语从句中looks after sheep 就表明了herdsman 的词义为“牧人”。

2.同位法。如:

They traveled a long way and at last got to a castle,a large building in old times.

同位语部分a large building in old times 给出了castle 的确切词义，即“城堡”。

We are on the night shift—from midnight to 8 a.m.—this week.

两个破折号之间的短语很清楚地表明night shift 是“夜班”的意思。

3.对比法。如:

She is usually prompt for all her class,but today she arrived in the middle of her first class.

but一词表转折，因此but 前后的意思正相反。后半句的意思是“她今天第一节上了一半才来”，因此反向推理，可得出她平时一向“准时”的结论。

4.构词法(前缀、后缀、复合、派生等)。如:

Perhaps,we can see some possibilities for next fifty years.But the next hundred?

possibility 是possible 的同根名词,据此可以判断定possibility学@科@网意思是“可能性”。

5.因果法。如：

The lack of movement caused the muscles to weaken.Sometimes the weakness was permanent.So the player could never play the sport again.

从后面的结果“永远不能再运动”中，可以推测permanent 的意思为“永远的，永久”。

2016年高考全国1卷英语试题(解析版)

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