旅游学概论英语阅读材料

《旅游学概论》英语学习材料

学习材料1，The Grand Tour and Thomas Cook

1. The Grand Tour

The Grand Tour is a major link between the Middle Ages and contemporary tourism．The term describes the extended travel of young men from the aristocratic classes of the United Kingdom a nd other parts of northern Europe to continental Europe for educational and cultural purposes (Towner 1996)．Because these literate young travelers usually kept diaries of their experiences, it is possible to reconstruct this era in detail. We know, for example, that the classical Grand Tours first became popular during the mid-sixteenth century, and persisted (with modification) until the mid-nineteenth century ( Withey 1997 ). While there are no single circuit or timeframe that defined the Grand Tour, certain destinations feature prominently in the diaries and other written accounts. Paris

Was usually the first major destination of Tourists, following by a year or more of visits to the major cities of Italy, and especially Florence, Rome, Naples and V enice (Towner 1996). Though the political and economic power of Italy was in decline by the early 1600s, these centres were still admired for their Renaissance and Roman attractions, which continued to set the cultural standards for Europe. A visit to these cultural centres was vital for anyone aspiring to join the ranks of the elite. The following quote from l 776, attributed to Samuel Johnson, the great English author, captures this status motive:

A man who has not been in Italy is always conscious of an inferiority, from his not having seen what it is expected a man should see．The grand object of travelling is to see the shores of the Mediterranean…AII our religion，almost all our law, almost all our arts，almost alI that sets us above savages，has come to us from the shores of the Mediterranean (in Burkart＆Medlik 1 981，P.4).

The journey back to northern Europe usually took the traveler across the Swiss Alps, through Germany and into the Low countries (Flanders, The Netherlands) where the Rnnaissance flowered during the mid-1600s ( Steinecke 1993)

According to Towner (1 996) about 1 5 000-20 000 members of the British elite were abroad on the Grand Tour at any time during the mid-1 700s．Moreover, the wealthier participants were likely to be accompanied by an entourage of servants, guides, tutors and other retainers．Towards the end of the era, the emphasis in the Grand Tour shifted from the aristocracy to the more affluent middle

classes, resulting in a shorter stay within fewer destinations. Other destinations, s uch as Germany and the Alps, also became more popular (Withey 1 997) The classes from which the Grand Tour participants arose accounted for between 7 and 9 per cent of the United Kingdom? s population in the eighteenth century．Motives

also shifted throughout this era. The initial emphasis on education, designed to confer the traveller with full membership into the aristocratic power structure and to make important social connections on the continent, gradually gave away to more stress on simple sightseeing. In either manifestation, however, the Grand Tour had a profound impact on the United Kingdom, as cultural and social trends there were largely shaped by the ideas and goods brought back by the Grand Tourists. At least in an economic sense, these impacts were also felt in the destination regions, with the appearance of specialised services such as the souvenir trade and tour guiding within the major destination cities. In addition, the practical travel guide first appeared in the 1 820s in response to demand from

would-be Grand Tourists (Withey 1997).

2. Thomas Cook

More than any other individual, Thomas Cook is associated with the emergence of tourism as a modern, large-scale industry, even though lt would take another 1 50 years for mass tourism to be realised on a global scale. A Baptist preacher who was concerned with the…declining morals?of the English working class，Cook conceived the idea of chartering trains at reduced fares to take the workers to temperance (i.e. anti-alcohol) meetings arid bible camps in the countryside. The first of these excursions, provided as a day trip from Leicester to Loughborough on 5 July 1 841, is sometimes described as the symbolic beginning of the contemporary era of tourism. Gradually, these excursions expanded in the number of participants and the variety of destinations offered. At the same time, the reasons for taking excursions shifted from spiritual purposes to sight-seeing and pleasure. By 1845 Cook (who had by then formed the famous travel business Thomas Cook＆Son) was offering regular tours between Leicester and London. In

1863 the first international excursion was under-taken (to the Swiss Alps), and in 1872 the first round-the-world excursion was organised with an itinerary that ncluded the British colonies of Australia and New Zealand. The Cook excursions can be considered the beginning of international tourism in the latter two countries, although such trips were, of course, still the prerogative of the wealthy. By the late

1 870s, Thomas Cook＆Son was operating 60 offices throughout the world ( Withey 1997).

Cook?s arrangements for the Great Exhibition of 1851, held in London, illustrate the innovations that he introduced into the tourism sector. The 160 000 clients (3 percent of all visitors) who purchas ed his company?s services were provided with：

·an inclusive, pre-paid, one-fee structure that covered transportation, Accommodation, guides, food and other goods and services

·organised itineraries based on rigid time schedules

·uniform products of a highly professional quality

·affordable prices, made possible by the economies of scale created through large customer volumes.

The genius of Thomas Cook and his imitators, essentially, was to apply the production principles and techniques of the Industrial Revolution to tourism. Standardised, precisely timed, commercialised and high-volume tour packages heralded the …industrialisation? of the sector. Thus, while the development of the seaside resorts was a mainly unplanned phenomenon. Thomas Cook can be described as an effective managerial pioneer of the industry that fostered and accommodated the demand for these and other tourism products. The actual connection between supply and demand, however, was only made possible by communication and transportation Innovations of the Industrial Revolution such as the railway, the steamship and the telegraph, which Cook utilised to his advantage. As a result of such innovative applications, Thomas Cook exposed an unprecedented pool of potential travelers (i.e. an increased market) to an unprecedented number o f destinations (i.e. an increased supply). Today, the package tour is one of the fundamental, taken-for-granted symbols of the contemporary tourism industry.

学习材料2，The Nature and Scope of Tourism

1．Definition of Tourism

（1）The definition given by World Tourism Organization, WTO

Any person residing within a country, irrespective of nationality, traveling to a place within this country other than his usual place of residence for a period of not less than 24 hours or one night for a purpose other than the exercise of a remunerated activity in the place visited. The motives for such travel may be leisure (recreation, holidays, health, studies, religion, sports), business, family, mission or meeting.

（2）The view of British Tourism Society

Tourism is deemed to include any activity concerned with temporary short-term movement of people to destinations outside the places where they normally live and work, and their activities during the stay at these destinations.

（3）The definition adopted by Australian Government

A person who undertakes travel, for any reason, involving a stay away from his or her usual place of residence for at least one night; or a person who undertakes a pleasure trip involving a stay away from home for at least four hours during daylight, and involving a round distance at least 50 km; however, for trips to national parks, state forest reserves, museums, historical parks, animal parks or other man-made attractions, the distance limitation does not apply.

2. Factors Affecting Tourism

Tourism is a volatile business. Not only is it subject to climatic change, it is also influenced by political instability, currency fluctuations, changes in fashion and changes in the economy．Physical factors include scenic locations, wide sandy beaches and warm，sunny climates.

(1) Demographic factors

Life stage elements such as infants in the family or adolescents，recent empty-nest status(households in which the young people have just left ho me)or failing health can impose restrictions on the choice of holidays or guide the

consumer towards a particular type of holiday. A source of friction can be the lack of adequate provision for different life stage groups at the chosen destination, for

example, the provision of creche facilities or nightclubs. Some companies have exploited a niche market—the most notable ones being Club 1 8—30 for that age-group and Saga Holidays for the over 5 0s.

A higher level of education strongly influences the willingness of travelers to take calculated risks and seek adventure in return for satisfaction. The less well-educated tend to look for familiarity, security and predictability, and this may prevent some people front going abroad. The level of education in general influences levels of income, which has a strong influence on the type

of holiday taken.

(2) Economic factors

Economic factors influence tourism in a number of ways. Exchange rates will influence tourists? choice of destination —a strong exchange rate, such as the German Deutsch Mark or the Japanese

Y en, will deter visitors; abroad cheaper places，such as Turkey and Spain, will attract tourists as they get greater value for money．

In 1997, the growth in world tourism slowed down, due to the financial crisis in Asia. At the time Asia was the fastest growing region in terms of tourists and tourism, but its growth rates dipped to 4％in 1997, compared with 14％in

the early-1990s. Pressures from the financial crisis were most feIt in Thailand, but stretched across

to the Philippines, Indonesia and Malaysia. Countries that usually receive many Asian tourists, such

as Australia, were also badly affected.

China, however was unaffected by the crisis and its tourism receipts rose by 18％between 1996 and 1997 to ￡9 billion The Asian currency devaluation in the 1ate 1 990s made Asian countries more attractive to European and North

American tourists：the devaluation of the Thai Baht and the North Korean Won made them more competitive and led to an increase in the amount of long-haul travel to the region. However, the increase in long-haul travel did not compensate for the huge decline in intra-regional tourism, i.e. the tourism within south-east Asia.

(3) Political factors

There are a number of ways in which governments can encourage discourage or control tourism and the number of tourists. Government involvement in tourism is important and is increasing in most places. This is because tourism is a major earner of foreign income and governments wish to increase the amount of revenue they receive.

Trade barriers and agreements play an increasingly important role in tourism The World Trade Organization should increase tourism by allowing easier flow of goods across international borders. Fewer government restrictions on foreign ownership, multinational controlled hotels and travel agencies will also lead to increases in tourism.

(4) Technological factors

Improvement in travel safety, decreased travel time and increase in communications information have also aided the spread of tourism. Technological changes in transport have led to mass air travel. The707 jet aircraft was developed in 1954; this aircraft was capable of carrying 200 passengers, compared with earner planes, such as the Comet that could carry only 70 passengers．By the 1960s, the world was in the jet age.

Increased volumes of tourism and more accessible travel are linked with：

·increased incomes

·decreased costs of air fares

·a greater variety of cheaper package tours.

Advances in computing and information technology have led to：

·increased safety, with better monitoring of aircraft and ships

·safer travel in bad weather, using satellite navigation

·easier, quicker and cheaper booking, reservations, and Itineraries.

3. The Difference between travel and tourism

Tourism that is away from home, not to earn money, the reasons for travel include education, recreation, attendance at sporting or special events, religious, arts, and entertainment and shopping. Travel that is undertaken solely for paid employment,

to attend full-time school, or because the person is relocating a new home, or escape persecution, or avoid a nature disaster such as flood or volcanic eruption.

学习材料3，Tourist

1．Defining Tourist

A person who makes a tour, esp. for pleasure.

2．Classifying of Tourists

The World Tourism Organization adopted a three-part definition in 1991 to define three types of tourists: visitors, tourists and excursionists.

（1）Visitor（游客）

A person who travels to a place outside his or her usual environment between six months (domestic) or one year (international) and whose main purpose of visit is other than the exercise of

an activity remunerated from within the place visited.

（2）Tourist（过夜旅游者）

A visitor who travels to a place outside his or her usual environment for at less one night but not

more six months (domestic) or one year (international) and whose main purpose of visit is other

than the exercise of an activity remunerated from within the place visited.

（3）Excursionist（短程旅游者）

A visitor who travels the same day to a place outside his or her usual environment for less than

24 hours without spending the night in the place visited, and whose main purpose of visit is other

than the exercise of an activity remunerated from within the place visited.

3．Other Classification

（1）International Tourists（国际旅游者）

People who travel to and stay in countries other than their countries.

（2）Domestic Tourists（国内旅游者）

People who are tourists traveling within the boundaries of their own country.

（3）Business Travelers（商务旅游者）

Business travelers make up a substantial portion of the market. They are extremely important to hotel operators, to planners of conferences and conventions, and to the airlines and other transport operators. Business travelers may not always be traveling to places they genuinely want to visit or they may not get to stay as long as they would like, but they have to travel in connection with their jobs. They may be frequent travelers and good sources of repeat business. The business market was considered to be the most important sector of travel industry, and certainly the most profitable. Increasing awareness of health and fitness has also let to changes in the traveling executi ve?s lifestyle. （eating lighter meals, drinking less and making use of exercise and sports facilities）This heightened awareness of fitness has led to changes in menu planning. The changing behavior of business travelers is that expense accounts are now more strictly reviewed than ever before. Business travelers need comfort, good service and convenient if they are to perform their duties efficiently. More attention is being paid to make sure the standards of service are worth the extra cost. Business travelers represent a fascinated market to some degree.

（4）Pleasure Travelers（休闲旅游者）

Pleasure travelers have more flexibility about their travel decisions. They comprise there three kinds: Visiting Friends and Relatives, Special interest groups and Holiday-making.

（5）Visiting Friends and Relatives（访亲会友旅游者）

In the travel business the importance of visiting friends and relative has been recognized, although not always with enthusiasm. Generally this category of business is referred to as …VFR? traffic. VFR traffic is not considered the most profitable business. Travel agents and operators complain that VFR tourists are not a financially valuable market because they tend to take the cheapest discount flight available, and stay with the family or friends, thus making very little use of tourist plant and facilities. Enlightened travel agents and tour operators，however, recognize that VFE traffic can actually increase tourism appreciably at the destination. More and more agents are

selling tours as part of a VFR package. VFR traffic has considerable potential, it is unlikely that it will always be sensitive to price changes and fluctuations, it is unlikely that it will decline appreciably in the next 10 years.

（6) Special interest groups（专题旅游团队）

The person who joins a special interest tour is someone who is interested in or involved with a job or hobby and wants to learn more or see special attractions associated with that interest. Special interest tours often are not related to a person?s occupation, but rather are related to hobbies or outside interests. Special interest tours for rock and mineral collectors, for amateur astronomers, for fishing enthusiasts, for painters and photographers, for cricket fans or football fans, and tours to attend special events such as garden shows or festivals, are all examples.

学习材料4，Day-Trip and Leisure

1. Day-Trip and Attractions

The most common form of leisure park is seaside sites offering fairground attractions, with others offering sport, such as crazy golf and boating, or arcade amusements. Total admission to leisure parks have increased from 33.6 million in 1991 to 40.5 million in 1994, although the growth was somewhat erratic over that Period.

The market for day- trip attractions is not restricted to leisure parks，as the attractions for day-trippers are very diverse, ranging from country parks to urban industrial heritage. The highest number of visitors is achieved by country parks, but these are characterized by stays of less than a full day and little expenditure. Many country parks are operated by local authorities as public services and have free entry to visitors. For example, 1992 was a poor year owing to the economic recession, whereas 1 994 was an above-average year, with good summer weather and a return of customer confidence.

There is an underlying trend amongst certain sectors of the population for more people to take more day-trips and short-breaks away from home and to take fewer longer long-haul holidays. In response, there has been a growth in the number of day-trip or short-break attractions. For example, the Sea Life Centres were developed in the early 1990s，and there are now about a dozen centres around Britain. The Blackpool Sea Life Centre is the most popular, attracting over 550000 people each year. The group as a whole attracts some 2.5 million visitors annually. Along with Cadbury

World in Birmingham, t he Sea Life Centres dominate the English Tourist Board?s list of most popular recently opened attractions Cadbury world opened in 1990 as a tourist attraction. Previously, tours around the factory were common but bad in be discontinued because of health and hygiene considerations. Cadbury World now attracts over 500000 visitors a year. Much of the exhibition there relates to the National Curriculum and school parties are an important source of visitors.

2. Leisure and the Countryside

More than 45％of all car journeys are for leisure and a third of them are trips to the countryside. The leisure industry is transforming the face of the countryside, with theme parks, golf courses, health farms, hang gliding and war games, for example, all competing fo r rural land. After agriculture, recreation is the biggest source of damage to Britain?s sites of special scientific interest and theme parks and other attractions, such as war games, mountain biking, are among the main culprits in causing environmental destruction.

An important recent trend has been for farms to diversity away from food production and into leisure; the distinction between farming and recreation is becoming increasingly blurred. For example, some farms offer camping and caravanning, war games, nature trails, pick-your own farm, family visits and educational visits．Some farms may adopt a certain theme—such as working Victorian farm or may farm unusual animals, such as ostriches and deer. War games are among one of the most popular new developments with over 400 sites in Britain. Although it can benefit farmers, financially it can damage the environment. For example, at Bonny Wood near Stowmarket in Suffolk, the ancient 20 hectare oak and ash woodland was badly damaged by a war games development.

One of the main reasons for this change in rural areas is the Common Agricultural Policy of the European Union. This policy has placed 1imits on the amount of crops that can be grown and the amount of milk that can be produced . This means that farmers have had to look, to ways other than farming to make a profit from their land.

By the end of the 1990s, farmers had taken out over 600000 hectares of land from agricultural use and much this has gone into leisure activities. The notion that the ma in purpose of rural land is to produce food is no longer true in some areas, especially those close to large cent of population.

The conversion of farmland to leisure land is not without problems. There are conflicts concerning the tranquillity of the land, its use (whether for farming, recreation, housing developments, etc), environmental issues，the economic needs of rural people and the conflict

between personal property and common rights. There are conflicts between those who wish to use it for peace and quiet and those who use it to fly model aeroplanes, clay-pigeon shooting, rock concerts and so on. Some of these problems, such as foot-path erosion and damage done by sailing and water sports are localised and heavily published. But other developments in the countryside cause more widespread damage but attract less attention, the most obvious pressure being from the construction industry. For example, the Conservative government of the early 1990s welcorned the development of the new Center Parcs at Longleat. Even though the development was within an Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty (AONB), the Planning Minister claimed that it would create 750 jobs and would not undermine the beauty of the area the village call accommodate up to 35 00 visitors at a time, and has not destroyed the local environment, whilst providing short-term construction employment and long-term service employment．There are similar plans for a holiday village at Alton Towers on land adjacent to the theme park. Already at Alton Towers covers 200 hectares and Can accommodate 30000 people,7000 cars and 400 coaches.

However, many leisure developments are on rural land, which is derelict or redundant. The Cotswolds Water Park is on a series of former gravel works and the Sherwood Forest Center Parcs led to improving land use and Habitats. At Longleat, Center Parcs created a new lake, and increased the variety of landscapes present.

3. Theme Park

A theme park has a number of characteristics：

·attractions which use a special theme，such historical, fantastic，animal or geographical, for example, Disneyland in California．Parc Asterix in Paris

·mechanical rides ranging from the …white knuckle rides? to gentler rides such as carousels for younger children

·the ability to entertain a family for a whole day

·an inclusive entry price

Permanent fairgrounds at major resorts, such as Blackpool and Great Y armouth, sited on the seafront or on piers，are officially referred to as …leisure parks?.

Theme Park development is unusual in that it is both capital intensive and labor intensive—most industries are either one or the other. Large capital sums are required to be invested initially, in the rides and indoor attractions, for landscaping and creating a safe, pleasant infrastructure, including water and sewage facilities, roads and paths. The parks are labor intensive

for a number of reasons: safety is of paramount importance and requires proper supervision of all parts of the park. Cleanliness is also very important—the UK theme parks resemble the Disney format with teams of cleaners and wandering entertainers.

Important European theme parks include Futuroscope and Parc Asterix (France), Efteling (Netherlands), Europa Park (Germany) and Liseburg (Sweden). In the late 1990s, Warner Brothers, the American entertainment group, opened a huge theme park and studio complex in Bottrop, once the hub of the Ruhr industrial region. The Potential market consists of some 27 million people from northern Germany and Belgium.

学习材料5，Tour Operator and Hotels

1. Tour Operator

As already noted, the wholesaler is commonly referred to as the tour operator. A tour operator will …purchase? separately, and in bulk, advance reservations on airlines, accommodation and grou nd services such as local transport, sightseeing, tours, meals and entertainment. These bulk purchases are then broken down and combined to form …packages? : hence the term package tour. These tours are then sold through a travel agent to the consumer.

The fact that tour operators are …buying? in bulk means that they will generally be able to secure substantial price discounts, and herein lies the true value of the wholesaler. Larger wholesalers are usually able to offer more attractively priced packages than smaller operators. The larger the operator, the more business they can offer the supplier, which then places them in a stronger bargaining position with that supplier. All wholesalers, however, should be able to offer reductions on the price consumers would have to pay were they to buy directly from the supplier. Buying in advance and in bulk guarantees the supplier a minimum sales level, and this means that in return the supplier can afford to sell group bookings at discounted rates. Guaranteed minimum sales are important to suppliers of tourism products, especially accommodation and transport. Supplies of these products are fairly fixed and supply cannot respond quickly to changes in demand.

While purchasing or reserving services and facilities in bulk allows the tour operator to pass on considerable price savings both to the retailer and to the consumer, it might also involve considerable risk for the operator, who is not able to resell the entire …stock? purchased. Many contracts entered into between tour operators and suppliers contain cancellation clauses, however,

which allow the operator to cancel the contract (or part there of ) by giving notice to the supplier within a fixed of time.

Use of the term tour operator can lead to confusion in the mind of the consumer because many tourists think of a tour operator not as a wholesaler but as a ground operator who runs tour or sightseeing companies. While …ground operators? might package a range of services at the destination, they do not usually arrange transport to and from the destination; hence they are only involved in what are commonly referred to as land arrangements. The term ground operator, technically speaking, is used to refer to any tourism operator other than an airline; the term includes, attractions and activities operators, food and beverage establishments and the like. It is important, therefore, that distinction between tour operators and ground operator is kept in mind.

Traditionally, tour operators have been classified as:

·domestic

··inbound tour operators

·outbound tour operators

Domestic tour operators put together inclusive tours for tourists traveling within the country they live. Inbound tour operators arrange and package holidays for tourists entering the country in which the tour operator is based.While based in one country, and concerned with selling inclusive tours to that country, they will often have sales outlets or general sales agents (DSAs) in many countries. Use of GSAs is a growing trend because of the high costs involved in establishing offices and systems by individual operators. GSAs handle booking, brochure distribution, product launches and general enquiries.

Outbound operators put together packages for outward travel from a specific destination and, because their focus is generally not on one specific destination, as with in bound operators, the packages presented will often be quite diverse. The better-known outbound operators tend to cater for the mass market by offering package holidays to the more popular tourist destinations, but small specialty operators do exists. The aim of these operators is usually to provide a unique alternative travel experience. Specialty operators might concentrate on one particular destination or one type accommodation (such as camp holidays), or cater for special interest groups such as historian or big-game fisherman.

Even from this brief analysis of travel wholesalers it should be evident that while they are closely involved with the travel sector of the tourism industry they are also involved in

accommodation ( the hospitality sector) and even such things as theatre tickets and car-hire( the visitor service sector). Nevertheless, it is customary to include travel wholesalers under the travel section in spite of their involvement in a wider field of activities.

2. Types of Hotels

A hotel is a commercial establishment providing lodging，and usually meals and other services for public, especially for travelers. It is usually as a general term for hotels, motels, inns, conference centers and other lodging properties. The characteristics of different hotels are shown below:

1. Commercial Hotel

A commercial hotel implies a property that caters primarily to business clients. They are usually located in a down town or commercial districts, and may be small, medium and large in size. Amenities provided for guests in some properties include free newspaper, morning coffee, free local telephone calls, and computer terminals in guest rooms. In addition, car rental arrangements, airport pick-up services, coffee shops and semi-formal dining rooms and cocktail lounges may be provided for guests and their business contracts. Most commercial hotels have a number of conference rooms or suites available; group meal service may be furnished. In the lobby area of a commercial hotel a one-day laundry-valet service, uniform service, concierge service, a ticket office, a ticket office, and gift shops for the guest?s convenience may often be found. Swimming pools, health clubs, saunas, and even jogging areas are also sometimes provided on the premises. Although the primary objective of commercial hotels is to serve business travelers, many tour groups, individual tourists, and small conference groups also find these hotels attractive.

2. Airport Hotel

It is located near airport. Vary widely in size and service level.

Typical target markets include business clientele, airline passengers and canceled flights, airline personnel. The guests enjoy significant cost savings and convenience.

3. Motel

It is two story or low-rise building, located near highway. It offers medium range of services. Pool area is often with shrubbery. The children?s playground is the trademark.

4. Suite Hotel

It appeals to different market segments. They include professors, engineers, accountants, lawyers and executives. The guestrooms are with living room and a separate bed room. Suites include a

compact kitchenette with a refrigerator. Travelers enjoy the comforts of “home away from home”. Some offer complimentary evening reception, breakfast, snack service.

5. Residential Hotel

They provide permanent accommodations. They are located in urban or suburban area. They afford daily, limited services. The guest quarters include a sitting room, bed room, and small kitchenette. Residential Hotel

Often provide daily housekeeping, front desk, and uniformed services.

A restaurant and lounge may also be located.

6. Extended Stay

They are similar to suite hotels and designed for travelers who intend to stay five days or longer. The extended stay can meet the needs who require reduced hotel service and not providing unformed services, F&B or guest laundry service and bring more of a homelike feeling to the interior and exterior designs. Room rates are often determined by the length of stay.

7. Resort Hotel

It is located away from crowded residential areas, in the mountains, on an island, or in some other exotic location. Recreational facilities and breathtaking scenery are typical. It provides extensive food and beverage, valet and room services and special activities for guests （golf, horseback riding）. It shows more leisurely and relaxed atmosphere. Resort Hotel provides enjoyable experiences to encourage repeat business and word-of-mouth recommendations. Activities are arranged for groups of guests by employ social directors who plan, organize, and direct programs.

8. Conference Center

They are designed to handle group meetings and offer overnight accommodation for meeting attendees. Conference Center provide all service and equipment necessary to ensure a meeting?s success. They include audiovisual equipment, multimedia, business centers, flexible seating arrangements and extensive leisure facilities. They are located outside metropolitan areas. Conference Center charges meeting planners a single price.

9. Convention Hotel

Convention Hotel offers as many as 2000 rooms or more. It has a big exhibit hall space, plus ballrooms, assortment of meeting rooms and dining facilities ranging from self-service restaurants or cafeterias to elaborate formal dining rooms. It serves a full line of business service

and attracts the convention market and corporate meetings and do not have all facilities needed, but are affiliated with a local convention center.

10. Lodge

They offer the guest a medium range of services. The size is usually small, from ten to one hundred units. They are often located in suburban or highway areas. The guest stay can be overnight or several days. A lodge is associated with a sport, a recreational activity or theme.

常用的专业词汇及其解释

1. Domestic excursionists：tourists who stay；within their own country for less than one night.

2. Domestic stayovers：tourists who stay within their own country for at least one night..

3. Domestic tourist：a tourist whose itinerary is confined to their usual country of

residence.

4.Destination life cycle: the theory that tourism-oriented places experience a sequential process of birth, growth, maturation, and then possibly something similar to death, in their evolution as destination.

5. Ecotourism：a form of alternative tourism that places primary emphasis on a

Sustainable, learning-based interaction with the natural environment or some

constituent element.

6. Excursionist：a tourist who spends less than one night in a destination region.

7.Family life cycle (FLC)：a sequence of stages through which the traditional nuclear

family passes from early adulthood to the death of a spouse；each stage is

associated with distinct patterns of tourism-related behavior associated with

changing family, and financial circumstances.

8. International excursionists：tourists who stay less than one night in another country.

9. International stayovers：tourists who stay，at least one night, in another country.

10. International tourist：a tourist who travels beyond their usual country of residence.

11. Market segments：portions of the tourist market that are more or less distinct in

their characteristics and/or behavior.

12. MICE：an acronym combining meetings, incentives，conventions and exhibitions；a form of tourism largely associated with business purposes.

13. Modern mass tourism ：the period from 1950 to the present day, characterized by the rapid

expansion of international and domestic tourism.

14. Multiplier effect：a measure of the subsequent income generated in a destination?s economy by direct tourist expenditure

15. National tourism authority (NTA)：the government agency responsible for broad

tourism policy and planning within a destination-country

16. National tourism organizations (NTOs)：publicly-funded government agencies that undertake promotion and other forms of marketing at the country-destination scale, usually directed towards inbound tourists；these are distinct from government departments or bodies that dictate tourism-related policy.

17. Natural events：attractions that occur over a fixed period of time in one or more

locations，and are more natural than constructed.

18. Natural sites：geographically fixed attractions that are more natural than

constructed；these can be subdivided into topography, climate, hydrology, wildlife, vegetation and location.

19. Outbound tourist：an international tourist departing from their usual country of

residence.

20. Package tour：a pre-paid travel package that usually includes transportation, accommodation, food and other services.

21. Stayover：a tourist who spends at least one night in a destination region.

22. Strategic marketing：marketing that takes into consideration an extensive analysis of external and internal environmental factors in identifying strategies that attain specific goals.

23. Sustainable tourism：tourism that is developed in such a way so as to meet the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet

their own needs.

24. Timesharing：an accommodation option in which a user purchases one or more

Intervals (or weeks) per year in a resort，(usually over a long period of time)

25. Tour operators：businesses providing a package of tourism-related services for the consumer，including some combination of accommodation，transportation，

restaurants and attraction visits

26. Thomas Cook：the entrepreneur who applied the principles of the Industrial

Revolution to the tourism sector through such innovations as the package tour.

27. Tourism：the sum of the phenomena and relationships arising from the interaction among tourists，business suppliers，host governments，host communities，origin governments，universities，community colleges and non-governmental organizations，in the process of attracting，transporting，hosting and managing these tourists and other visitors.

28. Tourism industry：the sum of the industrial and commercial activities that produce goods and services wholly or mainly for tourist consumption.

29. Tourism resources：features of a destination that are valued as attractions by tourists at some particular point in time.

30. Tourist：a person who travels temporarily outside of their usual environment for certain qualifying purposes.

31. Tourist attractions：specific and generic features of a destination that attract tourists.

32. Tourist market：The overall group of consumers that engages in some form of

tourism-related travel.

33. Travel agencies：businesses providing retail travel services to customers for

commission on behalf of other tourism industry sectors.

主要参考文献

1.Garrett Nagle. Tourism, Leisure and Recreation. Thomas Nelson & Sons Ltd.,1999

2.David Weaver. Tourism Management. John Wiley & Sons Australia,Ltd.,2002

3.Stephen J. Craig-Smith. Principle of Tourism. Pearson Education Australia, 2000

4.Clayton W. Barrows. Introduction to Management in the Hospitality Industry (9th edition) New Jersey: John & Sons Inc.,2009

大学英语阅读训练五篇

Passage 1 There are some very good things about open education. This way of teaching allows the students to grow as people develop their own interests in many subjects. Open education allows students to be responsible for their own education, as they are responsible for what they do in life. Some students do badly in a traditional classroom. The open classroom may allow them to enjoy learning. Some students will be happier in an open education school. They will not have to worry about grades or rules. For students who worry about these things a lot, it is a good idea to be in an open classroom. But many students will not do well in an open classroom. For some students, there are too few rules. These students will do little in school. They will not make good use of open education. Because open education is so different from traditional education, these students may have a problem getting used to making so many choices. For many students it is important to have some rules in the classroom. They worry about the rules even when there are no rules. Even a few rules will help this kind of student. The last point about open education is that some traditional teachers do not like it. Many teachers do not believe in open education. Teachers who want to have an open classroom may have many problems at their schools. You now know what open education is. Some of its good points and bad points have been explained. You may have your own opinion about open education. The writer thinks that open education is a good idea, but only in theory. In actual fact, it may not work very well in a real class or school. The writer believes that most students, but of course not all students, want some structure in their classes. They want to have rules. In some cases, they must be made to study some subjects. Many students are pleased to find subjects they have to study interesting. They would not study those subjects if they did not have to. 1.Open education allows the students to ____. A.grow as the educated B.be responsible for their future C.develop their own interests D.discover subjects outside class 2. Open education may be a good idea for the students who ____. A.enjoy learning B.worry about grades C.do well in a traditional classroom D.are responsible for what they do in life 3. Some students will do little in an open classroom because ____. A.there are too few rules B.they hate activities C.open education is similar to the traditional education D.they worry about the rules 4. Which of the following is NOT mentioned in the passage?____ A.Some traditional teachers do not like it.

《分析化学》专业英语阅读材料03

《分析化学》阅读材料03 摘自Analytical Chemistry (FECS) ●In the Br?sted-Lowry theory, an acid is a proton donor and a base is a proton acceptor. Each acid is related to its conjugate base and vice versa: Acid = base + proton Therefore, the conjugate base of a strong acid must be a weak base and the conjugate base of a weak acid must be a strong base. Together they form a couple, and an acid without its conjugate base is a meaningless concept. In order to release a proton, the acid must find a base to accept it. In an aqueous solution, the proton, H+, having an extremely small ionic radius, cannot exist as such. It is hydrated, forming the hydronium ion H3O+ and higher hydrates. Thus, an acid-base equilibrium is not a simple dissociation equilibrium, but the result of a proton transfer reaction in which there are at least two reagents and two products. Such a process is also called protolysis. The overall reaction is expressed by: HX + H2O = H3O+ + X-. The overall equilibrium constant is K = [H3O+][X-]/[HX][H2O]. The acid dissociation constant Ka is given by: Ka = K[H2O] = [H3O+][X-]/[HX]. Ka reflects not only the acid strength of HX, but also the base strength of water. This why different acid dissociation constants are observed for the same acid in different solvent. ●Similar proton transfer reactions exist in all solvents possessing proton donor and acceptor properties. Proton transfer reactions are extremely fast. This makes them very suitable for analytical applications and acid-base reactions have found wide use in volumetric methods and other analytical techniques. ●The pH value is a measure for the acidity or basicity of a solution, aqueous or nonaqueous. ●Acid-base indicators are chemical substances with acid-base properties, having different colors in their protonated and deprotonated forms. ● A most important application of acid-base systems is related to the property of such a system to act as a buffer. Many chemical reactions produce protons (in aqueous solutions hydroniums) or hydroxide ions. If these products remain in the system, a corresponding pH change is observed. However, if a buffer is present in the solution it reacts with the liberated hydrogen or hydroxide ions so that only a relative small change of pH occurs. Buffer consist of a mixture of a weak acid and its conjugate base. The most efficient buffer for a given pH consists of a 1:1 ratio of the protonated and deprotonated forms of a weak acid (with pKa = pH). This cannot always be achieved, but if we wish to prepare a solution of a certain pH, we select a weak acid with a pKa value close to the desired pH. Buffer solution resists changes in pH upon adding of strong acids or strong bases. Depending on the relative concentrations of the acid and base forms of the buffer, the system can resist small or large additions of strong acid or base. This buffer capacity is defined as the number of moles of strong acid of base required to change the pH of 1 L of buffer solution by one pH unit. Solutions with high or low pH values, formed as a result of dissolution of large quantities of a strong base or acid, are characterized by a large buffer capacity, although the electrolyte practically consists of only one of the conjugate forms (e.g., HCl or NaOH solutions). ● A general requirement for all volumetric methods is that the titration process is fast and that it proceeds in a definite stoichiometric ratio, the endpoint of the reaction must by easy to detect and the reaction should be specific and not influenced by other constituents of the solution, i.e., there should be no interference. Question: 1. A H3PO4 solution is brought to pH = 7.00 by the addition of NaOH. Calculate the concentration of the various forms of orthophosphate if the total phosphate concentration in buffer is 0.200 mol /L. pKa1 = 2.16, pKa2 = 7.21, pKa3 = 12.32. 2. A buffer solution is prepared from acid, HA, Ka = 5 10-5, and its salt. The concentration of HA in the buffer is 0.25 mol / L. To 100 mL of the buffer added 5.0 mmol of NaOH, and the pH of the resulting solution is 5.60. What was the pH of the original buffer? 3.It is desired to change the pH of 100 mL of 0.100 mol / L HCl from 1.00 to 4.40 by the addition of sodium acetate, CH3COONa3H2O. How much solid sodium acetate salt must be added in grams? Assume no volume change for the solution as the result of the addition. 4.What is the buffer capacity of a solution which is 0.100 mol / L of NH3 and 0.200 of NH4Cl? 5.Calculate the pH of each of the following solution: (a) Water in equilibrium with CO2 of the air; pKa1 = 6.38, pKa2 = 10.25. (b) Water as in part (a) brought to pH = 7.00 with NaOH and allowed to regain equilibrium with CO2. 6. Derive the following expression for the pH at the first stoichiometric point in the titration of a mixture of two weak acid: HA, the stronger, Ka1, concentration C1; HB, the weaker, Ka2, concentration C2: pH = 1/2 (pKa1 + pKa2) – 1/2 lg (C1/C2)

英语阅读材料

第六章阅读理解与阅读技能 2009-11-15 23:36:27| 分类：我的世界| 标签：|字号大中小订阅 第六章阅读理解与阅读技能 P249（1）记叙文 Stephen Hawking was born in 1942. He’s a world famous scientist and expert on space and time. Stephen is trying to find the answers to some very big questions, such as: how did the universe being? How will it end? 斯蒂芬在1942年出生。他是研究空间和时间领域的一位举世闻名的科学家和专家。斯蒂芬设法发现一些非常大问题的答案，例如：宇宙未来会怎样？它会怎样结束？ Stephen was a student at Oxford University. He studied math and science. Then, at the age of twenty, he became very ill. He was so young, but the doctor said to his family, “He has only two years to live.” The doctors were wrong-he didn’t die. He can’t walk now but he uses a wheelchair. He talks with the help of a computer. After Oxford, Stephen went to Cambridge University. Three years later, in 1963, he became a doctor of philosophy. 斯蒂芬曾经是牛津大学的学生。他学习数学和科学。然而，在20岁时，他生病了。他是如此年轻，但医生告诉他的家人，“他只活两年。”医生是错误的，他没有死。他现在虽然不能走路，但他可以使用了轮椅。随着计算机的帮助，他可以通过计算机举行会谈。牛津大学毕业后，斯蒂芬前往剑桥大学学习。3 年后，在1963年，他成为哲学博士。 Because of his health problems, it was difficult for him to draw diagrams or to write. So he started to think in pictures. With this new way of thinking, he became one of the most famous scientists in the world. In 1981, he met Pope in Rome. They talked about his ideas. Then, in 1988, he wrote his first important book, A Brief History of Time. It sold more than 5.5 million copies in 33 different countries. 由于他的健康问题，出图或写作对于他是很难的。因此他在图片上开始思考。这种新的思维方式，使他在世界上成为了一位最著名的科学家。在1981年，他在罗马遇见了教皇。他们谈论了他的想法。然后，在1988年他写了他的第一本重要的书，《时间的简史》。它在33个不同国家卖了超过550万本。 （2）说明文 One type of solar collector is not very expensive. It is put on the roof of a building. It is usually put on the sunny side of the roof. The sun is most direct in this side, and the unit will collect more heat. The surface is black because black collects more heat from the sun. Inside, there are pipes with water. The top is a piece of glass. The sun shines through the glass and air inside. It heats the water that is also inside. A pump, a machine to move the water, starts when water is warm enough. Then hot water goes into a storage tank. This tank stores or keeps the hot water. Then there is hot water to use for washing clothes or taking baths and showers.

大学英语B 阅读理解答案

阅读理解 B 42、Martin Luther King was a black minister, who became a great leader of the civil rights movement in the 1950s and 1960s. King was born on January 15, 1929 in Atlanta, Georgia. When he was young, he was strongly influenced by Thoreau and Indian leader Mahatma Gandhi's idea of non-violent resistance. Having received a Ph. D (Doctor of Philosophy) from Boston University, he became a political and religious leader of the non-violent civil relights movement in 1955. On August 28, 1963, he led over 250,000 Americans on a march in Washington D.C. to fight for the Civil Rights Law to guarantee equality for all people, and delivered his best known speech "I Have a Dream" before the Lincoln Memorial. The "dream" is a dream of brotherly love and equality for the Black and White. Thus, he was awarded the Nobel Prize for peace in 1964, but he was murdered four years later. Though he died, he was greatly respected and loved by the Americans, both the white and the black. By vote of Congress in 1968, the third Monday of every January is now a federal holiday in Luther King's honor. He lives in people's hearts forever. (1)、Martin Luther King was murdered when he was 39 years old. A：T B：F 答案：A (2)、Martin Luther King was a black minister only. A：T B：F 答案：B (3)、Martin Luther King's Day has been a federal holiday for more than 40 years. A：T B：F 答案：A (4)、The underlined word "delivered" in the second paragraph could be replaced by "gave". A：T B：F 答案：A (5)、The best title for this passage is "Civil Rights Law". A：T B：F 答案：B 43、A public house which was recently bought by Mr. James is up for sale. He is going to sell it because it is haunted (闹鬼的). He told me that he could not go to sleep one night because he heard a strange noise coming from the bar. The next morning, he found that the doors had been blocked by chairs and the furniture had been moved. Though Mr. James had turned the lights off before he went to bed, they were on in the morning. He also said that he had found five empty whisky bottles which the ghost (鬼) must have drunk the night before. When I suggested that some villagers must have come in for a free drink, he shook his head. The villagers have told him that they will not accept it even if he gives it away. (1)、Mr. James was the owner of the public house. A：T B：F 答案：A (2)、Mr. James had not turned off the lights that night. A：T B：F 答案：B (3)、Mr. James built the house. A：T B：F 答案：B (4)、Mr. James found sixty empty bottles. A：T B：F 答案：B (5)、The writer of the passage believes Mr. James' story. A：T B：F 答案：B 44、Great changes have been made in family life because of science and industry. In the past, when more Americans lived on farms, the typical family had many children. In a farm family, parents and their children often lived with grandparents. Often, too, uncles and aunts lived nearby. But when industry became more important than agriculture in American life, families became smaller because industry requires workers who are ready and able to move off the land and to move again whenever necessary. And large families can not be moved from place to place as smaller families can. So, at present people tend to have smaller families. In the future, because of industrialization, a typical family will be required to move even more often than now, so families will be even smaller. The typical family may remain childless and consists only of a man and a woman. A small number of families may take child raising as their chief work. At the same time they may also raise other people's children, leaving those families free to move from job to job. (1)、The passage discusses influence of science and industry on American families. A：T B：F 答案：A (2)、Families of the past, the present and the future are described in the passage. A：T B：F 答案：A (3)、People no longer want to have children. A：T B：F 答案：B (4)、Grandparents will take the chief responsibility of raising children in the future. A：T B：F 答案：B (5)、Large families cannot fit in with a highly industrialized society. A：T B：F 答案：A 45、My husband had just bought a new washing machine for me. I decided to use it and I washed a lot of things. Everything worked well, but I found one of my husband's socks missing. I looked everywhere for it, but I couldn't find it anywhere. The next morning, I got ready for school as usual. When the bell rang, the students came in. I greeted them first and then told them what we were going to do that day. When I turned around to write on the blackboard, the class broke out a roar! They laughed and laughed. They laughed so much, in fact, that I was afraid the headmaster would be into seeing all this. I asked the class to stop, but the more I talked, the more they laughed. I decided to pay no attention to them and I continued to write on the blackboard. When I did this, they roared even more. Finally, the teacher who had the room next to mine came in to see what all the laughter was about. When he came in, he started laughing, too!

大学英语四级考试阅读材料每日一练(十三)

最牛英语口语培训模式：躺在家里练口语，全程外教一对一，三个月畅谈无阻！ 洛基英语，免费体验全部在线一对一课程：https://www.wendangku.net/doc/ff15041755.html,/wenkxd.htm（报名网址）Passage 14 Attention to detail is something everyone can and should do-especially in a tight job market. Bob Crossley, a human-resources expert notices this in the job applications that come cross his desk every day. “It’s amazing how many candidates eliminate themselves,”he says. “Resumes arrive with stains. Some candidates don’t bother to spell the company’s name correctly. Once I see a mistake, I eliminate the candidate, ”Crossley concludes. If they cannot take of these details. “Why should we trust them with a job?” Can we pay too much attention to detail? Perfectionists struggle over little things at the cost of something larger they work toward. “To keep from losing the forest for the trees,”says Charles Garfield, associate professor at the University of California, San Francisco, “we must constantly ask ourselves how the details we’re working on fit into the larger picture they don’t, we should drop them and move to something else.” Garfield compares this process to his work as a computer scientist at NASA. “The Apollo II moon launch was slightly off-course 90 percent of the time,”says Garfield. “But a successful landing was still likely because we knew the exact coordinates of our goal. This allowed us to landing was still likely because we knew the exact coordinates of our goal. This allowed us to make adjustments as necessary.”Knowing where we want to go helps us judge the importance of every task we undertake. Too often we believe what accounts for other’s success is some special secret or a lucky break. But rarely is success so mysterious. Again and again, we see that by doing little things within our grasp well, large rewards follow. 66. According to the passage, some job applicants were rejected________ A) because of their carelessness as shown in their failure to present a clean copy of a resume B) because of their inadequate education as shown in their poor spelling in writing a resume C) because they failed to give a detailed description of their background in their applications D) because they eliminated their names from the applicants list themselves 67. The word “perfectionists”(Line 1, Para 3)refers to those who________ A) demand others to get everything absolutely right B) know how to adjust their goals according to the circumstances C) pay too much attention to details only to lose their major objectives D) are capable of achieving perfect results in whatever they do 68. Which of the following is the author’s advice to the reader? A) Although too much attention to details may be costly, they should not be overlooked B) Don’t forget details when drawing pictures

计算机专业英语阅读材料

计算机专业英语阅读材料 计算机英语（1） Desktop Pattern In the graphical user interface of Microsoft Windows 98,a graphical pattern-called wallpaper-displayed on the desktop (the background "beneath" windows, icons, and dialog boxes). The pattern or picture in the screen background that can be chosen by the user. To change the desktop pattern, choose Display from the Control Panel. 桌面图案 在Microsoft Windows 98的图形用户界面中,一种显示在桌面上称为壁纸(Wallpaper )的图形图案(窗口、图标和对话框后面的背景),屏幕背景可由用户选择图案样式或画面。要改变桌面图案时,从控制面板上选择显示方式。 计算机英语（2） Federated Database In scientific networking ,a collaborative database (part of a collaborator) in which scientists pool their knowledge and discoveries .Federated databases are one proposed solution to the Grand Challenges——problems that are so complex that they far outstrip the capabilities of individual scientists ,or even individual research institutions ,to tackle them independently. 联合式数据库 在科学联网中,科学家们汇集其知识和发现的一种合作数据库(合作的一部分)。联合数据库是对种种重大挑战问题(Grand Challenges)的一种建议性的解决方案——这些问题太复杂,以致于超出单个科学家的能力,甚至单个研究所都无法来单独解决它们。 计算机英语（3） Collapse When creating an outline or viewing a directory tree (such as in the Windows Explorer ),the process of hiding all the outline levels or subdirectories below the selected outline heading or directory. 折叠 当生成一个题纲或观察一个目录树(如在Windows资源管理器中)时,在选定的题纲标题或目录下隐藏所有的题纲层或子目录的过程。 计算机英语（4） Collision In local area networks (LANs) ,a garbled transmission that results when two or more workstations transmit to the same network cable at exactly the same time . Networks have means of preventing collisions. 冲突 在局域网(LANs)中,当两个或多个工作站恰好在同时向同一个网络线路上传送(数据)时产生的错乱传输。网络拥