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Exercise 3

Exercise 3
Exercise 3

Exercise 3

1.which of the following italicized parts is an appositive clause?

A.He said that he had seen the film yesterday.

B.Give me your promise that you will go shopping with me tomorrow.

C.It is obvious that you made a big mistake.

D.The trouble is that I have forgotten the name of the visitor.

2.Many of us visited the industrial exhibition, ____, to our disappointment, we saw

very few high-tech products.

A. where

B. which

C. as

D. that

3.How is it ______ your roommate’s request and yours are identical?

A.if

B. so

C. what

D. that

4.Which of the following italicized parts is NOT a noun clause?

A.That light travels in straight is known to all.

B.What matters is when we shall hold the sports meeting.

C.I thought they could have completed the project.

D.The sun heats the earth, which is very important to us.

5.______ he arrived at the spot, he realized what had happened there.

A.The moment when

B. The moment

C. Until

D. At the moment

6.______ the new fund-raising plan is approved, we will soon have more money to

build the gymnasium.

A.While

B. Given

C. Unless

D. Even if

7.I intended to move that our committee _____Jim as chairman, and I hope that you

will second my motion.

A.will appoint

B. appoints

C. appoint

D. appointed

8.Which of the following italicized parts is NOT an attributive clause?

A.Tomorrow I will bring here the magazine you asked for.

B.This is the reason why I refused his invitation.

C.He won’t change his mind, whatever I say.

D.This is the place where I spent my holiday.

9.The chief reason for the population growth isn’t so much a rise in birth rates ____

a fall in death rates as a result of improvements in medical care.

A.and

B. or

C. but

D. as

10.Any academic breakthrough, _____, does not automatically ensure that it can be

applied to practice.

A. as it may be brilliant

B. brilliant as it may be

C. brilliant however it may be

D. whatever brilliant it may be

11. These proposals sought to place greater restrictions on the use and copying of digital information than_____ in traditional media.

A. exist

B. exists

C. existing

D. to exist

12. These two areas are similar _____ they both have a high rainfall during this season.

A. except that

B. in that

C. besides that

D. to that

13. This is an exciting area of study, and one____ new applications are being discovered almost daily.

A. from which

B. by what

C. in which

D. through which

14. Which of the following italicized parts is a subject clause?

A. I’ve an idea that she likes him better than anyone else.

B. It is quite clear that the whole project is doomed to failure.

C. He told me that he would go to college the next year.

D. The school that he once studied in is very famous.

15. With the introduction of the computer, libraries today are quite different from ____ they were in the past.

A. that

B. which

C. what

D. those

16. The terrorists had _____ their prisoner in a small room. However, they had not chained him to the wall.

A. restrained

B. refined

C. confined

D. restricted

17. Your fears are _____ because no such animals as you described exists.

A. fanatic

B. fascinating

C. fantastic

D. favorable

18. In _____ with our rules and regualtions, I am calling a meeting of our organization.

A. approval

B. treaty

C. harmony

D. conformity

19. The table linen was neatly folded uo and _____.

A. put away

B. break away with

C. pass away

D. do away with

20.There is a _____ difference in meaning between the words surroundings and environment.

A. gentle

B. subtle

C. feeble

D. humble

21.The BBC has just successfully demonstrated a new digital radio____ system.

A. transaction

B. transition

C. transmission

D. transformation

22. Their marriage is a _____ balance between traditional and contemporary values.

A. trivial

B. delicate

C. minor

D. miniature

23. Six weeks after____ your baby is the size of your little fingernail.

A. conception

B. commission

C. commitment

D. confinement

24. Why don’t you_____ smoking for a while until your cough gets better?

A. lay out

B. lay off

C. lay aside

D. lay down

25. Why do you ____ adhere to such out-dated ideas?

A. harshly

B. tightly

C. bitterly

D. rigidly

26. Since it is too late to change my mind now, I am____ to carrying out the plan.

A. obliged

B. committed

C. engaged

D. resolved

27. Ted knows all about servicing cars but his ideas don’t always_____.

A. get over

B. get away

C. get off

D. get across

28. Just be as cool as a cucumber. The underlined part means____.

A. happy

B. calm

C. straight

D. cool

29. He stands accused of destroying the party in____ of his presidential ambitions.

A. search

B. pursuit

C. view

D. light

30. More than five-thousand secondary school students have been ____ for cheating.

A. exploded

B. expelled

C. excluded

D. exiled

Classroom Exercise3

第三单元测试题 1.A reporter from the Washington Post _____ the President. A. interrogated B. questioned C. interviewed D. examined 2.His words drove away the _____ buyer of the house. A. predictable B. promising C. prospective D. foreseeable 3.The climbing of the Mount Everest was an outstanding example of human _____. A. undertaking B. trial C. attempt D. endeavor 4.His _____ did not stand a chance in the match. A. enemy B. foe C. counterpart D. opponent 5.I think he is _____ to the job. A. insufficient B. unfit C. not enough D. inadequate 6.At the age 12, he is already a(n) ____traveler, having flown all over the world with his father. A. old B. elder C. young D. veteran 7.It is important to set a(n) ______ goal in the study of foreign languages. A. attainable B. predictable C. realizable D. measurable 8.The air in the room is _____; open the window! A. filthy B. dirty C. transparent D. foul 9.What he is talking about _____ me, for it is full of _____ technical terms. A. is beyond; penetrable B. is beyond; impenetrable C. reaches; penetrable D. reaches; impenetrable 10.The abolishment of _____ in the Republic of South Africa brought this country into the international community. A. segregation B. partition C. separation D. departure 11.His eyes _____ with excitement! A. flashed B. sparkled C. gleamed D. glanced 12.In addition to the rising birthrate and immigration, the _____ death rate contributed to the population growth. A. inclining B. increasing C. declining D. descending 13.Don’t let such a _____ matter g et in our way so that we can concentrate on the major issue. A. trivial B. slight C. partial D. minimal 14.The cut in her hand has healed completely, without leaving a _____. A. defect B. sign C. wound D. scar 15.Most people in the modern world _____ freedom and independence more than anything else. A. embody B. cherish C. fascinate D. regard 16.Although Jane and Anne are twin sisters, they bear little _____to each other as far as the temperament is concerned. A. similarity B. likelihood C. resemblance D. familiarity 17.The weekly market sells mainly fruit, vegetables and other food _____. A. production B. output C. manufactures D. products https://www.wendangku.net/doc/fe15125224.html,parison and contrast are often used _____ in advertisements A. intentionally B. feasibly C. incidentally D. tiresomely 19.I told him that I would _____ him to act for me while I was away from office. A. authorize B. justify C. rationalize D. identify 20.They want to sell their house and already have a _____ buyer. A. voluntary B. preliminary C. preparatory D. prospective 21.It is a problem even for people in _____. A. employment B. vocation C. profession D. occupation 22.There must be a _____ explanation for these strange happenings, which have made us restless all these days. A. physical B. mental C. practical D. natural 23.Teaching students of threshold level is hard work but the effort is very _____. A. precious B. rewarding C. worth D. challenging 24.We take our skin for granted until it is burned _____ repair.

英国文学Exercise 3

Exercise 3 I.Fill in the following blanks. 1.I n 1642, the civil war broke out in England. The royalists were defeated by the parliament army led by _____. In 1649, _____ was beheaded and England was declared to be a commonwealth. 2.T he Revolution Period is also called _____, because the English Revolution was carried out under a religious cloak. 3.T he _____Revolution in 1688 was so called because it was bloodless and there was no revival of the revolutionary demands. 4.I n Revolution Period _John Milton____ towers over his age as William Shakespeare towers over the Elizabethan Age and as Chaucer towers over the Medieval period. 5.I n Milton’s works, “_Paradise Lost_____”is the greatest, indeed the only generally acknowledged epic in English literature since “Beowulf”. 6.T he finest thing in “Paradise Lost” is the

Laboratory Exercise 3

Section:three Laboratory Exercise 3 DISCRETE-TIME SIGNALS: FREQUENCY-DOMAIN REPRESENTATIONS 3.1 DISCRETE-TIME FOURIER TRANSFORM Project 3.1 DTFT Computation A copy of Program P3_1 is given below: w=-4*pi:8*pi/511:4*pi; num=[2 1];den=[1 -0.6]; h=freqz(num,den,w); %Plot DFDT subplot(2,1,1) plot(w/pi,real(h));grid title('H(e^{j\omega})的实部') xlabel('\omega/\pi'); ylabel('振幅'); subplot(2,1,2) plot(w/pi,imag(h));grid title('H(e^{j\omega})的虚部') xlabel('\omega/\pi'); ylabel('振幅'); pause subplot(2,1,1) plot(w/pi,abs(h));grid title('H(e^{j\omega})幅度谱')

xlabel('\omega/\pi'); ylabel('振幅'); subplot(2,1,2) plot(w/pi,angle(h));grid title('H(e^{j\omega})相位谱') xlabel('\omega/\pi'); ylabel('以弧度为单位的相位'); Q3.1 The expression of the DTFT being evaluated in Program P3_1 is - ωωω j j j e e e H ---+=6.012)( The function of the pause command is – 用于暂停matlab 程序,用户按任意键继续。若pause 含参数n ,则n 秒后继续执行。 Q3.2 The plots generated by running Program P3_1 are shown below:

专业英语Exercise3

Translate the following sentences: 1.He was not to be moved by either advice or entreaties. 2.When he entered the room there was a hush of expectancy. 3.But reality makes things difficult.现实,实际,真实 4.Since he lost his job, he’s been a loner.孤独的人, 不合群的动物 Be careful! He is known as a blame-shifter.移动装置(移相器,变速拨叉,印字换行器,搬移者n. 过失, 责备 vt. 责备, 归咎于 5. He was a regular合格的; 正式的; 公认的; 合乎礼仪的 [口]完全的, 真正的, 十足的 6.contributo贡献者,捐助者,赠送者r to that magazine. 7.He is suggestively silent.提示性的,影射的,暗示的 8.She was pardonably proud of her wonderful cooking. https://www.wendangku.net/doc/fe15125224.html,w enforcement cannot responsibly stand aloof. 10.The apparent cause of his illness was excessive drinking. 11.She wanted to find a lonely place to shed private tears. 12.We went our separate ways home from the theatre. 13.I am no match for him in skill who has operated the lathe for ten years. 14.As she turned the corner she had a new idea which made her stop dead.

exercise3

第三次作业 1、两名参与者交替从一堆石子中取出若干数目,其个数由参与者自已决定.但是要求参与者每次至少取出一个,至多取出一半,然后另一名参与者继续.拿到最后一个石子的参与者将输掉该游戏. 输入:输入开始时石子的个数 输出:如果先取者输,则输出“lose”,否则输出“win” #include #include using namespace std; int main(){ int number; cin>>number; double i=1; double k=pow(2.0,i)-1; while(knumber) cout<<"win"; return 0; } 2、Given some Chinese Coins (three kinds-- 1, 2, 5), and their number is num_1, num_2 and num_5 respectively, please output the minimum value that you cannot pay with given coins. Input Input contains multiple test cases. Each test case contains 3 positive integers num_1, num_2 and num_5 (0<=num_i<=1000). A test case containing 0 0 0 terminates the input and this test case is not to be processed. Output Output the minimum positive value that one cannot pay with given coins, one line for one case. #include #include #include using namespace std; const int MAX = 1000; const int type[3] = {1,2,5}; bool ans[MAX]={0},tmp[MAX]={0}; int cnt[3]; void Search(){ int i,j,k; for(i=0;i<=cnt[0];++i){ ans[i]=true; } for(i=1;i<3;++i){

exercise3

第三章 存储系统 1.设有一个具有20位地址和32位字长的存储器,问 (1) 该存储器能存储多少字节的信息? (2) 如果存储器由512K*8位SRAM 芯片组成,需要多少片? (3) 需要多少位地址作芯片选择? 解: (1)字节M 4832 * 220= (2)片 84*28 *51232*1024==K K (3) 只需1位地址作片选; 2.已知某64位机主存采用半导体存储器,其地址码为26位,若使用256K*l6位的DRAM 芯片组成该机所允许的最大主存空间,并选用模块板结构形式,问; (1) 若每个模块板为1024K*64位,共需几个模块板? (2) 每个模块板内共有多少DRAM 芯片? (3) 主存共需多少DRAM 芯片? CPU 如何选择各模块板? 解: (1) 个模块64264 *2 64*26 20 26== (2) 每个模块板共有 1616 *2*2 64 *28 10 20 =片 每个模块要16个DRAM 芯片 (3) 主存共需64*16=1024个芯片,CPU 可用高6位地址经译码后作为模块板选择信号; 3.用16K*8位的DRAM 芯片构成64K*32位存储器,要求: (1) 画出该存储器的组成逻辑框图。 (2) 设存储器读/写周期为0.5μS ,CPU 在1μS 内至少要访问一次。试问采用哪种刷新方式比较合理?两次刷新的最大时间间隔是多少?对全部存储单元刷新一遍所需的实际刷新时间是多少? 解:(1)根据题意,存储总容量为64KB ,故地址总线需16位。现使用16K*8位 DRAM 芯片,共需16片。芯片本身地址线占14位,所以采用位并联与地址串联相结合的方法来组成整个存储器,其组成逻辑图如图所示,其中使用一片2:4译码器。 (2)根据已知条件,CPU 在1us 内至少访存一次,而整个存储器的平均读/写周期为0.5us ,如果采用集中刷新,有64us 的死时间,肯定不行 如果采用分散刷新,则每1us 只能访存一次,也不行 所以采用异步式刷新方式。 假定16K*1位的DRAM 芯片用128*128矩阵存储元构成,刷新时只对128行进行异步方式刷新,则刷新间隔为2ms/128 = 15.6us ,可取刷新信号周期15us 。 刷新一遍所用时间=15us ×128=1.92ms

exercise1-3

Part One: Multiple Choice 1.A word is ___ of a language that has given sound and meaning and syntactic functions. A.a smallest form B.A minimal free form C.A construction form D.A separate form 2.In different language, the same concept can be represented by ___ and the same sound can show___. A.Different sounds/ different meanings B.Same sounds/different meanings C.Different sounds/ same meanings D.Same sounds/ same meanings 3.The internal reason for the difference between sound and form is _____. A.Stabilization of spelling by printing B.The fact of more phonemes that letters in English C.Influence of the work of scribes D.Innovation made by linguists. 4.The relationship between the sound and form

研究生英语exercise 3

Exercise---3 用顺译、逆译、分译或综合法将下列各长句译为汉语: 1. On August 1, the gunboat began her mission, //which was, //in the eyes of the defenders,// a provocative act and seemed to be part of the overall assault //which had begun on July 31. 2. Does it really help society, or the victim, or the victim's family, //to put in jail a man, //who drove a car while drunk, has injured or killed another person? 3. When we bought the house// there were small trees growing from the roof, all the windows had gone, and it had not been lived in for many years --- //Indeed it has all but fallen into ruin several times in its long life. 4. All they have to do is// to press a button,// and they can see plays, films, operas, and shows of every kind, //not to mention political discussions and the latest exciting football match. 5. Fourscore and seven years ago,//our fathers brought forth upon this continent //a new nation, //conceived in liberty and //dedicated to the proposition //that all men are created equal. 6. You must fix in mind //the symbols and formulae, definitions and laws of physics,// no matter how complex they may be, //when you come in contact with them, //in order that you may understand the subject better and lay a solid foundation for further study. 7. People //were afraid// to leave their houses,// for although the police had been ordered// to stand by// in case of emergency,//they were just as confused and helpless //as anybody else.

Exercise_3-ER

exercise 3 1.下图是警察对司机违章驾驶机动车的一张交通违章处罚通知书,根据这张通知书所提供的 信息完成如下工作(一张违章通知书可能有多项处罚,例如:警告+罚款): (1) 设计E-R模型, 并注明属性和联系类型。 (2) 将这个E-R模型转换成关系数据模型,要求标注主码和外码。 交通违章通知书:编号:CS000110 警告 罚款 暂扣驾驶执照 practice: --ER Models 2.Design an ER diagram for keeping track of the exploits of your favorite sports team in a league.You should store the matches played,the scores and players in each match,and individual player statistics for each match .Summary statistics should be modeled as derived attributes.(You can make reasonable assumptions. ) 3.Create the complete ER schema for your E-Commerce database from the E-Commerce Project Description in the Appendix C. Note that the specification is from a user's point of view, and hence does not tell you all of the keys (primary and alternate), all of therelationships, and the arity of relationships, etc. You should identify them.

五年级上册英语一课一练Module3Unit3Exercise3∣牛津上海版

牛津上海版(试用本)2019-2019学年小学英语五年级上册Module 3 Places and activities Unit 3 Seeing the doctor Exercise 3 一、将下列单词划线部分的发音归类 1.读—读,按音标将下列单词划线部分的发音归类 ruler aloud July garden jump full farm work shoe driver hard number afraid butter glue money purple love book first party cook spoon third (1)/??/________ ________ ________ ________ (2)/u?/________ ________ ________ ________ (3)/ɑ?/ ________ ________ ________ ________ (4)/?/ ________ ________ ________ ________ (5)/?/ ________ ________ ________ ________ (6)/u/ ________ ________ ________ ________ 二、选择最恰当的答案 2.The sweets are bad ________ your teeth. A. at B. for C. off 3.Kitty ________ well today. She's ill. A. isn't feel B. isn't feeling C. is feeling 4.________ the small animals are afraid of the tigers. A. Both B. All C. These 5.You have a toothache. Let's go to see the ________.

Exercise 3 参考答案

Exercise 3:资本预算参考答案 1、Cummings公司正在考虑一个大型投资项目,预计该项目建设期为3年,在建设期前两年,每年初投资220万美元,建设期第3年初投资160万美元。项目第4年开始投产(提示:即第4年才开始产生经营现金流量,注意折现时点问题),投产期初(即第4年初)时垫支流动资金50万美元,于项目结束时收回。项目自投产后有效期为7年,税法规定净残值为40万美元,按直线法折旧。每年收现销售收入480万美元,经营付现成本312万美元,公司所得税率为25%,Cummings公司的资本成本为10%。 Questions: a. 计算每年的经营现金流量(列出项目的现金流量计算表); b. 计算该投资项目的NPV、PI和IRR,并据以判断该投资项目是否可行。 题解: a. 直线法计提折旧,则每年折旧额=(220+220+160-40)÷7=80(万美元)每年的经营现金流量=(收现销售收入-付现经营成本)×(1-所得税率) +折旧×税率 =(480—312)×(1-25%)+80×25% =146(万美元) 投资项目的现金流量计算表 b. NPV=146×(P/A,10%,6)×(P/F,10%,3)+196×(P/F,10%,10) -50×(P/F,10%,3)-160×(P/F,10%,2)-220×(P/F,10%, 1)-220 =146×4.3553×0.7513+196×0.3855-50×0.7513-160×0.8264-

220×0.9091-220 =-36.501(万美元) PI=[146×(P/A,10%,6)×(P/F,10%,3)+196×(P/F,10%,10)] ÷[50×(P/F,10%,3)+160×(P/F,10%,2)+220×(P/F,10%, 1)+220] =0.938 计算IRR采用插值法,因为IRR即是使NPV=0时的折现率,因此有当r=9%时,NPV=-6.574(万美元) 当r=8%时,NPV=26.001(万美元) 采用插值原理,可得IRR=8.798% 采用三个贴现指标,得出的结论一致,即该投资项目不可行。 2、Allied Products Company计划与Trans Company合作一新项目来生产A产品,通过相关调查研究提出以下方案: 1)设备投资:设备买价400万美元,预计可使用4年,报废时无残值收入,按税法要求该类设备折旧年限为5年,使用直线法折旧,残值率为10%,计划在在购进后立即投入使用; 2)占用一套即将出售的旧厂房,扣除税法规定的折旧之后的账面价值为100万美元,目前变现价值为20万美元(变现损失在年末抵税)。按照税法规定,该厂房还可以使用5年,税法规定残值为10万美元,按照直线法计提折旧。企业预计该厂房还可以使用4年,4年后的残值变现收入为8万美元; 3)厂房装修:装修费用预计10万美元,直接计入当期的费用,年末抵税; 4)相关收入和成本预计:预计该项目第一年实现销售收入300万美元,第一年经营总成本(不含装修费用)为200万美元,销售收入和付现成本以后每年递减10%。该项目的上马会导致Allied Products Company其他同类产品的收益每年减少10万美元,但需要注意的是,如果Allied Products Company不上该项目,Trans Company会立即与其他企业合作; 5)项目所需的营运资本占当年销售收入的比例为6%,需要的营运资本在年初

英文合同的制式语言Exercise 3.2

Exercise for Lecture 3 Directions: Try to translate the following sentences in English contracts and get familiar with the stereotyped language use in them, especially those underlined words. 13. 13.1 Subject to clause 13.2, Seller shall not be in breach of any of its obligations under Contract, to the extent that its performance is prevented, hindered or delayed by an act, event or circumstance, whether of the kind described herein or otherwise, which is not reasonably within the control of Seller (Force Majeure Event). Acts, events or circumstances constituting Force Majeure Event shall include the following: … 13.2 Notwithstanding anything to the contrary provided for in the definition of Force Majeure and/or in Article 13.1, the following should not be treated as Force Majeure: … 13.1 根据第13.2款规定,卖方不得违反本合同项下的任何义务,但因卖方无法合理控制的任何行为、事件或情况,不管是否是本合同规定的类型或其他,致使该履约受阻或延迟的情况除外。这些构成不可抗力的行为、事件或情况包括:… 13.2 即使在不可抗力定义部分和/或在第13.1款作了相反的规定,下述情况不得视为不可抗力对待:… 14. Where and to the extent that both the carrier and the actual carrier are liable, their liability is joint and several. 如果且仅当承运人和实际承运人均须负责时,他们负有连带责任。 15. If the carrier and the shipper have agreed that the goods shall or may be carried on deck, the carrier must insert in the bill of lading or other document evidencing the contract of carriage by sea a statement to that effect. 如果承运人和托运人已经商定,应当或者可以舱面载运货物,承运人便须在提单或其他作为海上运输契约证明的作如是说明。 16. Either Party shall, at the sole discretion, assign the whole or any part of the Contract or any benefit or interest in or under the Contract, provided a prior notice of the same shall be given to the other Party. 合同的任何一方均可自行决定,全部或部分转让本合同,或转让本合同项下的利益和权益,但应提前通知合同另一方。 17. In witness whereof, the Parties hereto have caused this Agreement to be duly executed. 本协议各方签署本协议(以资为证)。 18. If the Party’s failure is due to the failure by a third person whom he has engaged to perform the whole or a part of the contract, that party is exempt from liability on if: (a) he is exempt under the preceding paragraph; and (b) the person whom he has so engaged would be so exempt if the provisions of that paragraph were applied to him. 如果当事人不履行义务是由于他所雇请来履行全部或部分合同的第三方不履行义务所致,该当事人只有在以下情况下才能免除责任: (a)他按照上一款的规定应免除责任;和

exercise_3_5

Lesson Five EXERCISES I.Translate. 1.into Chinese 1)to commit a grave error 2)to handle the case 3)to give testimony 4)to provide evidence 5)to identify the weapon 6)to wipe off the fingerprints 7)to conduct a cross-examination 8)to put something to the vote 9)to call for a vote 10)to vote by secret ballot 11)to vote for or against 12)to vote guilty 13)to give the verdict 14)to sentence sb to death 15)to pull a smart trick 16)to jam the river 2.into English 1)援引圣经 2)列出所有理由 3)拨这个电话号码 4)给这个词下个定义 5)在监狱服刑 6)该向某人道歉 7)驳斥论点 8)试试刀锋 9)清清喉咙 10)说话离题 11)确定一个时间限制 12)定下规则 13)分担房租 14)经过某一特定点 15)撕得粉碎 16)回到正题 17)背后捅刀 II.Give synonyms and antonyms of the following. 1.Give Synonyms

1)obvious 2)flimsy 3)to yell out 4)customary 5)menace 6)counselor 7)evidence 8)trash 9)filthy 10)argument 11)bright 12)to jam 13)incredible 14)to diverge 15)to accomplish 16)proposition 17)sickening 18)verdict 19)unbearable 20)characteristic 2.Give antonyms (1)accurate (2)ashamed (3)excitable (4)guilty (5)to admit (6)prosecution (7)sensitive (8)flimsy (9)to prove (10)personal (11)upright (12)regular (13)positive (14)normal III.Translate. 1)他接手的时候,公司背着沉重的债务。我们欠银行贷款约一千万。 2)老宋,我真的要向你道歉。那天我实在不像话。 3)人们知道得很清楚,他们今天所有的一切都是从改革开放来的。 4)他们的船为什么进入我们的领海?他们起码该向我们解释一下。 5)他扬言拥有两所大学的博士学位。 6)双方都声称赢得了这场比赛。 7)太平军最后夺取了那个城市,但是这一仗使他们失去了一位好领袖。

翻译练习 Exercise 3

Exercise3 One basic weakness in a conservation system based wholly on economic motives is that most members of the land community have no economic value. Yet these creatures are members of the biotic community and, if its stability depends on its integrity, they are entitled to continuance. When one of these noneconomic categories is threatened and, if we happen to love it, we invent excuses to give it economic importance. At the beginning of century songbirds were supposed to be disappearing. (46) Scientists jumped to the rescue with some distinctly shaky evidence to the effect that insects would eat us up if birds failed to control them. The evidence had to be economic in order to be valid. It is painful to read these roundabout accounts today. We have no land ethic yet, (47) but we have at least drawn near the point of admitting that birds should continue as a matter of intrinsic right, regardless of the presence or absence of economic advantage to us. A parallel situation exists in respect of predatory mammals and fish-eating birds. (48) Time was when biologists somewhat overworked the evidence that these creatures preserve the health of game by killing the physically weak, or that they prey only on “worthless” species. Some species of tree have been read out of the party by economics-minded foresters because they grow too slowly, or have too low a sale value to pay as timber crops.(49) In Europe, where forestry is ecologically more advanced, the non-commercial tree species are recognized as members of native forest community, to be preserved as such, within reason. To sum up: a system of conservation based solely on economic self-interest is hopelessly lopsided. (50) It tends to ignore, and thus eventually to eliminate, many elements in the land community that lack commercial value, but that are essential to its healthy functioning. It assumes, falsely, I think, that the economic parts of the biotic clock will function without the uneconomic parts.

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