文档库 最新最全的文档下载
当前位置:文档库 › 高中英语语法讲解19章

高中英语语法讲解19章

高中英语语法讲解19章
高中英语语法讲解19章

《高中英语语法讲解19章》

目录:

第01章名词

第02章代词

第03章冠词

第04章数词

第05章介词

第06章形容词和副词

第07章动词时态、语态

第08章情态动词

第09章非谓语动词

第10章名词性从句

第11章“It”用法及其句型和固定搭配讲解

第12章定语从句

第13章状语从句

第14章简单句

第15章倒装结构

第16章虚拟语气

第17章主谓一致

第18章交际用语

第19章全国高考英语试题分类汇编----单项填空

本文件内容丰富,讲解详细,层次分明,重点突出,包括高中英语中非常详尽的知识点、易错点、易混点、常考点等,是高中学生和老师非常实用而而且管用语法大全。适合不同层次的高中学生使用。

《高中英语语法讲解》第01章名词

一、概说

名词是表示人、事物、抽象概念等名称的词,如boy 男孩,mother 母亲,news 消息,progress 进步,computer 计算机,Tom 汤姆,Paris 巴黎,Japan 日本,furniture 家具,等。

名词根据其词汇意义,通常分为专有名词和普通名词。专有名词主要指人、地方、组织、机构等的专有的名称,专有名词的第一个字母通常大写,如Mary 玛丽,Mr Green 格林先生,Beijing 北京,等;普通名词通常指人、物、概念等的一般名称。根据普通名词的语法性质,它又可以细为个体名词、物质名词、集合名词和抽象名词四类:个体名词表示人或物的个体,如girl 女孩,pen 钢笔,等;物质名词表示无法分为个体的实物,如wood 木头,meat 肉,等;集合名词表示若干个体组成的集合体,如:family 家庭,crowd 人群,等;抽象名词表示性质、行为、状态、感情等抽象概念,如work 工作,happiness 幸福,等。

二、名词的数

1.名词复数的构成方法

(1)在一般情况下,加词尾 -s:

book / books 书

pen / pens 钢笔

face / faces 脸

(2)以 s, x, z, sh, ch 等结尾的名词,通常加词尾 -es:

bus / buses 公共汽车

box / boxes 盒子

dish / dishes 盘子

注:有些以 ch 结尾的名词,由于其发音不是 [k] 而是 [tf],那么其复数形式应加词尾–s,如stomach / stomachs 胃。

(3)以y 结尾的名词,其复数构成要分两种情况:以―辅音字母+y‖结尾的名词,将 y 改为 ies;以―元音字母+y‖结尾的名词,直接加词尾s:

city / cities 城市

boy / boys 男孩

key / keys 钥匙

注:以 y 结尾的专有名词,若在某些特殊情况下需要复数,通常加 s 构成:

Mary / Marys 玛丽

Germany / Germanys 德国

(4)以 o 结尾的名词,有些加词尾 -s,有些加 -es,有些加 -s 或 -es 均可:

piano / pianos 钢琴

tomato / tomatoes 西红柿

zero / zero(e)s 零

注:有人对英语中所有以o结尾的名词作了统计,一共近200个,其中绝大部分的复数形式通过加词尾-s构成,少数加词尾 es。在中学英语范围内,加词尾 es 的主要有以下4个:tomato 西红柿,potato 土豆,hero 英雄,Negro 黑人

(5)以 f 或 fe 结尾的名词,也有两种可能:即有些直接加词尾-s,有些则把 f / fe 改为 ves:

chief / chiefs 首领

roof / roofs 屋顶

knife / knives 小刀

注:在中学英语范围内,要改 f / fe 为 ves 的只有以下10个词(它们都是日常生活中的常用词):wife妻子,life 生命,knife 小刀,leaf 树叶,thief 贼,half 一半,self 自己,shelf 架子,loaf 面包,wolf 狼。

另外,中学英语中的handkerchief(手帕)一词的复数有两种形式:handkerchiefs / handkerchieves,但在现代英语中,以用 handkerchiefs 为多见。

2.单数与复数同形式的名词。中学英语中主要的有:sheep 绵羊,fish 鱼,deer 鹿,Chinese 中国人,Japanese 日本人,Portuguese 葡萄牙人,Swiss 瑞士人,aircraft 飞行器,means 方法,series 系列,head (牛等的)头数,works 工厂,等。

注:fish 有时也用 fishes 这样的复数形式,尤其表示种类时;head 若不是牲口的―头数‖,而是表示―人的头‖或―人数‖,则要用 heads 这样的复数形式。

3.不规则的复数名词。有的名词单数变复数时,没有一定的规则:

man / men 男人

woman / women 女人

child / children 小孩

tooth / teeth 牙齿

foot / feet 脚

goose / geese 鹅

mouse / mice 老鼠

ox / oxen 公牛

注:(1)一些以 man, woman 结尾的合成词,在构成复数与 man, woman 的变化形式相同,如:policeman / policemen 警察,gentleman / gentlemen 绅士,Englishman / Englishmen 英国人,等等。但是 human(人),German(德国人)不是合成词,其复数不能仿 man 的变化规律,而是按规则变化,即用 humans, Germans。

(2) foot表示―英尺‖时,其复数可以有两种形式 feet / foot,如:He is about six feet / foot tall. 他大约6英尺高。

4.复合名词的复数形式。通常是将其主要名词变为复数:

passer-by / passers-by 过路人

shoe-maker / shoe-makers鞋匠

looker-on / lookers-on 旁观者

on-looker / on-lookers旁观者

father-in-law / fathers-in-law 岳父

若没有主要名词,则通常在最后一个词加s:

go-between / go-betweens 中间人,媒人 know-all / know-alls 万事通

注:由man / woman用于另一名词前构成的合成名词,两者均变为复数:

man doctor / men doctors 男医生 woman writer / women writers 女作家

5.字母、文字、数字、符号等的复数形式。原则上加词尾 -’s:

There are tw o i's in the word ―skiing‖ skiing.这个词里有两个字母i。

Mind your p’s and q’s.要谨言慎行。

All the –’s should be changed to +’s.所有的正号应改为负号。

若不至于发生混淆,也可只加词尾 s。如:

He was born in the 1930(')s. 他出生在20世纪30年代。

Your 3(')s look like 8(')s. 你写的3看起来像似8。

6.度量衡单位的缩写词的复数形式。一般不加词尾-s:

m (meter, meters) 米

km (kilometer, kilometers) 千米

kg (kilogramme, kilogrammes) 千克

cm (centimeter,centimeters) 厘米

有的缩写词也加 s:

hr (hours) / hrs (hours) 小时

No (number) / Nos (Numbers) 号码

有个别缩写词采用重复最后一个字母的方式构成复数形式:

p.10 (page 10) 第10页

pp.10 (pages 10 through 15) 第10至15页

7.名词的可数性。名词根据其可数性,可分为可数名词与不可数名词。一般说来,个体名词和大部分集合名词是可数的;而专有名词、物质名词、抽象名词以及少部分集合名词则通常是不可数的。但是这种区分只是大致的,原则性的,并不是绝对的。英语有些名词往往既是可数也可以是不可数的:

A:Would you like a cake? 要吃块蛋糕吗?

B:No, I don't like cake. 不吃,我不喜欢吃蛋糕。

以上第一句用 a cake,这是把 cake 视为一块一块的―蛋糕‖,所以它是可数的;而第二句只用 cake,这是把它当作物质名词看待, 所以它成了不可数名词。

下面我们按照名词的不同类别,分别讨论名词的可数性问题。

(1)专有名词的可数性。在通常情况下,专有名词具有―独一无二‖的含义,因此它通常没有复数形式,即不可数。但是,专有名词的独一无二性通常是相对的,随着范围的扩大,这种独一无二性便会受到破坏。如在一个星期(week)内,只有一个星期六(Saturday), 一个星期日(Sunday)等,但是在一个月中甚至一年中,便有多个星期六,多个星期日了。所以我们有时可以说:

We have spent many happy Sundays there. 我们在那儿度过了许多个愉快的星期日。

又如,在一个小范围内,可能只有一个 Henry,但在一个较大的范围内则可能有多

个 Henry, 因此我们有时会见到这样的句子:

There are five Henrys in our school. 我们学校有五个亨利。

另外,若专有名词转化成了普通名词,也可以是可数的:

Thousands of Lei Fengs have emerged in China. 中国涌现出了千千万万个雷锋。

(2)个体名词的可数性。个体名词表示的是一个一个的人或物的个体,所以它通常是可数的。

(3)物质名词的可数性。由于物质名词在通常情况下不能分为个体,所以它通常是不可数的。但是,在某些特殊情况下(如表示种类等),有些物质名词也可以连用不定冠词或用复数形式:

wine 酒(不可数),a wine 一种酒(可数)

beer 啤酒(不可数),two beers 两杯啤酒(可数)

glass玻璃(不可数),some glasses 一些玻璃杯(可数)

(4)抽象名词的可数性。抽象名词是表示事物性质、行为、状态、感情等抽象概念的,因此它通常是不可数的。但是,有时抽象名词也可转化为具体名词(可数),表示具有某种性质的人或事物:

success 成功(不可数),a success 成功的人或事(可数)

pleasure 愉快(不可数),a pleasure 令人愉快的人或事(可数)

(5)集合名词的可数性。集合名词表示若干个体组成的集合体,它本身通常是可数的,其复数形式表示多个集合体:

a family 一个家庭,three families 三个家庭

a team 一个队,two teams 两个队

a crowd 一群人,crowds 多群人

8.名词可数性的三个易错点

(1)根据汉语习惯将英语的物质名词误认为是可数名词。如:汉语中的―面包‖,一般认为是可数的,可以说―一个面包‖、―两个面包‖等,但英语中的bread却通常是不可数的,不能相应地用 a bread,two breads 表示以上意思。不过有趣的是,loaf 表示―面包‖却又是可数的,可说 a loaf, two loaves。

(2)想当然地判断名词的可数性。如有的学生认为 news(消息)和 paper(纸)都不可数,于是便想当然地认为 newspaper(报纸)就一定不可数,但事实上,newspaper 却是可数名词;又如有的同学认为 tear(眼泪)即―泪水‖,并将某其与 water(水)相联系,认为 tear 是不可数的,但事实上,tear 却是可数的。

(3)受名词一词多义的影响。有的名词不止一个意思,且用于不同意思时,其可数性也有不同,不要形成思维思势。如aim表示―目的‖时是可数名词,表示―瞄准‖时是不可数名词;又如 experience 表示―经验‖时不可数,表示―经历‖时则可数;再如fortune,当它表示―运气‖时,不可数(=luck),当它表示―命运‖时,可数,当它表示―财产‖时,不可数,但可与a连用。

9.可数与不可数名词的常用修饰语

(1)修饰可数名词的常用修饰语有:these, those, few, a few, many, a good [great] many, a great [good] number of 等。

注:a good [great] many 后直接跟名词,没有介词 of。

(2)修饰可数名词的常用修饰语有:this, that, a few, a little, a bit of, much, no, a great deal of 等。

(3)有些修饰语既可修饰可数名词也可修饰不可数名词:all, some, enough, a lot of, lots of, plenty of, a large amount of, a large quantity of 等。

(4)有些名词形式上是复数,但却被用作不可数名词,使用much, little等修饰语:

He hasn't got much brains. 他没什么头脑。

He took much pains to do the work. 他费了不少心做这工作。

I said I wouldn't want much wages. 我说过我不要很多工资。

It's high time you were taught a little manners. 该是你学一点礼貌的时候了。

10.单位词与不可数名词数量表示法。单位词是表示事物个体性的词语,不可数名词通常没有复数形式,也不可以用个数计算,要表示不可数名词的个体性需借助单位词:

a piece of paper 一张纸 a piece of advice一条建议

a piece of news一条消息 an article of furniture 一件家具

a cake of soap 一块香皂 a slice of meat 一块肉

a cup of tea 一杯茶 a bottle of ink 一瓶墨水

注:不要按汉语习惯在不该用单位词的地方错用单位词,如―一张邮票‖只能说 a stamp,而不能说 a piece of stamp。

三、名词的格

1.名词的格的种类。英语名词有三个格,即主格、宾格和所有格。名词的主格和宾格形式相同,所以它们又统称作通格。当名词用作主语、宾语、表语时,用通格。英语名词的所有格表示所属关系,它分-’s所有格和 of 所有格两种形式。

Tom loves Mary. (Tom 为主格,Mary 为宾格,均为通格形式)

Tom’s best friend is Mary.(Tom’s是所有格,Mary 为通格)

The title of the book is interesting. (of the book 为所有格)

2. -’s所有格的构成方法

(1)一般情况(包括单数名词和不带词尾s的复数名词)加 -’s:

children's books 儿童图书today’s paper今天的报纸

(2)带词尾s的复数名词只加省字撇(’):

girls’ school女子学校the Smiths’ car史密斯家的小汽车

注:带词尾s的单数名词,通常仍加’s:

the boss’s plan老板的计划the hostess’s wor ry 女主人的担心(3)带词尾s的人名,可加’s或只加省字撇(’):

Dickens’ novels狄更斯的小说Charles’s job查理斯的工作

不带词尾-s却以咝音结尾者,一律加’s:

Marx's works 马克思的著作 George's room 乔治的房间

(4)用and连接的并列连词的所有格要分两种情况,即表示各自的所有关系时,要分别在并列连词后加-’s,表示共同的所有关系时,只在最后一个名词后加-’s:Tom’s and Jim’s rooms汤姆和吉姆(各自)的房间

Tom and Jim’s rooms汤姆和吉姆(共同)的房间

3. -’s所有格的用法。-’s所有格主要用于有生命的东西,但有时也可用于无生命的东西,这主要见于:

(1)用于表时间的名词后:

tomorrow’s weather明天的天气

two days’ journey两天的旅程

比较:ten minutes’ break = a ten-minute break 10分钟的休息

(2)用于表国家、城市的名词后:

America’s policy美国的政策

the city’s population 这个城市的人口

(3)用于某些集合名词后:

the majority’s view多数人的观点

the government’s policy政府的政策

(4)用于组织机构后:

the station’s waiting-room 车站候车室

the newspaper’s editorial policy这家报纸的编辑方针

(5)用于度量衡及价值名词后:

a mile’s distance 1英里的距离

twenty dollar’s value 20美元的价值

注:对于带有连字符已转化为形容词的度量衡,不能用所有格形式:

ten-minute walk 10分钟的路程(比较:ten minutes' walk)

(6)用于表天体的名词后:

the moon’s rays月光

the earth’s surface地球表面

(7)用于某些固定表达中:

a stone’s throw一箭之遥

at one’s wit’s end黔驴技穷

at arm’s length以一臂之距

out of harm’s way在完全的地方

注:名词所有格并不一定表示所有关系,有时可能表示其他意义:

(1)表类别:a doctor’s degree博士学位,children’s hospital儿童医院

(2)表动作执行者:Mr Smith’s arrival史密斯先生的到达

(3)表动作承受者:children’s education儿童教育

4. -’s所有格与of 所有格的用法比较

(1) of 所有格既可用于有生命的人或物,也可用于无生命的东西。of 所有格有时可以与-’s所有格互换。如:

Mr Smith’s son = the son of Mr Smith 史密斯先生的儿子

Jim’s patience = the patience of Jim吉姆的耐心

the Queen’s arrival = the arrival of the Queen女王的到达

(2)必须用’s所有格的情形:

①表类别时:men’s shoes男鞋,children’s stories儿童故事

②表来源时:John’s telegram约翰的电报

③当被修饰的名词后有同位语修饰时:Mary’s husband, a policema n, has just been here. 玛丽的丈夫是个警察,刚刚来过这儿。

(3)必须用of 所有格的情形:

①用于无生命的事物时:the subject of the sentence 句子主语

②表同位关系时:the City of Beijing 北京市

③当中心词是名词化的名词时:the life of the poor 穷人的生活

④当of 所有格中的名词后跟有后置修饰语或同位语时:Mr Smith is a foreign teacher of a university in China. 史密斯先生是中国一所大学的外籍教师。

5.双重所有格

(1)所谓双重所有格就是指将’s所有格与 of 所有格结合起来一起使用:

a friend of my father’s我父亲的一位朋友

a photo of Mr Smith’s史密斯先生的一张照片

(2)双重所有格的使用场合:

①当被修饰名词前有指示代词、疑问代词、不定代词或数词等限定词时,一般要用双重所有格:

I don’t like that big nose of David’s.我不喜欢大卫的那个大鼻子。

Which no vel of Dickens’ are you referring to?你谈的是狄更斯的哪部小说?

Some friends of my brother’s will come.我兄弟的一些朋友要来。

注:被双重所有格修饰名词前有指示代词时,通常带有一定的感情色彩(如赞赏或厌恶等)。如:

That little daughter of your cousin's is really a dear. 你表哥的那个小女儿真是逗人爱。(表赞赏)

That daughter of your cousin's is constantly complaining. 你表哥的那个女儿老是在报怨。(表厌恶)

另外,被双重所有格修饰的名词前可以用不定冠词,但通常不用定冠词:

可以说:a poem of Shelly's, a novel of Dickens'

不能说:the poem of Shelly's, the novel of Dickens'

②有时既可用双重所有格也可用 of 所有格,但含义稍有差别。比较:

a photo of Mary's 玛丽收藏的一张照片 a photo of Mary 玛丽照的一张照片

a criticism of William’s威谦提出的批评 a criticism of William 对威谦的批评

四、有关名词的重要考点

1.短文改错题考查名词单复数的使用。在高考的短文改错题型中,几乎每年都一道涉及名词单复数使用的试题。这类试题本身难度并不大,只是要求考生能根据句意对名词单复数的使用做出简单的判断。不过,在具体做这类题时,考生注意以下几点是有必要的:一是不可数名词通常不能有复数形式,也不能连用不定冠词;二是在通常情况下,单数可数名词不能单独使用,它要么应与冠词、指示代词、不定代词等限定词连用,要么就应用复数。三是注意名词本身的单复数形式应与它的修饰语保体一致。请看以下几道典型的高考改错句:

(1)… drink some waters from a dream. (waters应改为单数 water)

(2) They have been to Europe many time. (time 应改为复数 times)

(3) There are branch library in many villages. (library 应改为复数 libraries)

(4) ... could come and visit us some times soon. (times应改为单数 time)

(5) We studies quite a few subject. (subject应改为复数 subjects)

(6) We often watch football match. (match应改为复数matches)

(7)… so that I'll get good marks in all my subject. (subject应改为复数 subjects)

(8)On my way up I was taking picture … (picture应改为复数 pictures)

(9) Good health is person's mot valuable possession. (应在 person's 前加 a)

(10) There is public library in every town in Britain. (应在public library 前加 a)

2.高考对集合名词的考查。高考考查集合名词主要涉及其可数性、单复数意义、主谓一致、恰当的修饰语等。为了便于理解和记忆,我们将常考集合名词分为以下几类,并分别简述其有关用法特点:

(1) family(家庭),team(队),class(班),audience(听众)等,其用法特点为:若视为整体,表示单数意义;若考虑其个体成员,表示复数意义。比较:

This class consists of 45 pupils. 这个班由45个学生组成。

This class are studying English now. 这个班的学生在学习英语。

(2) cattle(牛,牲畜),people(人),police(警察)等,其用法特点为:只有单数形式, 但却表示复数意义,用作主语时谓语用复数;不与 a(n) 连用,但可与the连用(表示总括意义和特指)。如:

People will laugh at you. 人们会笑你的。

The police are looking for him. 警察在找他。

For these many cattle were killed. 就因为这个原因宰了不少牲畜。

注:表示牲畜的头数,用单位词 head(单复数同形)。如:three head of cattle 3头牛,twenty (head of )cattle 20头牛。

(3) goods(货物), clothes(衣服)等,其用法特点是:只有复数形式(当然也表示复数意义,用作主语时谓语也用复数),但通常不与数词连用。如:

Such clothes are very expensive. 那样的衣服很贵。

To whom do these goods belong? 这些书是谁的?

(4) baggage / luggage(行李), clothing(衣服), furniture(家具), machinery(机器), poetry(诗), scenery(风景), jewelry(珠宝),equipment(设备)等, 其用法特点为:是不可数名词,只用单数形式,不用不定冠词 (当然更不能用数词),没有复数形式。如:

Our clothing protects us from [against] the cold. 我们的衣服可以御寒。

Have you checked all your baggage? 你所有行李都托运了吗?

特别提醒:machinery, poetry, jewelry, scenery 相应的个体可数名词是 machine, poem, jewel, scene。如:a poem / a piece of poetry 一首诗,many machines / much machinery / many pieces of machinery 许多机器。

(5)补充说明几个特殊的集合名词:

①hair(头发,毛发):指全部头发或毛发时,为集合名词(不可数);指几根头发或毛发时,为个体名词(可数)。如:

My hair has grown very long. 我的头发已长得很长了。

The police found two hairs there. 警察在那儿找到了两根头发。

②mankind(人类):是一个不可数的集合名词,不用复数形式,也不连用冠词。如:

This is an invention that benefits mankind. 这是一项造福人类的发明。

Mankind has its own problems. 人类有自己的问题。

特别提醒:mankind 表示―人(类)‖时,虽不可数,但有时却可以表示复数意义,尤其是当其表语是复数时。如:Mankind are intelligent animals. 人是理智的动物。

③fruit(水果):作为集合名词,它通常是不可数的。如:

He doesn't not eat much fruit. 他不大吃水果。

He is growing fruit in the country. 他在农村种水果。

但是,当要表示种类时,它可视为可数名词,即a fruit 指一种水果,fruits 指多种水果。体会:

Some fruits have thick skins. 有些水果皮很厚。

The potato is a vegetable, not a fruit. 土豆是一种蔬菜,而不是一种水果。

3.根据上下文的语境选择恰当的名词。高考对名词的考查还经常涉及这样一类考题,即要求考生根据所给句子上下文所暗示的语境选择一个最恰当的词语,这类题考查的不一定是要求考生辨析同义词,而是要求考生根据语境的要求选出一个恰当的词语,或构成固定短语或固定搭配,或使句子语意连贯、逻辑通顺。请看两道高考真题:

1. We have worked out the plan and now we must put it into _____.

A. fact

B. reality

C. practice

D. deed

2. Here's my card. Let's keep in _____.

A. touch

B. relation

C. connection

D. friendship

第1题选C,构成短语put … into practice,意为―将…付诸实践‖;第2题选A,构成短语keep in touch,意为―保持联系‖。

《高中英语语法讲解》第02章代词

一、概说

代词是代替名词及起名词作用的短语或句子的词。代词可分为人称代词、物主代词、指示代词、相互代词、疑问代词、连接代词、关系代词、不定代词等九类。

二、人称代词

1.人称代词的用法。人称代词在句中可以用作主语(用主格,如I, you, he, she, we, they, 等)和宾语(用宾格,如me, you, him, her, us, them等):

He loves her, but she hates him. 他爱她,但她却讨厌他。

注:(1)在口语中,当人称代词用作表语、用于than, as 之后或用于强调句中被强调时,可以用宾语:

―Who is it?‖ ―It’s me.‖ ―是谁呀?‖―是我。‖

He sings better than me. 他比我唱得好。

He is as tall as her. 他和她一样高。

It’s me who did it.这是我干的。

但是,若than, as 后的人称代词后跟有动词,则必须用主格:

He sings better than I do. / He is as tall as she is.

(2)单独使用的人称代词通常用宾格:

―I’m tired.‖ ―Me too.‖ ―我累了。‖―我也累了。‖

―Who wants this?‖ ―Me.‖ ―谁要这个?‖―我要。‖

(3)有时用主格或宾格会导致意思的变化:

I like you better than he. 我比他更喜欢你。为I like you better than he likes you.之略。

I like you better than him. 我喜欢你胜过喜欢他。为I like you better than he likes him.之略。

2.人称代词的排序:

(1)人称代词的排列顺序为:单数人称代词通常按―二三一‖排列,即you, he and I;复数人称代词通常按―一二三‖排列,即 we, you and they:

You, he and I are of the same age. 你,他和我都是同一年龄。

We , you and they are all good citizens. 我们,你们和他们都是好公民。

但若是用于承担责任或错误等场合,则可把第一人称 I 置于其他人称代词之前:

I and Tom are to blame. 我和汤姆该受批评。

比较:Tom and I hope to go there. 汤姆和我想去那儿。

但是,you and I 是固定结构,语序通常不宜颠倒。

(2)在通常情况下,人称代词在句子中出现在它所代替的名词之后,即先出现名词,再出现相应的代词。但是,在书面语中,有时也可出现代词,后出现代词所代替的名词:As soon as it had hopped off, the plane picked up speed. 飞机刚一起飞,就加了速。(比较:As soon as the plane had hopped off, it picked up speed.)

3.人称代词后跟名词同位语。有些人称代词后有时可跟同位语:

These small desks are for us students. 这些小课桌是给我们学生的。

We girls often go to the movies together. 我们女孩子常一起去看电影。

He asked you boys to be quiet. 他要你们男孩子安静些。

三、物主代词

1.物主代词的用法。物主代词分形容词性物主代词(my, your, his, her, its, our, your, their)和名词性物主代词(mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, yours, theirs)。形容词性物主代词在句只用作定语;名词性物主代词则不能用作定语,但可以用作主语、宾语、表语、连用of作定语:His son is taller than hers. 他的儿子比她的儿子高。

Her son is a friend of ours. 她的儿子是我们的朋友。

Ours is a great country. 我们的国家是一个伟大的国家

This is your pen. Mine is in the box. 这是你的铅笔,我的在铅笔盒里。

注:可以说 a friend of mine (ours, yours, hers, his, theirs),但是不能说 a friend of me (us, you, her, him, theirs),但是―名词+of it‖有时可用来代替―its+名词‖,如 its price 也可说成 the price of it。

2.物主代词与own 连用。为了强调,有时可在物主代词后加上own一词:

Mind your own business. 别管闲事。

I saw it with my own eyes. 那是我亲眼看到的。

有可用of one’s own置于名词后作定语:

I hope to have a room of my own. / I hope to have my own house. 我希望有自己的房子。

3.使用物主代词注意点和易错点:

(1)要注意英语与汉语使用物主代词的差异。汉语说―我校‖,说成英语应是my school,而不能是 I school;汉语说―他妈‖,说成英语应是his mother,而不能是 he mother;同样地,汉语说―你先生‖,说成英语应是your husband,而不能是 you husband。另外,有些在英语中必用的物主代词在汉语中往往无需表达,如:

听到这个消息,他摇了摇头。

误:Hearing the news he shook head.

正:Hearing the news he shook his head.

汉语通常只说―摇头‖,不说―摇某人的头‖,而英语则说shake one’s head。

(2)有时按汉语习惯似乎应用物主代词,而英语却要用人称代词:

这个学期谁教我们的英语?

误:Who will teach our English this term?

正:Who will teach us English this term?

English 作为一个表示语言的名词,其前不能用物主代词,除非它表示的是使用英语的水平或能力,如可说 My English is poor. 我的英语(水平)不行。类似地,不能说 He teaches my physics,但可以说 My physics is good。

(3)不要受相似结构和短语的影响而用错物主代词。如lose heart 与lose one’s heart,两者仅差一个物主代词,意思截然不同:前者意为―灰心‖、―泄气‖;后者意为―爱上‖、―钟情于‖;又如have…on one's mind(为…担忧,把…挂在心上)与keep[bear]…in mind(记住…,把…记在心里),两者结构相似,但一个用物主代词,一个不用物主代词。

四、反身代词

1.反身代词的基本形式。反身代词是 oneself根据所指词的人称、性别、单复数等的变化可以有 myself, himself, herself, yourself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves 等形式。

2. oneself与himself。当one指人时,其相应的反身代词通常用oneself, 在美国英语中也可用himself:

One should not praise oneself [himself]. 一个人不应该自吹自擂。

3.反身代词的句法功能:

(1)用作同位语(加强被修饰词的语气,紧放在被修饰名词后, 或句末):

The box itself is not so heavy. 箱子本身并不重。

You yourself said so. / You said so yourself. 你自己是这样说的。

(2)用作宾语(动词或介词的宾语):

Take good care of yourself. 照顾好自己。

She could not make herself understood. 她不能使别人听懂她的话。

(3)用作表语:

The poor boy was myself. 那个可怜的孩子就是我自己。

The ones who really want it are ourselves. 真正想要它的是我们自己。

有时用于 be, feel, seem, look 等后作表语表示身体或精神处于正常状态:

I'm not quite myself these days. 我近来身体不大舒服。

I'll be myself again in no time. 我过一会儿就会好的。

(4)用作主语。在现代英语中,反身代词一般不能独立用作主语,但是它却可以借助 and, or, nor 等连词与其他名词一起构成并列主语(且位于并列主语的后部),以及用于某些特殊结构(如as...as等):

My brother and myself went there yesterday. 昨天我兄弟和我一起去了那儿。

Jim's sister and himself get up at six every day. 吉姆的妹妹和他每天6点起床。

He was as anxious as myself. 他和我一样担心。

五、相互代词

1.相互代词的形式与用法。英语的相互代词只有each other和one another,它们在句中通常只用作宾语:

We should help each other. 我们应该互相帮助。

They respect one another. 他们互相尊重(对方)。

The sea and the sky seem to melt into each other. 大海和蓝天似乎融为一体。

2.使用相互代词注意点:

(1)相互代词在句中通常只用作宾语,不可用作主语,所以以相互代词为宾语的句子不能变为被动语态。

(2)不要将相互代词误认为是副词,将其用作状语,如可说 talk to each other,但不能

说 talk each other。

(3)相互代词可以有所有格形式:

The students borrowed each other's notes. 学生们互相借笔记。

They looked into each other's eyes for a silent moment. 他们默默地对视了一会儿。

(4)有时可分开用:

We each know what the other thinks. 我们都知道对方的想法。

Each tried to persuade the other to stay at home. 每个人都设法想说服对方留在家里。

(5)有人认为,each other用于两者,one another用于三者,但在现代英语中两者常可换用(即均可用于两者或三者)。

六、指示代词

1.指示代词的用法。指示代词(this, that, these, those)在句中可作主语、宾语、表语、定语:

This is yours and that is mine. 这是你的,那是我的。

I want this book, not that book. 我要这本书,不是那本书。

I like these and he likes those. 我喜欢这些,他喜欢那些。

These computers are cheap. 这些电脑便宜些。

What I want to say is this. 我想说的就是这点。

注:指示代词用作主语和定语时,可指人或物;用作宾语和表语时,只指物。如This is my father. this 在句中作作主语,可以指人,但是在Do you know this? 中,this作宾语,此句只能理解为―你知道这个情况吗?‖不能理解为―你认识这个人吗?‖

2.表替代的that 与 those。有时为了避免重复,可用 that 和 those 代替前面提到的名词:

The population of China is much larger that that of Japan. 中国人口比日本人口多得多。(that = the population)

His views are close to those of the Socialist Party. 他的观点接近社会党的观点。(those = the views)

3. this 与 that用法比较

(1)用来回指上文提到的事情时,可用this 或 that,但是若要指下文叙述的事情,通常要用 this:

She married Jim, and this [that] surprised me. 她嫁给了吉姆,这使我感到很吃惊。

I want to know this: Is he healthy? 我想知道这一点:他是否很健康。

注:回指上文的 that 在译成汉语时,通常却译为―这‖:

That’s where you are wrong.这就是你不对的地方。

(2)在打电话时,通常用 this 指自己,用 that 指对方:

Hello. This is Jim. Is that John? 喂,我是吉姆,你是约翰吗?

但在美国英语中指对方时也可用 this。

(3)除用作代词外,this 和that 都可用作副词,与形容词或副词连用,其义为―这么‖、―那么‖(=so):

It's about this (that) high. 大约这(那)么高。

Is it this hot every day? 每天都有这么热吗?

4. this 的特殊用法。注意以下各句中this 的用法:

He will be in Paris this day next week. 下个星期的今天他将在巴黎了。

He will come here this day next month. 他将在下个月的今天来这儿。

比较:He got married ten years ago today. 他是10年前的今天结婚的。

七、疑问代词

1.疑问代词的用法。疑问代词(who, whom, whose, which, what等)在句中可用作主语、表语、宾语、定语等:

Who is your English teacher? 你们的英语老师是谁?

Whose is this umbrella? 这伞是谁的?

Whose umbrella is this? 这是谁的伞?

What question did he ask? 他问了什么问题?

Which do you prefer, tea or coffee? 茶和咖啡,你喜欢那样?

注:who 和 whom 只用作主语、宾语和表语,不用作定语,what, which, whose 则既可用作主语、宾语和表语,也可用作定语。

2.两组疑问代词的用法比较

(1) who 与 whom:前者为主格,用作主语,后者为宾格,用作宾格:

Who spoke at the meeting? 谁在会上发言了?

Whom are you talking about? 你们在谈论谁?

但是,当用作宾语的 whom 位于句首时,通常可用who 代之:

Who(m) is the letter from? 这信是谁寄来的?

若是紧跟在介词之后用作宾语,则只能用 whom。

(2) what, which 与 who:

①若后接名词(即用作限定词),只用which和what,不能用who:

Which / What train did you come on? 你是坐哪次火车来的?

What和 which 的区别是:当选择的范围较小或比较明确时,多用 which;当选择的范围较较大或不明确时,多用 what:

Which color do you like, red, black or white? 红色、黑色和白色,你喜欢哪种?

What color is your car? 你的汽车是什么颜色的?

但是,若指人,即使选择的范围不明确,也多用 which:

Which [What] writers do you like? 你喜欢哪些作家?

②若其后不接名词(即用作代词),三者均可用,which和what的用法区别可参见上面的分析。至于who,它一般只用来指人(用作代词的 which 不用于指人),不管选择范围大还是小、明确还是不明确均可用:

Who won –– Tom or Mike? 谁赢了,是汤姆还是迈克?

Who is your favorite poet? 你最喜欢的诗人是谁?

当选择范围比较明确且用作宾语时,who也可用which或which one代之:

Who [Which /Which one] do you like better, your father or your mother? 你更喜欢谁,父亲还是母亲?

③由于what和who的选择范围可以很大或不明确,所以其后可以跟 else,表示其他的人(或事物),但却通常不跟表示特定范围的of 短语;而 which 的选择范围相对比较小或明确,所以其后一般不接 else,却常与表特定范围的of短语连用:

Who (What) else did you see there? 你在那儿还看到了别人的什么人(什么东西)?

Which of the three girls is the oldest? 这三个女孩中哪个年纪最大?

④另外,比较以下两句:

"Who is he?" 他是谁?(who 指姓名、关系等)

What is he? 他是干什么的?(what 指职业、地位等)

3.两类易混句型的区别。请先看以下两句:

What do you think he wants? 你认为他想要什么?

Do you know what he wants? 你知道他想要什么吗?

上面第一句为特殊疑问句,第二句为一般疑问句,它们不能倒过来说成Do you think what he wants? What do you know he wants? 其原则区别是:可以用 yes 或 no 回答者,用一般

疑问句的形式(疑问词放在句中,即主句之后),适合这类句型的主句动词通常有 know, hear, ask, tell 等;不能用 yes 或 no 回答者,用特殊疑问句的形式(疑问词放在句首),适合这类句型的主句动词通常有 think, believe, suppose, guess 等:

Where do you suppose he has gone? 你认为他去什么地方了?

Did you ask why he had left so soon? 你问过他为什么那么快就离开了吗?

4.两个疑问代词同用的情况。请看以下实例:

Where and when were you born? 你出生在何时何地?

When and how did he go there? 他是什么时候、怎么去那儿的?

"Where is it?" "Where is what?" ―它在哪儿?‖―什么在哪儿?‖

八、连接代词

1. 连接代词的用法。连接代词主要包括who, whom, what, which, whose, whoever, whatever, whichever, whosever 等,它们在句中可用作主语、宾语、表语、定语等,可以引导主语从句、宾语从句和表语从句:

I don't know who he is. 我不知道他是谁。

What he says sounds reasonable. 他说的话听起来很有道理。

The question is who(m) we should trust. 问题是我们该信任谁。

I'll take whoever wants to go. 谁想去我就带谁去。

Take whichever seat you like? 你喜欢坐哪个座位就坐哪个?

I will just say whatever comes into my mind. 我想到什么就说什么。

注:who, whom, whoever 等不用于名词前作定语。

2. what 的两种用法。请看以下两个句子:

I didn't know what he wanted. 我不知道他想要什么。

I gave her what she wanted. 我给了她想要的一切。

上面第一句中的 what 表示―什么‖,带有疑问的意味;第二句中的 what 表示―所…的一切事或东西‖,其意义上大致相当于 that (those) which, the thing (things) that, anything that, all that, as much as等,又如:

What [=That which] you say is quite true. 你说的完全是事实。

He saves what [= all that] he earns. 他赚多少,积蓄多少。

Call it what [= anything that]you please. 你喜欢叫它什么就叫它什么。

这样用的 what 有时还可后接一个名词:

He gave me what money [= all the money that] he had about him. 他把身边带有的钱全给了我。

What friends [=All the friends that] he has are out of the country. 他所有的朋友都在国外。

3. whatever, whoever, whichever用法说明。主要用于引导主语从句和宾语从句:

He does whatever she asks him to do. 她要他做什么,他就做什么。

Whoever breaks the rules will be punished. 谁违反这些规则都将受到处罚。

I'll give the ticket to whoever wants it. 请想要这票,我就把它给谁。

Whichever team gains the most points wins. 哪个队得分最多,哪个队就赢。

注:其中的 ever 主要用于加强语气,含有―一切‖、―任何‖、―无论‖之义。使用这类词时,注意不要按汉语习惯用错句子结构:

任何人(谁)先来都可以得到一张票。

误:Anyone comes first can get a ticket. / Who comes first can get a ticket.

正:Anyone who comes first can get a ticket./ Whoever comes first can get a ticket.

九、不定代词

1. 不定代词概说。英语的不定代词有 all, each, both, either, neither, one, none, little, few, many, much, other, another, some, any, no, few, little, both, enough, every 等,以及由 some, any, no 和 every 构成的合成代词(即somebody, anyone, nothing 等)。在这些不定代词中,多数都能作主语、宾语、表语或定语,但是代词 none 以及由 some, any, no 和 every 构成的合成代词只能作主语、宾语或表语,不能作定语,而 no 和 every 则只用作定语。

2.指两者和三者的不定代词。有些不定代词用于指两者(如both, either, neither),有的不定代词用于指三者(如all, any, none, every),注意不要弄混:

Both of my parents are doctors. 我的父母都是医生。

All of the students are interested in it. 所有的学生对此都很感兴趣。

There are trees on any side of the square. 广场的每一边都种有树。

He has two sons, neither of whom is rich. 他有两个儿子,都不富有。

He has three sons, none of whom is rich. 他有三个儿子,都不富有。

注:each 可用于两者、三者或三者以上,而 every 只用于三者或三者以上,因此用于两者时只能用 each,不能用 every。如不能说 There are trees on every side of the road.

3.复合不定代词的用法特点。复合不定代词包括 something, somebody, someone, anything, anybody, anyone, nothing, nobody, no one, everything, everybody, everyone 等。它们在句中可用作主语、宾语或表语,但不能用作定语。something, someone 等和 anything, anyone 等的区别与 some 和 any 的区别一样,前者一般用于肯定句,后者一般用于否定句、疑问句或条件句(参见 any & some)。具体使用时应注意以下几点:

(1)复合不定代词受定语修饰时,定语应放在它们后面:

There is nothing wrong with the radio. 这收音机没有毛病。

Have you seen anyone [anybody] famous? 你见过名人吗?

(2)指人的复合不定代词若用作主语,其谓语动词一般用单数,相应的人称代词和物主代词也用单数 he, him, his (不一定指男性)。但在非正式文体中常用复数代词 they, them, their:

Everyone knows this, doesn't he [don't they]? 人人都知道这一点,不是吗?

If anybody [anyone] comes, ask him [them] to wait. 要是有人来,让他等着。

(3)指事物的复合不定代词若用作主语,谓语动词只能用单数,相应的人称代词也只能用 it,而不用 they:

Everything is ready, isn't it? 一切都准备好了,是吗?

(4) anyone, everyone 等只能指人,不能指物,且其后一般不接of 短语。若是指物或后接 of 短语,可用 any one, every one (分开写):

any one of the boys (books) 孩子们(书)当中的任何一个(本)

every one of the students (schools) 每一个学生(一所学校)

4.是any not 还是 not any。按英语习惯,any 以及含有any的复合不定代词用于否定句时,它只能出现在否定词之后,而不能在否定词之前:

误:Any one doesn't know how to do it.

正:No one knows how to do it. 任何人都不知道如何做它。

误:Anybody [Anyone] cannot do it.

正:Nobody [No one] can do it. 这事谁也干不了。

误:Anything cannot prevent me from going.

正:Nothing can prevent me from going. 什么也不能阻挡我去。

5.不定代词与部分否定。不定代词all, both, every 等与 not 连用时构成部分否定;

若要表示完全否定,则需换用 none, neither, no one等。比较:

All of the students like the novel. 所有这些学生都喜欢这本小说。

Not all of the students like the novel. 并不是所有这些学生都喜欢这本小说。

All of the students don’t like the novel.并不是所有这些学生都喜欢这本小说。

None of the students like the novel. 这些学生当中没有一个喜欢这本小说。

6. all, both, each 等用作同位语。若用作主语同位语,主语可以是名词或代词;若用作宾语等其他成分的同位语,则宾语等成分必须是人称代词,而不能是名词:

We have all read it. 我们都读过他。(all 修饰的主语是代词)

The villages have all been destroyed. 村庄都被毁了。(all 修饰的主语是名词)

They told us all to wait there. 他叫我们都在那儿等。(all 修饰的宾语是代词)

但不能说:They told the men all to wait there. (all 修饰的宾语是名词不是代词)

7. so little 与 such little的区别。用so little还是such little取决于little的意思:若表示数量方面的―少‖,则用so little;若表示形状体积的―小‖,则用such little:

He has so little time for reading. 他读书的时间少得可怜。

I've never seen such little boxes. 我从未见过那样小的盒子。

8. some 与 any的用法区别。一般说来,some 用于肯定句中,any 用于否定句和疑问句中。但是,在表示请求、邀请或征求意见的句子中,通常要用 some 而不用any:Would you like some cake? 吃点蛋糕吗?

Why not buy some bread? 为什么不买些面包呢?

Shall I get some chalk for you? 要我帮你拿些粉笔来吗?

注:any 有时也用于肯定句中,此时表示―任何‖:

Any colour will do. 任何颜色都行。

Come any day you like. 随便哪天来都可以。

9. many 与 much的用法区别。两者都表示―许多‖,但 many 修饰或代替可数名词(复数),与 few(少数)相对;而 much 用来修饰或代替不可数名词(单数),与little(少量)相对。在口语中两者主要用于非肯定句中:

Did you see many people there? 你在那儿看见许多人了吗?

We don't have much time. 我们没有许多时间。

在肯定句中,一般用 a lot of, lots of, plenty of 等代之。但在正式文体中有时也用于肯定句中;另外,若用作主语或主语的定语,或其前有 how, too, as, so, a good, a great 等修饰,

也可用于肯定句中:

Many of us left early. 我们有许多人离开得很早。

Much work has been done. 许多工作都已经做了。

You've given me too much. 你已给我太多了。

Take as many (much) as you want. 你要多少拿多少。

I asked her a great many questions. 我问了她许多问题。

10. few, a few 与 little, a little的用法区别。

(1) few和a few 后接可数名词的复数形式。few 表示数量很少或几乎没有,强调―少‖,含有否定意义;a few 表示数量虽然少但毕竟还有,强调―有‖,含有肯定意义:It is very difficult, and few people understand it. 它很难,没有几个人能懂。

It is very difficult, but a few people understand it. 他虽难,但是有些人懂。

(2) little 和 a little 之后接不可数名词,其区别跟 few 和 a few 之间的区别相似:

Unfortunately, I had little money on me. 很不巧,我身上没带什么钱。

Fortunately, I had a little money on me. 幸好我身上带着一点钱。

11. other, the other, another与others的用法区别:这些不定代词不仅在含义上有单复数之分,而且在用法上有泛指(无the)和特指(有the)之别。其用法区别可归纳如下:

(1)指单数时,若泛指用another,若特指用 the other:

Give me another (one). 另外给我一个。

Shut the other eye, please. 请把另一只眼睛也闭上。

(2)指复数时,若泛指用 other(后接复数名词),若特指用the other(后接复数名词):

There are other ways of doing it. 做这事还有其他的办法。

Where have the other students gone? 其他学生都到哪里去了?

(3) others永远表示复数意义(且其后不能再接名词)。其用法大致相当于―other+复数名词‖,同样地 the others 大致相当于―the other+复数名词‖:

Other people [Others] may not think that way. 别的人可能不这样想。

He is cleverer than the others [the other students] in her class. 他比班上其他学生聪明。

(4) another一般只能表单数,且其后接名词也只能接单数名词。但是若其后有数词

或 few 修饰时,则也可接复数名词:

We need another few chairs. 我们还需要几把椅子。

In another two weeks it'll be finished. 再过两个星期就可做完了。

(5)与 some 对比使用时,用 others(此时与 some 同义):

Some say yes, and others say no. 有人说对,有人说不对。

12.不定代词与语境考题。不定代词是高考的常考考点,有的不定代词考题出得比较灵活,不能死套规则,要注意结合语境来理解:

(1)―Is ____ here?‖ ―No, Bob and Tim have asked for leave.‖

A. anybody

B. everybody

C. somebody

D. nobody

若只是从表面来看,填空句是个疑问句,可能会误选A。但其实此题最佳答案应选B,因为下文的答句说―只有Bob和Tim请假了‖,这说明问句是在查人数,故用 Is everybody here? (大家都到齐了吗?)

(2) I agree with most of what you said, but I don't agree with _____.

A. everything

B. anything

C. something

D. nothing

此句若从表面看,有可能误选B,因为填空句为否定句。但实际上最佳答案为A,因为上文说―我同意他说的大部分内容‖,这与下文的but I don’t agree with everything(但并不是同意他说的所有内容)完全相符。

(3)―Do you have _____ at home now, Mary?‖ ―No, we still have to get some fruit and tea.‖

A. something

B. anything

C. everything

D. nothing

答案选C,句意为―玛丽,现在家里东西都准备齐了吗?‖―还没有,我们还要买些水果和茶。‖

(4)―If you want a necklace, I’ll buy one for you at once.‖ ―Oh, no. A necklace is not _____ that I need most.

A. anything

B. something

C. nothing

D. everything

此题容易误选A,机械地认为:something 用于肯定句,anything 用于否定句或疑问句。但是,此题的最佳答案是B,something 在此的意思不是―某种东西‖,而是指―那种东西‖或―这种东西‖,即心中最想要的那种东西(相当于 the thing)。

十、关系代词

1.关系代词的用法。主要的关系代词有 that, who, whom, whose, which, as 等。其中who, whom 只用于指人,which, as 只用于指事物,whose, that 既可于指人也可用于指物。关系代词在定语从句主要用于主语、宾语(可以省略)、表语或定语:

He is the man who [that] lives next door. 他就是就是住在隔壁的那个人。

How do you like the photo that [which] I took? 你觉得我拍的这张照片怎么样?

This is the same watch as I lost. 这块表跟我丢失的那块一样。

I want to find someone with whom I could discuss music. 我想找个能和我谈音乐的人。

She received an invitation from her boss, which came as a surprise. 她收到了老板的邀请,这是她意想不到的。

2. that 与 which的用法区别。两者都可指物,常可互换。其区别主要在于:

(1)引导非限制性定语从句时,通常要用which:

She received an invitation from her boss, which came as a surprise. 她收到了老板的邀请,这是她意想不到的。

(2)直接放在介词后作宾语时,通常要用which:

The tool with which he is working is called a hammer. 他干活用的那个工具叫做锤子。

(3)当先行词是下列不定代词或被它们修饰时much, little, none, all, few, every(thing), any(thing), no(thing) 等时,通常用that:

There was little that the enemy could do but surrender. 敌人无法,只有投降了。

All [Everything] that can be done must be done. 凡能做的事都必须做。

(4)当先行词有the very, the only, the same 等修饰时,通常用that:

This is the only example that I know. 我知道的例子只有这一个。

Those are the very words that he used. 那是他的原话。

(5)当先行词有形容词最高级或序数词(包括last, next等)等修饰时,通常用that:

This is the best dictionary that I've ever used. 这是我用过的最好的词典。

The first thing that you should do is to work out a plan. 你应该做的第一件事是订个计划。

(6)当关系代词在定语从句中用作表语时,通常用that:

China is not the country (that) it was. 中国已不是过去的中国了。

(7)当先行词是一个既指人又指物的并列词组时,通常用that:

They talked about the persons and things that most impressed them. 他们谈论了使他们印象最深的人和事。

(8)当要避免重复时:

Which is the course that we are to take? 我们选哪门课程?

3. that与who的用法区别。

(1)两者均可指人,有时可互换:

All that [who] heard him were delighted. 所有听了他讲话的人都很高兴。

Have you met anybody that [who] has been to Paris? 你遇见过到过巴黎的人吗?

He is the only one among us that [who] knows Russian.他是我们中间唯一懂俄语的人。

(2)但是在下列情况,通常要用 that:

①当先行词是一个既指人又指物的并列词组时:

I made a speech on the men and things that I had seen abroad. 我就我在国外所见到的人和事作了报告。

②当先行词是who时(为避免重复):

Who was it that won the World Cup in 1982? 谁赢得了1982年的世界杯?

③当关系代词在定语从句中作表语时(可省略):

Tom is not the boy (that) he was. 汤姆这孩子已不是以前那个样子了。

4. as与which的用法区别

(1)引导限制性定语从句时,在such, as, the same后只能用as,其他情况用 which:

I never heard such stories as he tells. 我从未听过他讲那样的故事。

It's the same story as I heard yesterday. 这故事跟我昨天听到的一样。

This is the photo which shows my house. 这张照片拍的是我的住宅。

(2)引导非限制性定语从句时,有时两者可互换:

I live a long way from work, as [which] you know. 我住得离工作单位很远,这你是知道的。

(3)但在,在以下情况引导非限制性定语从句时,两者不可换用:

①当从句位于主句前面时,只用 as:

As is known to everybody, the moon travels round the earth once every month. 月球每月绕地球转一周,这是每个人都清楚的。

② as 引导的非限制性定语从句应与主句在意义上和谐一致,which无此限制:

He went abroad, as [which] was expected. 他出国了,这是大家预料到的。

He went abroad, which was unexpected. 他出国了,这让大家感到很意外。(不用as)

③ as 引导非限制性定语从句时,先行词通常不能是主句中某个具体的词,而应是整个句子、整个短语或某个短语推断出来的概念,而which 则无此限制:

The river, which flows through London, is called the Thames. 这条流经伦敦的河叫泰晤士河。(不用as)

④当as 引导非限制性定语从句作主语时,其谓语通常应是连系动词,而不宜是其他动词,而 which则无此限制:

She has married again, as [which] seemed natural. 她又结婚了,这似乎很自常。

She has married again, which delighted us. 她又结婚了,这使我们很高兴。(不用as)

5. who与whom的用法区别。两者均只用于人,从理论上说,who 为主格,whom为宾格:

Where's the girl who sells the tickets? 卖票的女孩在哪里?

The author whom you criticized in your view has written a letter in reply. 你在评论中批评

的那个作者已写了一封回信。

但实际上,除非在正式文体中,宾格关系代词 whom 往往省略不用,或用who或that 代之:

The man (that, who, whom) you met just now is called Jim. 你刚遇见的那个人叫吉姆。

不过,在以下几种情况值得注意:

(1)直接跟在介词后面作宾语时,只能用 whom,而且不能省略:

She brought with her three friends, none of whom I had ever met before. 她带了3个朋友来,我以前都没见过。

(2)引导非限制性定语从句且作宾语时,who 和 whom均可用,但以用 whom 为佳,此时也不能省略:

This is Jack, who [whom] you haven't met before. 这是杰克,你以前没见过。

《高中英语语法讲解》第03章冠词

一、概说

冠词是用于名词前并用以说明该名词含义的虚词(在现代英语中冠词被称为限定词)。传统语法通常将冠词分为不定冠词(a, an)和定冠词(the)两类。但现代英语通常将冠词分为不定冠词、定冠词和零冠词三类。不定冠词之所以冠以―不定‖两字,就是因为它的主要特点就是―不确定‖或―泛指‖;定冠词之所以冠以―定‖字,就是因为它的主要特点是―确指‖或―特指‖。

二、冠词位置

1. 通常位置。冠词是帮助说明名词含义的词,在通常情况下,它总是放在名词前,若名词前带有形容词等修饰语,它则放在相应的修饰语前:

He is a (famous) poet. 他是(著名)诗人。

2. 特殊位置

(1)若修饰名词的形容词受 too, so, as, how, however 等副词的修饰,则通常将不定冠词置于形容词与名词之前:

She is as clever a cook as her mother. 她跟妈妈一样做饭。

It is too difficult a book for beginners. 那本书供初学者看太难了。

It's so interesting a film that we all like it. 那部电影很有趣,我们大家都喜欢看。

He didn't know how great a mistake he had made. 他不知道他自己犯了一个好大的错误。

(2)若单数可数名词前有such, what, many 等词修饰,不定冠词应置于它们之后:

What a nice coat! 多漂亮的上衣啊!

I have been there many a time. 我去那儿很多次。

I've never seen such a big apple. 我从未看到那样大的苹果。

注:―many a+单数可数名词‖是一种较文的说法,在现代英语的口语或非正式文体中,通常用―many+复数名词‖代之。

(3)不定冠词与副词 quite, rather 连用时,不定冠词通常置于其后,但若其后的名词前有形容词修饰,则不定冠词放在 quite, rather 之前或之后均可以:

He is rather a fool. 他是个大傻瓜。( a 必须后置)

It is quite a [a quite] good book. 那是本很好的书。

但不能说:He is a rather fool. (因为名词前无形容词,所以错误)

定冠词与quite 和 rather连用时,情况也是如此(即定冠词后置):

You're going quite the wrong way. 你的路全走错了。

It's quite the most interesting film I've ever seen. 这是我看过的最有趣的电影。

(4)与 both, all, half, twice等连用时,冠词通常应置于其后:

I know both the brothers. 两兄弟我都认识。

All the children have gone home. 所有的孩子都回家了。

Half the workers are women. 一半工人是妇女。

He left half an hour ago. 他是半小时前离开的。

Yours is twice the size of mine. 你的是我的两倍大。

注:① both 后的定冠词通常可省略而不影响意思的表达;all 后的定冠词也可省略,但省略后含义稍有变化(用定冠词表示特指,省略定冠词表泛指)。

②在美国英语中,half 也可置于不定冠词之后:half an hour=a half hour 半小时。

三、不定冠词的用法

1. a还是an。不定冠词有a 和 an两种形式其区别是:a 用于辅音音素前,an 用于元音音素前:

a dog 一条狗 a dictionary 一本词典 a student 一个学生

an egg 一只鸡蛋 an elephant 一只大象 an island 一个岛

注:有些以元音字母开头的单词,由于它不是以元音开头,其前仍用a:

a university student一个大学生 a European country一个欧洲国家

同时,有些单词虽然以辅音字母开头,由于它的第一个读音为元音,其前用an:

an honest man 一个诚实的人 an honorable deed 高尚的行为

以下各例均用了an,也是因为紧跟在其后的词语以元音开头:

miss an ―m‖漏写一个m an 8-year plan 一个8年计划

2. 不定冠词的类别用法。即指明某一类别的人或事物,并将其与其他类的人或事物区别开来。

(1)泛指指某一类人或物中的任何一个:

We need a boy to do the work. 我们需要一个男孩来做这工作。

下定义时通常这样用:

A teacher is a person who teaches. 教师就是教书的人。

(2)笼统指某类中的某一个,但又不具体说明是哪一个:

He bought a computer yesterday. 他昨天买了台电脑。

比较:

A tiger can be dangerous. 老虎是危险的。(泛指任何一只老虎)

A tiger has escaped. 有一只老虎逃跑了。(指某只老虎,但不具体说明是哪只)

(3)用于补语或同位语前,表示某人的身份、职业、国籍等:

He is a Frenchman. 他是法国人。

My father is a doctor. 我父亲是医生。

3. 不定冠词的数量用法。即表示―一‖的意思,含有数量意味。

(1)表示类似数词 one 的含义,但语气比 one 要弱:

I'll be able to finish it in a day or two. 在一两天内我会完成此事。

It took us an hour and a half to get there. 去那儿花了我们一个半小时。

2)不定冠词与数词one都可表示―一‖的意思,前者可视为后者的弱式:

I have a [one] brother and two sisters. 我有一个兄弟和两个姐妹。

尽管两者有时可换用,但由于两者词性和用法不同,在多数情况下不能互换:

①从本质上说,不定冠词侧重指―类别‖概念,而数词one侧重指数量概念。有时尽管两者都可用,但含义有差别:

I bought a dictionary yesterday. 我昨天买了本词典。(意指买的是词典,不是语法书,也不是钢笔等)

I bought one dictionary yesterday. 我昨天买了一本词典。 (意指买的是一本词典,不是两本或三本词典等)

―Can a boy do it?‖ ―No, but a man can.‖ ―小孩做得了吗?‖―做不了,要大人才行。‖

―Can one boy do it?‖ ―No, but two (boys) can.‖―一个小孩做得了吗?‖―不行,要两个小孩才行。‖

②当要强调数量概念或进行数量对比时,只能用数词 one:

―How many pens do you have?‖ ―I have one (pen).‖ ―你有几支钢笔?‖―我有一支钢笔。‖

I want one apple, not three apples. 我要一个苹果,不是三个苹果。

③若不是表示―一‖的数量概念,而是表示―类别‖概念,则只能用不定冠词:

A computer is useful. 电脑是有用的。

He is an excellent teacher. 他是位优秀的教师。

④在某些短语中,两者均可用,含义相同:

at a [one] blow 一下子,一举 in a [one] word 一句话,总而言之

而在某些表达中,两者均可用,但含义不同:

at a time 每次,同时 at one time 一度,曾经

还有一些表达,两者均可用,虽含义相同,但表达不同:

on a hot summer afternoon 一个炎热的夏日的下午 (用介词 on)

one hot summer afternoon 一个炎热的夏日的下午 (不用介词 on)

an hour and a half 一个半小时 (不说 one hour and a half)

one and a half hours 一个半小时

a minute or two 一两分钟 (不说 one minute or two)

one or two minutes 一两分种

注意,在绝大多数习语中,两者是不能换用的:as a result 结果,all of a sudden 突然,one day 一天,one by one 一个一个地,等。

⑤与表示时间或度量衡的名词连用表示―每‖时,只用不定冠词:

Brush your teeth twice a day at least. 每天至少要刷牙两次。

They are sold at two dollars a dozen. 他们的售价是每打两美元。

4. 不定冠词的其他用法

(1)用于序数词之前,表示数量或序数的增加:

Soon I saw a second plane. 不久我又看到了另一架飞机。

―This is the second time that I've read the book.‖ ―Do you want to read it a third time?‖ ―这

是我第二次看这本书。‖―你还想看第三次吗?‖

(2)用于表示―非常‖、―很‖等意义的 most 前:

This is a most interesting story. 这是一个非常有趣的故事。

(3)用于物质名词前,使之转化为具体名词,表示―一种‖、―一杯之量‖等:

A coffee, please. 请给我来杯咖啡。

I'd like a tea, please. 我要来杯茶。

(4)用于抽象名词前,使之具体化,表示与该之相关的具体的人或事:

He was a success in business. 他事业成功。

It's a pleasure to talk with you. 同你谈话是件令人愉快的事。

(5)用于指人的专有名词前,指某人、某人的作品或艺术品、…似(式)的人等:

A Mr Smith wants to see you. 一位名叫史密斯先生的人想见你。

He bought a complete Lu Hsun. 他买了一套鲁迅全集。

He thought he was a Zhu Geliang. 他自以为是诸葛亮。

(6)用于某些由动词转化来或具有动作意味的名词前,表示一次、一番等义(通常与 have, take, make, give 等动词连用):

Let's go out for a walk. 我们出去走走吧。

Do you care for a smoke? 抽烟吗?

Would you like a drink? 要喝一杯吗

(7)有的不可数名词或本来带有定冠词 the的名词,由于受定语的修饰,其前可用不定冠词,表示某种状态。此时的不定冠词含有类似a kind of 的意思:

have breakfast 吃早餐─have a quick breakfast 吃快餐

the world 世界─a world like ours 像我们这样的世界

(8)构成短语表示数量:

a few apples 几个苹果 a little money 一点点钱

a lot of time 许多时间 a great many friends 许多朋友

5. 不定冠词的省略与重复

(1)在不引起误会的情况下,两个并列名词中的后一个名词前的不定冠词可以省略:

The noun is the name of a person or thing. 名词是人和物的名称。

(2)当两个并列名词指的是同一个人时,后一名词前的不定冠词通常省略:

His father is a teacher and poet. 他父亲是位教师兼诗人。

但如果要强调这两种身份,也可后一个不定冠词:

His father is a teacher and a poet. 他父亲既是教师,又是诗人。

有时,由于两个并列的名词关系比较紧密、被视为一个整体,也可只用一个冠词:

A man and woman are walking arm-in-arm. 一对男女手挽着手走着。

(3)两个形容词并列同时修饰一个名词时,若该名词指的是两个事物,则通常应分别使用两个冠词:

We have a black and a white cat. 我们养了一只黑猫和一只白猫。(比较:We have a black and white cat. 我们养了一只黑白花猫。)

但是,有时两个并列的名词只一个事物,为了加强语气,也有了两个冠词:

It was a cold and a dark night. 那是一个又冷又黑的夜晚。

(4)有些由两样东西构成的―自然成对‖使用的事物,通常只在其前使用一个冠词:

a knife and fork 一副刀叉 a cup and saucer 一副茶杯与茶托

a horse and cart 一辆马车 a needle and thread 一根带线的针

hire a car and driver 租一辆配有司机的汽车

有时连第一个冠词也省略(尤其是与介词连用时):with knife and fork 用刀叉/R2)

(5)当要对两个并列的名词进行选择和比较方面的强调时,通常应重复两个冠词:

Give me a pen, not a pencil. 给我一支钢笔,不是铅笔。

Do you want a novel or a dictionary? 你是想要本小说,还是想要本字典?

6. 因汉语习惯用错不定冠词的几种情形

(1)单数可数名词若泛指,其前需加 a/an,不要按汉语习惯漏掉此不定冠词:

他是著名影星。

正:He is a famous film star.

误:He is famous film star.

(2)不定冠词不能与指示代词、物主代词、所有格等连用:

我在公园遇到了我的一位朋友。

正:I met a friend of mine in the park.

误:I met my a friend in the park.

(3)不要受汉语影响而用错不定冠词位置:

我从未读过如此有趣的书。

正:I have never read such an interesting book.

误:I have never read a such interesting book.

误:I have never read a so interesting book.

三、定冠词的用法

1. 定冠词表示类别

1.表示特指:

Look! A car has stopped there. The car is beautiful. 瞧,有辆汽车在那儿停下了。那辆汽车可真漂亮。/ Why not ask the teacher? 为什么不问问老师?

2.与单数可数名词连用表类别:

I hate the telephone. 我讨厌电话。

The cobra is dangerous. 眼镜蛇是危险的。

3.与某些形容词连用表示类别:

The rich are not always happier than the poor. 富人并不总是比穷人过得开心。

The old are more likely to catch cold than the young. 老年人比年轻人容易感冒。

4.用于独一无二的事物名词前:

The earth goes around the sun. 地球绕着太阳转。

The sky was blue and clear. 天空清澈湛蓝。

5.用于方向或方位等名词前:

He looked towards the east. 他朝东望。

Turn to the right at the second crossing. 在第二十字路口向右拐。

6.用于序数词或形容词的最高级前:

You will be the second to speak. 你第二个发言。

Autumn is the best season here. 秋季是这里最好的季节。

7.用于乐器名词前表示演奏:

He plays the piano very well. 他的钢琴弹得很好。

注:若不是从演奏角度来考虑,而是考虑乐器的实体,则不一定用定冠词:

He bought a piano for his son. 他为儿子买了部钢琴。

(5)用于姓氏的复数前,表示全家人或全家中两个或两个以上的人:

The Browns live next to us. 布朗一家就住在我们隔壁。

The Greens have no children. 格林夫妇没有小孩。

(6)用来代替前面已提到的人的身体部位或衣着等的一部分:

He hit me in the face. 他打我的脸。

He caught the thief by the collar. 他抓住小偷的衣领。

(7)用于逢整十数词的复数名词前,指世纪中的年代或人的约略年岁:

He began to learn French in his fifties. 他五十多岁开始学习法语。

He went to Japan with his family in the sixties. 他在60年代带家人去了日本。

(8)用于某些单数可数名词前,使意义抽象化,指其属性或功能等:

This colour is pleasant to the eye. 这颜色悦目。

He is fond of the bottle. 他喜欢喝酒。

(9)表示计算单位,含有 a, each, per 之类的意义:

He is paid by the hour (piece). 他拿计时(件)工资。

It sells at two dollars the pound. 这东西每磅卖两美元。

(10)用于人名前,或特指、或比喻、或指其作品等;用于某些产品的名称前,指产品:

He likes the Picasso. 他喜欢毕加索的画。

Lu Xun has been known as the Gorky of China. 鲁迅人称中国的高尔基。

(11)用于江、(运)河、海、洋以及山脉、群岛、半岛、海岛、海峡、沙漠等名称的前:

the Changjiang River 长江 the Pacific (Ocean) 太平洋

the Suez (Canal) 苏伊士运河 the Red Sea 红海

the Jingang Mountains 井冈山 the Bay of Bengal 孟加拉湾

the Sahara 撒哈拉沙漠 the English Channel 英吉利海峡

注:①关于湖名前是否用冠词通常要分两种情况:中国的湖名在英译时,其前通常加定冠词:the West Lake 西湖,the Dongting Lake 洞庭湖。而外国的湖名前,多数不加定冠词,少数加定冠词,视习惯而定:Lake Success 成功湖,the Lake of Geneva 日内瓦湖

②山名的构成有两种方式:若用于―山名+Mountains‖,其前常用定冠词:the Jinggang Mountains 井冈山;若用于―M ount / Mt+山名‖,则通常不用冠词:Mount Tai 泰山。另外,若不出现 mountain 一词时,则通常要用冠词:the Alps 阿尔卑斯山。

(12)用于由普通名词或含有普通名词构成的专有名词(如国名、地名、政党、团体、组织机构以及旅馆、商店、学校、医院、文娱场所、建筑物等)前:

the United Nations 联合国 the Peace Hotel 和平饭店

the Red Cross Hospital 红十字医院 the Friendship Store 友谊商场

the People's Republic of China 中华人民共和国

the National People's Congress 全国人民代表大会

注:大学名称的构成要注意以下情况:

①对于以地名命名的大学, 通常有两种形式(注意冠词的有无):

the University of London / London University 伦敦大学

②对于以人名命名的大学,通常只有一种表达(不用冠词):

Yale University 耶鲁大学 Brown University 布朗大学

五、零冠词的用法

1. 用于物质名词前。物质名词表示泛指或一般概念时,通常用零冠词:

Water boils at 100℃. 水在摄氏100度沸腾。

Blood is thicker than water. 水浓于水(即亲人总比外人亲)。

表示泛指或一般概念的物质名词前,即使有一描绘性修饰语,仍用零冠词:

Don't eat rotten food. 不要吃腐烂的食物。

注:(1)若特指,物质名词前可用定冠词:

Is the water in the well fit to drink? 这井里的水能喝吗?

(2)表示一种、一杯、一场、一阵、一份等这样的概念时,可用不定冠词:

This is a very good wine. 这是一种很好的酒。

A coffee, please. 请给我来杯咖啡。

It was very cold and a heavy snow was falling. 当时天气很冷,正在下大雪。

2. 用于抽象名词前。抽象名词表示泛指或一般概念时,通常用零冠词:

Do you like music? 你喜欢音乐吗?

Failure is the mother of success. 失败是成功之母。

表示泛指或一般概念的抽象名词前,即使有一描绘性修饰语,仍用零冠词:

I like light music very much. 我非常喜欢轻音乐。

注:(1)若特指,抽象名词前可用定冠词:

I like the music of Mozart. 我喜欢莫扎特的曲子。

(2)若表示一种、一类、一方面、那种、这种等这之类的概念时,可用不定冠词:

He lives a happy life. 他过着幸福的生活。

Physics is a science. 物理是一门科学。

(3)表示动作的一次、一例、一番等时,可用不定冠词:

Let me have a look. 让我看一看。

(4)表示与抽象名词意义相关的具体的人或事,可用不定冠词:

The book is a delight to read. 这书读来很有趣。

3. 用于专有名词前。在通常情况下,专有名词前用零冠词:

Smith lives in London. 史密斯住在伦敦。

注:(1)若特指,专有名词前有时也可用定冠词:

The Smith you’re looking for no longer l ives here. 你找的那个史密斯不住这儿了。

(2)专有名词前使用不定冠词和定冠词的其他情况,见本章有关内容。

4. 用于复数名词前。复数名词表示类别时,通常用零冠词:

Teachers should be respected. 教师应该受到尊重。

泛指不定量的人或物,也用零冠词:

We are students of Class Five. 我们是五班的学生。

注:若特指,复数名词前应用定冠词:

The teachers should attend the meeting 教师应参加会议。

5. 用于单数可数名词前。单数可数名词前用零冠词,主要有以下情况:

(1)用于表示家庭成员或 nurse, cook, teacher 等名词前:

Mother is not at home. 妈妈不在家。

Ask nurse to put the child to bed. 叫保姆孩子抱到床上去睡觉。

Teacher was satisfied with our work. 老师对我们的工作很满意。

(2)用于动词 turn(变成),go(变成)后作表语的名词通常用零冠词:

He was a teacher before he turned writer. 他在成为作家之前是教师。/zn

He has gone socialist. 他成了社会主义者。

(3)在让步状语从句的倒装句式中,单数可数名词通常用零冠词:

Child as he is, he knows a lot. 他虽然是个孩子,但已经很懂事了。

Teacher though he is, he can't know everything. 他虽然是老师,但也不可能什么都懂。

(4)单数可数名词用作呼语,通常用零冠词:

How is she, doctor? 医生,她怎么样?

Can you drive me to the station, driver? 司机,请送我去车站,好吗?

(5)在某些独立结构中通常用零冠词:

The teacher came in, book in hand. 老师走进教室,手里拿着书。

He was sitting in the chair, pipe in mouth. 他坐在椅子里,嘴里叼着烟斗。

(6)在― kind [sort] of+名词‖这一结构中,名词通常用零冠词:

This kind of book is very interesting. 这种书很有趣。

He is the sort of person I really dislike. 他这种人我真不喜欢。

注:注意以下两句在含义上的差别:

What kind of car is it? 这是什么牌子的车?

What kind of a car is it? 这种车质量如何?

(8)当单数可数名词含义抽象化具有形容词意味时,通常用零冠词:

The man was more animal than man. 那个人与其说是人,不如说是畜生。

I was fool enough to accept his offer. 我接受他的提议真是太傻了。

Are you man enough for this dangerous job? 你有勇气敢做这项危险的工作吗?

5. 其他用零冠词的场合

(1)节假日、星期、月份、季节等通常用零冠词:

We had a good time on Christmas Day. 我们在圣诞节过得很愉快。

Monday comes before Tuesday. 星期二在星期一之后。

He was born in September, 1988. 他出生在1988年9月。

注:①我国用 Festival 构成的传统节日通常用定冠词:the Spring Festival 春节 / the Mid-autumn Festival [the Moon Festival] 中秋节

②若表示特指或心目中的专指,星期、月份、季节等名词前可用定冠词:

He went abroad in the September of 1988. 他于1988年9月出国。

He came on the Sunday and went away on the Monday. 他星期日来,星期一就走了。

③表示―某一个‖或受描绘性定语修饰表示―某种‖这样的意义时,节日、星期、月份、季节等名词也可用不定冠词:

My birthday happened to be on a Saturday. 我的生日碰巧是星期六。

She came round to see me on a sunny Sunday. 她在一晴朗的星期日来看了我。

We had a nice Christmas. 我们过了一个愉快的圣诞节。

④当季节名词不强调时间而强调季节的内涵时,通常用 the:

Winter is coming. 冬天要来了。(单纯指冬天的时间)

The winter is coming. 冬天要来了。(暗示寒冷)

(2)某些表示自然界时间变化现象的名词,与某些介词(如at, after, before, till, until, towards, from 等)构成短语时,通常用零冠词:

at day-break 在天亮时 before dawn 在天亮前

at dusk 在黄昏时 after sunset 在日落后

after sunrise 在日出前 until sundown 直到日落

towards dark 天快黑时 at midnight 在半夜

高中英语语法填空专题训练和答案

Before the 17th century, most of the native English speakers lived in England. After the 17th century, British people began to move to other ___66___ (country). Gradually, English was spoken there. At present ___67___ (many) people speak English as their first, second or a foreign language than ever before. ___68___ (luck), native English speakers can understand each other even if they don't speak the same kind of English. English ___69___ (change) and developed when cultures met and communicated with each other over the past centuries. The English ___70___ (speak) in England between about AD450 and 1150 was very different ___71___ the modern English we speak today. It was the new settlers that enriched the English language and ___72___ (especial) its vocabulary. The English language was settled by the 19th century ___73___ two big changes in English spelling happened. English now is also spoken as a foreign ___74___second language in South Asia. China may have the ___75___ (large) number of English learners. 66.countries 【答案】countryother修饰用复数形式,指其他的国家。故是可数名词,此处由【解析】考查名词。countries. 填67. more 【答案】than ever before可知含有和以前比较的意思,要用比较级考查比较级。根据句中的【解析】more. 表示更多的人,故填68. Luckily 【答案】“”Luckily. ,故填【解析】考查副词。此处单独使用作状语要用副词形式,指幸运的是69. has changed 【答案】over the past centuries可知与现在完成时连用,主【解析】考查时态。根据句意和时间状语has changed. 语是单数,故填70. spoken 【答案】Englishspeak是被动关系,此处是过去分词作定语,故填和动词【解析】考查过去分词。. spoken. 71. from 【答案】be different from“…”from. ,是固定短语。故填和【解析】考查固定短语。不同72. especially 【答案】especial“”especially“”。特殊的,特别的是副词是形容词;尤其,特别【解析】考查副词。“”especially. ,故填尤其,特别此处指新的定居者丰富了英语,尤其是它的词汇。表示73. when 【答案】“…”,从句时态是过去时,故填当【解析】考查连词。此处引导时间状语从句,表示时候when. 74. or 【答案】or. 【解析】考查连词。此处表示选择,指作为第一语言或第二语言被说,故填 75. largest 【答案】【解析】考查形容词最高级。因为中国人口最多所以说英语的人也最多,此处由the修饰用 I had just visited my best friend in hospital with my mum,___41___hadn't seen my friend since she'd gone into hospital six months earlier. I knew where she was coming from as she was___42___(grave)ill, but as I'd been visiting her every week I had stopped seeing the obvious; my friend___43___(lose)most of her body weight

高中英语语法系统全解【珍藏版】

高中英语语法系统全解 第一章动词时态 在英语中,不同时间发生的动作或存在的状态,要用不同的动词形式来表示,这就叫做动词的时态。一、一般时 一般时包括一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时和一般过去将来时。 A.一般现在时 1.一般现在时的构成 一般现在时主要用动词原形来表示。主语是第三人称单数时,动词后面要加-s 或-es。 They want good jobs. 他们想要好的工作。 The coat matches the dress. 外衣和裙子很相配。 This work does not satisfy me. 这项工作我不满意。 Do you understand? 你懂了吗? 2.一般现在时的用法 ①一般现在时的基本用法 a. 表示现在习惯性的动作或存在状态 He always takes a walk after supper. 晚饭后他总是散散步。 Everyone is in high spirits now. 现在大家都情绪高涨。 b. 表示客观事实或普遍真理 The sun rises in the east and sets in the west. 太阳从东方升起在西方落下。 Sound travels faster through water than it does through air. 声音在水中的传播速度要比在空气中快。

Time and tide wait for no man. 时间不等人。 c. 表示主语的特征、能力和状态 This cloth feels soft. 这布摸上去很软。 I love classical music. 我喜欢古典音乐。 The President still seems able to find time to go fishing. 看来总统仍能有时间去钓鱼。 d. 表示按计划或安排将要发生的动作 The meeting begins at 7:00. 会议七点钟开始。 We leave here at 8:00 sharp. 我们八点整离开这里。 e. 在时间、条件、让步状语从句中表示将来动作 When you come next time, bring me some magazines. 你下次来时,给我带几本杂志。 If time allows, we shall go there tomorrow. 如果时间允许的话,我们明天去那里。 Whether he agrees or not, I will stay at home. 不管他同意与否,我都会待在家里。 ②一般现在时的特殊用法 a. 用于新闻标题或图片说明中 China Declares Manned Spaceflight Successful 中国宣布载人航天飞行圆满成功 Laura Bush Arrives in Moscow 劳拉·布什抵达莫斯科 b. 用于体育运动、表演等实况报道中 Francis slips past, passes the ball to Yao Ming, who jumps, catches and shoots it into the basket.

【英语】 高中英语语法填空试题(有答案和解析)及解析

【英语】高中英语语法填空试题(有答案和解析)及解析 一、高中英语语法填空 1.阅读下面短文,在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。 Since 1949 when the People's Republic of China ________(establish), and especially since 1978, China's transformation from a traditional ________(agriculture)society to a modern industrial society has been greatly accelarated by a rapid industrial restructuring. China's industrial structure developed according to the objective of industrialization, ________ aimed at the proportion(比例)of agriculture declining ceaselessly, and the proportion of the industrial and service sector increasing continually. ________(current), the industrial goods produced in China all range from capital goods to consumption goods. China's factory outputs extend from textiles (纺织业) to railway, planes and computers. China is the largest producer of inexpensive cotton textiles in the world and exports large ________(quantity) of textiles and clothes. Food processing is very important, and much farm produce is exported. Other industrial products ________(include)television sets, bicycles, cars, trucks and washing machines are expanding in the world. China has become ________ industrialized country to some extent. The auto and the housing industry, in the process of industrialization have developed by leaps and bounds. The most important export products are machinery and electric equipment,________ the most important import products are raw materials. In recent years, China's industry________(compete) internationally, and as a result, the ________(develop)of the country's industry is increasingly influenced by international economic environments. 【答案】was established;agricultural;which;Currently;quantities;including;an;while/and;has competed has been competing;development 【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文,自1978年以来,中国从传统农业社会向现代工业社会的转型,在产业结构调整的快速推进下,取得了长足的进步。中国在一定程度上已经成为一个发达的工业化国家。 (1)考查时态语态。根据Since 1949可知应用一般过去时,且主语the People's Republic of China与谓语动词establish构成被动语态,用一般过去时的被动语态,故填was established。 (2)考查形容词。society为名词,需要形容词修饰,故填agricultural。 (3)考查定语从句。句意:中国的产业结构是按照工业化的目标发展的,其目标是农业比重不断下降。本句为定语从句修饰先行词the objective of industrialization,且先行词在从句中做主语,指物,故用关系代词which,填which 。 (4)考查副词。句意:目前,中国生产的工业产品从资本品到消费品应有尽有。修饰整个句子应用副词,故填Currently。 (5)考查名词。large quantities of固定短语,“大量……”,故填quantities。 (6)考查非谓语动词。句意:包括电视机、自行车、汽车、卡车和洗衣机在内的其他工业产品正在世界范围内扩张。本句已经存在谓语动词且句中没有连词,故include只能做非谓语,表示“包括;包含”后跟包含的内容时需用现在分词,故填including。

高一英语语法填空简单(附答案)资料讲解

高一英语语法填空简单(附答案)

语法填空 A I was always told that the three “P”s, patience, positive thinking and perseverance (毅力), were a sure path ___26___ success. But this advice does not always work as planned. My high school maths exam is one example. The exam, ___27___ was originally to be held in our classroom, ___28___(change) to the library at the last minute. This, ___29___, didn’t bother me because maths had always been my strongest subject. I patiently walked to the library, took my seat and did some deep breathing to help relax ___30___. But my mood quickly changed when I saw ___31___first question. I had no idea how to do it. I tried to stay positive and persevered ___32___ I finally found the solution. With the problem ___33___ (solve), I felt proud of my achievement. ___34___ (fortunate), I then noticed that I had just 10 minutes left ___35___ (complete) the rest! B The Internet is the biggest source of information in the world, consisting of millions of pages of data. In 1969, DARPA, 66____ ___ US defence organization, developed a way for all their computers to “talk” to each other through the telephone. They created a network of computers and only the US army could use 67___ ____ in the following 15 years. Then in 1984, the US National Science Foundation started the NSF network, also known 68____ ___the Inter-network or ”Internet”. It then became possible for universities to use the sy stem as well. The World Wide Web, 69____ ___ (invent) in 1991 by an English scientist, Tim Berners-Lee, is a computer network that makes the information from millions of websites accessible to computer users. At the moment, about 80 % of web traffic is 70____ ___English, but by 2020, Chinese could take the lead. Obviously, it was Berners-Lee 71____ ___made it possible for everyone to use the Internet, not just the universities and the army. He designed the first “web browser”, 72____ ___allowed computer users to access documents from other computers. With the web and the Internet 73____ ___ (grow), the number of Internet users rose 74____ ___ (rapid) from 600,000 to 40 million within 5 years. So far, the Internet 75____ ___ (create) thousands of millionaires all over the world, but Berners-Lee is not one of them. C Christopher Reeve was born in September, 1952. He was in his first school play ___51___ he was eight and he started to act in TV shows and films while he was still in college. He made many ____52____ (success) films and TV shows but he is most famous ____53___ his Superman films.

人教版高中英语【必修二】[语法讲解

人教版高中英语必修二 知识点梳理 重点题型(常考知识点)巩固练习 限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句 概念引入: He is a person who never gives up. 他是个永远不服输的人。 I found him in the woods, where has a well-known tree. (我是在树林里找到他的,那里有一棵很有名的树。) Our guide,(who was a Frenchman, ) was an excellent cook. 我们的导游是个很优秀的厨师,他是个法国人 She was not on the train which arrived just now。 她没在刚刚到达的那辆车上 语法点拨 什么是定语从句? 修饰主语、宾语、表语的句子就叫做定语从句。引导定语从句的关系词有: 关系代词:who, whom, whose, which, that 关系副词:when, where, why 我们把下面两个句子组合成一个复合句: 1. This is our school. It is beautiful. →This is our school which is beautiful. 2. This is our school. We study in our school. →This is our school which we study in. →This is our school in which we study. →This is our school where we study. 3. Do you know the room? It is made of amber. →Do you know the room which is made of amber? 4. I have read the newspaper. It carries the important news. →I have read the newspaper which carries the important news. 从上述定语从句的组合我们可以看出: 先行词和关系词的关系:关系代词实际上是先行词的复指;关系词whose 实际上是先行词的所有格。 1. A plane is a machine that can fly. the machine = that 2. The boy who broke the window is called Wangkai. the boy =who 3. The boy whose parents are working outside was brought up by his grandfather. the boy’s =whose 【高一英语语法(二)定语从句(二)356521限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句】

2019年高中英语语法填空专题分类训练--谓语动词2(含详解)

2019年高中英语语法填空专题分类训练--谓语动词(含详解) 1.People say that the art exhibition is worth seeing. I wish I__________(can) go with you but I’m too busy these days. 2.These elephants__________(hunt) at such a speed that they will disappear soon. 3—Hi,let’s go skatin g. —Sorry,I’m busy right now.I(fill) in an application form for a new job. 4.So fast__________he walk that I couldn’t catch up with him. 5In the last few years,China (make) great achievements in environmental protection. 6In front of the farmhouse (lie) a peasant boy. 7.In the 1950s in the U.S.A., most families had just one phone at home, and wireless phones __________(invent) yet. 8.I__________(praise) if I finish the work within one week. 9.I__________(drive) down to London when I suddenly found that I was on the wrong road. 10.I would rather you__________(tell) me the truth now. 11.In a study,a “jukebox (自动点唱机)", __________( create) , which allowed chimps to select their favorite classical pop or rock music. 12.When Daisy turned around,she found that she__________(watch) by an elephant. 13.Shakespeare's play Hamlet __________(make) into at least ten different films over the past years. 14 It was sad to me that they, so poor themselves, bring me food. 15Just as I got to the school gate, I realized I (leave) my book in the cafe. 16The first time he met the girl he ________(strike) by her wisdom and fell in love with her. 17.He hurried home, never once looking back to see if he __________(follow). 18Only by communicating with each other more frequently they clear away the misunderstandings and solve the conflict.

(英语)高中英语语法填空技巧小结及练习题含解析

(英语)高中英语语法填空技巧小结及练习题含解析 一、高中英语语法填空 1.阅读下面材料,在空白处填入适当的内容(1个单词)或括号内单词的正确形式。 With the development of modem technology, people can stay ________ (connect) with their families and friends easily, however far apart they are from each other. WeChat is one of the most ________ (frequent) used means of communication in China. It is reported that the number of the WeChat users ________ (reach) over 1.1billion so far. Once joining the WeChat, people can find more and more people start to add them ________ friends. They don't have to consider time ________ (zone) when communicating. Another reason why ifs so popular is that it costs nothing. It's also very convenient for people to immediately update ________ they are doing by WeChat. However, addiction to WeChat will rob people of the time that should otherwise ________ (spend) on something more important. And the many so-called friends on it are not really friends at all, who simply want ________ (put) ads or sell items on Moments. Besides, people on the Wechat are more likely to compare ________ (they) with others, which will make them feel bad when finding some people seem to be ________ (success). 【答案】connected;frequently;has reached;as;zones;what;be spent;to put;themselves;(more) successful 【解析】【分析】这是一篇议论文。文章介绍了微信给人们带来方便的同时,也存在着一些弊端。 (1)句意:随着现代技术的发展,人们可以很容易地与家人和朋友保持联系,不管他们相距多远。系动词stay后,用形容词connected“有联系的”,stay connected with“与……保持联系”。故填connected。 (2)句意:微信是中国最常用的交流方式之一。修饰形容词used,用副词。故填frequently。 (3)句意:据报道,到目前为止,微信的用户数量已经超过11亿。so far做时间状语时,应使用现在完成时,the number of做主语时,谓语动词使用第三人称单数形式。故填has reached。 (4)句意:一旦加入微信,人们可以发现越来越多的人开始添加他们作为朋友。根据句意,此处使用介词as表示“作为”。故填as。 (5)句意:他们在交流时不需要考虑时区。“时区”是复数意义,前面没有冠词,应用名词复数形式。故填zones。 (6)句意:人们可以很方便地通过微信立即更新他们正在做的事情。____6____ they are doing by WeChat是一个宾语从句,引导词在从句中做doing宾语,表“正在做的事情”,应使用what引导。故填what。 (7)句意:然而,沉迷于微信将会剥夺人们原本应该花在更重要事情上的时间。“时间”和“花费”之间是被动关系,用被动语态,由空前should可知,此处be动词使用原形。故填be spent。 (8)句意:而许多所谓的朋友根本不是真正的朋友,他们只是想在朋友圈里放广告或卖

高考英语语法填空题讲解及答案

高考英语语法填空题专题讲解及答案陆平艳 1.语法填空主要考查哪方面的内容 2. 语法填空命题特点是什么①语法和词汇(考试重点)②上下文连贯性(语境)101.51510150151 共10个小题每题1.5分满分15分须在10分钟内完成短文长度150词左右设空间距15词左右每格不一定1个词(特别是谓语或非谓语动词形式)侧重语境加语法 语法占关键1.名词;2. 代词;3. 数词;4.介词和介词短语;5.连词;6.形容词;7. 副词;8. 冠词;9. 动词;10. 时态;11. 被动语态;12. 非谓语动词;13.构词法;14.句子种类;15.句子成分;16.简单句基本句型;17.主谓一致;18.并列复合句;19.主从复合句;20. 间接引语;21. 省略;22. 倒装;23. 强调;24. 虚拟语气. 语法填空考哪些语法项目 1.阅读/理解语篇的能力;2. 分析句子结构的能力;3. 熟练运用语法的能力. 语法填空题能力要求重在基础语法和句子结构分析:从语法角度去考虑,填的是语法词,包括功能词和词形变换两个方面.不限定一个词.句子方面,要学会正确分析句子的结构,如主谓宾等;还要会区分主从句的层次.特别是动词的成分,是否谓语动词. 语法填空题解题方向1.章法4. 惯用法2.句法3.词法语法 语法填空题型的解题思路语法填空解题技巧("由大到小" )1,通读全文,了解大意,把握特征,弄清文脉.2,巧用已知,连线画图,降低难度,铺平道路.3,理解句意,分析结构,大胆猜测,各个击破.4,重读全篇,仔细核查,语法正确,语意贯通.5,拼写正确,书写规范,大小写准确(注意三写).根据语法知识进行填充根据逻辑关系进行填充根据语篇标志进行填充语篇是指比单个句子长的语言单位(句群,段落,篇章等).语篇间往往有标明内在联系的词,我们称这些词为"语篇标志词".如表示结构层次的有first, second, third, finally等;表示逻辑关系的有thus,therefore,so等;表示转折关系或变换话题的有however,but,by the way等."语篇标志词"对迅速理清文章的脉络,弄清上下文关系很有帮助.4.根据固定词组进行填充熟练掌握一些常见的词组,如as a matter of,be proud of, by theway,comefrom, congratulate…on…,devote…to…,e arn one's living, keepone's word, make up one'smind等,对解题很有帮助. 5. 根据句型搭配进行填,就是根据一些常用的句型搭配,如so/suc h…that…,itis…(for sb.) to do sth.,There is no doubt that…, there is no sense in doing sth.等来解题.6.根据词汇知识进行填充指根据某些词语在用法上的特殊搭配来解题.如下列各类动词必须牢记:只能接动词的-ing形式作宾语的动词,只能接todo作宾语的动词,接todo作补语的动词,接do作补语的动词,接doing或done作补语的动词,对句式搭配要求较为特别的词语,等等.7.根据生活常识进行填充实践与提高Practice makes perfect!Will _1_ matter ifyou don't take your breakfast Recently a test __2___ (give) inthe United Sates. Those testsincludedpe ople of different ____3___from 12 to 83.During the experiment, t hese peoplewere given all kinds of breakfasts, andsometimes they got__4____ breakfast atall.Specialtests were

高中英语语法大全(详细)

第一主题英语语法系统全解(一) 第1章动词时态 2-4楼 第2章被动语态 5-7 楼 第3章虚拟语气 9-11 楼 第4章情态动词 12-16楼 第5章动词不定式 17-20 楼 第6章动词的ing形式 21-24楼 第7章过去分词 25-27楼 第8章独立主格结构 28-30楼 第9章名词性从句 31-33楼 第10章定语从句 35-40楼 第11章状语从句(一) 40-45楼 第11章状语从句(二) 第12章直接引语和间接引语 第13章倒装 第14章强调 第15章省略 第16章主谓一致 动词时态--一般时 第一章动词时态(一) 在英语中,不同时间发生的动作或存在的状态,要用不同的动词形式来表示,这就叫做动词的时态。 一、一般时 一般时包括一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时和一般过去将来时。

A.一般现在时 1.一般现在时的构成 一般现在时主要用动词原形来表示。主语是第三人称单数时,动词后面要加-s或-es。 “我’为开头做称呼的是第一人称 ‘你’怎么怎么样是第二人称 ‘他她它’是第三人称 第三人称就是第三人称转述。 例:小兰对妈妈说:“我要出去玩了” 第三人称:小兰对妈妈说,她要出去玩了。 第三人称,就是说是叙述性质的,没有人的语言,是旁白在记叙! 以我的角度说,就是第一人称; 以和你说的角度说,就是第二人称; 站在事情外说事情,他怎么怎么样,那就是第三人称了 They want good jobs. 他们想要好的工作。 The coat matches the dress. 外衣和裙子很相配。 This work does not satisfy me. 这项工作我不满意。 Do you understand? 你懂了吗? 2.一般现在时的用法 ①一般现在时的基本用法 a. 表示现在习惯性的动作或存在状态 He always takes a walk after supper. 晚饭后他总是散散步。 Everyone is in high spirits now. 现在大家都情绪高涨。 b. 表示客观事实或普遍真理 The sun rises in the east and sets in the west.

高中英语语法填空专题训练及答案解析

Before the 17th century, most of the native English speakers lived in England. After the 17th cen tury, British people bega n to move to other _ 66 __ (co un try). Gradually, English was spoken there. At present _______ 67 ___ (many) people speak English as their first, sec ond or a foreig n Ian guage tha n ever before. 68 __ (luck), native English speakers can understand each other even if they don ' t speak the same kind of En glish. En glish __ 69 __ (cha nge) and developed whe n cultures met and com muni cated with each other over the past centuries. The English _70一 (speak) in England between about AD450 and 1150 was very different _71_ the modern English we speak today. It was the new settlers that enriched the English Ianguage and _72一 (especial) its vocabulary. The English Ianguage was settled by the 19th century __ 73 __ t wo _________ big cha nges in En glish spell ing happe ned. En glish now is also spoke n as a foreig n _74_ sec ond Ian guage in South Asia. Chi na may have the 75 (large) number of En glish lear ners. 66. 【答案】countries 【解析】考查名词。country 是可数名词,此处由 other 修饰用复数形式,指其他的国家。 故填 countries. 67. 【答案】more 【解析】考查比较级。根据句中的 than ever before 可知含有和以前比较的意思,要用比 较级表示更多的人,故填 more. 68. 【答案】Luckily 【解析】考查副词。此处单独使用作状语要用副词形式,指“幸运的是”,故填 Luckily. 69. 【答案】has chan ged 【解析】考查时态。根据句意和时间状语 over the past centuries 可知与现在完成时连用, 主语是单数,故填 has cha nged. 70. 【答案】spoken English 和动词speak 是被动关系,此处是过去分词作定语,故填 spoke n. 71. 【答案】from 72. 【答案】especially 【解析】考查过去分词。 【解析】考查固定短语。 be differe nt from “和…不同”,是固定短语。故填 from.

高中英语语法填空解题技巧及经典题型及练习题(含答案)含解析

高中英语语法填空解题技巧及经典题型及练习题(含答案)含解析 一、高中英语语法填空 1.阅读下面短文,在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。 On our way to the house, it was raining ________ hard that we couldn't help wondering how long it would take ________(get) there. It was in the middle of Pearl City. We were first greeted with the barking by a pack ________ dogs, seven to be exact. They were well trained by their masters ________ had great experience with caring for these animals. Our hosts shared many of their experiences and ________(recommend) wonderful places to eat, shop, and visit. For breakfast, we were able to eat papaya(木瓜) and other fruits from their trees in the backyard. When they were free from work, they invited us to local events and let us know of an interesting ________(compete) to watch, together with the story behind it. They also shared with us many ________(tradition) stories about Hawaii that were ________(huge) popular with tourists. On the last day of our week-long stay, we ________(invite) to attend a private concert on a beautiful farm on the North Shore under the stars, ________(listen) to musicians and meeting interesting locals. 【答案】so;to get;of;who;recommended;competition;traditional;hugely;were invited;listening 【解析】【分析】本文是一篇记叙文,作者讲述了他们去夏威夷度假途中的经历以及到了主人家后受到的礼遇,主人热情招待他们,还在工作之余带他们参加了很多当地的活动。(1)考查副词。句意:在我们去那座房子的路上,雨下得如此大以至于我们不能不想还要多久才能到达那里。"so...that..."固定句型,"如此……以至于……",引导让步状语从句,故填so。 (2)考查非谓语动词。take...to do sth.固定句式,"花费……做某事",故此处应填to get。(3)考查介词。a pack of固定短语,"一群……"。故填of。 (4)考查定语从句。句意:它们被他们的主人训练地很好,它们的主人在照顾这些动物方面很有经验。先行词为masters”主人“,且从句缺主语。故填who。 (5)考查时态。句意:我们的主人跟我们分享了很多他们的经历并推荐了一些很好的吃饭、购物和参观的地方。"and"前后两个动作"shared"与"recommended"是并列关系,时态一致。故填recommeded。 (6)考查名词。由空格前的不定冠词an与空格后的不定式to watch可以确定空格处应该填名词形式。故填competition。 (7)考查形容词。空格修饰名词stories,应用形容词形式,tradition的形容词为traditional,故填traditional。 (8)考查副词。空格处修饰形容词popular,应用副词形式,huge的副词为hugely,故填hugely。 (9)考查时态语态。句意:我们被邀请去参加一场私人音乐会。根据"on the last day of our week-long stay"可知,句子时态为一般过去时,用被动语态。主语为we,故填were invited。

相关文档
相关文档 最新文档