英语新闻

1.
The Indian tribes of eastern North America were among the first Indians to meet English settlers. In 1621, the Indians and English celebrated a good harvest and peace together in Plymouth colony. But the good relationship did not last long. The Indians were slow to perceive that their way of life was incompatible with that of the English. They often sold their land or gave it away without realizing that it would no longer be theirs. They used the land mainly for hunting and were willing to let the English hunt on it with them. But the English cut the trees, drove out the game, and evicted the Indians. Before the Indians realized what was happening, they were outnumbered.



2.
The diets of American Indian tribes were determined by their geographic location. Corn prevailed as the main food in the East and South, wild rice in the Midwest, buffalo on the plains, acorns on the Pacific coast, fish further north and, in the far North, caribou and seals. Meat, whenever available, was pounded and dried for preservation; this preparation was called pemmican. Another unique product was the maple sugar of the Eastern Woodlands. For all tribes, the smoking of tobacco or other substances was limited almost entirely to social or religious ceremonies



3.
Muscles produce heat when the body is in motion, but when the body is at rest very little heat is generated except by the metabolic activity of the internal organs. In fact, the internal organs are the source of most body heat. The temperature of an organ such as the liver, for example, is much higher than the overall body temperature. The blood carries heat away from the internal organs to the lungs and skin and heat is released by the lungs through respiration and by the skin through contact with the air.



4. ACCEPTING THE COMMAND OF THE ARMY



You may believe me, when I assure you in the most solemn manner that, so far from seeking this employment, I have used every effort in my power to avoid it, not only from my unwillingness to part with you and the family, but from a consciousness of its being a trust too great for my capacity; and I should enjoy more real happiness in one month with you at home than I have the most distant prospect of finding abroad, if my stay were to be seven times seven years. But as it has been a kind of destiny that has thrown me upon this service, I shall hope that my undertaking is designed to answer some good purpose . . .

I shall rely confidently on thatProvidence which has heretofore preserved and been bountiful to me, not doubting but that I shall return safe to you in the fall. I shall feel no pain from the toil or danger of the campaign; my unhappiness will flow from the uneasiness I know you will feel from being left alone. I therefore beg that you will summon your whole fortitude, and pass your time as agreeably as possible. Nothing will give me so much sincere satisfaction as to hear this, and to hear it from your own pen.

5.

Wide-

ranging research on tooth decay has recently produced some surprising findings. One indicates that cheddar cheese may actually inhibit the tooth-decay process. It seems to have decay slowing effect on human teeth if it is eaten immediately after sugar. Why cheese should have such an effect is unknown. It is speculated that the food might interfere with the acid that decays teeth or with bacteria that produce the acid. If so, it would be the first common food found to have this useful property. The other surprising research finding was that heavily sweetened cereals proved about equally potent in causing decay whether they contained eight percent sugar or almost eight times that much.

6,What we know about personality, motivation, and emotion may be the result of investigations using clinical methods. Freud treated mentally ill persons to develop an elaborate theory of personality. Through his experiences he emphasized the importance of the first few years of life in adjustment.

The clinical psychologist uses many different kinds of tests to understand the nature of problems. There are tests of intelligence, aptitude, personality, adjustment, etc. These tests help the psychologist make a diagnosis of the problem.

The clinical methods often help people develop hypotheses about behaviour. The clinical methods provide two advantages, that they are a valuable source of knowledge and that they provide ideas for experimental study.

7, During the American War of Independence, women were involved in the active fighting in three ways. First, as members of a distinct branch of the Continental Army, referred to as “women of the Army”, women staffed field hospitals and acted as military support in such roles as water carriers. In an emergency, women water carriers, who had plenty of opportunity to observe the firing of cannons, could replace a wounded comrade. The second way that women were involved in active fighting was as regular troop members who wore men’s uniforms and fought side by side with their male counterparts. Theoretically, women were not supposed to be recruited into the continental Army, but if a woman was a good soldier, no one made an issue of sex at a time when the army was so short of soldiers that boys not yet in their teens were also being recruited in violation of rules. Third, women were occasional fighters affiliated with local militia companies or committees of safety formed to protect the local community.