why we eat

America's Obesity Crisis:Eating Behavior: Why We Eat

FOR SOCIAL REASONS For humans, food does more than merely nourish. It socializes--and

civilizes--us as well

If you ever find yourself dining with a family in the South African kingdom of Lesotho, you'd better have a taste for eyeballs--that is, if you're the male head of a household. Tradition requires the host to honor your family in a truly special way: with the cooked head of a sheep. Everyone will be served the feast, but only you will be presented with the eyes.

A sheep's head is a big deal in Lesotho, where most folks don't often get to enjoy meat. When they do, they like it rich and fatty, and they eat it right down to the offal. Presenting the crowning part of so prized a meal to a guest is no small gesture.

For human beings, eating has never been a simple matter. To a frog snagging a fly or a pelican nabbing a fish, food is fuel and nothing more. To a human, the ritual of eating--the act of pulling up and tucking in, of passing around and helping oneself--is one of the most primal of shared activities. We eat together when we celebrate, and we eat together when we grieve; we eat together when a loved one is preparing to leave, and we eat together when the loved one returns. We solve our problems over the family dinner table, conduct our business over the executive lunch table, entertain guests over cake and cookies at the coffee table.

"Interaction over food is the single most important feature of socializing," says Sidney Mintz, professor of anthropology at Johns Hopkins University. "The food becomes the carriage that conveys feelings back and forth."

It's not just families that define themselves through foods. Whole cultures do so too. Muslims eat halal and Jews eat kosher and Roman Catholics forgo meat on Fridays. Moroccans don't eat what Swedes eat, who don't eat what the Japanese eat, who don't eat what Croatians eat. When families leave their home countries and settle elsewhere, the cultural feathering they bring with them--language, dress, music--is often shed within a generation. But the foods linger. "The last part of a culture that gets lost are the food ways," says Barrett Brenton, nutritional anthropologist at St. John's University in New York City. "We find comfort in our cuisines."

Although that has long been the way food works, it is becoming less so--at least in the developed world, where scarcity has been replaced by overabundance and undernourishment by obesity. Increasingly, the connection between eating and ritual is becoming unhinged. We turn too much to food for solace and celebration, and we do it with less and less reference to traditions or even formal mealtimes--to the detriment of our figure and our health. If the routines we have built around food are complex, it's because we have been working on them for so long. Well before we were very social creatures, we were decidedly hungry creatures, and we ate anything we could lay our hands on. Insects, worms and up to 20 kinds of game were nothing to a hunter-gatherer. As our tastes became more refined, the number of items on our menus shrank, mostly because we did a better job of intuiting what we needed. Cultures that developed a taste for rice and beans didn't know a lick about combining incomplete proteins, but that's what they were doing. People who learned to enjoy high-fiber foods didn't understand intestinal health, but they were helping ensure it nonetheless. "A co-evolutionary process unfolded between cuisines and nourishment," says Brenton. "There's nutritional wisdom behind it all."

How and when we ate became formalized too. When food was scarce, it had to be guarded, so families huddled close to eat what they had caught or picked. Somewhere in there may lie the origins of the dinner table. When food was abundant enough to share, it was passed around mostly at

celebrations--harvest festivals, when the foods of autumn were eaten; Easter feasts, when the spring lamb recalled both Jesus' sacrifice and the story of Passover. "The foods became the anchor to which the rituals connected," says Brenton. "You don't see the same foods at a wedding as at a funeral as at a naming ceremony."

All these customs are more than cultural frippery, though we don't always realize it until food and tradition come uncoupled. Among immigrants, particularly those coming to the U.S., the obesity problem has become a full-blown crisis. Even the stubbornest new arrivals may find that their food practices are impossible to maintain in a new environment, where familiar ingredients aren't available, old-world holidays aren't observed and the Mediterranean tradition of the heavy lunch must yield to the less healthy practice of postponing the big meal until the end of the day. "There's a lot of food-related culture shock for new immigrants," says anthropologist David Himmelgreen of the University of South Florida in Tampa.

That discordance can do a lot of damage. Himmelgreen tracked the weight of Puerto Rican women living in the continental U.S. and found that the longer they had been here and the better their English, the more they tended to weigh. "People's food habits change dramatically when they arrive," he says. "The weight gain can happen in a very short time."

For people who have always lived in the U.S., the problem is even worse. There are a lot of reasons for America's obesity epidemic--oversize portions, overprocessed foods, too little exercise. But nutritionists and anthropologists agree that the death of the official mealtime may play the biggest role. "By the time children go to middle school," says anthropologist Marquisa LaVelle of the University of Rhode Island in Kingston, "many families have basically stopped eating together." Solitary eating can be uncontrolled eating--snacks, sweets and meals behind the wheel. "By age 10, everyone in the family can feed themselves whatever they want--and they do," says LaVelle. Families can change all that. Picking better foods and preparing them healthfully certainly helps. But so does a return to the time when eating was seen not just as a way to fill up but as an opportunity to transact the business of being human. A set table and a balanced meal take a lot more work than a carry-out pizza. But the rewards are infinitely richer.

FOR BIOLOGICAL REASONS Our desire for food--and lots of it--is hardwired into our cells. Do our bodies want to be fat?

There's no question that some pretty strong social, emotional and behavioral forces play a part in determining what, when and how much we eat. But if you really want to know why some people are fat and others aren't, you have to take a good look at biology as well. Mother Nature simply can't afford to leave anything so important to human survival as eating to the whims of cultural fashion. Ten years after the discovery of the first obesity gene, scientists are only beginning to understand just how hardwired our desire for food--and lots of it--truly is.

What they are finding is an exquisitely fine-tuned system of chemical and neurological checks and balances that regulates both what we eat and how much our bodies store as fat. The average American consumes about 1 million calories a year--and, under normal circumstances, burns almost exactly that amount. The body achieves that balance by automatically increasing or decreasing the efficiency with which it performs various tasks, thus consuming fewer or more calories. (Most of the calories we expend are used to breathe, maintain body temperature, keep the brain chugging along, etc. Depending on how much you move, physical activity typically accounts for 15% to 30% of the total.) If you pack on a couple of pounds over the course of the year, your body's error rate is still less than 1%.

Accomplishing that feat requires a lot of communication and coordination among the fat cells, the liver, the muscles, the brain, the stomach and the gastrointestinal tract. Sometimes the signal is a molecule. Other signals are actually conducted along nerve paths. There are even mechanical signals, like the stretching of the stomach, which is one way the body says, "I'm full."

As if all that weren't complicated enough, the body must also regulate its food intake and manage its weight over time. "There are short-term signals and long-term signals," says Judith Korner, an endocrinologist at Columbia University in New York City. "Some signals are both short term and long term, and then there are medium-term signals."

As you might expect, the short-term signals are involved mostly with the initiation and completion of meals. Ghrelin, a hormone produced by the stomach, tells the brain, "It's time to eat!" When enough food leaves the stomach and reaches the small intestine, another hormone, called cholecystokinin, signals that the meal is over--and triggers the release of enzymes in the gallbladder and the pancreas. The hormones leptin and insulin are longer-term signals. Produced by fat cells, leptin helps manage just how much fat you store around your organs and under your skin through a complex feedback loop. If your fat deposits start to shrink--for example, when you lose weight--the amount of leptin in your body falls, a situation that the brain interprets as a result of starvation. The whole system of chemicals and neurological impulses shifts in an attempt to get the body to burn fewer calories so that it can regain the weight. The greater the weight loss, the stronger the signals to eat more and replenish fat stores.

There are many other factors that affect this delicate balance. For example, laboratory evidence suggests that a diet that boosts your triglycerides--typically, one high in fatty, fried or highly refined foods--may interfere with both leptin's and insulin's actions on the brain, leading to an erroneous signal that the body is in danger of starving. The same receptors in the brain that are responsible for a marijuana high also boost appetite, which is why pot smokers get the munchies.

The more scientists learn about these biochemical, neurological and dietary factors, the more they marvel that anyone in our culture manages to stay thin, given the abundance and easy availability of food. If there's some kind of biological mechanism that protects certain people against weight gain, researchers haven't discovered it. By contrast, the evidence in favor of one that protects against weight loss is increasingly strong. Genetic variations clearly push some people toward bigger appetites, slower metabolisms and greater weight gain than others. "There are genes in the population that predispose to obesity," says Dr. Jeffrey Friedman, a molecular geneticist at the Rockefeller University in New York. "Obviously, there's an environmental contribution, but no one questions that genes are involved."

So the next time you stare in judgment at a fat person on the bus or bemoan your physique in the mirror, remember that nature has stacked the deck against weight loss. Trimming 25 lbs. from your figure may not be that difficult. But try shedding 100 lbs., and your body is going to scream. Whether willpower, exercise, drugs or even surgery is enough to quiet the body's basic need for fat is still an open question.

FOR PSYCHOLOGICAL REASONS What deep inner urges drive some people to overeat and others to starve themselves?

Sometimes in order to fully understand a problem you have to study its opposite. That's why researchers trying to figure out what makes some of us so prone to obesity are taking a close look at patients at the other end of the bathroom scale: anorexics who starve themselves and bulimics who binge and purge. Could over-and undereating, scientists wonder, be two sides of the same coin, different forms of the same biological circuitry gone awry? Although anorexia and obesity look nothing alike in clinical terms, there are similarities. People with both disorders tend to organize their days around eating and allow food to loom too large in their lives. "People who are anorexic and people who are overweight often begin to get phobic about food," says Dr. William Davis, of the Renfrew Center in Philadelphia, which treats patients with eating disorders. Food for them is much more than a source of nourishment; it can become a substitute for self-esteem and a vehicle for exercising--or losing--control over the body.

But scientists who have studied both groups say that underneath these similarities are two very different syndromes. "Obesity is at its base a metabolic disorder," says Dr. Lee Kaplan, director of the Obesity Research Center at Massachusetts General Hospital. Anorexia and bulimia, he maintains, "are primary psychiatric disorders."

The human body is designed to eat, and eating stops under normal circumstances only when the body senses it has enough energy for its immediate needs and enough stored away for future tasks. "It's hard to lose weight because the body wants to gain it back," says Kaplan. "In a competition between willpower and the body, the body always wins."

Except when an eating disorder has hijacked the process. Anorexics and bulimics are more successful at losing weight than people on diets because they have managed to throw this basic drive to eat into reverse. Through sheer force of will, anorexics convince their body that it doesn't need food. "Anorexics are able to do things that are clearly beyond what a normal person is capable of doing," says Kaplan. "Theirs is extreme behavior often driven by an inappropriate and distorted body image."

By contrast, people who gain weight are following the body's natural urge to hoard calories. Slight changes in the way you burn and store calories can lead, over time, to piling on the pounds. And while some of the factors responsible for these changes are within your control--how much you exercise or whether you take a second helping of ice cream--most are either inherited or the inbred responses of an organism that is designed to protect itself from starvation. Stress, sleep deprivation and long days packed with constant activity have a tendency to accumulate weight. "If we took away cars and television and computers, and stopped eating fast food, but were still exposed to the other stresses of modern life, I don't think we would eliminate obesity," says Kaplan. "We might dampen it, but we wouldn't eliminate it altogether."

And that's why treatments for obesity differ so much from those for anorexics. People who starve themselves tend to respond better to therapies and behavior-modification approaches that address their distorted body image and underlying emotional issues. People with overeating problems are often successfully treated with a more physiological approach, usually through diet and exercise and, sometimes, medications that curb appetite or burn calories more efficiently.

玩电脑游戏高中英语作文

玩电脑游戏高中英语作文 现在越来越多的学生总是花很多时间来玩电脑游戏，电脑游戏在许多方面有不良影响。 玩电脑游戏 Nowadays playing computer games is a very common hobbies, especially among young people and teenagers. However there are many arguements on whether computer games are advantageous to people or not. Although many people doubt the advantages of computer games, if used wisely computer games can actually be used in educational purposes, for example typing games to allow students to learn typing English or Chinese. Also another advantage of computer game is that the games may be played together among friends or family members, which may improve the relationship between family members and allow parents to know more about their children on their hobbies and interests. However computer games if misused can also have very bad effects on human beings. Firstly spending long time in front of the computer screen will bring to various health problems, such as eye sore, back pain and headache. Also if people spend too much time on computer games rather than the work they should do, for example school work for students and projects and presentations for employees, it may have bad effects on their real life and social life status. It is true for everything that it is beneficial if used wisely, therefore although computer games are widely said to be bad for people, it can still be used as a good tool if used wisely. 现在玩电脑游戏是一个很常见的爱好,特别是在年轻人当中和青少年.但也存在许多arguements电脑游戏是否有利于,或者不信宗教者. 尽管许多人质疑电脑游戏的优点,只要使用得当电脑游戏可以用于教育目的,例如打字游戏,让学生学习打字英语或华语.另一个利用电脑游戏是游戏中可以一起玩的朋友或家庭成员,提高家庭成员之间的关系,让父母知道更多关于他们的小孩在他们的爱好和兴趣. 然而电脑游戏如果滥用也有非常不好的影响人类.首先花长时间在电脑萤幕前面会带来各种健康问题,诸如眼睛酸痛,背部疼痛、头痛.同样的,如果人花太多的时间在电脑游戏而不是工作,他们应该做什么,例如学校学生和项目工作和演讲为员工,这可能影响他们的现实生活和社会生活状态.6a8a/yingshi/

古代晋灵公不君、齐晋鞌之战原文及译文

晋灵公不君（宣公二年） 原文： 晋灵公不君。厚敛以雕墙。从台上弹人，而观其辟丸也。宰夫胹熊蹯不熟，杀之，寘诸畚，使妇人载以过朝。赵盾、士季见其手，问其故而患之。将谏，士季曰：“谏而不入，则莫之继也。会请先，不入，则子继之。”三进及溜，而后视之，曰：“吾知所过矣，将改之。”稽首而对曰：“人谁无过？过而能改，善莫大焉。诗曰：‘靡不有初，鲜克有终。’夫如是，则能补过者鲜矣。君能有终，则社稷之固也，岂惟群臣赖之。又曰：‘衮职有阙，惟仲山甫补之。’能补过也。君能补过，衮不废矣。” 犹不改。宣子骤谏，公患之，使鉏麑贼之。晨往，寝门辟矣，盛服将朝。尚早，坐而假寐。麑退，叹而言曰：“不忘恭敬，民之主也。贼民之主，不忠；弃君之命，不信。有一于此，不如死也！”触槐而死。 秋九月，晋侯饮赵盾酒，伏甲将攻之。其右提弥明知之，趋登曰：“臣侍君宴，过三爵，非礼也。”遂扶以下。公嗾夫獒焉。明搏而杀之。盾曰：“弃人用犬，虽猛何为！”斗且出。提弥明死之。 初，宣子田于首山，舍于翳桑。见灵辄饿，问其病。曰：“不食三日矣！”食之，舍其半。问之，曰：“宦三年矣，未知母之存否。今近焉，请以遗之。”使尽之，而为之箪食与肉，寘诸橐以与之。既而与为公介，倒戟以御公徒，而免之。问何故，对曰：“翳桑之饿人也。”问其名居，不告而退。——遂自亡也。 乙丑，赵穿①攻灵公于桃园。宣子未出山而复。大史书曰：“赵盾弑其君。”以示于朝。宣子曰：“不然。”对曰：“子为正卿，亡不越竟，反不讨贼，非子而谁？”宣子曰：“呜呼!‘我之怀矣，自诒伊戚。’其我之谓矣。” 孔子曰：“董狐，古之良史也，书法不隐。赵宣子，古之良大夫也，为法受恶。惜也，越竞乃免。” 译文： 晋灵公不行君王之道。他向人民收取沉重的税赋以雕饰宫墙。他从高台上用弹弓弹人，然后观赏他们躲避弹丸的样子。他的厨子做熊掌，没有炖熟，晋灵公就把他杀了，把他的尸体装在草筐中，让宫女用车载着经过朝廷。赵盾和士季看到露出来的手臂，询问原由后感到很忧虑。他们准备向晋灵公进谏，士季说：“如果您去进谏而君王不听，那就没有人能够再接着进谏了。还请让我先来吧，不行的话，您再接着来。”士季往前走了三回，行了三回礼，一直到屋檐下，晋灵公才抬头看他。晋灵公说：“我知道我的过错了，我会改过的。”士季叩头回答道：“谁能没有过错呢？有过错而能改掉，这就是最大的善事了。《诗经》说：‘没有人向善没有一个开始的，但却很少有坚持到底的。’如果是这样，那么能弥补过失的人是很少的。您如能坚持向善，那么江山就稳固了，不只是大臣们有所依靠啊。

2018-关于电脑英语作文-范文word版 (3页)

2018-关于电脑英语作文-范文word版 本文部分内容来自网络，本司不为其真实性负责，如有异议或侵权请及时联系，本司将予以删除！ == 本文为word格式，下载后可随意编辑修改！ == 关于电脑英语作文 对很多人来说电脑都不陌生，那么你知道电脑该如何使用吗?下面是关于电脑的作文，欢迎阅读! 篇一：电脑使用 Computer Using Nowadays, as we enter a new era which is full of new thing and technology, computer using has been a common and necessary skill in our work and study. However, computer also has some advantages while it has caused some problems. On the one hand, to a large extent, computer has brought a lot of convenience and benefits to our work, study and other areas. For example, those people who are familiar with computer using not only have more chances to get in touch with more information and knowledge but also have more efficiency in their study and work, especially for university students and technical workers. On the other hand, computers have made a great contribution to the development of communication. We can communicate with others who come from different places by computer but without meeting with them in person as a result. However, on the other hand, there are some problems caused by computer using. For example, a flood of the computer games have been a great threat for the growth and development of some children and students, and even some adults. They are addicted to computer games so terrible that they can never concentrate on their study and

英语作文电脑和网络的优缺点

What are some major advantages and disadvantages of these modern i n v e n t i o n s—p e r s o n a l c o m p u t e r a n d t h e I n t e r n e t? Our society is an informational one which is different from past. As human history developing, personal computer and the Internet come into being. They change our lives to a certain extent and they have some advantages and disadvantages for us. It has made our lives easier since personal computer and the Internet existed. Thanks to personal computer, we no longer have to compute complicated data using varieties of formulas because a computer could do all of these for us. I major in basic medicine and I need to handle data in processes of our experiments. Personal computer vastly saves my times and energies since I use professional software to work out complex data. Also, Internet helps us saving times. For example, if we don’t have leisure to go shopping out of our homes, we search the Internet. It presents us with desirable things and then we could buy them online. The couriers carry the goods we buy to where we live in, thus we can get what we buy without going out. Personal computer and the Internet shorten distance of people as well. For instance, one goes abroad contact his parents with long-distant video and it relieve the homesick he has. While they have many advantages, personal computer and the Internet also have some disadvantages. At first place, some people become reluctant to communicate with others due to addiction in computer games or Internet and they may be unsocial with their friends and their parents. Secondly, excessive enthrallment(沉迷) in computer and Internet could lead to unhealthy mental state. Fact shows that one may exist depression after long-term isolate with other people, thus cause some negative effects like suicide. Thirdly, if someone fixes his eyes on monitor too long, his eyesight will be impaired. This also hurt his health physiologically. Since personal computer and the Internet have advantages and disadvantages at the same time, the using of them has tow-side effects. We should take advantage the good side of them and avoid the bad side of them to the greatest extent.

如何翻译古文

如何翻译古文 学习古代汉语，需要经常把古文译成现代汉语。因为古文今译的过程是加深理解和全面运用古汉语知识解决实际问题的过程，也是综合考察古代汉语水平的过程。学习古代汉语，应该重视古文翻译的训练。 古文翻译的要求一般归纳为信、达、雅三项。“信”是指译文要准确地反映原作的含义，避免曲解原文内容。“达”是指译文应该通顺、晓畅，符合现代汉语语法规范。“信”和“达”是紧密相关的。脱离了“信”而求“达”，不能称为翻译；只求“信”而不顾“达”，也不是好的译文。因此“信”和“达”是文言文翻译的基本要求。“雅”是指译文不仅准确、通顺，而且生动、优美，能再现原作的风格神韵。这是很高的要求，在目前学习阶段，我们只要能做到“信”和“达”就可以了。 做好古文翻译，重要的问题是准确地理解古文，这是翻译的基础。但翻译方法也很重要。这里主要谈谈翻译方法方面的问题。 一、直译和意译 直译和意译是古文今译的两大类型，也是两种不同的今译方法。 1．关于直译。所谓直译，是指紧扣原文，按原文的字词和句子进行对等翻译的今译方法。它要求忠实于原文，一丝不苟，确切表达原意，保持原文的本来面貌。例如： 原文：樊迟请学稼，子曰：“吾不如老农。”请学为圃。子曰：“吾不如老圃。”（《论语?子路》） 译文：樊迟请求学种庄稼。孔子道：“我不如老农民。”又请求学种菜蔬。孔子道：“我不如老菜农。”（杨伯峻《论语译注》） 原文：齐宣王问曰：“汤放桀，武王伐纣，有诸？”（《孟子?梁惠王下》） 译文：齐宣王问道：“商汤流放夏桀，武王讨伐殷纣，真有这回事吗？（杨伯峻《孟子译注》） 上面两段译文紧扣原文，字词落实，句法结构基本上与原文对等，属于直译。 但对直译又不能作简单化理解。由于古今汉语在文字、词汇、语法等方面的差异，今译时对原文作一些适当的调整，是必要的，并不破坏直译。例如： 原文：逐之，三周华不注。（《齐晋鞌之战》） 译文：〔晋军〕追赶齐军，围着华不注山绕了三圈。

初中英语作文：On computers 关于电脑

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things. Access to the Internet, you can find the answers to your questions, you can do on line shopping without going outside. Computer has provided us lots of convenience. There is no doubt that people can have a better life with computer. 电脑在人们的日常生活中扮演重要角色。它们能做许多事情。链接因特网，你就能找到问题的答案，你不用出门，就可以在网上购物。电脑给人们带来了很多方便。毫无疑问，电脑使人们的生活变得更加美好。Some people worry about that someday computers may replace human beings. Then most people will have no jobs. However, in my opinion, computers are not replacing us. Even though computers can take over some difficult tasks that we can not do. They are nothing but machines. They work for us. They will never take the place of man. 有些人担心未来某天人类会被电脑所取代，大多数人就会失业。然而，在我看来，电脑不

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