老托听力1~30篇翻译

1

Community service is an important component of education here at our university. We encourage all students to volunteer for at least one community activity before they graduate. A new community program called "One On One" helps elementary students who've fallen behind. You education majors might be especially interested in it because it offers the opportunity to do some teaching—that is, tutoring in math and English. You'd have to volunteer two hours a week for one semester. You can choose to help a child with math, English, or both. Half-hour lessons are fine, so you could do a half hour of each subject two days a week. Professor Dodge will act as a mentor to the tutors—he'll be available to help you with lesson plans or to offer suggestions for activities. He has office hours every Tuesday and Thursday afternoon. You can sign up for the program with him and begin the tutoring next week. I'm sure you'll enjoy this community service and you'll gain valuable experience at the same time. It looks good on your resume, too, showing that you've had experience with children and that you care about your community. If you'd like to sign up, or if you have any questions, stop by Professor Dodge's office this week.

社会服务是我们学校教育的一个非常重要组成部分。我们鼓励学生在他们毕业前至少参加一个志愿活动。有一个叫“一对一”的新社区项目帮助成绩落后的小学生。你的教育学专业要特别对此感兴趣因为它提供给你一些助教的机会——指导数学和英语。你每个学期至少一个星期做两个小时的志愿服务。你可以选择帮助一个孩子数学，英语或者两个都帮。半个小时的课程很好，所以你可以每个科目各半个小时，每星期两天。Dodge教授会是助教的顾问——他可以在教学计划上或在活动上给予你建议。他每个周二和周四的下午都会在办公室。你可以去他那儿报名这个项目，然后下周开始助教。我相信你在享受这个社会服务同时你会得到有价值的经验。它在你的简历上看起来也不错，展示你对孩子有经验而且关心你的社会。如果你想报名，或者你有任何问题，这周去拜访Dodge教授。

2

I hope you've all finished reading the assigned chapter on insurance so that you're prepared for our discussion today. But, before we start, I'd like to mention a few things your text doesn't go into. It's interesting to note that insurance has existed in some form for a very long time. The earliest insurance policies were what we called bottomry contracts. They provided shipping protection for merchants as far back as 3000 B.C. In general, the contracts were often no more than verbal agreements. They granted loans to merchants with the understanding that if a particular shipment of goods was lost at sea, the loan didn't have to be repaid. Interest on the loans varied according to how risky it was to transport the goods. During periods of heavy piracy at sea, for example, the amount of interest and the cost of the policy went up considerably. So, you can see how insurance helped encourage international trade. Even the most cautious merchants became willing to risk shipping their goods over long distances, not to mention in hazardous weather conditions when they had this kind of protection available. Generally speaking, the basic form of an insurance

Policy has been pretty much the same since the Middle Ages. There are four points that were salient then and remain paramount in all policies today. These were outlined in chapter six and will serve as the basis for the rest of today's discussion. Can anyone tell me what one of those points might be?

我希望你们已经阅读了有关保险的指定章节，所以你们对今天的讨论是有准备的。但是，在我们开始前，我想说你们课文里没有的几件事。有趣的是，保险已经以某些形式存在很久了。最开始的保险政策是冒险借贷契约。公元前3000年，它们提供商人海运保护。一般来说，契约通常是口头协议。他们授予商人们贷款，如果装运物品在海里丢失了，贷款就不用还了。贷款利息的不同取决于运输货物的风险。在海盗行为严重的时期，比如，利息总额和政策的价格上升了很多。所以，你可以看到保险是如何帮助促进国际贸易的。即使是最谨慎的商人也开始想去承担长距离运输货物的风险，更不用说当恶劣的天气条件时他们有这种保护。一般来说，保险政策的基本形式从中世纪起就几乎一样。在所有政策里，有四个方面是显著和重要的。这些在第六章中都概括了并且会是今天其余的讨论。有人能告诉我其中的一个方面是什么吗？

3

Located at the NASA Research Center in Iowa is a 5,000-gallon vat of water, and inside the tank is an underwater treadmill designed by Dava Newman, an aerospace engineer. For four years Newman observed scuba divers as they simulated walking on the Moon and on Mars on her underwater moving belt. She wanted to discover how the gravity of the Moon and of Mars would affect human movement. To do this, Newman attached weights to the divers and then lowered them into the tank and onto the treadmill. These weights were carefully adjusted so that the divers could experience underwater the gravity of the Moon and of Mars as they walked on the treadmill.

Newman concluded that walking on Mars will probably be easier than walking on the Moon. The Moon has less gravity than Mars does, so at lunar gravity, the divers struggled to keep their balance and walked awkwardly. But at Martian gravity, the divers had greater traction and stability and could easily adjust to a pace of 1.5 miles per hour. As Newman gradually increased the speed of the treadmill, the divers took longer, graceful strides until they comfortably settled into an even quicker pace. Newman also noted that at Martian gravity, the divers needed less oxygen. The data Newman collected will help in the future design of Martian space suits. Compared to lunar space suits, Martian space suits will require smaller air tanks; and, to allow for freer movement, the elbow and knee areas of the space suits will also be altered.

NASA的调查中心在IOWA有一个可容5000加仑水的大容器，内部有一个由航空宇宙工程师Dava Newman设计的水下踏车。四年来，Newman一直观察潜水者在她的水下传送带上的模仿在月球和火星上的行走。她想知道月球和火星的重力是如何影响人类的活动的。为了做到这些，Newman给潜水者加了一些重量，然后把他们放入水中，放到脚踏车上。这些重量是谨慎调整过的，因此。潜水者在脚踏车上时可以感受到月球或火星上的重力作用。Newman推断在火星上的行走易于在月球上的行走，月球的重力小于火星，所以在月球重力的作用下，潜水者要努力保持平衡并且走路更笨拙一些。在火星的重力作用下，潜水者有更多的牵引力和稳定性，并且可以轻松达到1.5英里/小时的步速。随着Newman逐渐给脚踏车加速，潜水

者步幅更大，动作更优美，直到他们达到一个更快步速。Newman也注意到在火星重力作用下，潜水者需要的氧气更少。Newman收集到的资料将有助于未来火星空间服的设计。与月球服相比，火星服将有更小的空气罐，而且，为了保证更自由的行动，火星服的肘部与膝部的空间也会被改变。

4

Welcome to Everglades National Park. The Everglades is a watery plain covered with saw grass that's home to numerous species of plants and wildlife. At one and a half million acres, it's too big to see it all today, but this tour will offer you a good sampling. Our tour bus will stop first at Taylor Slough. This is a good place to start because it's home to many of the plants and animals typically associated with the Everglades. You'll see many exotic birds and, of course, our world famous alligators. Don't worry, there's a boardwalk that goes across the marsh, so you can look down at the animals in the water from a safe distance. The boardwalk is high enough to give you a great view of the saw grass prairie. From there we'll head to some other marshy and even jungle like areas that feature wonderful tropical plant life. For those of you who'd like a closer view of the saw grass prairie, you might consider renting a canoe sometime during your visit here. However, don't do this unless you have a very good sense of direction and can negotiate your way through tall grass. We'd hate to have to come looking for you. You have the good fortune of being here in the winter—the best time of year to visit. During the spring and summer, the mosquitoes will just about eat you alive! Right now they're not so bothersome, but you'll still want to use an insect repellent.

欢迎来到大沼泽地国家公园。沼泽地是一个被克拉莎草覆盖的潮湿的平原并且是很多野生物种的家园。今天看完全部的150万英亩太多了，但是这个旅行会给你提供一个很好的采样。我们的旅行公共汽车的第一站是Taylor Slough。这是一个好地方因为这是很多与沼泽地相关的动物和植物的家。你可以看到很多异国的鸟，当然，还有世界闻名的短吻鳄。不用担心，这里有一个在沼泽地上方的小道，所以你可以从一个安全的距离看到底下在水里的动物。这个小道也是足够高的让你看到克拉莎草大草原。从那里我们会前往其他的有着奇妙的热带植物，如同沼泽般和丛林般的地方。对于你们中那些想近距离观察克拉莎草大草原的人，在旅游途中，你可以考虑借一个独木舟。但是，除非你有很好的方向感并且可以顺利通过高大的草丛，不然不要做。我们痛恨去找你。你们有着很好的运气在冬季来到这里——旅游的最佳季节。在春天和夏天，蚊子会活活把你吃掉。现在它们并不是很麻烦，但你还是会需要一个驱虫剂的。

5

Thank you. It's great to see so many of you interested in this series on "Survival in Outer Space." Please excuse the cameras; we're being videotaped for the local TV stations. Tonight I'm going to talk about the most basic aspect of survival—the space suit. When most of you imagine an astronaut, that's probably the first thing that comes to mind, right? Well, without space suits, it would not be possible for us to survive in space. For example, outer space is a

vacuum—there's no gravity or air pressure; without protection, a body would explode. What's more, we'd cook in the sun or freeze in the shade with temperatures ranging from a toasty 300 degrees above to a cool 300 degrees below zero Fahrenheit. The space suit that NASA has developed is truly a marvel. This photo enlargement here is a life-size image of an actual space suit worn by astronauts on the last space shuttle mission. This part is the torso. It’s made of seven extremely durable layers. This thick insulation protects against temperature extremes and radiation. Next is what they call a "bladder" of oxygen that's an inflatable sac, filled with oxygen, to simulate atmospheric pressure. This bladder presses against the body with the same force as the Earth's atmosphere at sea level. The innermost layers provide liquid cooling and ventilation. Despite all the layers, the suit is flexible, allowing free movement so we can work. Another really sophisticated part of the space suit is the helmet. I brought one along to show you. Can I have a volunteer come and demonstrate? 谢谢。看到你们这么多人都对“外太空生存”感兴趣真好。请不要介意摄像机，我们在给当地的电视台录像。今晚我要讲一讲在外太空生存的最基本的方面——太空衣。当你们大部分人想象到一个宇航员时，太空衣是最先在脑海中出现的，对不对？没有太空衣，我们就不可能在外太空生存。比如说，外太空就像一个真空——那里没有重力或者空气压力。没有保护，身体会爆炸。而且，在温度从暖烘烘的300华氏度到冰冷的零下300华氏度的变化下，我们会在太阳里被烤熟或者在背阴处冻结。NASA研制的太空服是一个真正的十分灵巧的东西。这个放大的照片是一个和实物一样大小的图像，反映的是在上一次航天飞机的任务中，宇航员穿着真正的太空衣。这个部分是身体躯干。它是由7个非常耐用的层制作的。粗的绝缘材料保护温度末端和辐射。下一个是他们叫做氧气“囊”的充气囊。它里面充满了氧气，模仿大气压力。这个囊对身体的压力和地球大气层对海平线的压力一样。最里面的层提供液体冷却和通风。尽管有这些层，太空衣很灵活，允许自由的运动，所以我们可以工作。另一个太空衣很复杂的部分是头盔。我带了一个来给你们看。有没有志愿者想上来展示一下吗？

6

Good evening. My name is Pam Jones, and on behalf of the Modern Dance club, I'd like to welcome you to tonight's program. The club is pleased to present the TV version of The Catherine Wheel, Twyla Tharp's rock ballet. This video version of the ballet has been even more successful with audiences than the original theater production. It includes some animation, slow motion, and stop-action freezes that really help the audience understand the dance. The title of the piece refers to Saint Catherine, who died on a wheel in 307 A.D. Nowadays, a Catherine wheel is also a kind of firework. It looks something like a pinwheel. Anyway, the dance is certainly full of fireworks! You'll see how Twyla Tharp explores one family's attempt to confront the violence in modern life. The central symbol of the work is a pineapple, but exactly what it represents has always created a lot of controversy. As you watch, see if you can figure it out. The music for this piece is full of the rhythmic energy of rock music. It was composed by David Byrne. Of the rock band T alking Heads? And the lead dancer in this version was Sara Rudner, who is perfectly suited to Tharp's adventurous

choreography. Following the video, dance teacher Mary Parker will lead a discussion about the symbolism Ms. Tharp used. We hope you can stay for that. So, enjoy tonight's video and thank you for your support.

晚上好，我叫Pam Jones。作为现代舞俱乐部的代表，我欢迎你们来看今天的节目。我们的俱乐部很高兴为电视版本的“The Catherine Wheel”，也就是Twyla Tarp的摇滚芭蕾作电视转播。这个芭蕾录影比原始的剧院录影要成功得多。它很活泼，动作较慢，包括动动作的流畅都帮助观众很好地理解舞蹈，这个节目的主题来自Saint Catherine，307年死在车轮下。现今，“Saint Catherine轮子”也是一种烟花的名字，它看起来象一种玩具风车，总之，这个舞蹈充满了烟火。你会看到Twyla Tharp 探究一个家庭试图对抗现今的暴力，这个作品的中心标志是一个菠萝，但它到底代表什么仍有很大争议。当你观看时你看你是否能想象出来。这个节目充满了摇滚乐的韵律，是David Byrne 作曲。Of the rock band Talking Heads?（不会。。）领舞的是Sara Rudner，她很适合Tharp 大胆创新的舞蹈设计。录相之后，舞蹈教师Mary Parker 会开始一场关于Tharp女士用过的象征符号的讨论。我们期望你们可以待到那个时候。最后，好好享受今晚的录相并感谢你们的支持。

7

In our lab today, we'll be testing the hypothesis that babies can count as early as five months of age. The six babies here are all less than six months old. You'll be watching them on closed circuit TV and measuring their responses. The experiment is based on the well-established observation that babies stare longer if they don't see what they expect to see. First, we're going to let two dolls move slowly in front of the babies. The babies will see the two dolls disappear behind a screen. Your job is to record, in seconds, how long the babies stare at the dolls when the screen is removed. In the next stage, two dolls will again move in front of the babies and disappear. But then a third doll will follow. When the screen is removed, the babies will only see two dolls. If we're right, the babies will now stare longer because they expect three dolls but only see two. It seems remarkable to think that such young children can count. My own research has convinced me that they have this ability from birth. But whether they do or not, perhaps we should raise another question. Should we take advantage of this ability by teaching children mathematics at such a young age? They have great untapped potential, but is it good for parents to pressure young children?

今天在我们的实验室，我们将测试一种假设—小婴儿们早在5个月大时就可以数数。这里的6个小婴儿都是比6个月小的。你们将会通过闭路电视看到他们并且测试他们的反应。这个实验室基于一个历史悠久的观察，即小婴儿们会盯着更久如果他们没有看到他们期望看到的东西。首先，我们会让两个娃娃从小婴儿们面前慢慢的移动。小婴儿们会看到这两个娃娃在屏幕后面消失。你们的工作是以秒的形式记录下来当屏幕移开的时候，小婴儿们盯着娃娃多久。下一步，两个娃娃会再次从小婴儿们面前移动然后消失。但是紧接着，第三个娃娃会跟着出现。当屏幕移开时，小婴儿们只会看见两个娃娃。如果我们是正确的，小婴儿们将盯着更久因为他们期望三个娃娃但是只看到两个。这像是不平常的去想这么小的孩子可以数数。我自己的研究已经使我相信他们从出生就有这个能力。但是不管他们有没有，也许我们应该提出另一个问题。我们应该利用这个能力去在孩子们这么小的时候去教他们数学吗？他们有着很好的未开放的潜能，但是家长给小孩子压力是好的吗？

8

Before starting our tour of Monticello, I'd like to give you some historical facts that might help you appreciate what you see today even more. Monticello was the very much loved home of Thomas Jefferson for over fifty years. Jefferson, who was, of course, President, was also a great reader and language enthusiast. He read widely on different subjects, including architecture. He wasn't formally trained in architecture, but as a result of his study and observation of other buildings, he was able to help design and build the house. He chose the site himself, naming the estate "Monticello," which means "little mountain" in Italian. In fact, many of the ideas behind the design also came from the Italian architect Andrea Palladio, who lived in the sixteenth century and who had a great influence on the architecture of England. Jefferson, however, ignored one of Palladio's principles, that is, not to build in a high place. Monticello's elevation made the transportation of what was needed at the house—for example, food—especially difficult. But the view from the estate would not be as spectacular if Jefferson had followed Palladio's advice; there really is no boundary between the house and the nature around it, and so Jefferson was able to look out on his beloved state of Virginia from his wonderful vantage point. Now we'll go on to Jefferson's library.

在我们的蒙提切娄旅游开始前，我想给你们讲一些会帮助你们鉴赏今天要看的东西的史实。蒙提切娄是Thomas Jefferson50多年最爱的家。Jefferson不但是总统，而且还是一个伟大的读者和语言爱好者。他在不同的学科上都阅读很广泛，包括建筑学。他并没有正式地在建筑学方面有所训练，但是由于他对其他建筑物的观察和学习，他可以帮助设计和建造房屋。他自己选址，给庄园起名叫蒙提切娄，它仔意大利语的意思是“小山”。事实上，在设计的背后，很多意见都来自于一个意大利的建筑师“Andrea Palladio”。他生活在16世纪并且在英格兰的建筑学上有很大影响。但是Jefferson忽视了Palladio的一个原则——你能在高的地方建。蒙提切娄的海拔让运输很困难，比如食物。但是如果Jefferson遵循了Palladio的原则，那么庄园的视野就不会如此壮观。房子和周围的自然确实没有分界线。所以Jefferson可以从有利位置向外看到他爱的弗吉尼亚州。现在我们前往Jefferson的图书馆。

9

Now that we've all introduced ourselves to the new members, let's get down to work. As the committee in charge of this year's tree-planting project, we have several items on our agenda. First, we have to review the budget. The president has informed me that the trustees have set aside $3,000 for the purchase of trees and our environmental T-shirt sale netted a profit of $1,500. Second, we have to finalize the choice of trees. As you know, we're working with Richardson's Nursery again this year since everyone seemed pleased with the work he did for us last year. Mr. Richardson has presented us with several choices within our price range that he thinks would meet our needs. He's sent us pictures of the trees for us to look at, but he wanted me to tell you that we're

welcome to visit the nursery if we want to see the trees themselves. Lastly, we need to plan some kind of ceremony to commemorate the planting. Several ideas, including a garden party of some sort, have been suggested. So let's get on with it and turn to the first order of business.

既然现在我们已经向新成员们做了自我介绍，让我们开始工作吧。作为负责今年植树项目的委员会，我们的议程包含几项项目。首先，我们要回顾预算。董事长已经通知我，托管人已经设置了3000美元给我们购买树和环境T恤，净赚了1500美元。第二，我们必须给树的选择定稿。你们知道，由于去年每个人好像都对Richardson的苗圃很满意，我们今年再次和他合作。Richardson先生已经给我们提供一些他认为可以符合在我们价格范围内的选择。他给我们发送了一些树的图片来看，但是他想让我告诉你们，他欢迎我们去拜访他的苗圃如果我们想亲眼看一下那些树。最后，我们需要计划一些仪式来纪念植树。几个方案，包括一个花园派对已经被建议过了。所以让我们来开始吧，然后转向第一次生意。

10

Welcome to the Four Winds Historical Farm, where traditions of the past are preserved for visitors like you. Today, our master thatchers will begin giving this barn behind me a sturdy thatched roof, able to withstand heavy winds and last up to a hundred years. How do they do it? Well, in a nutshell, thatching involves covering the beams or rafters, the wooden skeleton of a roof with reeds or straw. Our thatchers here have harvested their own natural materials for the job, the bundles of water reeds you see lying over there beside the barn. Thatching is certainly uncommon in the Untied States today. I guess that's why so many of you have come to see this demonstration. But it wasn't always that way. In the seventeenth century, the colonists here thatched their roofs with reeds and straw, just as they had done in England. After a while, though, they began to replace the thatch with wooden shingles because wood was so plentiful. And eventually, other roofing materials like stone, slate, and clay tiles came into use. It's a real shame that most people today don't realize how strong and long lasting a thatched roof is. In Ireland, where thatching is still practiced, the roofs can survive winds of up to one hundred ten miles per hour. That's because straw and reeds are so flexible. They bend but don't break in the wind like other materials can. Another advantage is that the roofs keep the house cool in the summer and warm in the winter. And then, of course, there's the roofs' longevity—the average is sixty years, but they can last up to a hundred. With all these reasons to start thatching roofs again, wouldn't it be wonderful to see this disappearing craft return to popularity?

欢迎来到“四风历史农场”，这里传统都被保留下来，为您这样的旅客而准备。今天，我们主要得盖屋顶者要开始给我们的谷仓建一个坚固的房顶，足以承受住强风并持续一年。他们如何做到这个？一言以蔽之，盖屋顶包括覆盖着梁和椽。我们的盖屋顶者收获了他们工作的材料，一捆捆水中的芦苇在那个仓库中，盖屋顶在今天的美国很不普通。我想这就是为什么你们这以多人来这里看示范的原因。但并不都是这样。在17世纪，殖民者用芦苇造他们的房顶，就像他们在英国一样，过了一阵以后，他们开始用木瓦替代茅草，因为木材很多。最后，建造屋顶的材料像石头，板岩，和泥土瓷砖开始被使用。很不幸，现在很多人没有意识到茅草屋顶有多坚固多长寿。在爱尔兰，茅草屋顶在那里仍被使用。屋顶可以在每小时1000

英里的大风中幸存下来，这是因为茅草和稻草很灵活，他们会弯曲但不会像其他材料那样会断。另一个优势是，这个屋顶可以使房屋冬暖夏凉，并且这个屋顶的寿命有60年，但一般可以使用100年，有这么多可以重新使用茅草屋顶的理由，难道它不会再度受欢迎起来么？

11

A lot of people in the United States are coffee drinkers. Over the last few years, a trend has been developing to introduce premium, specially blended coffees, known as "gourmet coffees" into the American market. Boston seems to have been the birthplace of this trend. In fact, major gourmet coffee merchants from other cities like Seattle and San Francisco came to Boston, where today they're engaged in a kind of "coffee war" with Boston's merchants. They are all competing for a significant share of the gourmet coffee market. Surprisingly, the competition among these leading gourmet coffee businesses will not hurt any of them. Experts predict that the gourmet coffee market in the United States is growing and will continue to grow, to the point that gourmet coffee will soon capture half of what is now a 1.5-million-dollar market and will be an 8-million-dollar market by 1999. Studies have shown that coffee drinkers who convert to gourmet coffee seldom go back to the regular brands found in supermarkets. As a result, these brands will be the real losers in the gourmet coffee competition.

很多美国人都是喝咖啡的人。在前几年里，一个介绍优质的混合咖啡的趋势一直在发展着。这就是“美食家咖啡”进入了美国的市场。波士顿好像是这个趋势的发源地。事实上，其他城市，比如西雅图和旧金山的主要“美食家咖啡”商人来到波士顿，在那里他们和波士顿商人们参加了“咖啡战争”。他们都在为“美食家咖啡”重要的分享而竞争。令人惊讶的是，关于“美食家咖啡”的竞争没有伤害任何一个人。专家预测美国的“美食家咖啡”市场正在发展并且会持续发展，to the point that gourmet coffee will soon capture half of what is now a 1.5-million-dollar market and will be an 8-million-dollar market by 1999.（不会翻阿..><）研究表明，喝咖啡的人转变到“美食家咖啡”后就很少去喝市场里其他品牌的咖啡了。结果是，那些品牌在“美食家咖啡”的竞争中会变成真正的失败者。

12

You may remember that a few weeks ago we discussed the question of what photography is. Is it art, or is it a method of reproducing images? Do photographs belong in museums or just in our homes? Today I want to talk about a person who tried to make his professional life an answer to such questions. Alfred Stieglitz went from the United States to Germany to study engineering. While he was there, he became interested in photography and began to experiment with his camera. He took pictures under conditions that most photographers considered too difficult. He took them at night, in the rain, and of people and objects reflected in windows. When he returned to the United States he continued these revolutionary efforts. Stieglitz was the first person to photograph skyscrapers, clouds, and views from an airplane. What Stieglitz was trying to do in these photographs was what he tried to do throughout his life:

make photography an art. He felt that photography could be just as good a form of self-expression as painting or drawing. For Stieglitz, his camera was his brush. While many photographers of the late 1800's and early 1900's thought of their work as a reproduction of identical images, Stieglitz saw his as a creative art form. He understood the power of the camera to capture the moment. In fact, he never retouched his prints or made copies of them. If he were in this classroom today, I'm sure he'd say, "Well, painters don't normally make extra copies of their paintings, do they?"

你们也许记得几星期前我们讨论过的什么事摄影的问题。它是艺术还是一种复制图像的方法？照片属于博物馆还是我们自己家里？今天我想讲一讲一个尝试把自己专业的生活变成这些问题的答案的人。Alfred Stieglitz从美国前往德国学习工程。当他在那儿的时候，他变得对摄影感兴趣并且开始用他的相机做试验。他在大部分摄影师认为困难的条件下拍照片。他在晚上拍，在雨里拍窗户里反射出的物品和人们。当他回到美国，他继续着革命性的努力。Stieglitz是第一个拍照摩天大楼，云彩，和飞机外的风景的人。Stieglitz尝试在这些照片做的事就是他一生至始至终想做的事情:让摄影变成艺术。他感觉摄影可以成为和图画一样好的自我表达。对Stieglitz来说，他的相机就是他的刷子。在很多18世纪晚期和19世纪前期的摄影家都很为他们的工作就是复制完全相同的图像时，Stieglitz看待他的作品为创造性的形式。他明白相机记录下瞬间的力量。事实上，他从没有润色过他的印刷物或者复制他们。如果他今天在我们的教室里，我确信他会说：“好啦，画家不经常为他们的图画制作额外的副本，对吗？

13

So, uh . . . as Jim said, James Polk was the eleventh President, and . . . uh . . . well, my report's about the next President—Zachary T aylor. Taylor was elected in 1849. It's surprising because . . . well, he was the first President that didn't have any previous political experience. The main reason he was chosen as a candidate was because he was a war hero. In the army, his men called him "Old Rough and Ready". I guess because of his . . . "rough edges." He was kind of blunt and he didn't really look like a military hero. He liked to do things like wear civilian clothes instead of a uniform, even in battle. And he was so short and plump he had to be lifted up onto his horse. But he did win a lot of battles and he became more and more popular. So, the Whig party decided to nominate him for the presidency, even though no one knew anything about where he stood on the issues. I couldn't find much about his accomplishments, probably because he was only in office about a year and a half before he died. But one thing, he pushed for the development of the transcontinental railroad because he thought it was important to form a link with the West Coast. There was a lot of wealth in California and Oregon from commerce and minerals and stuff. Also, he established an agricultural bureau in the Department of the Interior and promoted more government aid to agriculture. Well, that's about all I found. Like I said, he died in office in 1850, so his Vice President took over, and that's the next report, so . . . thank you.

所以，嗯…就像Jim所说，James Polk是第11任总统，并且…嗯…好了，我的报告时关于下一任总统——Zachary Taylor。好了，他是第一个没有任何早先政治经验的总统。他当选

候选人的主要原因是因为他是一个战争英雄。在军队里，他的战友叫他“老马虎”。我猜这可能是因为他粗糙的边缘。他直言不讳而且他长的不怎么像一个军队英雄。他喜欢穿平民百姓的衣服而不是军服，即使在战斗中也是。而且他是那么的矮和胖，所以他需要被抬起才能骑上马。但是他确实赢得了许多战役而且他变得越来越出名。所以，辉格党决定提名他为总统职位，即使没有人知道任何关于他站在哪一边的问题。我不能找到许多关于他的功绩，可能是因为在他去世前，只在办公室呆了一年半的时间。但是有一件事，他推进了横贯大陆的铁路的发展因为他认为连接西海岸是重要的。加利福尼亚州和俄勒冈州有很多丰富的贸易和矿物之类的东西。并且，他在内部建立了一个农业局，为农业提供了更多的政府援助。好了，这就是我找到的所有东西。就像我说的，他1850年死于他的办公室，所以他的副总统接手，这就是下一个报告，所以…谢谢。

14

I want to welcome each and every balloon enthusiast to Philadelphia. Thank you for coming here this morning to commemorate the first balloon voyage in the United States. On January 9, 1793, at ten o'clock in the morning, a silk balloon lifted into the skies above this city, which was, at the time, the capital of the country. According to the original records of the flight, the voyage lasted forty-six minutes, from its departure in Philadelphia to its landing across the Delaware River in New Jersey. Though our pilots today will try to approximate the original landing site, they're at the mercy of the winds, so who knows where they'll drift off to. Even the balloonist in 1793 experienced some uncertain weather that day. There were clouds, fog, and mist in various directions. Our reenactment promises to be nothing less than spectacular. The yellow balloon directly behind me is five stories high. It's inflated with helium, unlike the original, which was filled with hydrogen and, unbeknownst to the pilot, potentially explosive. Gas-filled models are pretty uncommon now because of the extremely high cost, so the eighty other balloons in today's launch are hot air, heated by propane burners. These balloons are from all over the country. 我想欢迎每一个热气球爱好者来到费城。感谢你们在这个早上来到这里为美国的第一次热气球旅行举行纪念活动。在1793年1月9日的早上，在这个城市还是首都的时候，一个丝绸的热气球在这个城市的上空升起。根据原始的记录，飞行持续了46分钟，从费城出发，横跨特拉华河，在新泽西着陆。尽管今天我们的飞行员会尽可能的接近原来的降落地点，但是他们的气球完全受风的控制，没人知道他们会飘到什么地方。甚至在1793年的气球驾驶者在当时已经熟知并掌握了一些不稳定的天气情况下也是如此。那里有云，雾和使人视线模糊地薄雾从不同的方向飘来。我们承诺这次历史重现的演出必是一次壮观的表演。在我正后方的黄色热气球有5层楼高。这个热气球是由氦气充满，而不是由传统的氢气充满，而且飞行员不知道的是，用氢气充满气球是很有可能爆炸的。充气气球模型因为它的高成本在当今是非常难见到的，所以今天其他80个热气球是由丙烷气炉加热，用热气发射的。这些热气球来自全国各地。

15

I'm glad you brought up the question of our investigations into the makeup of the Earth's interior. In fact, since this is the topic of your reading assignment for

next time, let me spend these last few minutes of class talking about it. There were several important discoveries in the early part of this century that helped geologists develop a more accurate picture of the Earth's interior. The first key discovery had to do with seismic waves. Remember they are the vibrations caused by earthquakes. Well, scientists found that they traveled thousands of miles through the Earth's interior. This finding enabled geologists to study the inner parts of the Earth. You see, these studies revealed that these vibrations were of two types: compression or P waves and shear or S waves. And researchers found that P waves travel through both liquids and solids, while S waves travel only through solid matter. In 1906, a British geologist discovered that P waves slowed down at a certain depth but kept traveling deeper. On the other hand, S waves either disappeared or were reflected back, so he concluded that the depth marked the boundary between a solid mantle and a liquid core. Three years later, another boundary was discovered, that between the mantle and the Earth's crust. There's still a lot to be learned about the Earth. For instance, geologists know that the core is hot. Evidence of this is the molten lava that flows out of volcanoes. But we're still not sure what the source of the heat is.

我很高兴你对我们关于地球内部构成的研究提出问题。事实上，这个话题将是你们的下一个阅读作业，现在让我用占用课堂上的几分钟说说这个话题。在这个世纪有几个重要的发现，它们帮助地质学家显影出一张更精准的地球内部构成图。第一个关键的发现与震波有关。记住震波是地震引起的震动。于是科学家发现这些震波是穿过数千英里从地球内部传来的。这个发现使科学家能够研究地球里面的部分。你看，这些研究显示震动有两种类型：压缩波或者叫P型波，和切变波或者叫S型波。研究人员还发现P型波可以穿过液体和固体，而S 型波只能穿过固体物品。在1906年，一位英国地质学家发现P型波在一定的深度传播很慢，但是会继续向更深的地方传播。另一方面，S型波不是消失就是被反射回来，所以他推断出深度标志着固体地幔与液体地心的边界。三年后，另一个边界被发现，是地幔与地壳的边界。还有很多关于地球的奥秘等着我们去了解。例如，地质学家根据从火山流出的熔岩知道地心是炎热的，但是我们还是不能确定地心热量的来源是什么。

16

Today we're going to practice evaluating the main tool used when addressing groups—the voice. There are three main elements that combine to create either a positive or negative experience for listeners. They can result in a voice that is pleasing to listen to and can be used effectively. Or they can create a voice that doesn't hold attention, or even worse, causes an adverse reaction. The three elements are volume, pitch, and pace. When evaluating volume, keep in mind that a good speaker will adjust to the size of both the room and the audience. Of course, with an amplifying device like a microphone, the speaker can use a natural tone. But speakers should not be dependent on microphones; a good speaker can speak loudly without shouting. The second element, pitch, is related to the highness or lowness of the sounds. High pitches are, for most people, more difficult to listen to, so in general speakers should use the lower registers of their voice. During a presentation, it's important to vary pitch to

some extent in order to maintain interest. The third element, pace, that is how fast or slow words and sounds are articulated, should also be varied. A slower pace can be used to emphasize important points. Note that the time spent not speaking can be meaningful, too. Pauses ought to be used to signal transitions or create anticipation. Because a pause gives the listeners time to think about what was just said or even to predict what might come next, it can be very effective when moving from one topic to another. What I'd like you to do now is watch and listen to a videotape and use the forms I gave you to rate the speaking voices you hear. Then tonight I want you to go home and read a passage into a tape recorder and evaluate your own voice.

今天我们将练习评估演讲团体所用的主要工具——嗓音。这里有3个主要的元素，它们结合后可以对听众产生兼于积极与消极之间的任何感受。这三个元素可以导致一种嗓音使人们愿意听，而且很有效。或者他们可以创造一种不能持续获得关注的嗓音，或者更糟，造成不利的反作用。这三个元素就是音量，音高和语速。当我们评估音量时，要牢记一个好的演讲者根据房间和听众来调节音量的大小。当然，在像麦克风这样的扩音设备的帮助下，演讲者可以用自然地语气。但是演讲者不应该依赖于麦克风；一个好的演讲者不用喊叫也可以声音洪亮。第二个元素，音高，联系着声音的高贵与卑贱。音高很高会让大部分人更难愿意去听，所以通常演讲者应该运用声音中比较低的音域。在整个演讲中，在某种程度上运用音高的变化去使人们保持兴趣是很重要的。第三个元素，语速，是表示你的单词与声音衔接的有多快或者多慢，它应该是变化的。慢的语速可以用来强调重点。要注意，时间的流逝而不是演讲，也可以是富有深刻意义的。暂停应该被用于表示过渡或者创建期望。因为一个暂停给予听众时间去思考刚才说了什么，或者甚至去预想接下来会说什么，这在从一个话题转向另一个话题时是非常有效的。现在我想让你们做的是看和听一部录像带，然后运用我刚才给你们的形式对你们听到的演讲者的嗓音作出评估。然后，我希望今天晚上你们回家后读一段文章录在磁带里，并且评估你们自己的嗓音。

17

Let's proceed to the main exhibit hall and look at some of the actual vehicles that have played a prominent role in speeding up mail delivery. Consider how long it used to take to send a letter across a relatively short distance. Back in the 1600's it took two weeks on horseback to get a letter from Boston to New York, a distance of about 260 miles. Crossing a river was also a challenge. Ferry service was so irregular that a carrier would sometimes wait hours just to catch a ferry. For journeys inland, there was always the stagecoach, but the ride was by no means comfortable because it had to be shared with other passengers. The post office was pretty ingenious about some routes. In the nineteenth century, in the Southwestern desert, for instance, camels were brought in to help get the mail through. In Alaska, reindeer were used. This practice was discontinued because of the disagreeable temperament of these animals. We'll stop here a minute so that you can enter this replica of a railway mail car. It was during the Age of the Iron Horse that delivery really started to pick up, in fact, the United States transported most bulk mail by train for nearly 100 years. The first airmail service didn't start until 1918. Please take a few moments to look around. I hope you'll enjoy your tour. And as you continue on your own, may I

suggest you visit our impressive philatelic collection. Not only can you look at some of the more unusual stamps issues, but there is an interesting exhibit on how stamps are made.

让我们沿着展厅继续向前走，去看看一些在加快信件投递中起到杰出作用的交通工具。思考一下把一封信送到一个相对短的距离要花去多长的时间。回到17世纪，从波士顿寄信去纽约，差不多260英里，骑着马要用去两个星期的时间。穿越河流也同样是一个挑战。渡船服务非常的不正规，导致运输公司有的时候得等数个小时去等一个渡船。对于内陆的旅途，中间总会有驿站，但这不意味着骑马就是舒适的，因为你必须和其他旅客分享房间。邮局对于一些路线是十分巧妙的。19世纪，以西南部的沙漠为例，骆驼被买来用于运输信件。在阿拉斯加，驯鹿曾被用于运输信件。这个训练因为这种动物不友好的秉性而中止了。我们将在这里停留一分钟，你们可以进入这个铁路邮车的复制品中。它是运行在整个投递开始提取的火车时代的，事实上，美国用火车运输大宗邮件寄送近100年。最早的航空邮件服务时在1918年开始的。请花一些时间到处看看。我希望你们会喜欢你们的参观。在你们开始自己的参观之前，请允许我建议你们去参观一下令人影响深刻的集邮收藏，你不仅能看到一些很不寻常的邮票发行，这里还有一个有趣的展览展示邮票是怎样制作的。

18

Most people think of astronomers as people who spend their time in cold observatories peering through telescopes every night. In fact, a typical astronomer spends most of his or her time analyzing data and may only be at the telescope a few weeks of the year. Some astronomers work on purely theoretical problems and never use a telescope at all. You might not know how rarely images are viewed directly through telescopes. The most common way to observe the skies is to photograph them. The process is very simple. First, a photographic plate is coated with a light-sensitive material. The plate is positioned so that the image received by the telescope is recorded on it. Then the image can be developed, enlarged, and published so that many people can study it. Because most astronomical objects are very remote, the light we receive from them is rather feeble. But by using a telescope as a camera, long time exposures can be made. In this way, objects can be photographed that are a hundred times too faint to be seen by just looking through a telescope.

许多人认为天文学家是那种每晚都把时间花在冰冷的天文台上，通过望远镜仔细观察的人。事实上，一位典型的天文学家会把他自己的大部分时间用在分析日期上，而且也许一年只用几个星期的望远镜。一些天文学家仅仅研究理论上的问题，而从不用望远镜。你也许不知道直接在望远镜上观察到像是多么的难得。观察天空更常用的方式是将它照下来。这个过程非常简单。首先，把一个摄影用的感光片涂上一层光敏的材料。这个感光片被放好，于是望远镜接收到的图像被记录在上面。然后便可以冲洗图像，放大，出版，于是许多人都可以研究它。因为大部分天体是非常遥远的，所以从它们那里接受到的光相当微弱。但是通过将望远镜用作照相机的方法，长时间的曝光可以得到像。用这种方法，只从望远镜里看就可以让天体被照下来上百次非常微弱的光用于观察。

19

Before we start our first lab, I'd like to tell you a little bit about the workbook

we'll be using. The first thing I'd like to point out is that the workbook contains a very large amount of material, far more than you could ever handle in a single semester. What you're supposed to do is choose the experiments and activities that you want to do—within a certain framework, of course. Part of my job is to help you make your choices. Next, I'd like to mention that in each workbook chapter, there are usually two subsections. The first is called "Experiments" and the second is called "Activities." In the "Experiments" section, the workbook gives full instructions for all the experiments, including alternate procedures. Choose the procedure you wish—there's plenty of equipment available. In the "Activities" section, you will find suggestions for projects that you can do on your own time. You'll see that there are usually no detailed instructions for the activities—you're supposed to do them your own way. If there are no questions, let's turn to Chapter One now.

在开始我们的第一个实验之前，我想要告诉你们一些关于我们将会用到的作业本的事情。我想指出的第一件事情是这个作业本包含了大量的资料，比你在一个学期能处理的资料要多的多。你应该做的是选择一个你想做的实验并在一个确定的体系下完成它。帮助你做出你的选择是我工作的一部分。接下来我想说到的是，在作业本的每一章通常有两部分。第一部分叫做“实验”，第二部分叫做“活动”。在“实验”部分，作业本上会给出完整的实验指令，包括可替换的步骤。选择你喜欢的步骤——这里有很多步骤可供选择。在“活动”部分，你会找到一些可以在闲暇时间进行的关于方案的建议。你会看到这里通常没有详细的活动指示——你应该用自己的方法去完成它们。如果没有其他问题，让我们现在进入第一章。

20

Do you have trouble sleeping at night? Then maybe this is for you. When you worry about needing sleep and toss and turn trying to find a comfortable position, you're probably only making matters worse. What happens when you do that is that your heart rate actually increases, making it more difficult to relax. You may also have some bad habits that contribute to the problem. Do you rest frequently during the day? Do you get virtually no exercise, or do you exercise strenuously late in the day? Are you preoccupied with sleep, or do you sleep late on weekends? Any or all of these factors might be leading to your insomnia by disrupting your body's natural rhythm. What should you do, then, on those sleepless nights? Don't bother with sleeping pills. They can actually cause worse insomnia later. The best thing to do is drink milk or eat cheese or tuna fish. These are all rich in amino acids and help produce a neurotransmitter in the brain that induces sleep. This neurotransmitter will help you relax, and you'll be on your way to getting a good night's sleep. Until tomorrow's broadcast, this has been another in the series "Hints for Good Health."

你有晚上睡觉的麻烦么？也许这个适合你。当你担心缺乏必要地睡眠而辗转反侧，想找到一个舒服的位置时，你也许只会使问题变的更糟。事实上在你做这些事情的时候，你的心率会加快，使得你更难放松下来。你也许还有一些坏习惯使得问题恶化。你是否在一天中频繁的休息？你是否不运动，或者在晚上剧烈的运动？你是否全神贯注的睡觉，或者你睡的很晚？全部这些因素或者任意一个都会扰乱你身体的自然节奏从而导致你的失眠。在那些睡不着的夜晚，你该怎么做？不用去麻烦安眠药。她们往往会在以后的日子里造成更严重的失眠。你

能做的最好的事情是喝牛奶或者吃乳酪或者吃金枪鱼。这些食物都含有丰富的氨基酸可以帮助在大脑中产生一种神经传递素来导致睡眠。这些神经传递素会帮助你放松，然后你会自己得到一个好的睡眠。在明天的节目里，会有另一个系列“对健康好的建议。”

21

Today we'll examine the role that private transportation, namely, the automobile plays in city planning. A number of sociologists blame the automobile for the decline of the downtown areas of major cities. In the 1950's and 1960's the automobile made it possible to work in the city and yet live in the suburbs many miles away. Shopping patterns changed: instead of patronizing downtown stores, people in the suburbs went to large shopping malls outside the city and closer to home. Merchants in the city failed; and their stores closed. Downtown shopping areas became deserted. In recent years there's been a rebirth of the downtown areas, as many suburbanites have moved back to the city. They've done this, of course, to avoid highways clogged with commuters from the suburbs. I've chosen this particular city planning problem—our dependence on private transportation to discuss in groups. I'm hoping you all will come up with some innovative solutions. Oh, and don't approach the problem from a purely sociological perspective; try to take into account environmental and economic issues as well.

今天我们将调查私人交通工具，即汽车在城市规划中扮演的角色。大量的社会学家因为主要城市中城镇地区的减少而指责汽车。在23世纪50年代和20世纪60年代，汽车使得在城市工作而住在几英里外的郊区成为可能。购物模式变了：住在郊区的人们改去离家不远的城市外的大商场而不再光顾镇里的小商店。城市里的商人失败了；他们的商店关门了。城镇购物区被舍弃了。近几年，因为许多家去居民搬回城里，城镇商业区又复兴了。当然他们已经采取乐儿措施以避免高速公路被郊区乘公交车上下班的人堵塞。我已经选择了这个特别的城市规划问题——小组讨论关于我们对于私人交通工具的依赖。我希望你们都能想出一些新颖的解决方案。哦，不要仅仅用简单的社会视角来解决问题；试着把环境与经济问题融合进来。

22

Word comes from California of a new weapon in the war on household pests. Two scientists working for a firm in Anaheim, California, have developed a method to eliminate insects without using dangerous chemicals. The new poison? Hot air. The basic idea is that insects cannot adjust to temperatures much above normal. In laboratory experiments, cockroaches and termites can't survive much more than a quarter of an hour at 125 degrees Fahrenheit, or about 50 degrees centigrade. The new method involves covering a house with a huge tent and filling it with air heated to around 65 degrees centigrade. Hot air is forced in with fans, and the tent keeps the heat inside the house. Since termites try to escape by hiding in wooden beams, the heat treatment must be continued for a full six hours. But when it's all over, and the insects are dead, there are no toxic residues to endanger humans or pets, and no funny smells. Scientists claim that there is no danger of fire, either, since very few household materials will burn at

65 degrees centigrade. In fact, wood is prepared for construction use by drying it in ovens at 80 degree centigrade, which is substantially hotter than the air used in this procedure.

这是来自加利福尼亚的一个消灭家里害虫的新武器。两个在加利福尼亚阿纳翰一家公司工作的科学家，已经开发了一种不用危险化学制剂就能消灭害虫方法。一种新型毒药？是热空气。最基本的想法是昆虫不能适应比正常气温高太多的温度。在实验室的试验中，蟑螂和白蚁在125华氏度，或者说50摄氏度下生存不超过25分钟。新的方法包含将房子盖在一个大帐篷下，然后用加热到65摄氏度的空气充满。热气被风扇吹进，帐篷持续加热里面的房子。当白蚁试着通过藏在木头横梁逃跑的时候，加热待遇必须持续整六个小时。但是当一切结束的时候，害虫被消灭，这里也没有有毒的化学残留物危害人类或宠物，而且没有令人不适的味道。科学家声称火也是没有危险的，除了在65摄氏度下一些家具的材料会燃烧。事实上，木头是用基本上高于这个灭虫程序空气温度的80摄氏度的烤箱烘干来用于建设的。

23

I'm sure you realize that your research papers are due in six weeks. I've looked at your proposed topics and made comments about them. The most frequent problem was proposing too broad a topic. Remember, this is only a fifteen-page paper. As I return your topic papers, I'd like to look over the schedule which sketches out what we'll do during the next two weeks. Today is Monday; by Friday, I want your preliminary outline. Please be sure to incorporate the suggestions I've made on your topics in your outlines. Next week I'll have a conference with each of you. I've posted a schedule on my office door. Sign your name to indicate the time you're available for an appointment. In the conference, we'll discuss your preliminary outline. Then you can make the necessary revisions and hand in your final outline, which is due two weeks from today. Use the outline style in your textbook and remember it should be no more than two pages long. Be sure to begin with a thesis statement, that is, with a precise statement of the point you intend to prove and include a conclusion. Have you got all that? Your two-page preliminary outlines are due at the end of this week and the final outlines are due after your conferences. Follow the textbook style and include a thesis statement and a conclusion.

我相信你们已经发现你们的研究作业在六个星期内到期。我已经看过你们提议的话题并且评价了他们。最常见的问题是提议过于广泛话题。记住，这里只有15页纸的作业。当我回到你们的话题作业时，我想看到关于勾勒出我们在接下来的两个星期里要做什么的时间表。今天是周一；在周五之前，我想要你们预备的提纲。请确保你们的提纲中包含我对你们话题的建议。下个星期我会跟你们每个人有个会议。我已经在我办公室的门上贴了时间表。其中表出了你们的名字并标出了你们可以预约的时间。在会议里，我们会讨论你们的初步提纲。然后你可以做出必要地修改并且交回你限期两个星期的最后提纲。在你的教科书中运用这种提纲的形式，并且记住它不能长于两页。要确保从中心句开始，这个中心句应该是精确地解释你打算证明的观点，并且要包括一个结论。你的句子包括所有的这些内容么？你的两页的最初提纲在这周到期，最后的提纲在会议后到期。按照教科书的形式并且包括一个论文陈述和一个结论。

24

Before we begin our tour, I'd like to give you some background information on the painter Grant Wood. We’ll be seeing much of his work today. Wood wa s born in 1881 in Iowa farm country, and became interested in art very early in life. Although he studied art in both Minneapolis and at the Art Institute of Chicago, the strongest influences on his art were European. He spent time in both Germany and France and his study there helped shape his own stylized form of realism. When he returned to Iowa, Wood applied the stylistic realism he had learned in Europe to the rural life he saw around him and that he remembered from his childhood around the turn of the century. His portraits of farm families imitate the static formalism of photographs of early settlers posed in front of their homes. His paintings of farmers at work, and of their tools and animals, demonstrate a serious respect for the life of the Midwestern United States. By the 1930's, Wood was a leading figure of the school of art called "American regionalism." In an effort to sustain a strong Midwestern artistic movement, Wood established an institute of Midwestern art in his home state. Although the institute failed, the paintings you are about to see preserve Wood's vision of pioneer farmers.

在开始我们的旅行之前，我想告诉你一些关于画家格兰特伍德的背景资料。我们今天将会看到他的许多作品。伍德在1881年生于爱荷华州一个农场的国家，并且在很小的时候就表现出对美术的兴趣。尽管他在明尼阿波利斯和芝加哥艺术学院都学过美术，欧洲人对他的美术影响是最强烈的。他在德国和法国都待过一段时间，并且在那里的学习帮助他塑造了他现实主义的风格形式。当他回到爱荷华的时候，伍德在他周围看到的农村生活中，记忆中童年的世纪末的农场中运用欧洲学到的现实主义风格。他的关于农场家庭的画效仿早期的移民在家门口摆好造型的静态的形式主义的照片。他的关于农夫工作，工具以及动物的画，表现了一系列的对已美国中西部生活的尊重。到了20世纪30年代，伍德是艺术学院称为“美国地方主义”的主要人物。为了保持一个强烈的美国中西部的艺术运动，伍德在他的家乡建立了关于美国中西部艺术的研究所。尽管这个研究所失败了，但是你将要看的画保存了伍德作为一个先锋农民的想象力。

25

In today's class we'll be examining some nineteenth-century pattern books that were used for building houses. I think it's fair to say that these pattern books were the most important influence on the design of North American houses during the nineteenth century. This was because most people who wanted to build a house couldn't afford to hire an architect. Instead, they bought a pattern book, picked out a plan, and took it to the builder. The difference in cost was substantial. In 1870, for example, hiring an architect would've cost about a hundred dollars. At the same time, a pattern book written by an architect cost only five dollars. At that price, it's easy to see why pattern books were so popular. Some are back in print again today, and of course they cost a lot more than they did a hundred years ago. But they're an invaluable resource for historians, and also for people who restore old houses. I have a modern reprint here that I'll be passing around the room in a moment so that everyone can have a look.

今天这节课我们将研究一下19世纪用来建造房子的样书。我认为恰当地说，在19世纪，这些样书对美的房屋的设计产生了最重要的影响。这是因为大部分想建造房子的人都没有足够的钱来聘请设计师。取而代之的是，他们买样书，挑选出一个方案，把它告诉建造者。买样书和请设计师的费用的是有很大区别的。比如说，在1870年，聘请一个设计师要花大概100美元，同样的时间，一个设计师写的建筑样书却只要5美元。总这个价钱就很容易知道样书为什么会那么流行。现在很多样书已经被翻印了，当然他们现在比100年前贵了很多。但是他们对历史学家还有那些修复古建筑的人来说是极有价值的资源。我这儿有一本现代再版的样书，现在可以在教室里给同学们传阅，这样每个人都可以看一下。

26

When I was in British Columbia last July working at the department's archaeological dig, I saw the weirdest rainbow. At first I couldn't believe my eyes because the bands of color I saw weren't in a single half circle arc across the sky. Instead, I saw a full circle of rainbow hues hanging in the sky just above the sea. Inside the circle there was a big white disc and above the circle there was another round band of colors forming a halo. There were curved legs of multicolored light coming off the sides of the circles. It was an incredible sight.

I ran back to our main camp and tried to get our cook to come with me to see my fantastic find before it disappeared. He just laughed at my excited story and told me that what I saw was noting special, just some "sun dogs." He said I'd be sure to see many more before I left. And sure enough, I did. When I got back from the dig, I asked Professor Clark about the "sun dogs," and she's going to tell us more about them.

当我去年7月在英国哥伦比亚考古局工作的时候，看到了一条罕见的彩虹。最初，我不相信我的眼睛，因为我看到的彩带并不是一个半圆那样的横跨天空，我看到的是一整个圆的彩虹挂在天空，就在海的上方。在圆的里面有一个大的白色的圆盘和在圆上面的另一条彩带组成了一个圆圈。从圆周围散发出一些五彩缤纷的光圈。真是一个难以置信的景色。我跑回了主要的帐篷并在它消失之前带我们的厨师去看我了不起的发现。他只是笑我自认为激动人心的经历并告诉我看到的一定都不特别，只是“日狗”。他说我在离开之前一定还会看到很多次。果真，我看到了。从发掘的地方回来后，我问了Clark教授关于“日狗”的事，他将会告诉我们更多有关的东西。

27

It seems like only yesterday that I was sitting where you are, just finishing my first year of medical school and wondering if I'd ever get a chance to use all my new knowledge on a real live patient! Well, I have good news for you! You don't have to wait until your third or fourth year of medical school to get some hands-on experience! The dean has invited me here to tell you about the university's rural opportunity program. If you enroll in this program, you can have the opportunity this summer, after your first year of medical school, to spend from four to six weeks observing and assisting a real physician like me in a small rural community. You won't have to compete with other students for time and attention, and you can see what life as a country doctor is really like.

The program was designed to encourage medical students like yourselves to consider careers in rural communities that are still understaffed. It seems that medical students are afraid to go into rural family practice for two reasons. First, they don't know much about it. And second, specialists in the cities usually make more money. But, on the up-side, in rural practice, doctors can really get to know their patients and be respected members of the community. I participated in the program when it first started and spent six weeks in a small rural town. Let me tell you, it was really great! I got to work with real patients.

I watched the birth of a child, assisted an accident victim, and had lots of really practical hands-on experience—all in one summer. And to my surprise, I found that country life has a lot to offer that city life doesn't—no pollution or traffic jams, for instance! My experience made me want to work where I'm needed and appreciated. I don't miss the city at all!

好像只有昨天，我坐在你那里，刚刚完成我第一年的医学院的学习，希望我可以得到一个机会来在一个真实的病人身上用我新学的知识。我有一个好消息给你，你不需要等到你的第三或第四年的学习才有亲身实践的经验。系主任让我告诉你关于大学的农村实践机会的项目。如果你成为这个项目的人员，在你一年级结束的这个夏天，就会有机会在一个小的农村社区观察并给一个像我一样的内科医生当助手四到六周。你不需要和其他同学争时间和注意力，你可以看到一个乡村医生的生活是什么样子的。这个项旨在鼓励像你一样的医学院的学生考虑去那些人员配备不足的乡村社区进行事业。医学院的学生不愿意去农村家庭实习似乎是有两个原因。首先，他们并不是很了解。第二，在城市里的专家可以赚更多的钱。但是，在好的一面，在农村的实践，医生能真正了解他们的患者并被社区里的成员尊重。当这个项目刚开始的时候我也参加了这个项目，在一个农村小镇过了六周。让我来告诉你，那真的是棒极了！我给真正的患者治疗，看着小孩的出生，救护事故的受伤者，并且有很多真实的亲身实践的经验，所有的这些，在一个夏天里都经历了。令我惊讶的是，我发现乡村的生活提供了很多城市生活没有的东西，例如，这里没有污染，没有交通拥堵。我的实习经历使我想在需要我并且我欣赏的地方工作。我一点儿也不想念城市！

28

In the few minutes that remain of today's class, I'd like to discuss next week's schedule with you. Because I'm presenting a paper at a conference in Detroit on Thursday, I won't be here for either Wednesday's or Friday's class. I will, however, be here for Monday's. Next Friday, a week from today, is the midterm exam, marking the halfway point in the semester. Professor Andrews has agreed to administer the exam. In place of the usual Wednesday class, I've arranged an optional review session. Since it is optional, attendance will not be taken; however, attending the class would be a good idea for those worried about the midterm. So, remember: optional class next Wednesday; midterm, Friday.

今天课的最后几分钟，我想和你们讨论一下下星期的日程表。因为我下周四要参加一个在底特律的会议，周三周五的课我都不会在。无论如何，在周一之前，我会回来。下周五，一周之后，是期中考试，标志着半个学期的结束。Andrews教授同意了实行这个考试。代替通常周三的课，我已经安排了一个自愿参加的复习课。由于不是强制参加的，将不记录出席情况，但是对于那些担心期中考试的人来说，参加这个课程是个很好的选择。记住，下周三，

自愿参加的复习课，下周五，期中考试。

29

Today's lecture will center on prehistoric people of the Nevada desert. Now, most of these prehistoric desert people moved across the countryside throughout the year. You might think that they were wandering aimlessly—far from it! They actually followed a series of carefully planned moves. Where they moved depended on where food was available—places where plants were ripening or fish were spawning. Now often when these people moved, they carried all their possessions on their backs, but if the journey was long, extra food and tools were sometimes stored in caves or beneath rocks. One of these caves is now an exciting archaeological site. Beyond its small opening is a huge underground grotto. Even though the cave's very large, it was certainly too dark and dusty for the travelers to live in, but it was a great place to hide things, and tremendous amounts of food supplies and artifacts have been found there. The food includes dried fish, seeds, and nuts. The artifacts include stone spear points and knives; the spear points are actually rather small. Here's a picture of some that were found. You can see their size in relation to the hands holding them.

今天的讲座将以在历史记载以前的内华达州沙漠的人为中心。现在，大部分的史前的人已经在一整年横跨了整个地区。你可能会认为他们是漫无目的地流浪---和这个远远不同！他们实际上是按照严谨的计划而动。他们去哪儿是要看哪里的食物有可食用价值，哪里的作物可成熟，哪里的鱼可以产卵。通常情况下，当这些人搬家的时候，会把他们所有的财产带在身上，但是如果这个旅程太远，额外的，他们有时会把吃的和工具藏在山洞里和岩石下。这些山洞中的其中一个现在已经成为了一个考古遗址。穿过一个小的入口，是一个巨大的天然洞穴。尽管山洞很大，对于那些漂泊者居住来说当然太黑和太脏了。但是却是一个用来藏东西的很好的地方，在山洞里考古学家发现了惊人的大量的食物和人工制品。食物包括，鱼干，种子还有坚果。人工制品包括矛，针和刀。矛实际上是非常小的。这儿有一张已经发现的东西的图片，你们可以手比一下他们的尺寸。

30

To us, the environment in which fish dwell often seems cold, dark, and mysterious. But there are advantages to living in water, and they have played an important role in making fish what they are. One is that water isn't subject to sudden temperature changes. Therefore it makes an excellent habitat for a cold-blooded animal. Another advantage is the water's ability to easily support body weight. Protoplasm has approximately the same density as water, so a fish in water is almost weightless. This "weightlessness" in turn means two things: One, a fish can get along with a light weight and simple bone structure, and two, limitations to a fish's size are practically removed. Yet there is one basic difficulty to living in water—the fact that it's incompressible. For a fish to move through water, it must actually shove it aside. Most can do this by wiggling back and forth in snakelike motion. The fish pushes water aside by the forward

大一上英语听力翻译

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自然科学类。说Oil的制造方法，热化学分解比其他的要好，所以介绍了热化学分解的一些具体步骤和优势。最后又说用这个代替石油，因为这种方法还需要很长的时间。 真题解析 本周托福考试情况没有出现AB卷，只有一套考题。两篇conversation都涉及到学生和考试的对话。绝大部分考生在这次考试中遇到第三个section。 四篇lecture文章分别为社会科学，生命科学，艺术史，还有自然科学的文章，文章题材形式都是同学们在日常练习中做过的文章。 Conversation 1 学生请求Art Department多用环保型材料，教师要她做预算并提交Proposal。 解析： 要听清学生找老师的目的：具更换环保材料的教具。要听清老师给的解决方案：提交预算和porposal。没有涉及到任何学术内容。难度一般。 Lecture 1 艺术类。从Pottery的检测出发，提出了一些常见的方法。能够看出文化交融，但是短处是这样的检测很麻烦。 解析： 学考古的文章，用不同的方法老检测pottery Lecture 2 自然科学类。达尔文鸟的进化，然后还有个G的实验持续时间很长，并观察了鸟的Beak的变化，证明进化存有。

老托福听力93篇(87-88)-These days we take

老托福听力93篇(87-88)-These days we take 87 These days we take for granted the wide variety of music available on the radio. But, this wasn't always the case. In the early days of radio, stations were capable of broadcasting only a narrow range of sounds, which was all right for the human voice but music didn't sound very good. There was also a great deal of crackling and other static noises that further interfered with the quality of the sound. A man named Edwin Armstrong, who was a music lover, set out to change this. He invented FM radio, a technology that allowed stations to send a broad range of frequencies that greatly improved the quality of the music. Now, you'd think that this would have made him a millionaire; it didn't. Radio stations at that time had invested enormous amounts of money in the old technology. So the last thing they wanted was to invest millions more in the new technology. Nor did they want to have to compete with other radio stations that had a superior sound and could put them out of business. So they pressured the Federal Communications Commission, the department of the United States government that regulates radio stations, to put restrictive regulations on FM radio. The result was that its use was limited to a very small area around New England. Of course as we all know, Edwin Armstrong's FM technology eventually prevailed and was adopted by thousands of stations around the world. But this took years of court battles and he never saw how it came to affect the lives of almost everyone. 【生词摘录】 1. crackling: n. [C]爆裂声 2. static: adj. 静电的 3. FM: 调频(frequency modulation) 4. frequency: n. [C]频率 5. millionaire: n. [C]百万富翁，大富豪 6. restrictive: adj. 限制性的 7. regulation: n. 规则，规章 8. prevail: v. 流行，盛行，获胜，成功 9. adopt: v. 采用 88 I'm going to talk about a train that exemplifies the rise and fall of passenger trains in the United States: the Twentieth Century Limited. Let me go back just a bit. In 1893, a special train was established to take people from New York to an exposition in Chicago. It was so successful that regular service was then set up between these cities. The inaugural trip of the Twentieth Century Limited was made in 1902. The train was different from what anyone had ever seen before. It was pulled by a steam engine and had five cars: two sleepers, a dining car, an observation car, and a baggage car, which, believe it or not, contained a library. The 42 passengers the train could carry were waited on by a large staff. There were even secretaries and a barber on board. It wasn't long before people had to wait two years to get a reservation. As time passed, technical improvements shortened the trip by a few hours. Perhaps the biggest technological change occurred in 1945, the switch from steam to diesel engines. By the 1960's, people were traveling by car and airplane. Unfortunately, the great old train didn't survive until the end of the century it was named for. 【生词摘录】

英语听力带翻译

第一单元 第一单元 1. Betty Russell is a(n) _________. 1。贝蒂罗素是一个（N）_________。 A. professor who teaches international students A.教授国际学生 B. officer from the International Students’ Office B.军官从国际学生办公室 C. library director C.图书馆馆长 D. program director D.项目经理 2. It is important for new students to _________ first. 2。新学生_________第一重要的是。 A. get the ID card 答：拿身份证 B. pick up the library card B.拿起图书卡 C. have a medical check-up C.进行体检 D. enroll D.报名 3. When they use the school sports facilities, the students must _________. 3。当他们使用学校的体育设施，学生必须_________。 A. pay the fee A.支付费用 B. show their ID card B.出示身份证 C. prove they are students C.证明他们是学生 D. like sports 喜欢的体育运动 4. At the health center, the medical service is free for _________. 4。在医疗中心，医疗服务是免费的_________。 A. all international students 答：所有的国际学生 B. both students and staff B.学生和工作人员 C. all enrolled students C.所有在校学生 D. all students who need medical assistance

老托福听力93篇(45-46)-So, why did what is now

老托福听力93篇(45-46)-So, why did what is now 45 So, why did what is now called "modern dance" begin in the United States? To begin to answer this question, I'll need to backtrack a little bit and talk about classical ballet. By the late 1800's, ballet had lost a lot of its popularity. Most of the ballet dancers who performed in the United States were brought over from Europe. They performed using the rigid techniques that had been passed down through the centuries. Audiences and dancers in the United States were eager for their own, "contemporary" dance form. And, so, around 1900, dancers created one. So, how was this "modern" dance so different from classical ballet? Well, most notably, it wasn't carefully choreographed. Instead, the dance depended on the improvisation and free, personal expression of the dancers. Music and scenery were of little importance to the "modern" dance, and lightness of movement wasn't important either. In fact, modern dancers made no attempt at all to conceal the effort involved in a dance step. But even if improvisation appealed to audiences, many dance critics were less than enthusiastic about the performances. They questioned the artistic integrity of dancers who were not professionally trained and the artistic value of works that had no formal structure. Loie Fuller, after performing Fire Dance, was described as doing little more than turning "round and round like an eggbeater." Yet, the free, personal expression of the pioneer dancers is the basis of the "controlled freedom" of modern dance today. 【生词摘录】 1. backtrack: v. (由原路)返回，后退 2. ballet: n. [C]芭蕾舞 3. rigid: adj. 严格的 4. contemporary: adj. 当代的 5. choreograph: v. 设计舞蹈动作，精心编排 6. improvisation: n. 即席创作 7. scenery: n. 舞台布景 8. lightness: n. 轻盈，灵活 9. conceal: v. 隐藏 10. eggbeater: n. [C]打蛋器 11. pioneer: adj. 先驱，创始人 12. controlled freedom: 克制的自由 46 Today I want to discuss fossil fuels such as coal, oil, and natural gas. The term "fossil fuel" refers to the trapped remains of plants and animals in sedimentary rock. You see, living plants trap energy from the sun by the process of photosynthesis, and they store the energy in their chemical compounds. Most of that energy is released when the plant dies and decays. However, sometimes organic matter is buried before it decays completely. In this way some of the solar energy becomes trapped in rocks, hence the name fossil fuel. Although the amount of organic matter trapped in any one growing season is small, the accumulated remains from millions of years are considerable. Because the accumulation rate is so slow, millions of times slower than the rate at which we now dig up this organic matter and

老托福听力Part C 93篇-5 生词摘录

老托福听力Part C 93篇-5 [生词摘录] 1. videotape: V. to record a television programme, film etc. on a videotape 2. vacuum: n. [C] a space that is completely empty of all gas, especially one from which all the air has been taken away 3. shade: n. [U] slight darkness or shelter from the direct light of the sun made by something blocking it 4. toasty: adj. [AmE] (informal) warm and comfortable 5. Fahrenheit: n. [U] a scale of temperature in which water freezes at 32°and boils at 212° 6. marvel: n. [C] something or someone surprisingly useful or skillful, that you like and admire very much 7. enlargement: n. [C] a photograph that has been printed again in a larger size 8. life-size(life-sized): adj. a picture or model of something or someone that is life-size is the same size as they are in real life 9. shuttle: n. [C] a spacecraft that can fly into space and return to Earth, and can be used more than once 10. mission: n. [C] an important job done by a member of the airforce, army etc, especially an attack on the enemy 11.torso: n. [C] your body, not including your head, arms, or legs 12. durable: adj. staying in good condition for a long time even