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MARCH 2009 —

The global economic crisis continues to demand urgent policy responses as growth rates plunge in all of the major advanced and emerging economies. To stem the tide of economic woes and restore economic growth, numerous countries have implemented fiscal stimulus plans. The G-20 countries, in particular, pledged in November 2008 to aggressively use fiscal measures to reinvigorate their economies. How have they been doing on that promise and what do the stimulus plans they have announced so far look like?

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Assessing the G-20 Stimulus Plans: A Deeper Look

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The Limits to Fiscal Stimulus in Latin America and the Caribbean

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To help decipher the G-20 stimulus plans, following are some simple tools and analysis about the stated activities to date.

Mapping the Money: An Interactive Map of the G-20 Stimulus Plans

Click to view the interactive map ?

View Larger

This interactive map showcases data on the size of the fiscal stimulus plans as announced by policymakers, compiled by the International Monetary Fund and supplemented with additional information from a variety of sources.

Countries with large and frontloaded stimulus plans appear in green. Those with modest plans in terms of size and speed appear

in yellow. Other plans, which are considered unimpressive in scope by authors Eswar Prasad and Isaac Sorkin, appear in grey.

View more information on stimulus plans in the Latin America and Caribbean region ?

Analysis: G-20 Fiscal Plan Highlights

Size of Stimulus

Almost all countries in the G-20 have agreed to some type of fiscal stimulus plan.

The total amount of stimulus for G-20 countries totals approximately $692 billion for 2009, which is about 1.4 percent of the combined Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of these

countries.

Three countries—the U.S., China and Japan—account for nearly $424 billion of the overall 2009 G-20 stimulus package.

That is approximately 39 percent (of the total G-20 stimulus) for the U.S., 13 percent for China and 10 percent f or Japan.

Composition of Stimulus

Th ere is considerable debate about whether tax cuts or spending is more effective in stimulating domestic demand and growth.

Most countries that have announced more than one stimulus wave have increased the share of their spending (compared to

tax cuts) for second rounds of stimulus, just as the U.S. has

done from January 2008 to January 2009.

There is a great deal of variation across countries in the share of stimulus that is devoted to tax cuts. Among the G-20

countries, excluding the U.S., about one-third of the stimulus is accounted for by tax cuts and the remainder by spending

measures.

Speed of Stimulus

Countries vary in the degree of “frontloading”—the speed with which the tax and expenditure measures hit the real

economy—in their plans. This is partially a function of the

variation in budget processes for each country.

Of the 19 countries that make up the G-20 (the 20th spot is held by the European Union as a whole), only four

countries—China, Germany, Saudi Arabia and the U.S.—plan to spend as much or more on stimulus (as a share of GDP) in 2010 than in 2009.

Assessing the G-20 Economic Stimulus Plans: A Deeper Look

By Eswar Prasad and Isaac Sorkin

The financial crisis turned into a broader macroeconomic crisis in the fall of 2008. The world economy has hit a wall since then, with growth plunging in all the major advanced and emerging economies.

Monetary policy acted as a first line of defense against the crisis but conventional measures appear to have reached their limits in many countries.

Policy interest rates in many countries--including the U.S., U.K. and Japan--are now close to the zero nominal interest rate floor. Moreover, the implosion of financial systems in many economies has rendered monetary transmission mechanisms far less effective.

Thus, fiscal policy has become essential to kick-start the global recovery or, at a minimum, to prevent global Gross Domestic Product (GDP) from declining further. At the November 2008 G-20 Summit in Washington, DC, the leaders of the G-20 countries promised to “use fiscal measures to stimulate domest ic demand to rapid effect, as appropriate, while maintaining a policy framework conducive to fiscal sustainability.” How well have countries been doing on this promise?

In this note, we provide a detailed assessment of the stimulus measures in each of the G-20 economies. We first present data on the size of fiscal stimulus packages as announced by the authorities and compiled by the IMF.[1] These data represent estimates of the size of new measures, rather than the announced size of stimulus packages, which typically includes measures already planned before the scope of the crisis became clear. We then supplement these bottom-line numbers with additional information from a variety of sources. This allows us to evaluate the fiscal stimulus packages based on three key criteria:

Size—the extent of stimulus relative to GDP

Composition—balance between spending and revenue measures

Frontloading—the speed with which fiscal measures hit the ground

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2019-2020年牛津译林版高中英语必修一Unit 1《School Life》 (Project)教案 【教学目标】 1.to arouse students’enthusiasm for developing after-class activities and forming a school club; 2.to gain the general idea of how to make an attractive poster for the club; 3.to strengthen students ability of putting theory into practice; 4.to guide students to cooperate effectively through group work. 【教学重点】Have students discuss and learn to finish a project by working tog hter 【教学难点】Students should search and find information, and do some writing and drawing by themselves 【教具】Multi-media projector Are you impressed by the soft background music? Step 2 Attract Your Eyes & Grasp Your heart Do you want to experience

(2) Tom in sch ool. e than five courses this term. Jack is no more diligent than John. 杰克和约翰都不勤奋。

译林版高中英语必修一模块一单词

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译林版高中英语必修一模块一单词

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n. 集合, 集会, 装配assembly 校长)headmaster n. ( 中小学的 生利赢得, 赚得, earnvt. 尊敬, 敬重; 关系, 方面vt. 尊敬, 尊重; 关于, 涉及respect n. 献身,vt. 投入于devote 文献文学, n. literature 平均水平,n. 平均数average adj. 一般的,通常的,平均的 vt. &vi. 平均值,达到平均水平 n. 竞争,努力,奋斗struggle挣扎奋斗,v. 努力, challenging adj. 具有挑战性的;引起兴趣的;令人深思的 v.挑战,质疑(challenge 的现在分词) encouragement n.鼓励 cooking adj. 烹饪的n. 烹饪动词(cook 的现在分词)for free adj.免费 adv. 特别地adj. extra额外的额外的事物,另外收费的n. Spanish adj. 西班牙的n. 西班牙语sculpture n.雕塑vt.雕刻,雕塑vi.当雕刻

师 dessertn. 甜食 look back (on)回忆,回顾 satisfaction n.确信,,满意,妥善处理,乐事赔偿 surf n.海浪拍岸,冲浪vi. 冲浪,浏览vt. 浏览 academic n. 教学人员,学术人adj. 学院的,理论的,学术性的 exchange n. 交换,交换物,汇兑,交易所vt. &vi. 交换,交易,兑换 pron.&n. former adj.以前的,在前的,前任的前者 n. 模型,样板,构成者,创造者,起形成作用的人,[无线]线圈架fluentadj.流畅的流利的,painting油画n. 水彩画, donate ) vi.电子( ,vt. 捐赠转移捐款 ----- ----

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牛津译林版高中英语必修一单词

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