第七章糖代谢1
Chapter 7 Metabolism of Carbohydrates
Section 1 Introduction
.
(carbohydrates)
Each year, CO2o1011 /
? ?
CHO
Starch
Carbohydrates
Rigid structures
? ? ?
(Carbohydrates)
Cellulose (cotton) Lignins Bacterial cell walls
?
Lubricant
?
Mucus
Stereoisomers of Sugars
Epimers
Differ in configuration at only one carbon
(monosacchride) (oligosacchride) (polysacchride) (glycoconjugate)
(glucose) ——
O H HO H H OH H OH OH OH
CH2OH H HO O H OH H H OH H OH
HOH2C
(fructose) ——
OH O HO H H H OH OH OH
O H H OH H OH
CH2OH OH
(galactose) ——
O
(ribose) ——
O
(maltose)
H HO HO H
OH
H OH OH OH OH
H
H
H
H
(sucrose) (lactose)
OH
OH OH
CH2OH
HO H
H OH H
OH H OH OH
HOH2C H H
O H
H
HO
OH
(starch) (glycogen) (cellulose)
D-1,6-
D-1,4-
D-1,6-
D-1,4-
-1,4-
4)
(Complex Carbohydrates)
—
—
—
(peptidoglycans) (glycproteins) (proteoglycans)
(pglycosphingolipids) (glycosylacylglycerols) (lipopolysauhards)
70%
DNA
RNA
H2O
NADPH+H+
CO2
glycolysis
ATP
Section 2
Glycolysis
1.
(activation) ——
1,6-
(cytoplasm) (lactate) ATP
11
(glucose) phosphate, G-6-P) G-6-P 61,6-
6-
(glucose-6-
fructose-6-phosphate, F-6-P fructose-1,6-
glycolytic pathway)
F-6-P
bisphosphate, F-1,6-BP
2.
lysis)——
HO CH2 H HO O H OH H H H OH
/ ATP (1) ADP
*
P
O H HO
CH2 O H OH H H H OH
1,6-
OH
OH
6-
1,6(2)
33-
-1 ADP
*
6-
1, 6-
(3)
ATP
3.
CH2 O C O
(releasing energy)——
3-
P
CH2OH
31,332-
1,3ADP ATP
(4) (5)
1, 6-
2CHO CH OH
ADP
P
ATP
CH2 O
3
CHO CH OH
NAD++Pi
(6)
NADH+H+
O=C O C
P
OH
CH2 O
P
31, 3 ADP (7)
CH2 O
P
3
ADP
ATP
COOH C O CH2
ATP (8)
P
OH
COOH C OH
2
CH2 O
P
3
COOH C O CH2
H2O
P
OH
COOH C O CH2
P
2 ADP
*
COOH C=O CH3
ATP
x
x
:
NADH+H+ NAD+
C6H12O6+2NAD++2ADP+2Pi ?2C3H4O3 +2NADH +2H++2ATP+2H2O EMP 2ATP 2NADH ? ? , 6ATP 4ATP
COOH C==O CH3
COOH CH(OH) CH3
"
,
CHO CO2 CH3 CH2OH
NADH+H+ NAD+
CH3
? NADH NAD+
COOH C=O CH3
NADH
NADH+H+
NAD+
COOH CHOH CH3
2ADP + 2Pi
? 2
2ATP + 2H2O
?
TPP TPP
( Vi t B1) Db
1661 36?
a
2u1 u 2u3u 2u2u 2u u
3-
c
2u u
(pentose phosphate pathway)
G-6-P
Section 3 Pentose Phosphate Pathway
G G-6-P G-6-P F-6-P F-1,6-BP 3NADPH 5356NADPH 6-
CoA
TAC
CO2+H2O+ ATP
.
1 6 G-6-P 6 -6-P 6CO2 6 -P
1.
NADP+ NADPH+H+ H2 O
6-
6 NADP+ 2 -5-P 3 6
NADPH 6H2O
6 NADP+
6NADPH
666-
5
P
5
P
6-
NADP+
NADPH+H+
-5-P
5
-6-P
5
-6-P
5-
CO2
2.
5-
5-
5-
3-
7-
6-
4-
5-
6-
3-
5-
5-
5-
6Pi H2 O
1
6-
+
55-
2:
2
H
+2
45-
2
+2
36-
+
376-
+
4-
3. 3-
.
3 G-6-P + 6NADP+ 6 G-6-P + 12NADP+ H2O Pi 3 2G-6-P + 3CO2 + 6NADPH + 4G-6-P + 6CO2 + 12NADPH +2 G-6-P 3 3
3-
6 G-6-P + 12NADP+ +7 H2O z
1,66-
5 G-6-P + 6CO2 + 12NADPH +12H+
z
.
NADPH NADH
6 G-6-P + 12NADP+ +7 H2O
5 G-6-P + 6CO2 + 12NADPH +12H+
NADH ATP( x x x
+
NADPH
NADPH,
NAD NADP
/NADH ~ 1000
+
/NADPH ~ 0.01
6N P+/ N PH AD AD 6N +/ N H N P+/ N PH AD AD AD AD 0. 014 N PH AD 6 N PH 5AD ATP N H AD P 6700 N PH AD N PH AD 6-
CO2
H2O
Section 4
Citric acid cycle
36/38 ATP
(Aerobic Oxidation of Carbohydrates)
. G
CoA CoA
COOH
Gn
CoA
*
CoA
C=O CH3
H2O
[O] ATP ADP
TAC NADH+H+ FADH2 CO2
CoA
(TPP) C oA 2× 3 ATP
TPP E1
FAD
NAD
+ CoA
Mg 2+
C2 O
N H + AD +H
-TPP E2 Lys TPP
E1 E3 N + FAD H oA M 2+ AD SC g
E2 TPP
(FAD)
A (CoA)
E2 E3
E3 (NAD )
+
FADH2
TPP
H+ C O C CoA SH S + HS E2 HS HS CH3 CoA S
O C CH3
CCH3-C-COOH OH CO2
E2
S S
SH SH H R + FAD S S H R + FADH2
C C
(CH2)4COO-
C
S
(CH2)4COO-
C C C
-2H
+2H HS
(CH2)4COO-
FADH2 + NAD
+
FAD + NADH + H
+
HS HS
C C C
pp
NAD+
B2
FAD
NAD++2H
NADH+H+
R
NAD+: NADP+:
R=H R=PO3H2
FAD+2H
FADH2
A
A
CoA
pantothenic acid, 3cCoA c E c -5c-
CoA -ECoA
CH3C~SCoA O
1. D-
-TPP CO2 2.
C2 O
N + AD
TPP
FAD
N + +H AD +
NADH+H+ 5. NADH+H+ NAD+ CoASH 3. 4. CoA
.
Lipoic acid
S S CH2 CH2 CH CH2 O CH2 CH2 CH2 C NH (CH2)4
Lys TAC
NH CH C 2H + 2e
+ -
Krebs
CO2
O
CoA
HS HS
CH2 CH2 CH CH2
O CH2 CH2 CH2 C NH (CH2)4
NH CH C O
O CH3-C-SCoA
1.
CoASH
TCA
TCA
*
NADH
x CoA
NAD+
NAD+
H 2O
x
x
NADH +CO2
*
D
FADH2
NAD+
NADH +CO2 GTP
CoA
FAD
D-
TCA
O CH3-C-SCoA CoASH
TCA
-
*
H2 O
D-
CoA CoA
H2 O
TCA
O CH3-C-SCoA
CoASH
TCA
NADH
x
L-
NAD+
NAD+
H2O
x
x
NADH +CO2
D
FADH2
NAD+
NADH +CO2 GTP
CoA
FAD
2.
.
CO2 NADH FADH2 GTP D-
3. a : C 3C SC H O oA+3N ++FAD D AD +G P+Pi +2H O 2 ? 2C 2+C O oASH AD +3H +FAD 2+G +3N H + H TP b
: 1 GTP 1ATP
4.
2 ATP 2 u 1 NADH 2 u 1NADH 2 u 1 GTP 2 u 3 NADH 12ATP 2 u 1 FADH2
1 1 1 3(
ATP
2 ATP
2)
2 u (3ATP 2 u 3 ATP 2 u1 ATP
2 ATP) "
1
3
3 3
2 u 9 ATP 2 u 4 ATP
: NADH 1 FADH2
3
1 1
3 2
9ATP 2ATP
38 ATP
36 ATP
5.
ADP ATP NADH
+
x x x
NH 3
NAD +
CO 2 A
NAD FAD
+
NADH FADH 2
NAD FAD
+
CO 2
NADH FADH 2
ADP ATP H 2O
O2
CO2
A
ATP
C oA
-
DA
1.
2
C 2 +N PH + H ? O AD
+ N P+ AD
7.
a
CoA ATP NADH+H+ AMP ADP NAD+
-
+
b
Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex
ATP/ AD N H N + P AD / AD
C C oA/ oA
c
(Pastuer effect)
Section 5 NADH
Glycogenesis and
Glycogenolysis
G
5mmol/L
6-
G-6-P
G-1-P
UDPG
Gn
F-6-P
CO2+H2O
glycogen)
D-1,4D-1,6- 1,6- 1,4-
1 D- 1, 41
*
(G)n + Pi * ’ 6. 0kj / m , ol (G)n-1 + G-1-P
D- 1, 6-
D- 1, 6-
(debranching enzyme)
-1,6(G)n + H2O (G)n-1 + G -1,6
2
G-1-P G-6-P 1 2 - 63
3
-6G-6-P + H2O G + Pi
G-6-P
G-1-P
1 diphosphate glucose UDP-G)
(uridine
G-6-P G-1-P
G-1-P UDP-G
( G + ATP
) G-6-P + ADP
G-1-P + UTP + H2O UDP-G + PPi
PPi + H2O
2Pi
UDP-G
G-1-P + UTP + H2O
UDP-G + PPi
+
1-
PPi + H2O
2Pi
G = - 29. 7KJ/ m ol
UTP
UDPG
+PPi
G = - 29. 7KJ/ m ol
12 UDPOH -1,4 C-46 D-1,67 D-1,4-
*
UDP-G + (G)n (G)n+1 + UDP
1 (branching enzyme)
D-1,4-
2 3 2 4 5 UTP UDP 1 ATP, 1 UTP
UDP
Gn+1
1
Pi
Gn UDPG PPi
UDPG
2
Gn
3
UTP
G-1-P
-6-
G-6-P
( )
G
?
AM P
ATP
6
1 2
?
AM P
ATP
6
?
(
AM ATP, P/
6
3