2013北京西城二模文综历史试题

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14．“知是心之体，心自然会知。见父自然知孝，见兄自然知悌……此便是良知，不假外求。”此言出自

A.孔子

B.孟子

C.朱熹

D.王阳明

15．“虽然现在这一事件已被公认为是中国历史上的一个里程碑，但当时清朝政府并没有认识到这些条约规定的严重性。”这一事件指

A.鸦片战争

B.第二次鸦片战争

C.甲午中日战争

D.八国联军侵华战争

16．英国《泰晤士报》驻北京记者莫理循说：“我们在暴乱中并无所失。而

事实上我们的威信大增，我们敢肯定地说，多少年来我们在北京……的地位，从未像今天这样高。我们与清朝官员的联系并未像今天这样密切。”该“暴

乱”是

A.戊戌变法

B.义和团运动

C.五四运动

D.国民革命

17.某同学制作抗战前期国民党正面战场著名战役的网页，设置了“太原会战”“徐州会战”“武汉会战”三个栏目。如果要补充一个同类栏目，恰当的是

A.平型关大捷

B.百团大战

C.淞沪会战

D.滇缅战役

18．中国政府在改革开放以后提出的教育方针或政策是

A.以老解放区新教育经验为基础，吸收旧教育有用经验，借助苏联经验

B.紧密结合阶级斗争和路线斗争的实际组织教学

C.教育要面向现代化，面向世界，面向未来

D.文化教育为新民主主义的，即民族的、科学的、大众的文化教育

19．古希腊的下列哲学家，主张“人的感觉是判定一切的准绳”的是

A.普罗泰格拉

B.苏格拉底

C.柏拉图

D. 亚里士多德

20．下列历史人物，最早领导本国人民向西方学习的是

A．甘地 B．穆罕默德·阿里 C．凯末尔 D．孙中山

21．1933年3月12日，美国总统罗斯福利用当时比较流行的一种新闻媒介，发表了首次“炉边谈话”。他以亲切诚挚的声音，阐释了自己的施政主张，极大地鼓舞了美国人民。这种新

元代《芦沟运伐图》（局部）

闻媒介应该是

A ．报刊

B ．电报

C ．广播

D ．电话

22. 1947年，美国国务卿马歇尔向欧洲国家发出邀请以共同制订经济复兴计划。马歇尔称，这个计划“不是针对哪个国家，也不是针对哪一派信仰原则，而是针对饥饿、贫穷、绝望和混乱”。对此理解正确的是

A.冷战由此正式开始

B.西欧的复兴对美国有利

C.该计划无政治目的

D.美国为此成立世界银行

23．20世纪50-70年代，受益于冷战而经济得以快速发展的国家是

A.南斯拉夫

B.日本

C.中国

D. 俄罗斯

37．（38分）海洋既是古代文明交流的障碍，又是近现代文明交融的媒介。

唐中期以后，海上丝绸之路日益繁忙。宋代积贫积弱，无法经营陆上丝绸之路，“南渡以后，国土日蹙，一切依办海舶”。

据统计，当时一艘海船可载货六七十万斤，相当于2000头骆驼的运输量。

（1）根据材料，指出唐宋时期中国对外贸易路线发生的主要变化。（2分）结合所学，分析导致这种变化的原因。（8分）

近代以来，海洋成为财富的象征，争夺海上霸权的斗争愈演愈烈。学者认为，荷兰在17世纪确立海上霸权的经验是：“贸易产生财富；如果政府能够掌握财富，财富就能转化为舰队和军队；如果装备精良、号令严明，舰队和军队就能增强国力。”

（2）结合所学，分析有利于荷兰确立海上霸权的因素。（8分）

近代以来，中日两国均开始筹划海防。李鸿章认为：“我之造船，本无驰骋域外之意，不过以守疆土、保和局而已”。明治维新时期，日本人认为，兴办海军“用以压制强敌，扩大我国数千年悠久历史之影响，耀皇威于四海，这才是最紧急最重要的国务”；一旦战争爆发，海军将以“歼灭敌舰队，控制敌海面”为首要作战任务。

一、根据材料，概括中日两国关于海防的观点；（4分）结合所学，分别说明近代中日两国筹划海防的背景及对中日关系的影响。（8分）

20世纪初，有人认为：地中海时代随着美洲的发现而结束了；大西洋时代正处于开发的顶峰，势必很快就要耗尽它所控制的资源；唯有太平洋时代，这个注定成为三者之中最伟大的时代，仅仅初露曙光。

（4）结合第二次世界大战后的史实，从政治和经济的角度列举“太平洋时代”已经到来的具体表现。（8分）

39．北京生态

隋唐时期，北京地区没有关于沙尘暴的记载。

辽金时代，幽州有“户口三十万，大内壮丽……僧居佛寺冠北方。”同时，有关风沙的记载开始多起来。

元代，北京地区在至治三年到至顺二年的9年中有7

年出现多次沙尘暴天气。公元1367年，飞沙走石的沙尘暴

天气持续了44天。

明朝为防边患，长城一带“我每年大放军士，伐木两

次”，“四山尽烧，防有伏者”。明代北京地区沙尘暴的频繁

和强烈，在历史上是少有的。

中国古代气候变迁曲线图

（1）根据上述历史材料，概括隋唐至明代北京地区沙尘暴演变趋势。（2）结合所学，分析其原因。（6分）

40．战略机遇

19世纪上半叶，德意志的工业化水平落后于英国和法国，分散独立的德意志邦国及其各自为政的关税壁垒和通行费对商品流通构成巨大的障碍。到19世纪下半叶，德国工业进入一个迅速发展的阶段。20世纪初，德国的工业产值已经占世界的16%，仅次于美国，跃居世界第二。

（1）有人认为，德国崛起的关键，在于德国人抓住了当时的各种机遇。结合所学，用史实来支持这一观点。（6分）

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