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2018年上海市静安区高考英语二模试卷

II. Grammar and Vocabulary Section A Directions： After reading the passage below，fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word， till in each blank with the proper form of the given word；for the other blanks， use one word that best fits each blank.

1. Uh﹣oh，the new year’s just begun and already you’re finding it hard to keep those resolutions to junk the junk food， get off the couch or kick smoking．There’s a biological reason why a lot of our bad habits arc so hard to break ﹣ they get （1 ）________（wire）into our brains．

“Why are bad habits stronger？You’re fighting against the power of an immediate reward，” says Dr． Nora Volkow， director of the National Institute on Drug Abuse and an authority

on the brain’s pleasure pathway．

"We all as creatures are behaving that way， to give greater value to an immediate reward

as opposed to （2）________is delayed，" Volkow says．

How this bit of happiness turns into a habit involves a pleasure﹣sensing chemical named dopamine． It causes the brain （3）________ （pursue） that reward again and again strengthening the connection each time ﹣ especially when it gets the right hint from your environment．

People lend to overestimate their ability to resist temptations around them， thus （4）

________（destroy） attempts to give up bad habits． Even scientists who recognize it （5）________show weakness．“I know popcorns are not healthy． But every time I go to the cinema， I have to eat it，” Volkow sayst “It’s fascinating．”

A movement to pay people for behavior changes may exploit that connection， as some companies offer employees outright payments or insurance reduction for adopting better habits．

（6）________well paying for behavior plays out， researchers say there are still some steps that may help fight your braiiVs hold （7）________newly﹣established habits．Repeat， repeat， repeat the new behavior ﹣ the same routine at the same time of day． You decide to exercise． Doing it at the same time of the morning， rather than

fitting it in casually，（8）________（make） the striatum（终脑皮层）recognize the habit．Therefore，if you don’t keep doing it， you will feel frustraled．

Exercise itself raises dopamine levels， so eventually your brain will get a feel﹣good hit （9）________your muscles protest．

Besides， try to reward yourself with （10）________ that you really desire． For instance，if you exercise all week or stick to your diet， you could try a fancy restaurant ﹣safer perhaps than a box of cookies because the price inhibits the quantity．

【答案】

wired,what,to pursue,destroying,can,However,on,makes,even if/even though,something

【考点】

说明文语法填空

【解析】

这是一篇科普文．人们在新年到来时常常会下定某些决心，然而却发现很难坚持下

去．科学家研究出了一些“技巧”，可以让好习惯取代坏习惯．

【解答】

1． wired．考查非谓语动词．此处表达“它们进入我们的大脑”，get wired into 意思是“被连接到…”，由此可知此处要用过去分词wired．

2． what．考查名词性从句引导词．此处是一个宾语从句，从句缺少主语，根据语境

可知这里说的是“给予更大的价值立即奖励，而不是延迟”，由此可知此处要用what来

引导．

3． to pursue．考查不定式．cause …to do sht．意为“造成、使（发生）”，由此可知此

处要用不定式作补语．

4． destroying．考查非谓语动词．通过分析可这里应该用非谓语动词作状语，这时其

逻辑主语是句子的主语，它们之间是主动关系，因此要用现在分词作状语表示结果．5． can．考查情态动词．根据语境可知此处表达“即使是认识它的科学家也能表现出弱点”，此处用can表示推测，是一种理论上的可能性．

6． However．考查副词．通过分析语境可知此处与上文是转折关系，因此要填副词However．

7． on．考查介词及固定搭配．此处表达“研究人员说，仍然有一些步骤可以帮助你的

大脑保持新的习惯”，hold on意思是“保持”，因此此处填介词 on．

8． makes．考查主谓一致．本句中 Doing it at the same time of the morning以及 fitting

it in casually用rather than连接，这时谓语动词要与前面保持一致，又因为前面的内容

是动名词短语Doing it at the same time of the morning由此可知谓语动词要用单数形式，因此此处要填makes．

9． even if/even though．考查从属连词．此处表达“锻炼本身会提高多巴胺水平，所以

即使你的肌肉抗议，你的大脑也会感觉良好”，由此可知此处表示让步关系．

10． something．考查不定代词．结合语境可知此处表达的意思是“试着用自己真正想

要的东西奖励自己”，something意思是“某物，某种东西”，由此可知这里要填something．

Section B Directions： Fill in each blank with a proper word chosen from the box. Kach word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need.

Fill in each blank with a proper word chosen from the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need.

A. necessary

B. infect

C. extremes

D. refreshed

E. spells

F. impact

G. accompanied H. sufficient I. shrink J. silenced K. earned

As the increased amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, heat stress, longer droughts （干旱）and more intense rainfalls linked to global warming continue to upset our daily weather, we often forget they also（1）______ the quantity, quality, and growing locations

of our food. Many foods have already （2）______ top spots on the worlds endangered foods list, indicating their possibility to become scarce within the next 30 years.

To start with what is（3）______ in many people’s lives, we are disappointed to find that coffee plantations in South America, Africa, Asia, and Hawaii are all being threatened by rising air temperatures and erratic（不稳定的）rainfall patterns, which invite disease and invasive species to（4）______ the coffee plant and beans. The result? Significant cuts in coffee output.

And Coffee’s culinary cousin, cacao（aka chocolate）, is also suffering stress from global warming, s rising temperatures. But for chocolate, it isn’t the warmer climate alone that’s

the problem. Cacao trees actually prefer warmer climates as long as that warmth is paired with high humidity and（5）______ rain. However, the problem is that the higher temperatures projected for the world’s leading chocolate-producing countries are not expected to be（6）______ by an increase in rainfall. Therefore as higher temperatures take more moisture from soil and plants, it’s unlikely that rainfall will increase enough to make up for this loss.

A notably nutritious plant, the peanut grows best when it gets five months of continuous warm weather and 20 to 40 inches of rain. Anything less and plants won’t survive. That isn’t good news when most climate models agree that the climate of the future will be one of the （7）______ including droughts and heatwaves. The world has already caught a glimpse of the peanut’s future fate when last year a serious drought across the peanut﹣growing Southeastern U.S. led many plants to die.

According to a financial report, the dry（8）______ caused peanut prices to rise by as much as 40 percent! Finally, in the world of sea, as air temperatures rise, oceans and waterways absorb some of the heat and undergo wanning of their own. The result is the （9）______ in fish population. Warmer waters also encourage vicious marine bacteria, like Vibrio, to grow and cause illness in humans.

And that satisfying McrackM you get when eating crab（M）could be（10）______ as shellfish struggle to build their calcium carbonate shells, a result of ocean acidification.

【答案】

（1）F,（2）K,（3）A,（4）B,（5）H,（6）G,（7）C,（8）E,（9）I,（10）J

【考点】

高三

名词基础

形容词基础

动词基础

选词填空

【解析】

本文为科普说明文阅读，文章介绍了目前的热门话题——气候与农作物，以及极端天气对可可树、可可豆造成的影响。

【解答】

（1） F 考查动词。根据they also（1）______ the quantity, quality, and growing locations of our food.可知，此空需填入一个动词，作句子的谓语，根据句意：它们也影响着食物的数量、质量和种植位置。impact为动词，影响；撞击；冲突；压紧。故选F。（2） K 考查动词。根据空格前的have already可知，此空需填入动词的过去分词，构成现在完成时have already done. earned为earn的过去分词，意为“赚，赚得；获得，挣得；使得到；博得”。句意：许多食物已经在世界濒危食物名单中获得高级点，这预示着在未来30年它们很可能会消失，故选K。

（3） A 考查形容词。根据what is （3）______ in many people’s lives可知，此空需填入一个形容词，作be动词is的表语，necessary为形容词，意为“必要的，必须的”。句意：在许多人的生活中，什么是必不可少的？故选A。

（4）B 考查动词。根据which invite disease and invasive species to（4）______可知，此空需填入一个动词，构成invite to do结构，infect为动词，意为“感染，传染”。句意：这也导致咖啡植物和咖啡豆感染疾病或受入侵物种影响，故选B。

（5）H 考查形容词。根据with high humidity and（5）______ rain. 可知，此空需填入一个形容词，修饰rain降雨，sufficient为形容词，意为“充足的，足够的”。句意：只要有温度、高湿度和充足的降雨量，可可树实际上更喜欢温暖的气候，故选H。

（6）G 考查动词。根据the higher temperatures projected for the world’s leading

chocolate-producing countries are not expected lo be（6）______ by an increase in rainfall

可知，此空需填入一个动词的过去分词形式，与前面的be构成被动语态结构be done。accompany陪伴，伴随；伴奏。句意：这些国家都不期待着温度升高伴随着降雨量的

增加，故选G。

（7）C 考查名词。根据one of the （7）______ 可知，此空需填入一个名词的复数形式，构成one of+可数名词复数，表示“……之一”，extrem作名词，意为“极端；末端；最大

程度；极端的事物”。句意：大多数气候情况说明，将来的气候会出现包括干旱、热浪

在内的极端气候，故选C。

（8）E 考查动词。根据空格前的the dry可知，此空需填入一个名词，根据句意：干旱期导致花生价格上涨40%。dry spell干旱期。故选E。

（9）I 考查名词。根据空格前的定冠词the可知，此空需填入一个名词，shrink作名词，意为“收缩；畏缩”。句意：结果是鱼类数量减少。故选I。

（10）J 考查动词。根据eating crab（M）could be（10）______ as shellfish struggle to build their calcium carbonateshells. 当贝类挣扎着构建它们的碳酸钙外壳时，吃螃蟹可能会____，silence作动词时，意为“沉默；使安静；压制”。放入句中，吃螃蟹可能会被

禁止，故选J。

Ⅲ. Readifig Compirheiisioii Section A Directions： For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A. B， C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.

“Don’t get sick in July!”

This is a common concern in teaching hospitals in the U.S. It’s driven by the academic calendar: July is when the new interns, tresh out of medical school, start work. In other words, it’s when everyone is most（1）______. The theory is that this disadvantage leads to mistakes.

So is medical experience good or bad? Well, in most cases, your doctor’s experience is very helpful, allowing her to pick up on a（n）（2）______ symptom early in a disease process, when machines still can’t take a hand. She can also determine the right treatment when your condition falls outside of what is in the（3）_______, where newbies get most of their ideas. For many medical treatments, there’s a direct connection between physician experience and your treating outcome.

In a variety of situations, though, experience can backfire. The reason is simple（4）______ Doctors are humans too and they（5）______ tricks of the mind—like believing that an ineffective treatment really works. In fact, entire fields of research are devoted to understanding why these enors of thought occur. They（6）______ from so-called cognitive prejudice that can mislead even （7）_______practitioners into making the wrong decisions. Doctors are usually locked onto a diagnosis early and disregard new and（8）______ information. For example, a patient may be diagnosed with a quickly fatal cancer, but then ends up trying various herbal remedies and lives for 30 more years. Instead of analyzing the （9）______ diagnosis, the patient, and maybe even the doctor, may assume that the herbal remedies cured the cancer.

Also, some experienced doctors tend to believe evidence when it supports their previous opinion while subconsciously ignoring infor mation opposing it. Let’s say your doctor is pretty certain you have ill digestion and orders a test to（10）______ the suspicion, which

produces negative result. But she treats you for ill digestion anyway because she was（11）

______ with the prior diagnosis by experience.

In fact, there are clearly many benefits to having a highly experienced doctor, such as technical proficiency. But there may actually be some unexpected benefits to having a less-experienced one too. She may have a more up-to-date education, boundless energy and perhaps is less vulnerable to biases, freed from the same（12）______ for years.

To safeguard yourself as a patient, one thing you should always do is（13）______.

It may not always be possible to determine that your doctor has met with an unconscious thinking（14）______. But asking questions does force your doctor to think twice and（15）______ her decision about your case.

（1）

A.innocent

B.productive

C.inexperienced

D.prohibited

（2）

A.slight

B.objective

https://www.wendangku.net/doc/fe16003063.html,plex

D.sustainable

（3）

A.media

B.tradition

C.reality

D.textbook

（4）

A.psychology

https://www.wendangku.net/doc/fe16003063.html,cation

C.procedure

D.priority

（5）

A.take advantage of

B.make sense of

C.fall victim to

D.play fire with

（6）

A.spring

B.depart

C.benefit

D.distinguish

（7）

A.highly-motivated

B.well-seasoned

C.deeply-offended

D.wide-eyed

（8）

A.moderate

B.visible

C.conflicting

D.permanent

（9）

A.initial

B.tough

C.multiple

D.private

（10）

A.evaluate

B.operate

C.confirm

D.revise

（11）

A.preoccupied

https://www.wendangku.net/doc/fe16003063.html,belled

C.associated

D.concerned

（12）

A.professional circle

B.thinking pattern

C.academic background

D.operating order

（13）

A.investigating

B.questioning

C.monitoring

D.observing

（14）

A.obstacle

B.trap

C.horizon

D.struggle

（15）

A.practice

B.accommodate

C.justify

D.remove

【答案】

【考点】

日常生活

动词辨析

动词短语

形容词辨析

说明文完形

名词辨析

【解析】

短文主要列举了经验对于医生而言所存在的好处和坏处，最后作者对病人给出的建议就是要对医生做出的诊断提出问题。

【解答】

（1）C 考查形容词辨析。innocent天真的；productive多产的；inexperienced无经验的；prohibited禁止的。由前文July is when the new interns, tresh out of medical school, start work.可知，此处提到的七月是人们踏出校园开始实习工作，也就是最没有经验的

时候。故答案为C。

（2）A 考查形容词辨析。slight轻微的；objective客观的；complex复杂的；sustainable可持续的。此处指有经验的医生能够从小症状得知一些疾病。故答案为A。（3）D 考查名词辨析。根据下文where newbies get most of their ideas可知，初学者一

般会从课本上找答案，因此使用textbook。故答案为D。

（4）A 考查名词辨析。由下文tricks of the mind一like believing that an ineffective treatment really works可知，有时候经验会适得其反的原因就是简单的心理问题，因此

使用psychology。故答案为A。

（5）C 考查动词短语。take advantage of利用；make sense of弄懂；fall victim to成为……的牺牲品；play fire with玩火。根据语境指的是会成为某些心理诡计的牺牲品。

故答案为C。

（6）A 考查动词辨析。spring突然发出或出现；depart离开；benefit受益于；distinguish区分。根据语境前面提到的这些错误来自于认知偏见，因此使用spring from。故答案为A。

（7）B 考查形容词辨析。highly-motivated有动力的；well-seasoned千锤百炼的；deeply-offended极大地冒犯；wide-eyed吃惊的。此处指这些认知偏见甚至会让千锤百

炼的、有经验的实习者也犯错误。故答案为B。

（8）C 考查形容词辨析。moderate稳健的，适度的；visible看得见的；conflicting相

矛盾的；permanent永久的。前文提到Doctors are usually locked onto a diagnosis early

医生会锁定之前的诊断结论，然后就忽视那些相矛盾的信息。故答案为C。

（9）A 考查形容词辨析。initial最初的；tough艰难的；multiple多重的；private私人的。由前文的Doctors are usually locked onto a diagnosis可知，此处指的是最开始的诊

断结果。故答案为A。

（10）C 考查动词辨析。evaluate评价；operate操作；confirm证实；revise修正。前

文提到医生觉得你消化不良，因此要安排检查来证实他的怀疑。故答案为C。

（11）A 考查动词辨析。preoccupied使……专心于；labelled贴上标签；associated联系；concerned关心，设计。此处指医生由于以往的经验就是断定你为消化不良。故答案为A。

（12）B 考查名词辨析。professional circle职业圈；thinking pattern思维模式；academic background学术背景；operating order操作指令。此处指要跳出你多年来的

那种思维模式。故答案为B。

（13）B 考查动词辨析。由下一段的asking questions可知要懂得提出疑问，因此使用questioning。故答案为B。

（14）B 考查名词辨析。obstacle障碍；trap陷阱；horizon地平线；struggle奋斗。此

处指无意识的思维陷阱。故答案为B。

（15）C 考查动词辨析。practice练习；accommodate使适应；justify证明……有理；remove去除。此处指要对医生提出问题，这样在他对你的症状做出诊断前进行确定。

故答案为C。

Section B Directions： Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed

by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there arc four

choices marked A， B， C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the

information given in the passage you have just read.

Last October I was on a diving holiday in the Philippines with seven other advanced divers． I dived off the boat slowly sinking to about 20m．

After nearly 45 minutes, the sound of my breathing was drowned out by a low rumble like an engine and I felt deep powerful vibraiions（震动）as if a big boat with a propeller was passing overhead．The dive instructor’s eyes were wide with confusion too． We both swam next to each other staying close to the side of the reef（礁石）． The situation felt sinister．

Then we were enveloped by clouds of white sand that mushmoomed up around us．Could it be a giant turtle（海龟）racing past us? They are normally slow movers so this was very weird behavior． The vibration became so intense that I could feel it in my bones and then the sound turned into a deafening roar． Suddenly, a few meters below

us, breaks began fonning and the sand was sucked down．That’s when I got whal it was． The noise was the sound of the earth splintering open and grinding against itself．The instructor and I held hands and looked into each other’s eyes． I felt comforted by his presence．I was numb（麻木的） for terror but clear﹣headed． My body went on high alert, ready to react． But I have no power over whatever this is． The only option is to stay very still and let it do whatever its going to do．

It took enormous willpower to resist the urge to swim to the surface, which is not sensible as situation on the surface at that time was ambiguous with potential threats pending． Soon we saw other divers．

The sound and vibration lasted only two or three minutes and when they stopped I heard the swoosh of sand falling over the seabed． We all held hands before resurfacing to avoid decompression sickness, which can be fatal． When up, it was a huge relief to see all the divers and we all shared incredulous looks before pulling out our breathing tools and shouting, ’’What was that? "

Back on the boat, we rushed to check the news and discovered we had witnessed a huge earthquake, measuring 12 on the Richter scale． It released more energy than 30 Hiroshima bombs, though it seemed that we were not at the epicenter（震中）． I was high and felt lucky surprisingly not because of my recent survival miracle, but to have experienced nature at its most stunning and its most frightening．

（1）How did the author realize that they met with an earthquake？________

A.By feeling the violent shake under the sea．

B.By witnessing a normally﹣slow turtle quickly moving by．

C.By seeing the seafloor crack．

D.By checking the news and be informed of the event．

（2）Why didn’t th e author rise to the surface before the vibration stopped？________ A.Because the instmetor gestured him not to rise．

B.Because he was numb in body．

C.Because he could sense the unclear water situation．

D.Because he tried to avoid unexpected danger above．

（3）Which of the following statements is TRUE according to the passage？________

A.At the beginning of the event， a big boat passed by causing big vibration．

B.All the divers used the reef as the protection against the violent vibration．

C.I felt relieved as the instructor was experienced in handling situations like this．

D.Powerless to fight nature， I was tame when under the water．

（4）Why did the author fed fortunate on the boat？________

A.Because he was not at the epicenter of the earthquake．

B.Because he finally survived a huge earthquake．

C.Because he could witness a rare natural phenomenon．

D.Because he didn’t suffer from decompression sickness．

【答案】

【考点】

阅读理解综合

完形综合

【解析】

文章介绍作者在潜水的时候遭遇地震的时候自己的感受和采取的行动，幸存后的感觉．【解答】

（1）C．细节理解题．根据文章第二段的句子 Suddenly， a few meters below us，breaks began fonning and the sand was sucked down．That’s when I got whal it was． The noise was the sound of the earth splintering open and grinding against itself．可知，作者

见到海床裂缝的时候意识到他们遇到了地震．故选C．

（2）D．细节理解题．根据文章第五段的句子 It took enormous willpower to resist the urge to swim to the surface， which is not sensible as situation on the surface at that time was ambiguous with potential threats pending．可知，当振动停止的时候，作者没有升

到表面上因为他想避开预料之外的危险．故选D．

（3）D．细节理解题．根据文章第五段的句子 The only option is to stay very still and let

it do whatever its going to do．可知，无力抗争自然，我在水下驯服．故选D．

（4）C．细节理解题．根据文章的句子I was high and felt lucky surprisingly not because

of my recent survival miracle， but to have experienced nature at its most stunning and its most frightening．可知，作者见证了真正的自然现象．故选C．

Amazon is presenting to you our weekly bestsellers in the fiction section．

Twilight Whispers

Linked for years through friendship and intemiamage， the Wairen and Whyte families find their charmed world marred when Mark Whyte and his wife Deborah Warren are murdered． Police detectives， hearing about ________ of the families， set out to examine the mystique behind their superficial rapport．

Katia Morell，daughter of the Whyte’s housekeeper， is drawn back to her growing place and is forced to face her life﹣long love for Jordan Whyte． As many secrets are uncovered，

especially about Katia’s biological father， the two young people trom rival families are encountering fierce family objection in their search for happiness．

The New Colossus

Nellie Bly， blessed with courage and reportage skill， lands two front﹣page stories on the widely﹣read newspaper，Joseph Pulitzer’s NEW YORK WORLD．

Pulitzer is so impressed that he assigns her to a murder case confusing the police﹣the death of Emma Lazaru． Her investigation leads to tense encounters with some powerful and ruthless men of the time， when evils run wild on unregulated upper class． Bly has one

real ally： a doctor who uses scientific techniques to establish criminal behavior． As the pieces fall into place． Bly uncovers layers of corruption（腐败）． The essential connection between the murder case and the prevalent greed and darkness of the then society finally emerges．

The Last Days of Night

A young lawyer named Paul Cravath， takes a case that seems impossible to win．Paul’s client， George Westinghouse， has been sued by Thomas Edison over a billion﹣dollar question： Who invented the light bulb and holds the right to power the country？

The case affords Paul entry to the heady world of high society一the glittering parlies and

the dark dealings behind closed doors． The task is beyond daunting． Edison is a dangerous opponent with vast resources at his disposal﹣private spies， newspapers． Yet this unknown lawyer shares with his famous opponent a compulsion to win at all costs．

In obsessive pursuit of victory， Paul receives favors from Nikola Tesla， a brilliant inventor holding the key to defeating Edison．

Bones Don’t Lie

Private investigator Lance Kruger was just a boy when his father vanished twenty﹣three years ago．Since then he’s lived under the weight of that disappearance for over 20 years﹣until his father’s car is finally dragged out from Grey Lake． It should be a time for closure，except for the skeleton found in the trunk． A missing person case gone cold has become a murder．

For Lance， the investigation yields troubling questions about a man he thought he knew． But memories can play dirty tricks． For his partner attorney Morgan， uncovering each new lie comes with a disquieting fear thal someone is out there watching， killing every witness tied to this decades﹣old crime．

（1）In which way is The Last Days of Night different from the other three novels？

________

A．In thal The Last Days of Night exposes the evil and the dark dealings of the upper class

life then．

B．In that nobody is killed illegally in The Last Days of Night．

C．In that the leading character in The Last Days of Night has got help from other characters．D．In that the leading character is born into a rich upper class family．

（2）Which of the following statements is TRUE according to the passage？________

A．In Twilight Whispers， the biggest challenge for Katia and Jordan is the long separation

of time and space between them．

B．In The New Colossus， the cause of the murder is rooted in the then cornipted society．C．In The Last Days of Night． Paul finally wins the law case because of his client Westinghouse’s vast resources at disposal．

D．In Bones don’t lie，Lance Kmger’s father was confirmed by the police as the murdered when Lance was a boy．

（3）The underlined word dissention is closest in meaning to________．

A．financial worsening

C．the loss of power

B．silence

D．conflict

【答案】

dissension,B,B,D

【考点】

完形综合

阅读理解综合

【解析】

本文向读者介绍了四部小说是每周的畅销书，这四部小说的故事简介．

【解答】

1． B．细节理解题．根据文章内容，在Twilight Whispers，The New Colossus，Bones Don’t Lie这三部小说中都涉及谋杀案件，但是The Last Days of Night中一位名叫Paul Cravath的年轻律师提起了一桩似乎不可能取胜的案件，使他进入了上流社会，没有涉

及谋杀，所以答案选B．

2．B．细节理解题．根据The New Colossus中的句子，As the pieces fall into place． Bly uncovers layers of corruption（腐败）． The essential connection between the murder case and the prevalent greed and darkness of the then society finally emerges．随着情节的发展，Bly揭露了腐败的层级，谋杀案与当时社会普遍的贪婪和黑暗之间的本质联系终于出现了．所以答案选B．

3．D．词义猜测题．根据下文句子， set out to examine the mystique behind their superficial rapport．警察开始审视他们表面上的融洽背后的神秘感．可见前文出现谋杀

警察听到的应该是假日那个的矛盾，冲突．A金融恶化；B权利的丢失；C沉默；D冲突，矛盾，所以答案选D．

If what we did were simply work to live, the reality of our everyday existence would be equivalent to that of stone age man． All of human achievement that makes modem life possible has happened because of the time that has been freed up from the work of everyday survival．

For most of the human species on earth man and woman have been occupied with the simple business of staying alive in much relative comfort as possible． Hunting and gathering, finding or building shelter, defending the little that one has from plunder（抢夺）． surviving long enough to have offsprings of a mature enough age to contribute to the welfare of the group﹣this was initially the main business of living． It has only been comparatively recently, since the agricullural and industrial revolutions that used emerging technologies to free human beings from the ________ of day﹣to﹣day survival, that time has become available to do other than simply survive．

However, living to work is a luxuty that we should not take for granted, for even now still most of the human race couldn’t be blessed with the pearl．

When we live to work we enjoy what we are doing, otherwise we wouldn’t be doing it．The term “live to work” implies choice． Working to live denotes the exact

opposite: anything will do that pays the bills． Anyone in the latter situation will attest to

ihe undesirability of being in such a position．Living to work suggests exhilaration in one’s calling: it summons images of freedom and excitement in the prospect of what each new

day will bring, whereas working to live suggests little choice if any． "What do you want to

do when you grow up4．r, is a question with which most children will be familiar, perhaps even bored． It is a question of what even a young adult can often not be sure of until they

have had experiences of many different jobs, or at least the ones they thought to try． But to be forced to work at a task that one docs not enjoy day after day for sur\fival would be last choice on anyone’s list． Enlightened humanity, while acknowledging that some undesirable jobs must be done regardless, would acknowledge Chat if one was motivated in his work, the work would be so much better accomplished．

（1）The underlined word drudgery is closest in meaning to________．

A.imagination B． C.dragging D．

（2）It is implied in the text that human beings________．

A.have been satisfied by contributing to the welfare of the group．

B.stayed alive in much possible comfort lor centuries．

C.made little progress before the emergence of technologies．

D.were addicted to hunting， gathering and building shelters．

（3）Which of the following statements is TRUE according to the passage？________

A.Human achievements facilitating modem life arc done during the leisure time freed from survival work．

B.Tlie major early business of humans is to seek chances for technological developments．

C.In modem society， most people have enough comforts to make individual choices for work．

D.Most adults can answer confidently questions concerning what jobs they want to do．

（4）The best title for ihe passage would be________．

A.Technology， a driving force to push humans ahead．

B.Working to live， a basic condition for pleasant living to work．

C.Different desires and prospects people have for different kinds of work．

D.Working to live or living to work， a choice distinguishing joy from suffering．

【答案】

【考点】

阅读理解综合

完形综合

【解析】

文章主要讨论我们是为了生活而工作还是为了工作而生活，这两者有着根本区别．【解答】

（1） B．词义猜测题．根据文章第二段的句子It has only been comparatively recently，since the agricullural and industrial revolutions that used emerging technologies to free human beings from the drudgery of day﹣to﹣day survival，可知，人们可以使用科技让人们免于为了生存辛苦工作．drudgery 指的是“辛苦工作”．故选B．

（2）C．推理判断题．根据文章第二段的句子 It has only been comparatively recently，since the agricullural and industrial revolutions that used emerging technologies to free human beings from the drudgery of day﹣to﹣day survival，可知，在产生科技之前人们几乎没有什么进步．故选C．

（3）A．推理判断题．根据文章的句子All of human achievement that makes modem life

possible has happened because of the time that has been freed up from the work of everyday survival．可知，促进现代生活的人类成在于从生存工作中解放出来的闲暇时间．故选A．

（4）D．标题判断题．根据文章的内容可知文章介绍我们为了生活而工作，还是为了工作而生活．这代表快乐和痛苦，Working to live or living to work， a choice distinguishing joy from suffering是合适的标题．故选D．

Section C Directions： Read the following passage. Fill in each blank with a proper sentence given in the box. Each sentence can be used only once. Note that there are tvvo more sentences than you need.

Read the following passage. Fill in each blank with a proper sentence given in the box. Each sentence can be used only once. Note that there are tvvo more sentences than you need. Most people don’t need science to appreciate the importance of a mother’s love. But to understand how early maltreatment can derail a child’s development requires careful study. In a famous research, Harry Harlow had demonstrated that proper psychological and physical development of infants requires nurturing and attention from a parent.

（1）______ In that research, socially isolated monkey babies that were removed from their mothers were found to be clinging to a cloth—covered surrogate mother for comfort. Such experimentations sound cruel. They, however, have been critical in helping change policies in human orphanages（孤儿院）in the U. S. For centuries sonic orphanages treated infants equally inhumanely. Despite early evidence that orphanage infants were far more likely to die than others, supporters argued that it didn’t matter whether children had “parents” specially devoted to them at the orphanage.（2）______ Orphans were supposed to be in positive mental and physical health until adoptive parents were found. Babies, they said, couldn’t remember anyway.

The harrowing consequences of these theories were most vividly brought to light in Romania in the 1980s and 90s. A ban on abortion（流产）led to a surge in orphanage babies. Simply being fed and changed without individualized affection, some babies present serious problems. Many developed violent behaviors, repetitively rocking or banging their heads. Some were cold and withdrawn or indiscriminately affectionate.（3）______ Their head sizes were especially small.

They even had problems with attention and comprehension. The longer these children were left alone, the more damage was seen.

The lack of a secure attachment relationship in the early years has destructive consequences for both physical and mental health later in life, with long-lasting effects. The persistence of these effects emphasizes the need to intervene early in life. The Nobel-prize-winning economist James Heckman, has long argued that investing in early childhood education provides a greater returns for society than virtually any other type of spending. It is obviously reflected in increased educational success and productivity. The reduced crime, addiction, distress and disorder point to the same theory. Early life conditions critically affect adult life. （4）________Remove it and the harm is great.

A. The appropriate feeding and caring styles were greatly rewarded in all aspects.

B. It was claimed that simply feeding and changing them would be adequate.

C. Some, however, demonstrate little influence with roughly ordinary behavior pattern.

D. Maternal attachment plays a fundamental role in shaping who we are.

E. Necessities arc not just the availability of food and water.

F. And they simply didn’t grow like normal infants.

【答案】

E,B,F,D

【考点】

说明文六选四

高三

【解析】

文章主要介绍了大多数人不需要科学来理解母爱的重要性，但要了解早期虐待如何破

坏儿童的发育，需要仔细研究。在一项著名的研究中，哈里?哈洛（Harry Harlow）证

明了婴儿的适当心理和身体发育需要父母的悉心照料和照顾。

【解答】

（1）E 考查上下文推理能力。根据“In that research, socially isolated monkey babies that were removed from their mothers were found to be clinging to a cloth—covered surrogate mother for comfort. 在这项研究中，那些被从母亲身上移走的社会孤立的猴宝宝被发现

依附于一种布——covered，以寻求安慰”可知此处应填“生活必需品不仅仅是食物和水

的供应”故选E。

（2）B 考查上下文推理能力。根据“Orphans were supposed to be in positive mental and physical health until adoptive parents were found. 孤儿被认为是积极的心理和身体健康，

直到被收养的父母被发现.”可知此处应填“据称，仅仅喂养和改变它们就足够了”故选B。（3）F 考查上下文推理能力。根据“Their head sizes were especially small. 他们的头部尺

寸特别小”可知此处应填“他们只是没有像正常婴儿那样生长”故选F。

（4）D 考查上下文推理能力。根据“Remove it and the harm is great. 把它拿掉，危害就

大了。”可知此处应填“母爱在塑造我们是谁的过程中起着至关重要的作用”故选D。

Ⅳ. Summary Writing

Directions： Read the following passage． Summarize the main idea and the main point （s） of the passage in no more than 60 words． Use your own words as far as possible．African elephants are in trouble． Their numbers have fallen violently fiom as many as ten million a hundred years ago to as few as 400，000 today． Losses are largely from poaching （偷猎）for the illegal ivory trade， and also because of the smaller living space for elephants， as people open up land for fanning and development．

Killing some elephants to help save the species is one suggested strategy for preserving them．Here’s the thinking： Invite rich hunters to pay generous fees to shoot specified numbers of elephants， and use that money as sources for various conservations．

Some people claim that trophy hunting can provide generous financial support for people to conserve and restore wild elephant numbers， protect wildlife from poaching， and to help give local communities a boost in economy． Doing that， the theory goes， poor villagers won’t need to poach elephants to feed their families．

To look into the new business closely， the trophy hunting industry does not provide significant benefits to the communities where it occurs． Across Africa， there are only about 15，000 hunting﹣related jobs created by the business﹣a tiny number， especially considering thal the six main game﹣hunting countries alone have a population of nearly

150 million．

Besides that， it is true the total income from trophy hunting is substantial． Take an unnamed area for example， the total income to wild conservancies from irophy hunting，amounted to ﹩165，000． Six years later， this is expected to increase almost tenfold to ﹩1，330，000． Yet after various kinds of processing fees and expenses are reduced， the local communities make an average of only ten cents a hectare （25 cents an acre） from trophy hunting．The return is so small that it justly explains locals’ lack of interest in preselling hunting areas and their continued poaching．

________

【答案】

African elephants are endangered with greatly reduced numbers due to unlawful poaching and shrinking habitat． Trophy hunting， legal elephant shooting for conservation fund，is considered a solution． According to some， it helps maintain elephant population and benefits local economy． However， it turns out the business employs few people and hunt fee Irickling down to local villagers and communities is minimal．

【考点】

提纲类

【解析】

本篇书面表达属于读写任务类类作文，根据要表达的内容确定句子的时态、语态．注意使用高级词汇和句式，以增加文章的亮点．需要归纳大意和要点．

【亮点说明】本文结构紧凑，层次分明，而且使用了多种表达：

African elephants are endangered with greatly reduced numbers due to unlawful poaching and shrinking habitat．（高分句型一）句中due to为固定搭配，意为“由于”

由于非法偷猎和栖息地减少，非洲象濒临灭绝，数量大大减少．

Trophy hunting， legal elephant shooting for conservation fund，is considered a solution．（高分句型二）句中Trophy hunting为动名词做主语

战利品狩猎，合法的大象射击保护基金，被认为是一种解决方案．

【解答】

African elephants are endangered with greatly reduced numbers due to unlawful poaching and shrinking habitat．（高分句型一）Trophy hunting， legal elephant shooting for conservation fund，is considered a solution．（高分句型二）According to some， it helps maintain elephant population and benefits local economy． However， it turns out the business employs few people and hunt fee Irickling down to local villagers and communities is minimal．

V. TranslationDirections： Translate the following sentences into English， using the words given in the brackets.

Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets.（1）听到学校篮球队赢球的消息，我们都很兴奋。（excited）

______

（2）重要的是目前这个免费配送服务向全体顾客开放。（available）

______

（3）尽管在发掘学生潜能方面我们做了很多努力，但仍留下许多领域亟待进一步的探索。（although）

______

（4）一个知识体系包含了理论与实践经验，两者互相成就，缺一不可。（consist）

______

【答案】

（1）We were all excited at the news that our school basketball team won the game.,（2）What matters is that the current free delivery service is available to all the customers.,

（3）Although we have made great efforts in realizing students’ potential, many areas still remain to be further explored.,（4）A knowledge system consists of the theory and practical experience. The two complete each other and neither can exist without the other. 【考点】

高三

汉译英

【解析】

此题暂无解析

【解答】

（1）We were all excited at the news that our school basketball team won the game. 这句

话使用主从复合句，主句是We were all excited at the news，that引导同位语从句。（2）What matters is that the current free delivery service is available to all the customers. 这是对事物的一种评价，所以使用一般现在时。结合句中的意思和提示词可知，翻译时需要使用短语be available to可利用的，可得到的。句首可使用what引导

一个主语从句，后面再用that引导一个表语从句。

（3）Although we have made great efforts in realizi ng students’ potential many areas, still remain to be further explored. 这是对学生教育上的一种评价，所以使用一般现在时，从句中使用现在完成时。根据句意和提示词可知，翻译时需要使用although引导一个让

步状语从句，remain to be done有待于被做。

（4）A knowledge system consists of the theory and practical experience. The two complete each other and neither can exist without the other. 第一句使用consist of意为“由…组成”，第二句使用and连接并列句，前面的句子使用主谓宾，后面的使用主谓结构。

VI. Guided Writing

Directions： Write an English composition in 120﹣150 words according to the instructions given below in Chinese．

你是李华，日前报名参与社会团体BenefiTEAM组织的7月3日暑期一日实践活动，收到了活动计划如下：

考虑自己的实际，给该活动的组织者王老师写信，如你觉得该活动计划有可修改之处，提出你的修改意见并阐述理由；如无，提出你对有效实施该计划的建议并阐述理由．（信中不得出现考生姓名，学校等真实倍息）

________

【答案】

Dear Mr． Wang，,Recently，I signed up to participate in a one﹣day summer practice on July 3 organized by a social group，BenefiTEAM，and I received the activity plans．,First，the actitity will be held at the Shanghai train stationfrom 9：00 to 11：30． Our task is to offer information to the tourists who visit Shanghai．Ontop ofthat， we will go to Hua Shan hospital from 13：00 to 16：00 to assist the patients with electronicregistration．,I strongly agree with the plan． However， I advise the participants of the event should wear the same T﹣shirt in that we can be easily recognized and the event will be well﹣organized．,Yours，,Li Hua

【考点】

图表类

【解析】

高分句型一：

Our task is to offer information to the tourists who visit Shanghai．

译文：我们的任务是给来上海的游客提供信息．

分析：不定式作表语，who引导定语从句．

高分句型二：

However， I advise the participants of the event should wear the same T﹣shirt in that we can be easily recognized and the event will be well﹣organized．

译文：不过，我建议参加活动的人穿同样的T恤，因为我们很容易被认出来，而且活动会组织得很好．

分析：这句话使用in that引导原因状语从句，意为“因为”．

【解答】

Dear Mr． Wang，

Recently， I signed up to participate in a one﹣day summer practice on July 3 organized by a social group，BenefiTEAM，and I received the activity plans．（介绍背景）

First， the actitity will be held at the Shanghai train station from 9：00 to 11：30． Our task is to offer information to the tourists who visit Shanghai．（高分句型一） Ontop of that， we will go to Hua Shan hospital from 13：00 to 16：00 to assist the patients with electronic registration．（收到的活动安排）

I strongly agree with the plan． However， I advise the participants of the event should wear the same T﹣shirt in that we can be easily recognized and the event will be well﹣organized．（高分句型二）（建议和理由）

Yours，

Li Hua

2018年高考理科综合(全国I卷)试题及答案

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