Unit 14 Five Traits of the Educated Man Words and Expressions综合教程一
Unit 14 Five Traits of the Educated Man
Words and Expressions
1. trait:n. a particular quality, esp. of a person; characteristic
e.g.Ann’s generosity is one of her most pleasing personal traits.
Synonyms:
character, feature, characteristic, attribute, property
2.capacity:n.
1) ability or power
e.g. He has a great capacity for enjoying himsel
f.
Her capacity to remember facts is remarkable.
2) role; a particular position or duty
e.g. He said that in the capacity as mayor.
他是以市长的身份说那番话的。
3) the maximum amount that sth. can hold or contain
e.g. The lift has a capacity of 15 persons.
Synonyms:
1) ability, power, capability, talent, gift
2) role, function, position
3) maximum content, limit, room, space
3. inconsiderable: adj. rather small; not worth considering
The word "inconsiderable" is almost always used together with the word "not" or "no", an example of double negation for strong emphasis.
e.g. He has built up a not inconsiderable business empire.
He is starting to gain a not inconsiderable fame in the entertainment circles.
Antonym:
considerable
Comparisons:
inconsiderate: not caring about the feelings, needs, or comfort of other people; thoughtless inconsiderable: rather small; not worth considering
unconsidered: not thought about, or not thought about with enough care
Practice:
1) I came to regret my ____________remarks. (unconsidered)
2) It is very _______of you not to call your mother when she got sick. (inconsiderate)
3) We have spent a not ___________ amount of money on the project already. (inconsiderable)
4. endeavo r:
1) n. (an) effort
e.g. Please make every endeavor to arrive on time.
2) vi. (fml) try very hard, strive
e.g. We always endeavor to please our customers.
Synonyms:
try, strive, attempt
5. vulgarit y: n. the state or quality of being indecent where the quality is spoiled, or the standard is lowered; the state that shows a lack of good judgment in the choice of what is suitable or beautiful
e.g. She was angry at the vulgarity of their jokes.
His vulgarity made him unwelcome in my home.
Derivations:
vulgar adj．
vulgarize: v.
vulgarization: n．
6.respectable: adj.
1) showing standards of behavior, appearance, etc. that are socially acceptable
e.g. It is not respectable to get drunk in the street.
Put a tie on — it'll make you look more respectable.
2) good or satisfactory; decent
e.g. Her exam results were respectable enough.
Derivatio ns:
respect: v.
respectability: n.
Comparison: respectable, respectful, respective
respectable: showing standards of behavior, appearance, etc. that are socially acceptable respectful: feeling or showing respect
respective: used before a plural noun to refer to the different things that belong to each separate person or thing mentioned
7. superficial: adj.
1) of little subsistence or significance
e.g. He made only a few superficial changes in the manuscript.
2) being or affecting or connecting with a surface; not deep or penetrating emotionally or intellectually
e.g. Despite their superficial similarities, the two novels are in fact very different.
3) relating to a surface
e.g. Superficial scratches can be easily removed.
表面上的划痕很容易就能被清除。
Derivation:
superficiality n.
8. artificial: adj. insincere; lacking true feelings; happening as a result of human action
e.g. She welcomed me with an artificial smile.
I don’t like his artificial manners.
High import taxes give their homemade goods an artificial advantage in the market.
9. reveal: vt.
1) make known sth. previously secret or unknown
e.g. The investigation has revealed some serious faults in the system.
I can now reveal that the new director is to be James Johnson.
2) show something that was previously hidden
e.g. The curtains opened, revealing a darkened stage.
Collocation:
reveal yourself as/to be sth.
e.g. The violinist revealed himself as a talented interpreter of classical music.
Derivation:
revealing adj.
10. cultivated: adj.
1) showing good education, manners, etc.
e.g. As soon as the singer sang a very beautiful song, the cultivated audience stood up, cheering and clapping their hands.
2) Cultivated land is land that is used for growing crops or plants.
e.g. cultivated fields
3) Cultivated crops or plants are ones grown by people.
e.g. cultivated mushrooms
Derivations:
cultivate: v.
cultivation: n.
cultivable: adj.
cultivator: n.
Synonym:
well-educated
11. instinctively: adv.in a way resulting from one’s instinct, i.e. one’s natural ability or tendency to act in a certain way; in a manner following one’s instinct
e.g. Instinctively, I knew she was ill.
凭直觉，我知道她病了。
I instinctively raised my arm to protect my face.
我本能地抬起手臂护脸。
Derivations:
instinctive: adj.
instinct: n.
12. induce: vt.
1) lead sb. to do sth., often by persuading
e.g. Nothing could induce her to be disloyal to her motherland.
Advertisements induce people to buy.
2) cause or produce
e.g. Doctors said that surgery could induce a heart attack.
It’s fair to say that cell phones can induce laziness.
Derivation:
inducement: n.
13. multiply: v.
1) greatly increase in number or amount
e.g. Smoking multiplies the risk of heart attacks and other health problems.
2) breed, procreate, reproduce
e.g. Bacteria multiply quickly in warm food.
Synonyms:
intensify, increase, spread, extend
Anonyms:
decrease, diminish
Derivatio ns:
multiple: adj．
multiplication: n.
multiplicity: n.
14. efficiency: n.the power to work well, very quickly and without waste; the power to do well
e.g. She is well known for her possession of high efficiency.
We must achieve efficiency in our study.
Antonym:
inefficiency
Derivation:
efficient: adj.
Comparison: effective, efficient
effective: successful, and working in the way that was intended
e.g. Training is often much less effective than expected.
Practice:
1) A good leader should be both competent and__________. (efficient)
2) Her efforts to improve the school have been very________. (effective)
15. visionary: adj.
1) existing only in the mind and probably can not be fulfilled
e.g. Most plans for bringing about world peace are visionary.
2) having clear ideas of what the world should be like in the future
e.g. Under his visionary leadership, the city prospered.
Synonyms:
idealistic, unreal, imaginary
Antonyms:
practical, realistic, real
Derivation:
vision: n.
16. exercise: vt.
1) (cause to) take exercise
e.g. You are getting fat; you should exercise more.
It's important to exercise regularly.
2) use (a power, right, or quality)
e.g. There are plans to encourage people to exercise their right to vote.
That official exercises his power to the fullest degree.
Synonyms:
practice, employ, apply, exert
Antonym:
inaction
17. companionship: n. friendship; close relationship between partners
e.g. The companionship between the two partners can be said to be pure and noble.
When Stan died, I missed his companionship.
Synonym:
fellowship
Derivation:
companion: n. someone you spend a lot of time with, especially a friend
18. zeal: n. eagerness to do something, especially to achieve a particular religious or political aim
e.g. He shows professional zeal while diagnosing and treating the patients.
Synonyms:
eagerness, enthusiasm, vigor
Antonyms:
apathy, indifference
Collocations:
in one's zeal to do sth.
Phrases:
a man of zeal
show great zeal for
Derivations:
zealous: adj.
zealousness: v.
zealot: n.
口译案例分析
Interculture Awareness Plays an Important Role in Translation Interculture awareness, a basic talent of an interpreter, is very important. It directly influences the translation’s quality and it can be a measure of a wonderful interpreter. An interpreter with a sensitive interculture awareness can interpret more correctly and be understood more easily. At the press conference held on the March 14, 2010, the Prime Minister Wen quoted the classic Chinese poetries which are in short form but in deep meaning more than ten times in answer to foreign journalists’questions. It was rather hard to interpret those poetries, but Wen’s interpreter, Zhang Lu, translated them into English calmly, quickly and fluently, which reflected her wonderful interculture awareness. Zhang’s translation will be discussed as follows: Case: the Premier Wen said in a opening remark: “今后几年，道路依然不平坦，甚至充满荆棘。但是我们应该记住这样一条古训:行百里者半九十。不可有任何松懈麻痹和动摇。”And then he expressed that he wanted to do his best in the next three years with words quoted from《离骚》:“亦余心之所善兮，虽九死其犹未悔。” Translation by Zhang: The road ahead is not a smooth one, it maybe full of twists and turns. But we should always re-member this important thing: that is half of the people who have embarked on the one hundred miles journey may fall by the way side，this means we must not slacken our efforts in the slightest, and we must not waive r in our resolve … For the ideal I hold dear to my heart，I would not regret a thousand times to die. With this strong commitment, I will continue to devote my-self to my work in the next three years. “亦余心之所善兮，虽九死其犹未悔”,quoted by the Premier from 《离骚》, is familiar to most Chinese. The “九死”was translated into “a thousand times to die”is very idiomatic because Chinese always use the “三”or “九”to express “a lot of times”and Zhang translated it into a form that is familiar to foreigners. The translation of “行百里者半九十”, by contrast, is not so exact. The phrase quoted from 《战国策·秦策五》means that if one has finished 90 km in 100km-road, it is considered as that one has finished half of the road because the last 10 km is more harder than the former 90km, that is to say, one should work harder or one will fail. That phrase is often used to urge people to start well and end well. The Chinese interpreter can not translate the Chinese poetry into English very exactly in a hurry but if the interculture awareness is made most of in the translation, the interpreter will perform better. For example, the phrase can be translated into “Ninety miles is only half of a hundred miles journey”. In conclusion, interculture awareness plays an important role in translation. It can help the translator to understand the speaker better and interpret more exactly. Therefore, the interpreters should cultivate sensitive intervculture awareness to improve translation quality.
口译中的逻辑分析
口译中的逻辑分析指的是对讲话进行纵向和横向的分析，纵向分析是指分清关键信息和辅助信息，即找出逻辑的层次；横向分析则是明确各信息点之间的逻辑关系，如因果关系、对比对照、举例说明等。逻辑分析的目的是为了透彻地理解原语讲话的内容，对信息的点（具体的信息内容）、线（各点之间的联系）和面（即整体概念）进行全面的把握，以便于记忆和表达。信息经过分析加工，便能在记忆中留下更深的印象。 逻辑分析练习可分为纵向分析和横向分析练习。纵向分析的训练方法和概述练习有些类似，但侧重点不一样。纵向分析要求进行逻辑分层训练，即在听完一篇讲话后首先用一句话概括出讲话的中心内容，这是逻辑的最上层；围绕这一中心问题讲话人谈了哪几个方面的内容，这是第二层关系；而每个方面又具体谈了些什么，这是逻辑的下一个层次。将信息一层一层地剖析下去，形成一个清晰的逻辑线路图，然后按照逻辑线路对原语讲话进行复述，复述时不必拘泥于原语的顺序和结构。 横向分析的练习则要求我们找出信息之间的逻辑关系。一般的信息结构都遵从一定的逻辑关系模式，如：概括（generalization）、分类（classification）、因果（cause-effect）、对比对照（compare & contrast）、按照时间、空间、步骤、重要性的顺序排列（sequencing）、列举（simple listing）、提出问题-解决问题（problem-solution）等。找逻辑关系可以根据线索词汇，如英文里表示概括关系的线索词汇有：to sum up, in summary, in conclusion, in brief, in short, on the whole等；表示顺序的词汇有：first, second, furthermore, before, preceding, during, when, finally, meanwhile 等；表示对比的词汇有：likewise, as well as, in common with, both, similarly，compared to等；表示对照的有：on the other hand, on the contrary, otherwise, instead, still, yet, whereas, differently等；表示因果的则有：so, since, because, as a result, consequently, lead to等等。 逻辑分析要求在听取信息时不是被动地接收，而是在全神贯注地收听的同时，结合自己对口译情境和讲话人背景的了解，进行合理的分析和预测，这样才能更好地跟上讲话人的思路，缓解“听”的压力，使口译理解更轻松更准确。
英语即兴演讲稿与英语口译中的演讲技巧分析汇编
英语即兴演讲稿范文 i like to look into the mirror. i remember when i was a little girl, i often stood on my toes, trying to find my face in the mirror of the dressing table, which was nearly as high as i was. now i still like to look into the mirror. only now, the dressing table is too low for me. as i bend down, i see the face of a young woman, glowing with maturity, confident in her future and fascinated with her own reflection. the fact that i like to look into the mirror has to do with my granny with whom i spent most of my childhood. i remember clearly that one night i heard her murmuring, "women can't be seen. women can't be seen." i was so confused as to look into the mirror the next morning to check if i could indeed see myself. only now as a young woman myself, can i understand that it was not physical visibility that granny had on her mind. granny spent all her life taking care of the family, day in and day out. she cooked for her husband and 10 children. but whenever guests came, she and other female family members had to eat by the stove in the small kitchen. at family discussions, she was never asked for her opinion. after grandpa passed away, she had to listen to my uncle, her eldest son, fulfilled her duty as daughter, wife, and mother; yet as a person, she remained little noticed. even though she could see herself in the mirror of the dressing table, she was never visible in the mirror of society. i have been living a different life. at home, i make decisions together with the rest of the family. in school, i often take charge of various activities the same as other boys and girls. not only that, i can see something granny could not have dreamed of─making decisions for my own future. my life has been a series of decisions. i could choose from several universities as i came out of high school. at university, i could choose from a range of subjects from english literature to business law. and now upon graduation, i am again faced with decisions─to further my study or to go to work; to stay in china or to go abroad; to get married right away or to remain single for a bit longer. it does not matter whether or not i will bee famous or rich, but i will treasure the chance to demonstrate my potential and to help other women demonstrate theirs as full members of society, fully visible in the mirror of history. i will treasure it because the abundance of choice that i enjoy came only after decades of efforts made by my granny, my mum, and millions of other chinese women. however, the choices to be made by me and others of my generation are a great challenge. the misconception that men are superior to women is still dominating many people's minds. while men are encouraged to pete and to assert themselves, we are expected to be quiet, loyal 第1 页共5 页
口译中的逻辑分析
口译中的逻辑分析 口译中的逻辑分析指的是对讲话进行纵向和横向的分析，纵向分析是指分清关键信息和辅助信息，即找出逻辑的层次；横向分析则是明确各信息点之间的逻辑关系，如因果关系、对比对照、举例说明等。逻辑分析的目的是为了透彻地理解原语讲话的内容，对信息的点（具体的信息内容）、线（各点之间的联系）和面（即整体概念）进行全面的把握，以便于记忆和表达。信息经过分析加工，便能在记忆中留下更深的印象。 逻辑分析练习可分为纵向分析和横向分析练习。纵向分析的训练方法和概述练习有些类似，但侧重点不一样。纵向分析要求进行逻辑分层训练，即在听完一篇讲话后首先用一句话概括出讲话的中心内容，这是逻辑的最上层；围绕这一中心问题讲话人谈了哪几个方面的内容，这是第二层关系；而每个方面又具体谈了些什么，这是逻辑的下一个层次。将信息一层一层地剖析下去，形成一个清晰的逻辑线路图，然后按照逻辑线路对原语讲话进行复述，复述时不必拘泥于原语的顺序和结构。 横向分析的练习则要求我们找出信息之间的逻辑关系。一般的信息结构都遵从一定的逻辑关系模式，如：概括（generalization）、分类（classification）、因果（cause-effect）、对比对照（compare & contrast）、按照时间、空间、步骤、重要性的顺序排列（sequencing）、列举（simple listing）、提出问题-解决问题（problem-solution）等。找逻辑关系可以根据线索词汇，如英文里表示概括关系的线索词汇有：to sum up, in summary, in conclusion, in brief, in short, on the whole 等；表示顺序的词汇有：first, second, furthermore, before, preceding, during, when, finally, meanwhile等；表示对比的词汇有：likewise, as well as, in common with, both, similarly，compared to等；表示对照的有：on the other hand, on the contrary, otherwise, instead, still, yet, whereas, differently等；表示因果的则有：so, since, because, as a result, consequently, lead to等等。 逻辑分析要求在听取信息时不是被动地接收，而是在全神贯注地收听的同时，结合自己对口译情境和讲话人背景的了解，进行合理的分析和预测，这样才能更好地跟上讲话人的思路，缓解“听”的压力，使口译理解更轻松更准确。
口译中的逻辑分析指的是对讲话进行纵向和横向的分析
口译中的逻辑分析指的是对讲话进行纵向和横向的分析
Module 2 Logical analysis I Theory and skills 口译中的逻辑分析指的是对讲话进行纵向和横向的分析，纵向分析是指分清关键信息和辅助信息，即找出逻辑的层次；横向分析则是明确各信息点之间的逻辑关系，如因果关系、对比对照、举例说明等。逻辑分析的目的是为了透彻地理解原语讲话的内容，对信息的点（具体的信息内容）、线（各点之间的联系）和面（即整体概念）进行全面的把握，以便于记忆和表达。信息经过分析加工，便能在记忆中留下更深的印象。 逻辑分析练习可分为纵向分析和横向分析练习。纵向分析的训练方法和第一课介绍的概述练习有些类似，但侧重点不一样。纵向分析要求进行逻辑分层训练，即在听完一篇讲话后首先用一句话概括出讲话的中心内容，这是逻辑的最上层；围绕这一中心问题讲话人谈了哪几个方面的内容，这是第二层关系；而每个方面又具体谈了些什么，这是逻辑的下一个层次。例如第一课的
练习1.1介绍了三种错误的饭后习惯，这三种习惯分别是：饭后立即吃水果、喝茶和散步；针对每一种错误习惯，分析了其原因，提出了正确的做法；在原因里又提到几种原因，分别是……。就这样将信息一层一层地剖析下去，形成一个清晰的逻辑线路图，然后按照逻辑线路对原语讲话进行复述，复述时不必拘泥于原语的顺序和结构。 横向分析的练习则要求我们找出信息之间的逻辑关系。一般的信息结构都遵从一定的逻辑关系模式，如：概括（generalization）、分类（classification）、因果（cause-effect）、对比对照（compare & contrast）、按照时间、空间、步骤、重要性的顺序排列（sequencing）、列举（simple listing）、提出问题-解决问题（problem-solution）等。找逻辑关系可以根据线索词汇，如英文里表示概括关系的线索词汇有：to sum up, in summary, in conclusion, in brief, in short, on the whole等；表示顺序的词汇有：first, second, furthermore, before, preceding, during, when, finally, meanwhile 等；表示对比的词汇有：likewise, as well as, in
浅析口译特点及技巧(英语口译论文)
英语口译期末课程论文题目：浅析口译特点及技巧 班级：1009班 姓名：叶鹏 2014年1月2日
论文摘要 本文从口译的不同角度分析了口译特点, 包括即席性、准确性和复杂性。并在此基础上分析了口译的基本技巧及训练内容。文章首先提出了随着中国与国际社会的交流日趋广泛，英汉口译变的越来越重要，对口译员的要求也越来越高。接着，文章简单论述了口译的特点。最后分别论述了汉英口译的标准和口译技巧。 关键词：口译特点口译标准口译技巧 引言：随着我国改革开放的深入发展，中国国际地位的提高，越来越多的中国人参与到国际交流中来，亲身感受到掌握一门外语的必要。英语之所以成为大多数人首选的外语，是因为目前全世界每七个人中就有一个人是以英语为母语（Native Language）或第二语言（Second Language），还有更多的国家是把英语作为外语（Foreign Language）来使用的。就翻译而言，虽然口、笔译有所不同，笔译训练有助于口译。因此我们要求口译者具有一定的笔译基础，并能够用英语口头表达一般思想。除了语言因素外，直接影响到口译质量和效果的还有其他因素，其中有智力因素，也有非智力因素，比如生理、心理的状况等等。 一、口译的特点 1、即席性 即席性即在场性, “是各种口译普遍具有的一个特征, 它是由口语的即席性特点决定的。”口译和口语是密切相关的,口语是口译的基础, 口语的即席性决定了口译的即席性。在此过程中边听边分析整理、边组织、边表达。口译的即席性要求翻译员在此过程中精力集中, 思维敏捷, 仔细观察。 2、准确性 准确性是口译一项最基本的要求。对数字, 人名, 地名等的翻译尤其需要准确性, 一个小小的失误将造成不必要的麻烦。口译的准确性还体现为译员的口头表达必须准确、清晰、流畅。译员的工作工具是口语, 因此他们的语言表达直接影响谈话的顺利进行, 即使全面复述双方所要传达的意思, 用词不准确,显然非常不好。 3、复杂性 一个优秀的译员不仅要熟悉业务, 而且要具备良好的自身素质, 包括知识水平, 心
英语口译中的演讲技巧分析
英语口译中的演讲技巧分析 口译与笔译的最大区别之一，就在于口译工作者绝非“一切尽在不言中”，而是身处“台前”进行工作。虽然文化派翻译理论认为，即使在笔译中，译者也是“可见”（visible）的，但从工作特点来看，口译员显然更为“可见”。 这种可见性，既使口译工作充满了乐趣，也给译员带来了许多挑战。站在大庭广众之中，于众目睽睽之下开口讲话，本身就不是一件容易的事情。姑且不论翻译的质量如何，译员首先应该是一个出色的讲话人。否则，即便翻译得再出色，也会因为拙劣的音质、节奏或吐词而使听众感到索然无味。显而易见，对于一个成功的口译工作者来说，掌握扎实的演讲技巧是根本要务。 1. 熟悉讲话场所，增强演讲效果 为了获得良好的沟通效果，译员在到达工作地点后，一定要先熟悉工作环境。观察发言人所处的房间设施情况，屋顶的高低、窗帘的厚度、房间的面积等都会对音效造成影响。此外，发言人需要对多少观众讲话，是在讲台上发言还是流动讲话，这些问题译员都需要考虑。对于译员本人来说，是站在讲话人身边还是退到舞台一侧，有没有辅助工具（如麦克风），是有支架的麦克风、手持无线麦克风还是便携式无线麦克风，在工作开始前的短暂时间里，应该尽可能充分地掌握情况。特别要注意调试麦克风，以免出现音质有问题或电池电量不够的尴尬场面。 2. 综合运用演讲的几大要素 讲话人声音的产生伴随着一系列生理过程--首先是从肺部呼出气流，气流经过喉，振动声带而形成声音；再经过咽、嘴和鼻腔，声音被放大和修饰，最后通过舌、唇、齿和颚等部位形成特定的音。译员在翻译中应注意演讲几个要素的运用，即：音量（volume）、音调（pitch）、节奏（rate）、停顿（pauses）、发音（pronunciation）和吐词（enunciation）。
口译中的逻辑分析介绍
口译中的逻辑分析介绍 口译中的逻辑分析指的是对讲话进行纵向和横向的分析，纵向分析是指分清关键信息和辅助信息，即找出逻辑的层次；横向分析则是明确各信息点之间的逻辑关系，如因果关系、对比对照、举例说明等。逻辑分析的目的是为了透彻地理解原语讲话的内容，对信息的点（具体的信息内容）、线（各点之间的联系）和面（即整体概念）进行全面的把握，以便于记忆和表达。信息经过分析加工，便能在记忆中留下更深的印象。 逻辑分析练习可分为纵向分析和横向分析练习。纵向分析的训练方法和概述练习有些类似，但侧重点不一样。纵向分析要求进行逻辑分层训练，即在听完一篇讲话后首先用一句话概括出讲话的中心内容，这是逻辑的最上层；围绕这一中心问题讲话人谈了哪几个方面的内容，这是第二层关系；而每个方面又具体谈了些什么，这是逻辑的下一个层次。将信息一层一层地剖析下去，形成一个清晰的逻辑线路图，然后按照逻辑线路对原语讲话进行复述，复述时不必拘泥于原语的顺序和结构。 横向分析的练习则要求我们找出信息之间的逻辑关系。一般的信息结构都遵从一定的逻辑关系模式，如：概括（generalization）、分类（classification）、因果（cause-effect）、对比对照（compare & contrast）、按照时间、空间、步骤、重要性的顺序排列（sequencing）、列举（simple listing）、提出问题-解决问题（problem-solution）等。找逻辑关系可以根据线索词汇，如英文里表示概括关系的线索词汇有：to sum up, in summary, in conclusion, in brief, in short, on the whole等；表示顺序的词汇有：first, second, furthermore, before, preceding, during, when, finally, meanwhile等；表示对比的词汇有：likewise, as well as, in common with, both, similarly，compared to 等；表示对照的有：on the other hand, on the contrary, otherwise, instead, still, yet, whereas, differently等；表示因果的则有：so, since, because,
2015年中国同声传译行业SWOT分析
我国同声传译行业SWOT 分析 我国同声传译行业SWOT分析同声传译是各种翻译活动中难度最高的一种翻译，是世界流行的一种翻译方式，世界上95%的国际会议采用的都是同声传译的方式。随着中国市场日趋国际化，我国与各国的贸易往来更为密切，促使社会对翻译工作的需求日趋增加，各种国际会议应接不暇，由于粥多僧少，同声传译正在成为紧俏的职业，被大家称为含金量最高的“金领”之一。 一、优势（strength）1、广阔的市场潜力优势近年来，中国经济持续稳步增长、发达国家增长放缓和世界金融危机，更多的企业会来到中国市场。同时，人民币升值，使得中国国际购买能力提升，国际并购机会增加，中国企业走向世界的步伐加快，这切都使得国内的翻译需求迅速增加，市场容量急剧扩大。据中国翻译协会统计，从2004年——2009年，国内翻译市场规模以每年26%的速度连续增长，目前国内的翻译市场规模已经达到了100亿人民币，在未来几年内将达到300亿人民币，关联产业达到千亿的规模。2、良好的政策支持我国现已开设口译翻译资格证书的考试。现在不少相关人才纷纷透过上同声传译的培训班，考取相关资格证书，以期能挤入这个金领行业。在上海举办的外语口译岗位资格证书考试就出现了异常火爆的场面。此证书是目前国内最高级别的口译证书，因此含金量非常高，深受用人单位青睐。3、高收入吸引人才同声传译价目表中，英语类１天１.２万～２.１万元人民币，非英语类是１.８万元人民币。一般需要２～３位译员组成一个同声传译组进行交替工作，上述价格为一个小组一天的翻译价格，据此推断，同声传译最低一天收入４０００元人民币。国内某些翻译公司的报价甚至是以上价格的一倍。可见该行业的吸引力。很多学语言从事翻译的人士把同传认定为从事翻译的最高境界。同声传译员一天的薪水相当于一个白领一个月的收入，他们一天能挣五六千。同声传译参加一天会议的薪酬是５０００元人民币，而有的会议薪酬则会更高。会议繁忙的时候，比如３～７月和９～１２月往往日程都会排得很满，有的会议都需要提前一个多月预订。优秀的译员在会议高峰的时候月收入可以达到４万元甚至更高，所以对于优秀译员年收入５０万或者更多也不足为奇。 二、劣势（weakness）1、规模小，没有形成完善的产业在我国，很多翻译公司少于15人，处于家庭运作方式。具有良好品牌的翻译公司极少，缺少针对专业领域同传人才培训的机构。翻译协会在指导过翻译行业的发展，提供信息中还没有完全发挥作用。对我国来说，同声传译只是职业，而不是产业。2、行业制度不完善，缺少明确行业规范体系我国同声传译行业制度体系不完善，国家并未出台明确政策法规来规范同声传译译员的行为准则。部分译员看中的是同声传译的高收入，滥竽充数，影响我国翻译行业整体发展。目前，我国还没有一个固定的机构来负责同声翻译的相关事宜，也没有一套统一的标准对同声翻译的工作进行考评。要看一个同声翻译究竟胜任不胜任，将会直接由所服务的会议各方来作出评价。3、教育体系不完善，培训机构少，师资力量不足2006年我国才正式在高等院校设置翻译专业，并且社会上也缺少专业的同声传译培训机构。还有，高校大多注重的是翻译理论的教授，而非实践，导致同传专业毕业生就业后上岗困难，还需进行二次培训。据了解，目前仅有北京外国语大学、上海外国语大学、广东外语外贸大学等为数不多的高校翻译学院开设同声传译人员的专业培训班。对此，上海外国语大学高级翻译学院院长柴明颎教授曾表示，国外发达国家已有100多所大学开设了翻译专业，并设有单独的硕博学位，而我国的翻译硕、博士一般是挂名在所属外国语言文学学科下。由此可见，我国高级翻译人才的培养还不够完善，外语教育体系仍然有待细分和优化。
口译中的逻辑分析指的是对讲话进行纵向和横向的分析
Module 2 Logical analysis I Theory and skills 口译中的逻辑分析指的是对讲话进行纵向和横向的分析，纵向分析是指分清关键信息和辅助信息，即找出逻辑的层次；横向分析则是明确各信息点之间的逻辑关系，如因果关系、对比对照、举例说明等。逻辑分析的目的是为了透彻地理解原语讲话的内容，对信息的点（具体的信息内容）、线（各点之间的联系）和面（即整体概念）进行全面的把握，以便于记忆和表达。信息经过分析加工，便能在记忆中留下更深的印象。 逻辑分析练习可分为纵向分析和横向分析练习。纵向分析的训练方法和第一课介绍的概述练习有些类似，但侧重点不一样。纵向分析要求进行逻辑分层训练，即在听完一篇讲话后首先用一句话概括出讲话的中心内容，这是逻辑的最上层；围绕这一中心问题讲话人谈了哪几个方面的内容，这是第二层关系；而每个方面又具体谈了些什么，这是逻辑的下一个层次。例如第一课的练习1.1介绍了三种错误的饭后习惯，这三种习惯分别是：饭后立即吃水果、喝茶和散步；针对每一种错误习惯，分析了其原因，提出了正确的做法；在原因里又提到几种原因，分别是……。就这样将信息一层一层地剖析下去，形成一个清晰的逻辑线路图，然后按照逻辑线路对原语讲话进行复述，复述时不必拘泥于原语的顺序和结构。 横向分析的练习则要求我们找出信息之间的逻辑关系。一般的信息结构都遵从一定的逻辑关系模式，如：概括（generalization）、分类（classification）、因果（cause-effect）、对比对照（compare & contrast）、按照时间、空间、步骤、重要性的顺序排列（sequencing）、列举（simple listing）、提出问题-解决问题（problem-solution）等。找逻辑关系可以根据线索词汇，如英文里表示概括关系的线索词汇有：to sum up, in summary, in conclusion, in brief, in short, on the whole等；表示顺序的词汇有：first, second, furthermore, before, preceding, during, when, finally, meanwhile等；表示对比的词汇有：likewise, as well as, in common with, both, similarly，compared to等；表示对照的有：on the other hand, on the contrary, otherwise, instead, still, yet, whereas, differently等；表示因果的则有：so, since, because, as a result, consequently, lead to等等。 逻辑分析要求在听取信息时不是被动地接收，而是在全神贯注地收听的同时，结合自己对口译情境和讲话人背景的了解，进行合理的分析和预测，这样才能更好地跟上讲话人的思路，缓解“听”的压力，使口译理解更轻松更准确。 II Skills practice Teaching suggestions: Tell the students to form a mind picture or logic tree while listening, trying to associate main points with the corresponding sub-points, and then do the retelling to check the effectiveness of their logic analysis. Instruction: retell the passage, paying attention to the logic 2.1有偿搭车 “上班族”借助网络发帖联络搭乘“顺风车”，这种出行方式最近在北京、上海、深圳等一些大中型城市开始流行起来。一些网站还专门设立了相关的栏目，北京出现了全国第一家
浅谈口译及其技巧
浅谈口译及其技巧 摘要:随着中国经济的快速发展和国际地位的显著提高，中国与世界各国的联系越来越密切。口译在国际交流中发挥了重要的作用，这不仅对英语口译人员的基本功底提出了要求，也对口译人员在英语口译技巧上提出了相关要求。本文首先对口译的内涵和特点进行了简要的介绍，然后从口译的听辨理解、笔记、数字三个方面，对口译的技巧和方法进行了分析。 关键词:英语口译；口译特点及原则；口译技巧 1. 引言 随着全球化进程的加速，英语作为一门语言，成为了世界各国沟通的桥梁。从中国加入WTO以来，中国经济飞速发展，在国际社会中的地位得到显著提高，中国越来越多地参与到了国际事务中，与世界的交流也变得愈发频繁。口译作为一种必不可少的工具，得到了进一步发展，在国与国之间活动与交流中扮演了相当重要的角色，成为推动人类社会这个大车轮滚动的润滑剂。近几年，口译译员的需求日益增长，逐渐成为了众人瞩目的一个行业，特别是同声传译，被称为金饭碗、二十一世纪第一大紧缺人才等等。媒体的大量报道、丰厚的报酬、新闻中的露面，都使口译这个职业戴上了令人羡慕的光环。很多人都希望能加入到口译译员甚至同声传译的行列。 2. 口译及其特点与原则 首先，我们先谈论一下口译。什么是口译呢？口译的英语说法是interpretation，interpreting 或者 oral translation（其中＂Interpret＂来自拉丁语，是“表示、解释”的意思）。 口译从广义上来说，是泛指对晦涩难解之语的理解诠释或是不同语言之间的传译。狭义而言，它是一种通过口头表达形式，将所感知和理解的信息准确而有快速地由一种语言形式转换成另一种语言形式，进而达到完整并即时传递与交流信息目的的交际行为，是现代社会跨文化，跨民族交往的一种基本沟通方式。 其实，简单来说，口译就是口头翻译，是翻译的一种形式，是指将一种语言所表述的内容用另一种语言即时准确地用口头表达出来，能够帮助使用不同语言的人顺利地交流和沟通的一种行为。 口译按照形式一般可以分为交替传译，同声传译。按照场合可以分为会议口译、商务口译、外交口译、导游口译、谈判口译等等。 口译的必备要素包括“一种场合、两种语言、三种身份”。“一种场合”是指口译是在一个特定场合为了某个交际目的而进行的交际行为;“两种语言”是指口译通常包含交际双方的两种语言；“三种身份”是指口译中包含speaker，
英语口译政府报告用词及句型分析
政府报告用词及句型分析： 政府报告，领导人讲话致辞中，在描述达成的结果及未来的计划时，常用一连串的动词。比如加深、促进、拓宽、发展、改进等。我们来注意一下这些词的搭配方法。 我们注重从制度上保障和改善民生，在全国城乡实行9年免费义务教育，对8亿农民实行新型农村合作医疗，启动新型农村社会养老保险试点…… We have enhanced the institutional arrangements aimed at ensuring and improving people's well-being. We have extended the free nine-year compulsory education nationwide, introduced the rural cooperative medical care scheme for the 800 million farmers, and launched the rural old-age insurance program on a trial basis. 注：第一句将动词处理为“加强了以……为目的的制度性工作”。同样是“实行”，译文里用了extend和introduce。 促进了发展中国家的经济发展和民生改善，加深了中国与广大发展中国家的友谊，树立了南南合作的典范。今后，中国政府将进一步加强和改进援外工作，为全人类早日实现千年发展目标做出应有的贡献。 Such assistance has contributed to the economic development and people's well-being of the recipient countries, deepened China's friendship with them, and set a good example of South-South cooperation. The Chinese government will further strengthen and improve foreign assistance and contribute its due share to the early achievement of the MDGs throughout the world. 注：这段中的几个动词都是比较基础的，与后面的名词搭配也较为常见，不妨熟记，做到信手拈来脱口而出。 今后五年，中国将再为发展中国家建设200所学校；派遣3000名医疗专家，培养5000名医务人员…… In the coming five years, China will take the following steps in support of better livelihood for people in other developing countries: build 200 schools; dispatch 3,000 medical experts, train 5,000 local medical personnel… 注：这段中文并列列举了很多将要采取的措施，在译成英文时，可以加个起头句来概括一下。这样整段意思明确，也可以简化后面各分句的时态变化。
口译中的逻辑分析
口译中的逻辑分析 口译训练的三阶段和话语的六种类型 口译是一种技能，而不是一种知识或理论。作为一种技能，只有通过大量训练和实践才能充分掌握。因此，口译课除讲解必要的理论和技巧外，其重点应放在大量的操练上，使学生通过反复训练，逐步掌握口译技巧。 口译训练可分为三个阶段，一是听与理解阶段，主要解决听什么、理解什么的问题。要让学生学会启动认知知识，根据语境、交际环境和交际主题等理解篇章意义，而不是简单地听辨语义；二是记忆阶段，主要解决如何把理解的内容记忆下来。要让学生逐渐学会跟踪讲话人的思路，通过视觉、感觉、形象、顺时、线性、类比等记忆方法。或者利用笔记把可唤起记忆的意义载体记录下来；三是表达阶段，主要解决如何借助笔记的提示把理解了的内容表达出来。 口译训练应特别重视记忆训练。人的记忆按其内容可以划分为文字记忆（指将材料逐词逐句地加以背诵的记忆方式，如背诵一篇文章）和内容记忆（指对材料进行有意义的加工，记忆其思想为“长久记忆”和“短时记忆”两类。所谓“长久 记忆”是指一种长期保持信息的记忆，也叫潜在记忆或被动记忆。这相当于译员 平时学习积累的知识、经验，事前准备的背景知识、专业知识、词汇术语。所谓“短时记忆”是指信息储存一两分钟的记忆，也称为操作记忆或积极记忆。译员临场运用的主要是靠短时操作记忆，同时把潜在记忆转化为积极记忆。由于口译的任务是用目的语重述来源语所表达的内容，即：用与来源语完全不同的词汇、句型来表达来源语所表述的意义，因此译员在倾听他人讲话的同时必须立即忘掉来源语的用词，用大脑快速地分析并记住来源语的全部意思。由此可见，口译中，译员对来源语所表达内容的记忆发挥着重要作用。 一个人的记忆力固然与先天遗传有很大的关系，但人在自己的先天记忆面前并不是完全无能为力的。我们可以通过后天的训练增强记忆力。最有效的记忆辅助手段是口译笔记。译员之所以能把几分钟的讲话忠实地用另一种语言表达出来，是因为思想或口译中的交际意义都可以用某种载体（符号）存储在译员的记忆之中。这种载体包括语言符号（中英文字词）、数学符号、画面、形象、数字等。它们可以记在纸上，也可以记在译员的脑子里。它们作为提示符号，存储在译员的短时记忆中，随时帮助译员回忆起长久记忆中存储的讲话意义，并按照目标语的规则把理解的意义表达出来。辅助记忆的另一种手段是跟踪讲话人的思路。 口译所能见到的话语主要有六种类型：