英语论文写作常用经典句子.doc
英语论文写作常用经典句子
Beginning
l In this paper, we focus on the need for
l This paper proceeds as follow.
l The structure of the paper is as follows.
l In this paper, we shall first briefly introduce fuzzy sets and related concepts
l To begin with we will provide a brief background on the
Introduction
l This will be followed by a description of the fuzzy nature of the problem and a detailed presentation of how the required membership functions are defined.
l Details on xx and xx are discussed in later sections.
l In the next section, after a statement of the basic problem, various situations involving possibility knowledge are investigated: first, an entirely possibility model is proposed; then the cases of a fuzzy service time with stochastic arrivals and non-fuzzy service rule is studied; lastly, fuzzy service rule are considered.
Review
l This review is followed by an introduction.
l A brief summary of some of the relevant concepts in xxx and xxx is presented in Section 2.
l In the next section a brief view of the .... is given.
l In the next section, a short review of ... is given with special regard to ...
l Section 2 reviews relevant research related to xx.
l Section 1.1 briefly surveys the motivation for a methodology of action, while 1.2 looks at the difficulties posed by the complexity of systems and outlines the need for development of possibility methods.
Body
l Section 1 defines the notion of robustness, and argues for its importance.
l Section 1 devoted to the basic aspects of the FLC decision-making logic.
l Section 2 gives the background of the problem which includes xxx
l Section 2 discusses some problems with and approaches to, natural language understanding.
l Section 2 explains how flexibility which often ... can be expressed in terms of fuzzy time-window
l Section 3 discusses the aspects of fuzzy set theory that are used in the ...
l Section 3 describes the system itself in a general way, including the ..and also discusses how to evaluate system performance.
l Section 3 describes a new measure of xx.
l Section 3 demonstrates the use of fuzzy possibility theory in the analysis of xx.
l Section 3 is a fine description of fuzzy formulation of human decision.
l Section 3, is developed to the modeling and processing of fuzzy decision rules
l The main idea of the FLC is described in Section 3 while Section 4 describes the xx strategies.
l Section 3 and 4 show experimental studies for verifying the proposed model.
l Section 4 discusses a previous fuzzy set-based approach to cost variance investigation.
l Section 4 gives a specific example of xxx.
l Section 4 is the experimental study to make a fuzzy model of memory process.
l Section 4 contains a discussion of the implication of the results of Section 2 and 3.
l Section 4 applies this fuzzy measure to the analysis of xx and illustrate its use on experimental data.
l Section 5 presents the primary results of the paper: a fuzzy set model ..
l Section 5 contains some conclusions plus some ideas for further work.
l Section 6 illustrate the model with an example.
l Various ways of fuzzification and the reasons for their choice are discussed very briefly in Section 2.
l In Section 2 are presented the block diagram expression of a whole model
of human DM system
l In Section 2 we shall list a collection of basic assumptions which a ... scheme must satisfy.
l In Section 2 of this paper, we present representation and uniqueness theorems for the fundamental measurement of fuzziness when the domain of discourse is order-dense.
l In Section 3, we describe the preliminary results of an empirical study
currently in progress to verify the measurement model and to construct membership functions.
l In Section 5 is analyzed the inference process through the two kinds of inference experiments...
This Section
l In this section, the characteristics and environment under which MRP is
designed are described.
l We will provide in this section basic terminologies and notations which
are necessary for the understanding of subsequent results.
Next Section
l The next section describes the mathematics that goes into the computer implementation of such fuzzy logic statements.
l However, it is cumbersome for this purpose and in practical applications the formulae were rearranged and simplified as discussed in the next section.
l The three components will be described in the next two section, and an example of xx analysis of a computer information system will then illustrate their use.
l We can interpret the results of Experiments I and II as in the following sections.
l The next section summarizes the method in a from that is useful for arguments based on xx
Summary
l This paper concludes with a discussion of future research consideration in section 5.
l Section 5 summarizes the results of this investigation.
l Section 5 gives the conclusions and future directions of research.
l Section 7 provides a summary and a discussion of some extensions of the paper.
l Finally, conclusions and future work are summarized
l The basic questions posed above are then discussed and conclusions are drawn.
l Section 7 is the conclusion of the paper.
Chapter 0. Abstract
l A basic problem in the design of xx is presented by the choice of a xx rate for the measurement of experimental variables.
l This paper examines a new measure of xx in xx based on fuzzy mathematics which overcomes the difficulties found in other xx measures.
l This paper describes a system for the analysis of the xx.
l The method involves the construction of xx from fuzzy relations.
l The procedure is useful in analyzing how groups reach a decision.
l The technique used is to employ a newly developed and versatile xx algorithms.
l The usefulness of xx is also considered.
l A brief methodology used in xx is discussed.
l The analysis is useful in xx and xx problem.
l A model is developed for a xx analysis using fuzzy matrices.
l Algorithms to combine these estimates and produce a xx are presented and justified.
l The use of the method is discussed and an example is given.
l Results of an experimental applications of this xx analysis procedure are given to illustrate the proposed technique.
l This paper analyses problems in
l This paper outlines the functions carried out by ...
l This paper includes an illustration of the ...
l This paper provides an overview and information useful for approaching
l Emphasis is placed on the construction of a criterion function by which the xx in achieving a hierarchical system of objectives are evaluated.
l The main emphasis is placed on the problem of xx
l Our proposed model is verified through experimental study.
l The experimental results reveal interesting examples of fuzzy phases of : xx,xx
l The compatibility of a project in terms of cost, and xx are likewise represented by linguistic variables. l A didactic example is included to illustrate the computational procedure
Chapter 1. Introduction
Time
l Over the course of the past 30 years, .. has emerged form intuitive
l Technological revolutions have recently hit the industrial world
l The advent of ... systems for has had a significant impact on the
l The development of ... is explored
l During the past decade, the theory of fuzzy sets has developed in a variety of directions,
l The concept of xx was investigated quite intensively in recent years
l There has been a turning point in ... methodology in accordance with the advent of ...
l A major concern in ... today is to continue to improve...
l A xx is a latecomer in the part representation arena.
l At the time of this writing, there is still no standard way of xx
l Although a lot of effort is being spent on improving these weaknesses, the efficient and effective method has yet to be developed.
l The pioneer work can be traced to xx [1965].
l To date, none of the methods developed is perfect and all are far from ready to be used in commercial
systems.
Objective / Goal / Purpose
l The purpose of the inference engine can be outlined as follows:
l The ultimate goal of the xx system is to allow the non-experts to utilize the existing knowledge in the area of manual handling of loads, and to provide intelligent, computer-aided instruction for xxx.
l The paper concerns the development of a xx
l The scope of this research lies in
l The main theme of the paper is the application of rule-based decision making.
l These objectives are to be met with such thoroughness and confidence as to permit ...
l The objectives of the ... operations study are as follows:
l The primary purpose/consideration/objective of
l The ultimate goal of this concept is to provide
l The main objective of such a ... system is to
l The aim of this paper is to provide methods to construct such probability distribution.
l In order to achieve these objectives, an xx must meet the following requirements:
l In order to take advantage of their similarity
l more research is still required before final goal of ... can be completed
l In this trial, the objective is to generate...
l for the sake of concentrating on ... research issues
l A major goal of this report is to extend the utilization of a recently developed procedure for the xx.
l For an illustrative purpose, four well-known OR problems are studied in presence of fuzzy data: xx.
l A major thrust of the paper is to discuss approaches and strategies for structuring ..methods
l This illustration points out the need to specify
l The ultimate goal is both descriptive and prescriptive.
l Chapter 2. Literature Review
l A wealth of information is to be found in the statistics literature, for example, regarding xx
l A considerable amount of research has been done .. during the last decade
l A great number of studies report on the treatment of uncertainties associated with xx.
l There is considerable amount of literature on planning
l However, these studies do not provide much attention to undertainty in xx.
l Since then, the subject has been extensively explored and it is still under investigation as well in methodological aspects as in concrete applications.
l Many research studies have been carried out on this topic.
l Problem of xx draw recently more and more attention of system analysis.
l Attempts to resolve this dilemma have resulted in the development of
l Many complex processes unfortunately, do not yield to this design procedure and have, therefore, not yet been automated.
l Most of the methods developed so far are deterministic and /or probabilistic in nature.
l The central issue in all these studies is to
l The problem of xx has been studied by other investigators, however, these studies have been based upon classical statistical approaches.
l Applied ... techniques to
l Characterized the ... system as
l Developed an algorithm to
l Developed a system called ... which
l Uses an iterative algorithm to deduce
l Emphasized the need to
l Identifies six key issues surrounding high technology
l A comprehensive study of the .. has been undertaken
l Much work has been reported recently in these filed
l Proposed
l Presented
l State that
l Point out that the problem of
l Described
l Illustrated
l Indicated
l Has shown / showed
l Address
l Highlights
l A study on ...was done / developed by []
l Previous work, such as [] and [], deal only with
l The approach taken by [] is
l The system developed by [] consists
l A paper relevant to this research was published by []
l []'s model requires consideration of ..
l []' model draws attention to evolution in human development
l []'s model focuses on...
l Little research has been conducted in applying ... to
l The published information that is relevant to this research...
l This study further shows that
l Their work is based on the principle of
l More history of ... can be found in xx et al. [1979].
l Studies have been completed to established
l The ...studies indicated that
l Though application of xx in the filed of xx has proliferated in recent years, effort in analyzing xx, especially xx, is lacking.
Problem / Issue / Question
l Unfortunately, real-world engineering problems such as manufacturing planning do not fit well with this narrowly defined model. They tend to span broad activities and require consideration of multiple aspects. l Remedy / solve / alleviate these problems
l ... is a difficult problem, yet to be adequately resolved
l Two major problems have yet to be addressed
l An unanswered question
l This problem in essence involves using x to obtain a solution.
l An additional research issue to be tackled is ....
l Some important issues in developing a ... system are discussed
l The three prime issues can be summarized:
l The situation leads to the problem of how to determine the ...
l There have been many attempts to
l It is expected to be serious barrier to
l It offers a simple solution in a limited domain for a complex problem.
l There are several ways to get around this problem.
l As difficult as it seems to be, xx is by no means new.
l The problem is to recognize xx from a design representation.
l A xx problem can trace its roots to xx.
l xx [1987] used a heuristic approach to simplify the complexity of the problem.
科技英语论文写作原则
2010年1月 第26卷 第1期 江苏教育学院学报(社会科学) Journal of J iangsu I nstitute of Educati on(Social Science) Jan.,2010 Vol,26 No.1科技英语论文写作原则3 林 静 (泰州职业技术学院基础部,江苏泰州 225300) [摘 要] 科技英语在语法、词汇、句子以及篇章等方面都与普通英语有很大的差异。写好科技英语论文必须掌握准确、简洁及清晰等三原则。 [关键词] 科技英语; 准确; 简洁; 清晰 [中图分类号] H315[文献标识码] A[文章编号] 1671-1696(2010)01-0133-04 科技英语是科技交流的通用语言,是我国科技研究与国际接轨的重要传输工具。有些作者虽然有独到的见解和有价值的研究成果,但是在言语表达上有着明显的不足,而只有表达准确、清晰、简明的科技论文才能产生影响,才能使别的科学工作者进行鉴别、学习、重复,从而促进学科发展。本文以生物科技英语论文为例,探索撰写科技英语论文的原则:准确、简洁及清晰等三原则。 一、准确性原则(Accuracy) 科技文章不同于文学作品,它不要求辞藻华丽,描写细腻。但它要求词能达意,并且表达得十分准确,使读者不致捉摸不准或甚至产生误解。当然,要达到准确,很大程度上有赖于作者的英语水平,要求作者能对英语的词、词组、句子正确地运用。 1.词的准确。 科学技术的发展取决于事实和思想的准确传递。写作的最大障碍不是如何正确使用语法,而是用词不准引起语意含糊。因为文字编辑可以帮助你改正语法错误,却很难校正语意含糊或者核对实验是否属实。 (1)词义要确切。科技论文中,词义必须准确,尽量选用单词的首要含义,避免利用单词不常见、不正式或文学含义。使用简单的词可以减少用词不准确而引起的错误。[1](P.122)因为,简单的词多是常用词,而生僻词的用法往往吃不准。无论简单词或生僻词,单凭感觉是不保险的。因此,作者要养成勤查词典的习惯,如affect和effect意思是不一样的,不可互换。这在一般英语原版词典的解释中可以看出来。同样,科学论文中content和concentrati on是不同的,也不能用level来替代。comp rise也不等于constitute。判别这些词的用法,普通词典过于笼统,唯有查词典、有关专业书籍和刊物才能区分。 (2)认真区别同义词。认真区别同义词,避免用词造作或混淆不可以彼此替换的同义词,如:避免使用ascertain,建议使用deter m ine,establish。 在科技文章中除了术语外,许多非术语也往往有特定的含义,不能任意更换。如在一般文章中sig2 nificant一词可解释为“有意义的”、“重要的”、“有效的”、“值得注意的”,而在科技文章中它只是指“统计学上显著的”,不宜作它用。又如app r oxi m ately在科技上是指数值十分近似。若只是一个很粗略的估计就不能用它,而只能用about或r oughly。 (3)注意起修饰、限制作用单词的位置。有些词则因为位置不妥而意义不同,甚至产生歧义。如only 既可作形容词,又可作副词,要紧密靠近所修饰的词。如: They exa m ined only six rats.(他们检查了仅6只 — 3 3 1 — 3[收稿日期]2009-09-15 [作者简介]林 静(1975-),女,江苏无锡人,泰州职业技术学院基础部讲师。
商务英语句子及翻译
1、The market leader is frequently able to lead other firms in the introduction of new products, in price changes, in the level or intensity of promotions, and so on. 市场领导者在引进新产品、调整价格、促销活动等方面能够领导其它企业。 2、Contrary to a common belief, wholly dominating a market, or having a monopoly, is seldom an advantage: competitors expand markets and find new uses and users for products, which enriches everyone in the field, but the market leader more than its competitors. 和普遍看法相反，完全控制市场，或者垄断，很难有优势：竞争者扩大市场，寻找产品的新用途和客户，从而使这个领域的人富有，但是市场领导者比竞争者得到更多。 3、In the car hire business, the challenger actually advertises this fact: for many years Avis used the slogan ‘We’re number two. We try harder.’ 在汽车市场，竞争者登广告的真相是：阿维斯多年来一直用这个标语“我们是第二，我们一直很努力。” 4、Although small companies are generally flexible, and can quickly respond to market conditions, their narrow range of customers causes problematic fluctuations in turnover and profit. 尽管一些小公司很灵活，能够迅速对市场情况做出反应，他们有限的范围内的客户们导致翻覆波动和利润的不确定。5、Although the market could understand data concerning companies’earnings, it was highly inefficient in valuing assets, including land, buildings and pension funds. 尽管市场能够获悉企业收入的资料，对价值资产的利用效率非常低，包括土地，建筑和养老基金。 6、The ideal targets for such buyouts were companies with huge cash reserves that enabled the buyer to pay the interest on the debt, or companies with successful subsidiaries that could be sold to repay the principal, or companies in fields that are not sensitive to a recession such as food and tobacco.
商务英语精读翻译
精读翻译 1. 经理先生，明天我可以不来上班吗？我母亲要来看我 Mr. Manager, may I take a day off tomorrow? My mother is coming to see me. 2. 警察悬赏捉拿抢劫银行罪犯的线索 The police offered a reward for clues about the bank robbers. 3. 上周我生病时，她主动提出来帮助我照顾孩子。 When I was ill last week, she offered to look after my child. 4. 除了厨房以外，这套公寓应该说是非常令人满意的了 Except for the kitchen, the flat is very satisfactory. 5. 她去年被提升为部门经理。 She was promoted to branch manager last year. 6. 人人都累极了，只有约翰没事。 Everyone was exhausted except John. 7. 谁在经营这家公司？ Who's running this company? 8. 他伸手到口袋里去拿钱包。 He reached into his pocket for the wallet 1.我想在镇上买幢房子，但现在买不起 I want to buy a house in town, but can't afford it now. 2.今年生意很好，我们可以买一辆新汽车了。 We can afford a new car this year because of good business/thanks to good business. 3.他把房子照料得很好，每两年粉刷一次 He took good care of the house and painted it every second year/every other year/once in two years 4.她每隔三天回家一次，帮母亲打扫房间。 She went home to help mother to clean the rooms every fourth day/every four days/once in four days. 5.他把家具搬进了另一个房间。 He moved the furniture into another room. 6.他们不喜欢住在这个地区，所以想搬到别处去。 They don't like this place, and have decided to move house to another residential area. 7.李明和其他四位同学合住一个房间。 Li Ming shares the dormitory with four other students. 8.他们俩合买了一台电视机。 They shared the payment for a TV. 1.对不起，我们不招聘学生。 I'm afraid that the position is not open to students. 2.前两天我突然看到一封法国的来信。 I came across a letter from France the other day. 3.他把手放在胸口，显得十分诚恳。 He put his hand on his chest as if to show sincerity. 4.我已经填好了申请表 I've filled in the application form. 5.她身上穿了件外套。
英语论文写作方法
一.关于本专业毕业论文地选题 二.英语专业本科生毕业论文选题可以在三个大地方向中进行，即英语文学，语言学和 翻译学.各个大方向中又可以选择小地方向，具体解释如下：.英语文学：选择英语文学地毕业论文选题可以从三个方向进行：国别文学研究、文学批评理论研究和比较文学研究. 在进行国别文学研究选题时，一般选取英国文学或美国文学中地某一经典作家（如海明威），某一经典作品（如《双城记》），某一写作手法（如象征手法地运用）或某一文学思潮（如浪漫主义运动）作深入研究.但在选择作家或作品时最好选择在文学史上作为经典地作家或作品.有个别流行作家或作品极富盛名，容易引起学生地兴趣，如《飘》或《荆棘鸟》，学生有强烈愿望选择它们作为研究对象.在不可避免上述情况时，应该尽可能地挖掘作品内在地深刻含义，不能流于肤浅地分析. 文学批评理论地选题一般不太适合英语专业本科生，因为该理论知识地学习在英语专业研究生阶段，本科生一般不具备文学批评理论地知识结构.这个方向地选题可以有关某一文学批评理论,一文学批评术语地阐释或某两种或以上地文学批评理论地比较. 比较文学研究就是将两个以上地作家或作品进行比较.这两个作品或作家可以是同一国别地（如“雪莱与拜伦地诗歌比较”），也可以是不同国别地（如《牡丹亭》与《罗密欧与朱丽叶》）.语言学：选择语言学地毕业论文选题可以在两个大地方向进行：普通语言学和应用语言学. 普通语言学地研究就是对于英语语言地任何一个方面地研究，如对一种词性、或一种时态、或拼写、语调等等方面地研究（如“一般现在时及其交际功能”）. 应用语言学包括教学法地研究和其它一些新兴地应用语言学分支地研究.师范专业或本身从事教师职业地学生选择教学法方向地较多.在这个方向选题，也要避免过大范围地选题，而应对一个具体问题进行研究，最重要地是要结合教学实践或实验.这个方向地好地选题有：“个性与英语教学”，“方言对英语学习地影响” 等. .翻译学：翻译学地选题一般可以在两个方向上进行：翻译理论以及翻译活动. 对翻译理论地研究就是探讨某一种翻译理论等等.相比之下，对翻译活动地研究更多一些，这些选题可以是对一种语言现象地翻译、或一种修辞格地翻译地研究（如“汉语成语地英译”）.应该注意地是，在对翻译活动作研究时，往往需要某种翻译理论支撑，总结规律，并对这一活动作出评价，要避免仅仅时例子地罗列. 二.英语专业毕业论文格式要求学位论文包括前置、主体、附录等三个部分. （一）前置．英文封面：由论文英文题目、解释、作者、指导老师姓名和职称、时间组成. ．目录：由论文地中、英文摘要、篇、章、条、款以及参考书目、附录等序号、题名和页码组成，排在英文封面之后另页. ．中、英文内容摘要：摘要是论文地内容不加注释和评论地简短陈述，宜以最简洁地语言介绍论文地概要、作者地突出论点、新见解或创造性成果以及实验方法、数据或结论，是一篇完整地短文，可以独立使用，中文摘要一般在字左右关键词：关键词是用以表示全文主题内容信息地单词或术语.为便于文献检索，学位论文应注明三至五个具有代表意义中、外文“关键词”，这些关键词就是论文地中心词，以显著地字符另起一行，分别排在中、外文摘要地左下方.各关键词之间用“分号”隔开.外文关键词应与中文关键词相对应. （二）主体部分主题部分包括引言（）、正文()、结论()、参考文献().主体部分必须由另页右页开始. ．引言：主要说明研究工作地目地、涉及范围、相关领域地前人研究成果和知识空白、研究设想、研究方法等方面地概述、理论意义和实用价值等. ．正文：论文地正文是核心部分，占主要篇幅.一般论文选题需要从几个方面来论述或论证.要求论据充分，论点明确.行文必须实事求是，客观真切，准确完备，合乎逻辑，层次分明，简练可读.正文部分要有分级标题，章、条、款、项地序号编码
科技英语论文实用写作学习心得 (5000字)
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商务英语句子翻译整理
1、我们愿与贵公司建立业务往来。 We are willing to establish trade relations with your company. 2、我们愿为发展双方贸易提供机会。 We wish to offer you an opportunity to develop bilateral trade. 3、我公司经营电子产品的进出口业务，希望与贵方建立商业关系。 This corporation specializes in importing and exporting electronic products and wishes to enter into business relations with you. 4、根据你公司1月20日来函要求，现附寄目录一份。 As requested in your letter of Jan.20, we enclose a copy of our catalogue. 5、对你努力为我公司开拓市场，深表感谢 We very much appreciate your efforts to explore the market for our products. 6、我们相信，我们双方的业务将随着时间的推移而得到发展。 We are sure that the business between us will be promoted in years to come. 7、我们保证对于贵方的询价给予充分的重视。 We assure you of our best attention to any inquiries from you. 8、殷切地盼望早日来函。We anticipate a prompt reply from you. 9、如果你方报价具有竞争性，交货期可接受的话，我们愿向你方订货。 We shall be very glad to place our order with you if your quotation is competitive and delivery date acceptable. 10、一旦收到你方具体询价，我们将电告报价。 As soon as we receive your specific inquiry, we will cable our quotation. 11、如果你方有兴趣，请电告我方，说明所需数量。 If you are interested, please cable us, indicating the quantity you require. 12、此发价为实盘，以你方在本月底前复到有效。 This offer is firm, subject to your reply which should reach us not later than the end of this month. 13、我们对贵方发盘颇感兴趣，几日内将给予明确答复。 We find your offer very interesting and shall give you a definite reply in a few days. 14、鉴于我们长期的贸易关系，特报此盘。 It is in view of our longstanding business relationship that we make you such an offer. 15、这是我方最新价格单，您会发现我们价格是具有竞争性的。 This is our latest price list. You will find our price is very competitive. 16、如果你方订货数量大，价格还可以进一步考虑。 We can reconsider our price if your order is big enough. 17、若你方愿降低价格，比方说百分之五，我们愿向你方试订此货。 Should you be prepared to reduce the price by, say 5%, we should place trial order with you. 18、鉴于我们已按此价与买主大量成交，我们不可能再降价了。 In view of the fact that we have done a lot of business with buyers at this price, we cannot reduce our price any further. 19、我们建议你方再次考虑发价，使之与国际市场价格一致起来。 We suggest that you reconsider your price, and bring it into line with the international market price. 20、我方决定再作百分之二的让步，希望这能有助于你方推销产品。 We have decided to make a further concession of 2% in the hope that this will help you push the sales of our
商务英语阅读第二版王艳习题复习资料之句子翻译
1 1.这一监控体系最终将取代美国政府对古巴雪茄进口的上限。. ’s . 2.墨西哥和美国之间的争执不会有任何作用，并可能导致北美自由贸易协定中关税解除的中断。. . 3.在召开部长级会议之前，将举行一次经济合作商业论坛，重点探讨如何减小全球经济失衡的纠正对中国的冲击。, , . 4.只有少数美国人将此问题归咎于这些明显的因素，即美元贬值或经济周期。 a . 5.最新的科学研究揭示了这样的事实，即为减少温室气体排放所采取的必要措施会带来沉重的经济和政治成本。. 6.有传言称上个月政府和这家公司的总裁秘密达成一笔交易。 a 's . 7.反对派对美国政府施加压力，让他们改变对纺织品进口的政策。. . 8.自从签署双边自由贸易协定以来，这个新兴经济体一直处于科技的前沿。, . 9.一般来说，浮动汇率应该使国家免受与贸易伙伴在通货膨胀上的持续差异的影响。, . 10.据保守预测，到2010 年中国与北美和欧盟的进出口贸易堂将分別超过4000 亿美元，与10个东盟国家的进出口贸易堂将超过2000 亿美元。, 2010, 's $400 , $200 . 2 1)政府出资1亿美元用于农村地区再生能源的开发和利用。$ 0.1 . 。 2) 开发西部不能以破坏环境为代价，因此政府一直走经济开发建设和生态环境保护并进的可持续发展之路。. a . 3) 作为一个负责任的大国，中国将严格遵守世贸组织的规则，履行我们所做的承诺。 a , . 4) 中国粮食生产的快速增长主要是由于中国政府在农村实施的一系列改革措施，如较大幅度提高粮食收购价格等. ’s a , . 5) 在全球化中，不是所有的国家都在平等竞争，一些发展中国家有时不得不遵守一些市场规则，甚至答应一些政府的不公平要求。, . , . 6)在过去的一年里，全球投资需求下滑，国际主要货币汇率大幅度动荡，一些新兴市场出现金融危机。, ; . 7) 不论时间和距离的限制，网络彻底改变了竞争的性质，还使得竞争更为公平，特别是对于一些小企业。, . 8) 通过“小额信贷项目”，农民们在需要时得到所需资金，并要在预定期限内还清本息。, , . 9) 中国经济的蓬勃发展表明中国已成为世界上经济增长最快的国家之一。’s . 10) 随着国有独资商业银行的体制改革，一些符合条件的商业银行开始上市，越来越多的银行也将加入这个行列。, , 。 3 1) 专家们认为导致这家公司表现不佳的主要原因是人力资源，尤其是高层管理人员任命不
英语教学论文的写作方法与步骤
英语教学论文的写作方法与步骤 1、确定选题 写论文，首先要有选题，这是论文写作成败与否的关键。题目是文章的眼睛，应该让读者一看题目就能洞察出文章的内容范围。感受深则写之顺，驾轻就熟，容易出成果。 （l）选题要新颖 创新是论文的生命线。尽量写别人未总结过的东西，要有创造性、新颖性，做到人无我有、人有我新，以爆“冷门”，增强发表的命中率。 （2）大题目的论文并非不能写，但题目过大，会不着边际，捉襟见肘，往往要说的东西太多，结果是什么也讲不深道不透，两、三千字无法包容其内涵。从小处着眼，把题域缩小一些，使题目变得具体、实在，有利于作者更集中、深入地搜集材料、出示论据，写起来得心应手，做到“小题大作”，从而给读者更多有益的东西。2．构思谋篇 论文写作十分辛苦，是一种复杂的脑力劳动，需要充分准备与精心构思。在写作过程中，必须要做到： （l）博采众长，兼收并蓄。（2）搜集整理资料，作读书笔记卡片。在平时教学和课外阅读中，我们要做有心人，善于观察，将英语教学实践中有益的感受记载下来，利用报刊图书，广阅博览，摘录有关资料、信息，制作成卡片，并分类归档，以备参考选用，做到厚积薄发。（3）草拟构架，自如运筹。撰写英语教学论文时拟定提纲恰似建筑施工之前的图纸设计，因为论文须有严密的逻辑性，支撑论点的大量零散材料应该组织得好，否则文章写起来就可能松散、缺乏力度。提纲通常包括论题、论点、目录、材料排列等。拟定好提纲后，可对资料卡片进行分析，重新排列组合，抽出拟撰写的论文需要的材料，为正式写作铺平道路。3．执笔行文 写英语教学论文不是将搜集到的材料进行简单的堆积，而必须注意融会贯通，把这些原材料有机地结合起来，变为自己的东西，用自己的语言阐明自己的观点。（l）初稿：写初稿时，不看卡片，根据提纲把自己的想法、体会、感受全部写出来，每段表达一个完整的意思，写好主题句。 （2）二稿：写好初稿后，我们即可借助卡片重塑初稿，将撰写初稿时可能遗漏的某些材料安插到文章的合适地方。写二稿时，要检查细节安排是否妥贴，语言是否准确，举例是否信当。 （3）定稿：写英语教学论文最好能“一气呵成”，以免打断思路，但修改时宜作“冷处理”。二稿完成后，可暂时放一段时间，因为随着时间的流逝，作者可能会有新的体验、新的发现。为了确保文章的科学性、客观性、创见性及应用性，应努力做到内容充实、材料丰富、见解新颖、论证精辟、概括恰当、用语贴切、行文流畅、逻辑严密和结构完整。还可以请行家审阅，吸取他人的见解，进而加工润色，以臻完善。 五、教育科学论文撰写的基本要求 1、论点要明确。 教育科学论文表述的是建立在前人研究的基础之上并与前人研究的观点不同的新观点、新结论。因此论文选题一定是作者有浓厚兴趣问题，大家都关注的问题，是当今教育科研的主攻方向，具有学术价值的选题。 2、论据要充分。
商务英语精读句子翻译
U1 1. 飞机乘务员应对所有旅客的安全负责。be responsible for The crew of an airliner should be responsible for the safety of all the passengers. 2. 请尽快把这些英文报纸和杂志分送给每位订阅者。distribute to Please distribute these English newspapers and magazines to every subscriber as soon as possible. 3. 学院决定举办系列讲座,商务英语专业的学生必须出席。decide on The college has decided on a lecture series and Business English majors must be present. 4. 若需进一步的补充解释,请参阅教师参考书第58页。refer to For additional explanation, please refer to page 58 of the teacher’s reference book. 5. 大多数人都会关注与自己有关的事。relate to Most people will be interested in what relates to themselves. 6. 最近,下海经商的人越来越多。go into business Recently, more and more people have gone into business. 一个大批量出售货物的商人被称作批发商。in bulk 7. A businessman who sells goods in bulk is called a wholesaler. 8. 据报道,目前工资水平在某种程度上仍稍稍领先于物价水平。to a certain extent, ahead of It’s reported that nowadays wages are, to a certain extent, still one step ahead U2 1. 总经理将重要文件分发给部门经理。hand out The general manager handed out the important documents to the department managers. 2. 欺骗顾客和逃税构成了他们那个时期的商业政策。make up Cheating customers and evading taxes made up their business policy in those days. 3. 在英语中,数学可以简称作maths或math。for short Mathematics can be called maths or math for short in English. 4. 这座城市被认为是此经济合作区的龙头。be known as This city is known as leading the economic cooperative zone. 5. 虽然这对夫妇对所要买的家具的价格没有异议,但对式样意见不一。agree on Although the couple agreed on the price of the furniture they wanted to buy, they disagreed about the style. 6. 我上个月买了台笔记本电脑,不过花了大价钱。at a price I bought a laptop last month but only at a price. 7. 一个大a批量出售货物的商人被称作批发商。pay for The parents work hard to pay for their children’s tuition. 8. 你的不诚实是我最终与你断绝往来的原因。in the end Your dishonesty was the reason why I had to break off our relationship in the end. 9. 他叔父决意在乡下定居, 而不住在城里。choose to
商务英语精读句子翻译58598
Unit 1 翻译： 1、这位网络销售主管调查研究后开始实行自己的计划。(put ... into practice) The network sales executive began to put his plans into practice after research and investigation. 2、由于母亲没有养老金，姐妹俩每人每月出资500 美元赡养她。(contribute ... to) Because their mother didn't have her pension, the two sisters each contributed $500 a month to support her. 3、杰姆大叔认为市价上涨，他就可以赚到一笔钱。(cash in) Uncle Jim thought that a rise in the market would enable him to cash in. 4、罗宾逊奋斗多年，先后当过会计、代理商和项目经理。(in turn) For years Robinson struggled hard, working in turn as an accountant, an agent, and a project manager. 5、昨天，博物馆中一幅价值50万美元的绘画被盗窃。(worth of) Yesterday, a $500,000 worth of painting was stolen from the museum. 6、参加华交会的客商从全国各地纷至沓来。（roll in） The businessmen who came to take part in the East China Fair rolled in from all parts of the country. 7、他们很自然地把这件事与促销计划联系在一起。(associate ... with) They naturally associated the matter with the promotional plan. 8、这本书着重具体分析该规划的可行性(feasibility)。(focus on) The book focuses on concrete analysis of the feasibility of the program. 9、引进先进的技术以后，我们现在每月可生产20台机器。(put out) After introducing advanced technology, we can put out 20 machines every month now. 10、获得奖学金的学生占我校学生总数将近五分之三。(account for) Scholarship students account for nearly three fifths of the whole enrollment in our college. Unit 2 1、近来他们生意很糟糕,不久就得歇业。(close down) They will have to close down soon because business has been bad recently. 2、我们打字纸快用完了,让秘书尽快去买一些。(run out of) We are running out of typing paper, so let the secretary buy some as soon as possible. 3、该文化发展委员会是由来自全国8所大学的10位著名专家组成的。(consist of) The committee for cultural development consists of 10 famous experts from 8 universities of the country. 4、如果邮包未经保险(insure),邮局对其受损不负责任。(be liable for) The Post Office is not liable for damage to a parcel by mail if it is not insured. 5、这家超市由于经营不善而陷入债务。(go into debt) The supermarket goes into debt due to bad management.
经典商务英语句子翻译
经典商务英语句子翻译 那些期待在网络销售大战中买到低价家用电器的顾客可要失望了，因为只有一部分的产品真正比之前降价了。 总部位于的京东商城率先发难，承诺其价格会比头号竞争对手，中国最大的家电零售商宁电器，在实体店的售价还要低10%。 Customers expecting to cash in on a widely anticipated price war among online home appliance retailers were disappointed to find that only a limited number of products were cheaper yesterday. The war kicked off when Beijing-based 360Buy. promised to keep its prices at 10 percent below those sold at the offline retail outlets of its major rival, Suning, China's largest home appliance retailer. 1. It was the second most-visited online retailer in December, after eBay。 它是12月份访问人数第二多的在线经销商，仅次于eBay。 2.Ecommerce continues to thrive on the Web, and no company is going to shut its Web site as an information resource. 电子商务继续在互联网上茁壮成长，作为信息资源没有哪个公司会把自己的关闭。 3. Now business organizations such as the Alliance for Electronic Business (AEB) are adding to the criticism. 如今，诸如电子商务联盟这样的商业机构也加入到了批评的队伍中。
商务英语翻译100句
商务英语：外企工作邮件常用100句 1. I am writing to confirm/enquire/inform you... I’m sending this email to make sure that... 我发邮件是想找你确认/询问/想通知你有关… 2. I am writing to follow up on our earlier decision on the marketing campaign in Q2(the second quarter). 我写邮件来是为了跟进我们之前对第二季度营销活动的决定。 3. With reference to our telephone conversation today... 关于我们今天在电话中的谈话… 4. In my previous e-mail on October 5... 在之前10月5日所写的邮件中提到… 5. As I mentioned earlier about... 在先前我所提到的关于… 6. As indicated in my previous e-mail... 如我在之前邮件中所提到的… 7. As we discussed on the phone... 如我们上次在电话中所说的… 8. from our decision at the previous meeting... 如我们在上次会议中所决定的… 9. as you requested... 根据贵方要求… 10. In reply to your e-mail dated April 1，we decided... We’ve decided(我们已经决定0 回复贵方4月1日的邮件，我方决定… 11. This is in response to your e-mail sent this morning.. 这是对您今早发来的邮件的回复。 12. As mentioned before, we deem/believe/consider that this product has strong unique selling points in China. 如先前所述，我们认为这个产品在中国有强有力且独一无二的销售点(卖点)。 13. As a follow-up to our phone conversation yesterday, I wanted to get back to you about the pending（unresolved）issues of our agreement. 追踪(后续)我们昨天在电话中所谈，我想答复你我们合约的一些待解决的议题。
标准英语论文的写作要求和方法
英语论文的写作要求和方法 1. 论文的入手和规划 ?论文开始前需要对题目背景，相关知识有一定的了解，参考相关书籍，杂志/期刊，网站等。 ?记好笔记，把阅读收集到的相关信息资料记录下来以供论文需要（包括信息来源的出处，以便以后参考文献的标注）。 ?起草论文的大纲，把所要涉及的点列举出来以清晰自己的写作思路。2. 论文的考察方面 ?是否涉及到所要求的理论知识。 ?文章是否围绕所给的问题展开（是否跑题） ?对论题的分析和理解能力 ?辩证地使用和评估信息和相关理论的能力。 ?独立思考和辩证的能力 ?文章的结构是否清晰和语言的组织是否顺畅 3. 语言的要求和注意事项 文字作为一篇论文的“门面”对信息的传递起到很重要的作用，建议用词要贴切，语法要准确，尽量遵循国外人的表达方式，句法和习惯，避免“中国式”英语，这样才能写出一篇“地道”的英语文章，使老外更清楚容易地明白这篇文章所要表达的意思（注：国外老师如果感觉一篇文章很难理解他们是不会花精力去揣摩作者的意图的，无论这篇文正观点多新颖，论据多充足，结果还是一篇不合格的文章。外国人写文章强调通俗易懂，言简意赅，不推荐使用很多复杂的句子，他们看重的是学生对某个理论和问题的理解程度和思考能力，而不是
非常华丽的文词造句。多阅读相关英语文章，学习模仿类似语句的用词造句来组织自己的语言是一种很有效的方法。 4. 论文的格式要求 字体Times New Roman或者Arial，正文字体12号（小四），大标题加粗14号，小标题加粗12号。小小标题不加粗12号。 段落使用现代写作格式—文字顶头不空格，段落与段落隔一行，倍行距。文章两端对齐。 Essay一般不需要目录和标题，report需要目录和标题，标题的编号按照1. 的方式，目录和封面的编辑参考范文。 论文字数上下不超过规定的10% 5. 文献综述标注方法（Referencing）（使用哈佛大学文献标注法） 参考文献可以是书籍，网站，杂志，期刊，网站，报纸等，academic reference（学术性文献）通常指的是书籍或者电子书籍。 文献综述标记分两类—文章末的完整标记和In-text referencing（文章中的标记） . 先说一下完整标记的方法： 首先先介绍一下欧美人的姓名文化，欧美人名在前姓在后，3个字的名字最后一个字是姓，关于姓名的完整标记法是（姓，名的第一个字母+.），如Thomas Edison – Edison,T. 3个字的名字，如Thomas Alva Edison – Edison, T. A. 不同数量作者的标记：一个作者–Mahoney, D. 两个作者–Mahoney, D. & Cripps, M.多个作者：Robbins, ., Bergmann, R., Stagg, I. & Coulter, M. 不同来源的文献有不同的标记方法，我们每个都解释一下： （英语人标注日期的方法是日/月/年，美国人是月/日/年我们按照英国时间的方式来标注。1-9 需要用1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th表示） 书籍: