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(北京专版)2018年中考生物复习方案:专项训练(二)(有答案,word版)

(北京专版)2018年中考生物复习方案:专项训练(二)(有答案,word版)
(北京专版)2018年中考生物复习方案:专项训练(二)(有答案,word版)

专项训练(二)绿色植物的光合、呼吸、蒸腾三大生理作用1.[2016·无锡]如图Z2-1( )

图Z2-1

A.气孔是气体交换的“门户”,水分以气体形式也可以通过气孔

B.夜幕降临时,叶片大多数气孔呈甲状态,蒸腾作用随之减弱

C.当太阳升起时,叶片气孔可由状态乙转为状态甲

D.气孔甲→乙状态的转化可能影响无机盐的运输

2.[2016·潍坊]研究表明,植物的叶片面积、气孔状态与分布环境有密切的关系。以下有关叙述错误的是( )

A.生长在干旱地区的植物叶片面积相对较小

B.阳光充足地区的植物气孔主要分布在叶片背面

C.生活在不同环境中的同种植物气孔的数量与分布是完全相同的

D.气孔的张开与闭合能够影响植物的光合作用和蒸腾作用

3.[2016·泰安]如图Z2-2为测定蒸腾作用的简易装置,整个装置密封且充满水,管中留有一个气泡,将此装置放于阳光下,观察气泡的移动,根据标尺计算出气泡移动的位置,进而计算出水分变化的数量,这一数量主要表示( )

A.光合作用消耗的水量,气泡向左移动

B.呼吸作用产生的水量,气泡向右移动

C.蒸腾作用散失的水量,气泡向左移动

D.蒸腾作用散失的水量,气泡向右移动

4.[2016·广东]绿色植物在光下可以进行的生命活动有( )

①根的吸收作用②蒸腾作用③光合作用

④呼吸作用

A.①②③④

B.①③④

C.①②③

D.③④

5.[2016·衡阳]根尖吸水的主要部位和生长最快的部分分别是( )

A.成熟区、伸长区

B.成熟区、分生区

C.伸长区、分生区

D.根冠、伸长区

6.[2016·岳阳]下列关于“绿叶在光下制造有机物”实验的叙述,正确的是( )

A.把天竺葵放在黑暗处一昼夜

B.用黑纸片把叶片的上面遮盖

C.把叶片放入盛有清水的小烧杯中隔水加热

D.该实验证明叶绿素是光合作用的场所

7.[2016·济宁]下列措施不能提高瓜农大棚产量的是( )

A.适当提高氧气浓度

B.适当延长光照时间

C.适当加大昼夜温差

D.适当增加土壤肥力

8.[2016·淄博]如图Z2-3表示绿色植物在不同光照强度下二氧化碳的吸收与释放曲线(不考虑温度因素),A、B、C为曲线上的点,D为横坐标上的点。下列叙述错误的是( )

A.A点绿色植物不进行光合作用

B.B点绿色植物开始进行光合作用

C.BC段(不含B点)光合作用强于呼吸作用

D.光照强度大于D时光合作用不再增强

9.[2016·宿迁]新疆地区昼夜温差大,瓜果特别甜。主要原因是( )

A.白天光合作用旺盛,晚上呼吸作用强烈

B.白天光合作用微弱,晚上呼吸作用强烈

C.白天光合作用旺盛,晚上呼吸作用微弱

D.白天光合作用微弱,晚上呼吸作用微弱

10.[2016·荆门]下列对绿色植物生理作用的叙述中,错误的是( )

A.绿色植物的蒸腾作用能提高大气湿度,增加降水,促进生物圈的水循环

B.水分是植物进行光合作用的原料,植物吸收的水分主要用于光合作用

C.呼吸作用的实质是分解有机物,释放能量

D.绿色植物的光合作用对维持生物圈的碳-氧平衡起了重要作用

11.[2016·东营]从2016年起,东营市将全面实施“三年增绿”计划,大面积增加绿地植被,积极创建生态文明典范城市。下列有关绿色植物在生物圈中作用的叙述,错误的是( ) A.绿色植物制造的有机物养育了生物圈中的其他生物

B.绿色植物能维持生物圈中的碳—氧平衡

C.绿色植物能够提高大气温度,增加降水量

D.绿色植物在保持水土、防风固沙等方面起重要作用

12.[2016·舟山]很多人喜欢种植多肉植物,多肉植物的茎或叶肥厚,具有较强的贮水能力,在生活习性上也和一般植物有所不同,其气孔白天关闭,夜间开放,以下关于多肉植物说法错误的是( ) A.它的细胞由细胞膜、细胞质、细胞核三部分构成

B.气孔白天关闭,可以减弱蒸腾作用

C.保水能力强,有利于在干旱环境中生长

D.夜间气孔开放所吸收的二氧化碳,有利于白天进行光合作用

13.[2016·威海]下列农业生产措施与所依据生物学原理的对应关系,错误的是( )

A.向蔬菜大棚中施气肥——促进蔬菜的呼吸作用

B.幼苗带土移栽——保护幼根和根毛

C.合理密植——提高光合作用的效率

D.春季早播覆盖地膜——提高地表温度,利于种子萌发

14.[2016·日照]如图Z2-4表示的是光照强度与光合作用强度之间关系的曲线,该曲线是通过实测一片叶子在不同光照条件下二氧化碳吸收和释

放情况得到的。能代表细胞中发生的情况与曲线AB段(不包括A、B两点)相符的一项的是( )

图Z2-5

15.[2017·海南]为探究植物的生理作用,生物兴趣小组的同学们设计并实施了以下三个实验。请据图Z2-6回答问题:

(1)在实验一中,A瓶装有萌发的绿豆种子,B瓶装有煮熟的绿豆种子,把A、B装置同时放在温暖的地方,24小时后观察蜡烛在A、B瓶中的燃烧情况。该实验目的是为了证明种子呼吸作用消耗的气体是________。

(2)实验二中的C和D形成一组对照实验,其变量是________。(注:氢氧化钠溶液能吸收二氧化碳)

(3)在实验三中,同学们将装置放在光下几个小时后,发现________装置的塑料袋内壁有较多小水珠,说明水分是通过蒸腾作用从________散失的。

16.[2017·青岛]生物圈中到处都有绿色植物,它们自身的某些生理活动在生物圈中具有重要作用,图Z2-7甲中的A、B、C表示发生在绿色植物体内的某些生理过程,图乙表示一段时间内小麦叶片吸收二氧化碳相对含量与光照强度的关系,图丙表示“绿叶在光下制造有机物”探究实验的部分过程。请据图回答:

图7

(1)植物吸收的水分,通过根、茎、叶中的________运送到叶肉细胞,绝大部分通过图甲中的[ ]____________散失到环境中,参与了生物圈中的________。

(2)农业生产中的合理密植、间作套种提高了图甲中[ ]________的效率。

(3)当图乙中光照强度在________(填字母)点之后,小麦体内的有机物开始积累,这是因为________。

(4)请将图丙中的实验步骤正确排序:__________________(用序号和箭头),设置步骤②的目的是____________。步骤③滴加碘液后,见光部分变成了蓝色,被黑纸片遮盖的部分不变蓝,此实验得出的

结论是__________________。

17.[2016·临沂]推理是科学家进行科学研究的工作方式和思维方法之一。某生物探究实验小组的同学在完成教材中“环境温度对呼吸作用的影响”的推理后,在当地现代智能温室内通过实验尝试对“同一种水果的含糖量与光照和温度有关”进行推理。图Z2-8中,甲为现代智能温室,乙为测定的一天中温室内二氧化碳浓度的变化,丙为在白天条件下不变的情况下,夜间温度控制在20 ℃和30 ℃时,分别测得的温室内二氧化碳浓度的变化。请你根据所学知识完成以下推理过程。

(1)同一种水果的含糖量是由其积累的有机物的多少决定的。图乙中,造成AB段和DE段二氧化碳的浓度上升的主要生理过程是____________,通过该过程,水果内的有机物的含量会________;造成BD段二氧化碳的浓度逐渐降低的主要生理过程是__________,水果内的有机物含量会________。根据曲线乙,增加图甲中水果的含糖量可以采取的措施是________________________。

(2)图丙中,对比两条曲线,相同时间内,温度为________℃时,温室内二氧化碳浓度高,实验表明,在一定范围内,温度越高,水果的__________越强。可见,在白天条件不变的情况下,增加图甲中水果的含糖量可以采取的措施是______________。

18.[2016·无锡]图Z2-9中,①代表氧气,②代表二氧化碳,c、d分别表示植物不同的生命活动过程,请据图分析回答下列问题。

(1)图中a表示根对水分的吸收,吸收的主要部位是根尖的________,水在b处由低处往高处流动,其动力主要来自__________。

(2)d过程进行的场所是细胞的________。

(3)若光照强度为零,c、d两个生理过程中不能进行的是________。

(4)绿色植物通过不断的光合作用,维持着生态系统的____________平衡。

参考答案

1.B [解析] 夜幕降临时,叶片大多数气孔呈闭合状态,蒸腾作用减弱。

2.C

3.C [解析] 装置内植物进行蒸腾作用散失水分,水分减少,压力减少,气泡向左移动。

4.A 5.A 6.A

7.A [解析] 提高氧气浓度会促进植物的呼吸作用,消耗更多的有机物,减少产量。

8.B [解析] 从A点以后,植物开始接受光照进行光合作用。

9.C [解析] 新疆白天温度高光合作用旺盛,晚上温度低呼吸作用低,积累的有机物多。

10.B [解析] 植物吸收的水分主要用于蒸腾作用。

11.C [解析] 绿色植物能够提高大气湿度,而不是温度,增加降水量。

12.A [解析] 植物细胞的基本结构是细胞壁、细胞膜、细胞质、细胞核等。

13.A [解析] 向蔬菜大棚中施气肥可以增加二氧化碳浓度,促进蔬菜的光合作用。

14.A [解析] AB段植物的呼吸作用大于光合作用,释放的二氧化碳除供叶绿体进行光合作用外,多余的释放到大气中。

15.(1)氧气(2)二氧化碳

(3)E 叶片

16.(1)导管 B 蒸腾作用水循环

(2)A 光合作用

(3)N 光合作用强度大于呼吸作用强度

(4)②→①→④→③将叶片中原有的淀粉运走或耗尽淀粉是光合作用的产物,光是光合作用必需的条件

17.(1)呼吸作用减少光合作用增加适当增加二氧化碳浓度

(2)30 呼吸作用适当降低夜间温度

18.(1)成熟区蒸腾作用(2)叶绿体

(3)d (4)碳—氧

2018年北京市中考英语(有答案).pdf

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