英语语言学教程资料与试题

胡壮麟《语言学教程》（修订版）测试题

Chapter 1 Introductions to Linguistics

I. Choose the best answer. (20%)

1. Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human _____

A. contact

B. communication

C. relation

D. community

2. Which of the following words is entirely arbitrary?

A. tree

B. typewriter

C. crash

D. bang

3. The function of the sentence ―Water boils at 100 degrees Centigrade.‖ is _____

errogative B. directive C. informative D. performative

4. In Chinese when someone breaks a bowl or a plate the host or the people present are likely to say―碎碎（岁岁）平安‖as a means of controlling the forces which they believes feel might affect their lives. Which functions does it perform?

A. Interpersonal

B. Emotive

C. Performative

D. Recreational

5. Which of the following property of language enables language users to overcome the barriers caused by time and place, due to this feature of language, speakers of a language are free to talk about anything in any situation?

A. Transferability

B. Duality

C. Displacement

D. Arbitrariness

6. Study the following dialogue. What function does it play according to the functions of language? —A nice day, isn‘t it?— Right! I really enjoy the sunlight.

A. Emotive

B. Phatic

C. Performative

D. Interpersonal

7. ___ refers to the actual realization of the ideal language user‘s knowledge of the rules of his language in utterances.

A. Performance

B. Competence

C. Langue

D. Parole

8. When a dog is barking, you assume it is barking for something or at someone that exists hear and now. It couldn‘t be sorrowful for some lost love or lost bone. This indicates the design feature of ____.

A. cultural transmission

B. productivity

C. displacement

D. duality

9. ______ answers such questions as how we as infants acquire our first language.

A. Psycholinguistics

B.Anthropological linguistics

C. Sociolinguistics

D. Applied linguistics

10. _____ deals with language application to other fields, particularly education.

A. Linguistic theory

B. Practical linguistics

C. Applied linguistics

D. Comparative linguistics

II. Decide whether the following statements are true or false. (10%)

11. Language is a means of verbal communication. Therefore, the communication way used by the deaf-mute is not language.

12. Language change is universal, ongoing and arbitrary.

13. Speaking is the quickest and most efficient way of the human communication systems.

14. Language is written because writing is the primary medium for all languages.

15.We were all born with the ability to acquire language, which means the details of any language system can be genetically transmitted.

16. Only human beings are able to communicate.

17. F. de Saussure, who made the distinction between langue and parole in the early 20th century, was a French linguist.

18. A study of the features of the English used in Shakespeare‘s time is an example of the diachronic study of language.

19. Speech and writing came into being at much the same time in human history.

20.All the languages in the world today have both spoken and written forms.

III. Fill in the blanks. (10%)

21. Language, broadly speaking, is a means of __________ communication.

22. In any language words can be used in new ways to mean new things and can be combined into innumerable sentences based on limited rules. This feature is usually termed __________. https://www.wendangku.net/doc/fa18426383.html,nguage has many functions. We can use language to talk about itself. This function is __________.

24.Theory that primitive man made involuntary vocal noises while performing heavy work has been called the __________ theory.

25. Linguistics is the __________ study of language.

26. Modern linguistics is __________ in the sense that the linguist tries to discover what language is rather than lay down some rules for people to observe.

27. One general principle of linguistic analysis is the primacy of __________ over writing.

28. The description of a language as it changes through time is a __________ study.

29. Saussure put forward two important concepts. __________ refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all members of a speech community.

30. Linguistic potential is similar to Saussure‘s langue and Chomsky‘s __________.

Chapter 2 Speech Sounds

I. Choose the best answer. (20%)

1. Pitch variation is known as __________ when its patterns are imposed on sentences.

A. intonation

B. tone

C. pronunciation

D. voice

2. Conventionally a __________ is put in slashes (/ /).

A. allophone

B. phone

C. phoneme

D. morpheme

3. An aspirated p, an unaspirated p and an unreleased p are __________ of the p phoneme.

A. analogues

B. tagmemes

C. morphemes

D. allophones

4. The opening between the vocal cords is sometimes referred to as_______.

A. glottis

B. vocal cavity

C. pharynx

D. uvula

5. The diphthongs that are made with a movement of the tongue towards the center are known as __________ diphthongs.

A. wide

B. closing

C. narrow

D. centering

6. A phoneme is a group of similar sounds called __________.

A. minimal pairs

B. allomorphs

C. phones

D. allophones

7. Which branch of phonetics concerns the production of speech sounds?

A. Acoustic phonetics

B. Articulatory phonetics

C. Auditory phonetics

D. None of the above

8. Which one is different from the others according to places of articulation?

A. [n]

B. [m]

C. [ b ]

D. [p]

9. Which vowel is different from the others according to the characteristics of vowels?

A. [i:]

B. [ u ]

C. [e]

D. [ i ]

10. What kind of sounds can we make when the vocal cords are vibrating?

A. Voiceless

B. V oiced

C. Glottal stop

D. Consonant

II. Decide whether the following statements are true or false. (10%)

11. Suprasegmental phonology refers to the study of phonological properties of units larger than the segment-phoneme, such as syllable, word and sentence.

12. The air stream provided by the lungs has to undergo a number of modification to acquire the quality of a speech sound.

13. Two sounds are in free variation when they occur in the same environment and do not contrast, namely, the substitution of one for the other does not produce a different word, but merely a different pronunciation.

14.[p] is a voiced bilabial stop.

15. Acoustic phonetics is concerned with the perception of speech sounds.

16. All syllables must have a nucleus but not all syllables contain an onset and a coda.

17. When pure vowels or monophthongs are pronounced, no vowel glides take place.

18. According to the length or tenseness of the pronunciation, vowels can be divided into tense vs. lax or long vs. short.

19.Received Pronunciation is the pronunciation accepted by most people.

20.he maximal onset principle states that when there is a choice as to where to place a consonant, it is put into the coda rather than the onset.

III. Fill in the blanks. (20%)

21. Consonant sounds can be either __________ or __________, while all vowel sounds are __________.

22.Consonant sounds can also be made when two organs of speech in the mouth are brought close together so that the air is pushed out between them, causing __________.

23. The qualities of vowels depend upon the position of the __________ and the lips.

24. One element in the description of vowels is the part of the tongue which is at the highest point in the mouth. A second element is the __________ to which that part of the tongue is raised.

25. Consonants differ from vowels in that the latter are produced without __________.

26. In phonological analysis the words fail / veil are distinguishable simply because of the two phonemes /f/ - /v/. This is an example for illustrating __________.

27. In English there are a number of __________, which are produced by moving from one vowel position to another through intervening positions.

28. ________ refers to the phenomenon of sounds continually show the influence of their neighbors.

29. _________ is the smallest linguistic unit.

30. Speech takes place when the organs of speech move to produce patterns of sound. These movements have an effect on the __________ coming from the lungs.

Chapter 3 Lexicon

I. Choose the best answer. (20%)

1. Nouns, verbs and adjectives can be classified as __________.

A. lexical words

B. grammatical words

C. function words

D. form words

2. Morphemes that represent tense, number, gender and case are called _____ morpheme.

A. inflectional

B. free

C. bound

D. derivational

3. There are __________ morphemes in the word denationalization.

A. three

B. four

C. five

D. six

4. In English –ise and –tion are called __________.

A. prefixes

B. suffixes

C. infixes

D. stems

5. The three subtypes of affixes are: prefix, suffix and __________.

A. derivational affix

B. inflectional affix

C. infix

D. back-formation

6. __ __ is a way in which new words may be formed from already existing words by subtracting an affix which is thought to be part of the old word.

A. affixation

B. back-formation

C. insertion

D. addition

7. The word TB is formed in the way of __________.

A. acronymy

B. clipping

C. initialism

D. blending

8. The words like comsat and sitcom are formed by __________.

A. blending

B. clipping

C. back-formation

D. acronymy

9. The stem of disagreements is __________.

A. agreement

B. agree

C. disagree

D. disagreement

10. All of them are meaningful except for __________.

A. lexeme

B. phoneme

C. morpheme

D. allomorph

II. Decide whether the following statements are true or false. (10%)

11.Phonetically, the stress of a compound always falls on the first element, while the second element receives secondary stress.

12. Fore as in foretell is both a prefix and a bound morpheme.

13. Base refers to the part of the word that remains when all inflectional affixes are removed.

14. In most cases, prefixes change the meaning of the base whereas suffixes change the word-class of the base.

15.Conversion from noun to verb is the most productive process of a word.

16. Reduplicative compound is formed by repeating the same morpheme of a word.

17. The words whimper, whisper and whistle are formed in the way of onomatopoeia.

18.In most cases, the number of syllables of a word corresponds to the number of morphemes.

19. Back-formation is a productive way of word-formations.

20.Inflection is a particular way of word-formations.

III. Fill in the blanks. (20%)

21. An ________ is pronounced letter by letter, while an ______ is pronounced as a word.

22. Lexicon, in most cases, is synonymous with __________.

23. Orthographically, compounds are written in three ways: _____, ____ and______.

24. All words may be said to contain a root __________.

25. A small set of conjunctions, prepositions and pronouns belong to __________ class, while the largest part of nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs belongs to __________ class.

26. _________ is a reverse process of derivation, and therefore is a process of shortening.

27. __________ is extremely productive, because English had lost most of its inflectional endings by the end of Middle English period, which facilitated the use of words interchangeably as verbs or nouns, verbs or adjectives, and vice versa.

28. Words are divided into simple, compound and derived words on the __________ level.

29. A word formed by derivation is called a __________, and a word formed by compounding is called a __________.

30. Bound morphemes are classified into two types: __________ and __________.

Chapter 4 Syntax

I. Choose the best answer. (20%)

1. The sentence structure is ________.

A. only linear

B. only hierarchical

C. complex

D. both linear and hierarchical

2. The syntactic rules of any language are ____ in number.

A. large

B. small

C. finite

D. infinite

3. The ___ rules are the rules that group words and phrases to form grammatical sentences.

A. lexical

B. morphological

C. linguistic

D. combinational

4.A sentence is considered ____ when it does not conform to the grammati?cal knowledge in the mind of native speakers.

A. right

B. wrong

C. grammatical

D. ungrammatical

5. A _ in the embedded clause refers to the introductory word that introduces the embedded clause.

A. coordinator

B. particle

C. preposition

D. subordinator

6. Phrase structure rules have ____ properties.

A. recursive

B. grammatical

C. social

D. functional

7. Phrase structure rules allow us to better understand _____________.

A. how words and phrases form sentences.

B. what constitutes the grammaticality of strings of words

C. how people produce and recognize possible sentences

D. all of the above.

8. The head of the phrase ―the city Rome‖ is __________.

A. the city

B. Rome

C. city

D. the city Rome

9. The phrase ―on the shelf‖ belongs to __________ construction.

A. endocentric

B. exocentric

C. subordinate

D. coordinate

10. The sentence ―They were wanted to remain quiet and not to expose themselves.‖ is a __________ sentence.

A. simple

B. coordinate

C. compound

D. complex

II. Decide whether the following statements are true or false. (10%)

11. Universally found in the grammars of all human languages, syntactic rules that comprise the system of internalized linguistic knowledge of a language speaker are known as linguistic competence.

12. The syntactic rules of any language are finite in number, but there is no limit to the number of sentences native speakers of that language are able to produce and comprehend.

13. In a complex sentence, the two clauses hold unequal status, one subordinating the other.

14. Constituents that can be substituted for one another without loss of grammaticality belong to the same syntactic category.

15. Minor lexical categories are open because these categories are not fixed and new members are allowed for.

16. In English syntactic analysis, four phrasal categories are commonly recognized and discussed, namely, noun phrase, verb phrase, infinitive phrase, and auxiliary phrase.

17. In English the subject usually precedes the verb and the direct object usually follows the verb.

18. What is actually internalized in the mind of a native speaker is a complete list of words and phrases rather than grammatical knowledge.

19. A noun phrase must contain a noun, but other elements are optional.

20. It is believed that phrase structure rules, with the insertion of the lexicon, generate sentences at the level of D-structure.

III. Fill in the blanks. (20%)

21. A __________ sentence consists of a single clause which contains a subject and a predicate and stands alone as its own sentence.

22. A __________ is a structurally independent unit that usually comprises a number of words to form a complete statement, question or command.

23. A __________ may be a noun or a noun phrase in a sentence that usually precedes the predicate.

24. The part of a sentence which comprises a finite verb or a verb phrase and which says something about the subject is grammatically called __________.

25. A __________ sentence contains two, or more, clauses, one of which is incorporated into the other.

26. In the complex sentence, the incorporated or subordinate clause is normally called an __________ clause.

27. Major lexical categories are __________ categories in the sense that new words are constantly added.

28. __________ condition on case assignment states that a case assignor and a case recipient should stay adjacent to each other.

29. __________ are syntactic options of UG that allow general principles to operate in one way or another and contribute to significant linguistic variations between and among natural languages.

30. The theory of __________ condition explains the fact that noun phrases appear only in subject and object positions.

Chapter 5 Meaning

[Mainly taken from lxm1000w‘s exercises. – icywarmtea]

I. Choose the best answer. (20%)

1. The naming theory is advanced by ________.

A. Plato

B. Bloomfield

C. Geoffrey Leech

D. Firth

2. ―We shall know a word by the company it keeps.‖ This statement represent s _______.

A. the conceptualist view

B. contexutalism

C. the naming theory

D. behaviorism

3. Which of the following is NOT true?

A. Sense is concerned with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form.

B. Sense is the collection of all the features of the linguistic form.

C. Sense is abstract and decontextualized.

D. Sense is the aspect of meaning dictionary compilers are not interested in.

4. ―Can I borrow your bike?‖_______ ―You have a bike.‖

A. is synonymous with

B. is inconsistent with

C. entails

D. presupposes

5. _________ is a way in which the meaning of a word can be dissected into meaning components, called semantic features. A. Predication analysis B. Componential analysis C.Phonemic analysis D. Grammatical analysis

6. ―Alive‖ and ―dead‖ are ______________ A. gradable antonyms B. relational antonyms https://www.wendangku.net/doc/fa18426383.html,plementary antonyms D. None of the above

7. _________ deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience.

A. Reference

B. Concept

C. Semantics

D. Sense

8. ___ refers to the phenomenon that words having different meanings have the same form.

A. Polysemy

B. Synonymy

C. Homonymy

D. Hyponymy

9. Words that are close in meaning are called ______________.

A. homonyms

B. polysemies

C. hyponyms

D. synonyms

10. The grammaticality of a sentence is governed by _______

A. grammatical rules

B. selectional restrictions

C. semantic rules

D. semantic features

II. Decide whether the following statements are true or false. (10%)

11. Dialectal synonyms can often be found in different regional dialects such as British English and American English but cannot be found within the variety itself, for example, within British English or American English.

12.Sense is concerned with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience, while the reference deals with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form.

13. Linguistic forms having the same sense may have different references in different situations.

14. In semantics, meaning of language is considered as the intrinsic and inherent relation to the physical world of experience.

15.Contextualism is based on the presumption that one can derive meaning from or reduce meaning to observable contexts.

16. Behaviorists attempted to define the meaning of a language form as the situation in which the speaker utters it and the response it calls forth in the hearer.

17. The meaning of a sentence is the sum total of the meanings of all its components.

18. Most languages have sets of lexical items similar in meaning but ranked differently according to their degree of formality.

19. ―It is hot.‖ is a no-place predication because it contains no argument.

20. In grammatical analysis, the sentence is taken to be the basic unit, but in semantic analysis of a sentence, the basic unit is predication, which is the abstraction of the meaning of a sentence.

III. Fill in the blanks. (20%)

21. __________ can be defined as the study of meaning.

22. The conceptualist view holds that there is no __________ link between a linguistic form and what it refers to.

23. __________ means what a linguistic form refers to in the real, physical world; it deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience.

24. Words that are close in meaning are called __________.

25. When two words are identical in sound, but different in spelling and meaning, they are called __________.

26. __________ opposites are pairs of words that exhibit the reversal of a relationship between the two items.

27. __________ analysis is based upon the belief that the meaning of a word can be divided into meaning components.

28. Whether a sentence is semantically meaningful is governed by rules called __________ restrictions, which are constraints on what lexical items can go with what others.

29. A(n) __________ is a logical participant in a predication, largely identical with the nominal element(s) in a sentence.

30. According to the __________ theory of meaning, the words in a lan?guage are taken to be labels of the objects they stand for.

Chapter 7 Language, Culture and Society

I. Choose the best answer. (20%)

1. _______ is concerned with the social significance of language variation and language use in different speech communities.

A. Psycholinguistics

B. Sociolinguistics

C. Applied linguistics

D. General linguistics

2. The most distinguishable linguistic feature of a regional dialect is its __________.

A. use of words

B. use of structures

C. accent

D. morphemes

3. __________ is speech variation according to the particular area where a speaker comes from.

A. Regional variation

B. Language variation

C. Social variation

D. Register variation

4. _______ are the major source of regional variation of language.

A. Geographical barriers

B. Loyalty to and confidence in one‘s native speech

C. Physical discomfort and psychological resistance to change

D. Social barriers

5. _________ means that certain authorities, such as the government choose, a particular speech variety, standardize it and spread the use of it across regional boundaries.

A. Language interference

B. Language changes

C. Language planning

D. Language transfer

6. _________ in a person‘s speech or writing usually ranges on a continuum from casual or colloquial to formal or polite according to the type of communicative situation.

A. Regional variation

B. Changes in emotions

C. V ariation in connotations

D. Stylistic variation

7. A ____ is a variety of language that serves as a medium of communication among groups of people for diverse linguistic backgrounds.

A. lingua franca

B. register

C. Creole

D. national language

8. Although _______ are simplified languages with reduced grammatical features, they are rule-governed, like any human language.

A. vernacular languages

B. creoles

C. pidgins

D. sociolects

9. In normal situations, ____ speakers tend to use more prestigious forms than their ____ counterparts with the same social background.

A. female; male

B. male; female

C. old; young

D. young; old

10. A linguistic _______ refers to a word or expression that is prohibited by the ―polite‖ society from general use.

A. slang

B. euphemism

C. jargon

D. taboo

II. Decide whether the following statements are true or false. (10%)

11. Language as a means of social communication is a homogeneous system with a homogeneous group of speakers.

12. The goal of sociolinguistics is to explore the nature of language variation and language use among a variety of speech communities and in different social situations.

13. From the sociolinguistic perspective, the term ―speech variety‖ can not be used to refer to standard language, vernacular language, dialect or pidgin.

14. The most distinguishable linguistic feature of a regional dialect is its grammar and uses of vocabulary.

15. A person‘s social backgrounds do not exert a shaping influence on his choice of linguistic features.

16. Every speaker of a language is, in a stricter sense, a speaker of a distinct idiolect.

17. A lingua franca can only be used within a particular country for communication among groups of people with different linguistic backgrounds.

18. A pidgin usually reflects the influence of the higher, or dominant, language in its lexicon and that of the lower language in their phonology and occasionally syntax.

19. Bilingualism and diglossia mean the same thing.

20. The use of euphemisms has the effect of removing derogatory overtones and the disassociative effect as such is usually long-lasting.

III. Fill in the blanks. (20%)

21. The social group isolated for any given study is called the speech __________.

22. Speech __________ refers to any distinguishable form of speech used by a speaker or group of speakers.

23. From the sociolinguistic perspective, a speech variety is no more than a __________ variety of

a language.

24. Language standardization is also called language __________.

25. Social variation gives rise to __________ which are subdivisible into smaller speech categories that reflect their socioeconomic, educational, occupational background, etc.

26. __________ variation in a person‘s speech or writing usually ranges on a continuum from casual or colloquial to formal or polite according to the type of communicative situation.

27. A regional dialect may gain status and become standardized as the national or __________ language of a country.

28. The standard language is a __________, socially prestigious dialect of language.

29. Language varieties other than the standard are called nonstandard, or __________ languages.

30. A pidgin typically lacks in __________ morphemes.

Chapter 8 Language in Use

I. Choose the best answer. (20%)

1. What essentially distinguishes semantics and pragmatics is whether in the study of meaning _________ is considered.

A. reference

B. speech act

C. practical usage

D. context

2. A sentence is a _________ concept, and the meaning of a sentence is often studied in isolation.

A. pragmatic

B. grammatical

C. mental

D. conceptual

3. If we think of a sentence as what people actually utter in the course of communication, it becomes a (n) _________.

A. constative

B. directive

C. utterance

D. expressive

4. Which of the following is true?

A. Utterances usually do not take the form of sentences.

B. Some utterances cannot be restored to complete sentences.

C. No utterances can take the form of sentences.

D. All utterances can be restored to complete sentences.

5. Speech act theory did not come into being until __________.

A. in the late 50‘s of the 20the century

B. in the early 1950‘s

C. in the late 1960‘s

D. in the early 21st century

6. __________ is the act performed by or resulting from saying something; it is the consequence of, or the change brought about by the utterance.

A. A locutionary act

B. An illocutionary act

C. A perlocutionary act

D. A performative act

7. According to Searle, the illocutionary point of the representative is ______.

A. to get the hearer to do something

B. to commit the speaker to something‘s being the case

C. to commit the speaker to some future course of action

D. to express the feelings or attitude towards an existing state of affairs

8. All the acts that belong to the same category share the same purpose, but they differ __________.

A. in their illocutionary acts

B. in their intentions expressed

C. in their strength or force

D. in their effect brought about

9. __________ is advanced by Paul Grice

A. Cooperative Principle

B. Politeness Principle

C. The General Principle of Universal Grammar

D. Adjacency Principle

10. When any of the maxims under the cooperative principle is flouted, _______ might arise.

A. impoliteness

B. contradictions

C. mutual understanding

D. conversational implicatures

II. Decide whether the following statements are true or false. (10%)

11. Pragmatics treats the meaning of language as something intrinsic and inherent.

12. It would be impossible to give an adequate description of meaning if the context of language use was left unconsidered.

13. What essentially distinguishes semantics and pragmatics is whether in the study of meaning the context of use is considered.

14. The major difference between a sentence and an utterance is that a sentence is not uttered while an utterance is.

15. The meaning of a sentence is abstract, but context-dependent.

16. The meaning of an utterance is decontexualized, therefore stable.

17. Utterances always take the form of complete sentences

18. Speech act theory was originated with the British philosopher John Searle.

19. Speech act theory started in the late 50‘s of the 20th century.

20. Austin made the distinction between a constative and a performative.

III. Fill in the blanks. (20%)

21. The notion of __________ is essential to the pragmatic study of language.

22. If we think of a sentence as what people actually utter in the course of communication, it becomes an __________.

23. The meaning of a sentence is __________, and decontexualized.

24. __________ were statements that either state or describe, and were thus verifiable.

25. __________ were sentences that did not state a fact or describe a state, and were not verifiable.

26. A(n) __________ act is the act of uttering words, phrases, clauses. It is the act of conveying literal meaning by means of syntax, lexicon and phonology.

27. A(n) __________ act is the act of expressing the speaker‘s intention; it is the act performed in saying something.

28. A(n) _________ is commit the speaker himself to some future course of action.

29. A(n) ________ is to express feelings or attitude towards an existing state.

30. There are four maxims under the cooperative principle: the maxim of __________, the maxim of quality, the maxim of relation and the maxim of manner.

Chapter 12 Theories and Schools of Modern Linguistics

I. Choose the best answer. (20%)

1. The person who is often described as ―father of modern linguistics‖ is __________..

A. Firth

B. Saussure

C. Halliday

D. Chomsky

2. The most important contribution of the Prague School to linguistics is that it sees language in terms of __________.

A. function

B. meaning

C. signs

D. system

3. The principal representative of American descriptive linguistics is __________.

A. Boas

B. Sapir

C. Bloomfield

D. Harris

4. Generally speaking, the __________ specifies whether a certain tagmeme is in the position of the Nucleus or of the Margin in the structure.

A. Slot

B. Class

C. Role

D. Cohesion

5. ________ Grammar is the most widespread and the best understood method of discussing Indo-European languages.

A. Traditional

B. Structural

C. Functional

D. Generative

6. __________ Grammar started from the American linguist Sydney M. Lamb in the late 1950s and the early 1960s.

A. Stratificational

B. Case

C. Relational

D. Montague

7. In Halliday‘s view, the __________ function is the function that the child uses to know about his surroundings.

A. personal

B. heuristic

C. imaginative

D. informative

8. The rheme in the sentence ―On it stood Jane‖ is __________.

A. On it

B. stood

C. On it stood

D. Jane

9. Chomsky follows __________ in philosophy and mentalism in psychology.

A. empiricism

B. behaviorism

C. relationalism

D. mentalism

10. TG grammar has seen __________ stages of development.

A. three

B. four

C. five

D. six

II. Decide whether the following statements are true or false. (10%)

11. Following Saussure‘s distinction between langue and parole, Trubetzkoy argued that phonetics belonged to langue whereas phonology belonged to parole.

12. The subject-predicate distinction is the same as the theme and rheme contrast.

13. London School is also known as systemic linguistics and functional linguistics.

14. According to Firth, a system is a set of mutually exclusive options that come into play at some point in a linguistic structure.

15. American Structuralism is a branch of diachronic linguistics that emerged independently in the United States at the beginning of the twentieth century.

16. The Standard Theory focuses discussion on language universals and universal grammar.

17. American descriptive linguistics is empiricist and focuses on diversities of languages.

18. Chomsky‘s concept of linguistic performance is similar to Saussure‘s concept of parole, while his use of linguistic competence is somewhat different from Saussure‘s langue.

19. Glossematics emphasizes the nature and status of linguistic theory and its relation to description.

20. If two sentences have exactly the same ideational and interpersonal functions, they would be the same in terms of textual coherence.

III. Fill in the blanks. (20%)

21. The Prague School practiced a special style of __________ Linguistics.

22. The Prague School is best known and remembered for its contribution to phonology and the distinction between __________ and phonology.

23. The man who turned linguistics proper into a recognized distinct academic subject in Britain was __________.

24. Halliday‘s Systemic Grammar contains a functional component, and the theory behind his Functional Grammar is __________.

25. Systemic-Functional Grammar is a(n) __________ oriented functional linguistic approach.

26. Structuralism is based on the assumption that grammatical categories should be defined not in terms of meaning but in terms of __________.

27. In the history of American linguistics, the period between 1933 and 1950 is also known as __________ Age.

28. __________ in language theories is characteristic of America.

29. The starting point of Chomsky‘s TG grammar is his __________ hypothesis.

30. Chomsky argues that LAD probably consists of three elements, that is a __________, linguistic universal, and an evaluation procedure.

模拟题（1）

第一部分选择题

1、As modern linguistics aims to describe and analyze the language people

actually use, and not to lay down rules for "correct" linguistic behavior,

it is said to be ___.

A、prescriptive

B、sociolinguistic

C、descriptive

D、psycholinguistic

2、Of all the speech organs, the ___ is/are the most flexible.

A、mouth

B、lips

C、tongue

D、vocal cords

3、The morpheme "vision" in the common word "television" is a（n）___.

A、bound morpheme

B、bound form

C、inflectional morpheme

D、free morpheme

4、A ___ in the embedded clause refers to the introductory word that

introduces the embedded clause.

A、coordinator

B、particle

C、preposition

D、subordinator

5、"Can I borrow your bike?" ___ "You have a bike."

A、is synonymous with

B、is inconsistent with

C、entails

D、presupposes

6、The branch of linguistics that studies how context influences the way

speakers interpret sentences is called ___.

A、semantics

B、pragmatics

C、sociolinguistics

D、psycholinguistics

7、Grammatical changes may be explained, in part, as analogic changes,

which are ___ or generalization.

A、elaboration

B、simplification

C、external borrowing

D、internal borrowing

8、___ refers to a marginal language of few lexical items and

straightforward grammatical rules, used as a medium of communication.

A、Lingua franca

B、Creole

C、Pidgin

D、Standard language

9、Psychologists, neurologists and linguists have concluded that, in

addition to the motor area which is responsible for physical articulation

of utterances, three areas of the left brain are vital to language,

namely, ___ .

A、Broca's area, Wernicke's area and the angular gyrus

B、Broca's area, Wernicke's area and cerebral cortex

C、Broca's area, Wernicke's area and neurons

D、Broca's area, Wernicke's area and Exner's area

10、According to Krashen, ___ refers to the gradual and subconcious

development of ability in the first language by using it naturally in

daily communicative situations.

A、learning

B、competence

C、performance

D、acquisition

第二部分非选择题

II. Directions: Fill in the blank （1%×10=10%）

11、Chomsky defines "competence" as the ideal user's k of the rules of

his language.

12、The four sounds /p/,/b/,/m/ and /w/have one feature in common, i.e,

they are all b .

13、M is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of

words and the rules by which words are formed.

14、A s is a structurally independent unit that usually comprises a

number of words to form a complete statement, question or command.

15、Synonyms that are mutually substitutable under all circumstances are

called u synonyms.

16、The illocutionary point of r is to commit the speaker to

something's being the case, to the truth of what has been said.

17、Words are created outright to fit some purpose. Such a method of

enlarging the vocabulary is known as word c .

18、Wherever the standard language can use a contraction （he+is→he's），

Black English can d the form of "be".

19、The basic essentials of the first language are acquired in the short

period from about age two to puberty, which is called the c period for

first language acquisition.

20、As a type of linguistic system in 12 learning, i is a product of L2

training, mother tongue intereference, overgeneralization of the target

language rules, and learning and communicative strategies of the learner.

III. Directions: Judge whether each of the following statements is true or

false. （2%×10=20%）

（）21、In modern linguistic studies, the written form of language is given

more emphasis than the spoken form for a number of reasons.

（）22、Voicing is a phonological feature that distinguishes meaning in both

Chinese and English.

（）23、The compound word "bookstore" is the place where books are sold. This

indicates that the meaning of a compound is the sum total of the meanings

of its components.

（）24、Syntactic categories refer to sentences （S）and clauses （C）only.

（）25、Dialectal synonyms can often be found in different regional dialects

such as British English and American English but cannot be found within

the variety itself, for example, within British English or American

English.

（）26、Only when a maxim under Cooperative Principle is blatantly violated

and the hearer knows that it is being violated do conversational

implicatures arise.

（）27、The territory in which the Indo-European languages are mainly spoken

today also includes languages that are not Indo-European.

（）28、In most bilingual communities, two languages have the same in speech

situations known as domains.

（）29、According to the strong version of the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis,

speakers' perceptions determine language and pattern their way of life.

（）30、All normal children have equal ability to acquire their first

language.

IV. Directions: Explain the following terms, using one or two examples for

illustration. （3%×10=30%）

31、duality32、diachronic linguistics33、broad transcription34、morphological rules

35、phrase structure rule36、relational opposites37、componential analysis38、context

39、euphemism40、brain lateralization

模拟题题（2）

一、单项选择题

1.The pair of words "lend"and "borrow"are ___.（）

A.gradable opposites

B.relational opposites

C.co-hyponyms

D.synonyms

2.The discovery of Indo-European language family began with the work of the British scholar .（）

A.Jacob Grimm

B.Rasmus Rask

C.Franz Bopp

D.Sir William Jones

3.A linguist regards the changes in language and language use as __.（）

A.unusual

B.something to be feared

C.abnormal

D.natural

4.__produce fast and fluent speech with good intonation and pronunciation but the content of their speech ranges from mildly inappropriate to complete nonsense,often as unintelligible.（）A.Broca's aphasic B.The linguistic deprivation

C.The damage on the angular gyrus

D.Wernicke's aphasic

5.Some Southern learners of English in China tend to say "night" as "light".This shows: .（）

A.They cannot pronounce/n/

B.Interlangue interference because there is notthe sound /n/in their mother tongue

C.The teachers do not have a good teaching method

D.They do not like to pronounce nasal sounds

6.A word with several meanings is called __word.（）

A.a polysemous

B.a synonymous

C.an abnormal

D.a multiple

7.The function of the sentence "A nice day, isn't it?"is __.（）

https://www.wendangku.net/doc/fa18426383.html,rmative

B.phatic

C.directive

D.performative

8.The most recognizable differences between American English and British English are in __ and vocabulary.（）

https://www.wendangku.net/doc/fa18426383.html,age

B.grammar

C.pronunciation

D.structure

9.__deals with the way in which a language varies through geographical space.（）

A.Linguistic geography

B.Lexicology

C.Lexicography

D.Sociolinguistics

10.The semantic components of the word "gentleman" can be expressed as __.（）

A.+animate,+male,+human,-adult

B.+animate,+male,+human,+adult

C.+animate,-male,+human,-adult

D.+animate,-male,+human,+adult

二、填空题（每空1分，共10分）

11.A sentence is a structurally independent unit that usually comprises a number of w________ to form a complete statement,q________or command.

12.In sociolinguistic studies,speakers are treated as members of s__g________.

13.Utterance is based on ________ ________ ;it is the realization of the abstract meaning of a sentence in a real situation of communication,or simply in a context.

14.To many people,a linguist is the same as a ________,one who can speak several languages fluently.

15.Consonant sounds can be either v ________or v__,while all vowel sounds are v________.

三、判断说明题（判断下列各小题，正确的在题后括号内写"T",错的写"F",并说明理由。每小题2分，共20分）

16.All words may be said to contain a root morpheme.（）

17.Tense and reference are two terms often encountered in the study of meaning.（）

18.Linguistics is the course of language.（）

19.The part of a sentence which compriese comprises an infinite verb or a verb phrase is grammatically called predicate.（）

20.Historical linguistics equals to the study of synchronic study.（）

21.The term dialect,as a technical term in linguistics,carries value judgement and not simply refers to a distinct form of language.（）

22.Morphology is translated as 形态学。（）

23.The word "photographically" is made up of 4 morphemes.（）

24.The smallest meaningful unit of language is allomorph.（）

25.Semantics is the main part of linguistics.（）

四、名词解释（每小题3分，共30分）

26.general linguistics 27.suprasegmental features 28.root and stem29.hierarchical structure

30.naming theory and conceptualist view 31.maxims of quality and manner 32.blending

33.sociolect 34.subvocal speech 35.contrastive analysis

模拟题（3）

I. Directions : Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A, B, C or D in the brackets. （2%×10=20%）

1. Linguistics is the scientific study of __________.

A. a particular language

B. the English language

C. human languages in general

D. the system of a particular language

2. The consonant [f] in English can be correctly described as having the following phonetic features: __________.

A. voiceless, bilabial, stop

B. voiceless, labiodental, fricative

C. voiced, bilabial, stop

D. voiced, labiodental, fricative

3. There are different types of affixes or morphemes. The affix "ed" in the word "learned" is

known as a（n）__________.

A. derivational morpheme

B. free morpheme

C. inflectional morpheme

D. free form

4. In the phrase structure rule "S→NP VP", the arrow can be read as __________.

A. is equal to

B. consists of

C. has

D. generates

5. "I bought some roses" __________ "I bought some flowers".

A. entails

B. presupposes

C. is inconsistent with

D. is synonymous with

6. Y's utterance in the following conversation exchange violates the maxim of ______.

X: Who was that you were with last night?

Y: Did you know that you were wearing odd socks?

A. quality

B. quantity

C. relation

D. manner

7. Changes in a language are changes in the grammar of the speakers of the language. This means that phonemes, __________, words and grammatical rules may be borrowed, added, lost or altered.

A. phrases

B. sentences

C. morphemes

D. utterances

8. In a speech community people have something in common __________a language or a particular variety of language and rules for using it.

A. socially

B. linguistically

C. culturally

D. pragmatically

9. Which of the major mental functions listed below is not under the control of the left hemisphere in most people? __________.

A. language and speech

B. visual and spatial skills

C. reading and writing

D. analytic reasoning

10. In general, the __________ stage begins roughly in the second half of the child's second year.

A. babbling

B. one-word

C. two-word

D. multiword

Ⅱ。Directions: Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in ONE word only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given. （1%×10=10%）

11. As the first step of their scientific investigation of language, linguists have to observe and collect linguistic f before they can do anything else.

12. Phonological rules that govern the combination of sounds in a particular language are called s rules.

13. An independent unit of meaning that can be used freely by itself is called a f___________ morpheme.

14. A c sentence contains two clauses joined by a linking word, such as "and", "but", "or".

15. The study of the linguistic meaning of words, phrases, and sentences is called s .

16. In making conversation, the general principle that all participants are expected to observe is called the C principle proposed by J. Grice.

17. In addition to social changes, one of the most pervasive sources of language change seems to be the continual process of cultural t across generations.

18. Language itself is not sexist, but its use may reflect the s attitude connoted in the language that is sexist.

19. When language and thought are identical or closely parallel to each other, we may regard thought as "s speech," and speech as "overt thought." In such a case, speaking and thinking take place simultaneously.

20. I is the language that a learner constructs at a given stage of SLA.

Ⅲ。Directions: Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. Put a T for true or F for false in the brackets in front of each statement. If you think a statement is false , you must explain why you think so and give the correct version. （2%×10=20%）

21. （）An important difference between traditional grammarians and modern linguists in their study of language is that the former tended to over-emphasize the written form of language and encourage people to imitate the "best authors" for language usage.

22.（）In classifying the English consonants and vowels, the same criteria can be applied.

23.（）We can always tell by the words a compound contains what it means because the meaning of a compound is always the sum of the meanings of its parts.

24.（）Phrase structure rules can generate an infinite number of sentences and sentences with infinite length, due to their recursive properites.

25.（）The conceptualist view of meaning holds that there is no direct link between a symbol and reference, i.e. between language and thought.

26.（）Of the views concerning the study of semantics, the contextual view, which places the study of meaning in the context in which language is used, is often considered as the initial effort to study meaning in a pragmatic sense.

27.（）In first language acquisition children's grammar models exactly after the grammar of adult language.

28.（）The sentences "He crazy" and "He be sick all the time" are both acceptable in Black English vernacular because copula deletion and habitual be are two famous features of Black English.

29. （）Speakers of different languages are capable of distinguishing and recognizing experiences of the same objective world according to their respective different linguistic coding system.

30.（）Instruction and correction are key factors in child language development.

Ⅳ。Directions: Explain the following terms, using one or two examples for illustration. （3%×10=30%）

31. synchronic linguistics 32. displacement 33. a minimal pair

34. derivational affixes 35. syntax 36. language transfer

37.hyponymy 38. sentence meaning 39. lingua franca 40. cerebral cortex

42. Explain briefly the four main individual learner factors that affect a learner's acquisition of

a second language.

模拟题（4）

第一部分选择题

一、单项选择题

1.The famous quotation from Shakespeare's play "Romeo and Juliet" 'A rose by any other name would smell as sweet' well illustrates _______.（）

A.the conventional nature of language

B.the creative nature of language

C.the universality of language

D.the big difference between human language and animal communication

2.Of the following sound combinations, only _______ is permissible according to the sequential rules in English.（）

A.kibl

B.bkil

C.ilkb

D.ilbk

3.The sentence that has a NP and a VP can be shown in a ___ formula "S→NP VP".

A.hierarchical

B.linear

C.tree diagram

D.vertical

4.It is the _______ on Case assignment that states that a Case assignor and a Case recipient should stay adjacent to each other.（）

A.Case Condition

B.parameter

C.Adjacent Condition

D.Adjacent Parameter

5.Predication analysis is a way to analyze _______ meaning.

A.phoneme

B.word

C.phrase

D.sentence

6.According to Searle,those illocutionary acts whose point is to commit the speaker to some future course of action are called _______.（）

https://www.wendangku.net/doc/fa18426383.html,misives

B.directives

C.expressives

D.declaratives

7.The term __ linguistics may be defined as a way of referring to the approach which studies language change over various periods of time and at various historical stages.

A.synchronic

B.diachronic

https://www.wendangku.net/doc/fa18426383.html,parative

D.historical comparative

8.The way in which people address each other depends on their age, sex, social group, and personal relationship. The English system of address forms frequently used includes first name, last name, title+last name, _______,and kin term.

A.title+first name

B.title+title

C.title alone

D.first name+last name+title

https://www.wendangku.net/doc/fa18426383.html,nguage and thought may be viewed as two independent circles overlapping in some parts. When language and thought are identical or closely parallel to each other, we may regard thought as "subvocal speech," and speech as "_______".（）

A.vocal thought

B.subvocal thought

C.covert thought

D.overt thought

10.Whcih of the following best states the behaviorist view of child language acquisition?_______.（）

https://www.wendangku.net/doc/fa18426383.html,nguage acquisition is a process of habit formation

https://www.wendangku.net/doc/fa18426383.html,nguage acquisition is the species-specific property of human beings

C.Children are born with an innate ability to acquire language

D.Humans are equipped with the neural prerequisites for language and language use

第二部分非选择题

二、填空题（本大题共10小题，每小题1分，共10分。）

11.In the course of time, the study of language has come to establish close links with other branches of s________ studies, such as sociology and psychology.

12.Clear [1] and dark[ ]are allophones of the same one phoneme /1/.They never take the same position in sound combinations, thus they are said to be in c________ distribution.

13.A r________ is often seen as part of a word, but it can never stand by itself although it bears clear, definite meaning.

14.A c________ sentence contains two or more clauses, one of which is incorporated in the other.

15.That the denial of one member of two words implies the assertion of the other is the characteristic of c________ antonyms.

16.While the meaning of a sentence is abstract and decontextualized, that of an u________ is concrete and context-dependent.

17.Phonological rules may move phonemes from one place in the string to another. For example, Modern English verb ask was Old English askian, with the /k/preceding the/s/.Sound change as a result of sound movement is known as m________.

18.In many societies of the world, we find a large number of people who speak more than one language. As a characteristic of societies, b________ inevitably results from the coming into contact of people with different cultures and different languages.

19.The brain's neurological specialization for language is called linguistic I ________, which is specific to human beings.

20.In order to acquire a second language, learners will subconsciously use their first language knowledge in learning a second language. This is know as language t________.

三、判断说明题

（）21.In the history of any language the writing system always came into being before the spoken form.

（）22.In English, long vowels are also tense vowels because when we pronounce a long vowel such as/i:/,the larynx is in a state of tension.

（）23.A compound is the combination of only two words.

（）24."The student" in the sentence "The student liked the linguistic lecture.",and "The linguistic lecture" in the sentence "The linguistic lecture liked the student."belong to the same syntactic category.

）25.Linguistic forms having the same sense may have different references in different situations while linguistic forms with the same reference always have the same sense.

（）26.An important difference between presupposition and entailment is that presupposition, unlike entailment, is not vulnerable to negation. That is to say, if a sentence is negated, the original presupposition is still true.

（）27.The division of English into Old English, Middle English, and Modern English is nonconventional and not arbitrary.

（）https://www.wendangku.net/doc/fa18426383.html,nguage reflects sexism in society. Language itself is not sexist, just as it is not obscene; but it can connote sexist attitudes as well as attitudes about social taboos or racism.

（）29.If a child is deprived of linguistic environment, he or she is unlikely to learn a language successfully later on.

（）30.When children learn to distinguish between the sounds of their language and the sounds that are not part of the language, they can acquire any sounds in their native language once their parents teach them.

四、名词解释题（本大题共10小题，每小题3分，共30分。）

31.cultural transmission （as a defining feature of human language）

32.phonic medium of language 33.voicing34.inflectional morphemes 35.reference

36.locutionary act 37.protolanguage38.ethnic dialect 39.registers40.acculturation

八级选择题小结

CACAA BDBAB BDDBA BCABC D

1.Which of the following statements about language is NOT true?

A. Language is a system

B. Language is symbolic

C. Animals also have language

D. Language is arbitrary

2.Which of the following features is NOT one of the design features of language?

A. Symbolic

B. Dual

C. Productive

D. Arbitrary

3.What is the most important function of language?

A. Interpersonal

B. Phatic

C. Informative

D. Metalingual

4.Who put forward the distinction between Langue and Parole?

A. Saussure

B. Chomsky

C. Halliday

D. Anonymous

5.According to Chomsky, which is the ideal user's internalized knowledge of his language?

A. competence

B. parole

C. performance

D. langue

6.The function of the sentence "A nice day, isn't it?" is .

A. informative

B. phatic

C. directive

D. performative

7.Articulatory phonetics mainly studies .

A. the physical properties of the sounds produced in speech

B. the perception of sounds

C. the combination of sounds

D. the production of sounds

8.The distinction between vowels and consonants lies in .

A. the place of articulation

B. the obstruction of airstream

C. the position of the tongue

D. the shape of the lips

9.Which is the branch of linguistics which studies the characteristics of speech sounds and provides methods for their description, classification and transcription?

A. Phonetics

B. Phonology

C. Semantics

D. Pragmatics

10.Which studies the sound systems in a certain language?

A. Phonetics

B. Phonology

C. Semantics

D. Pragmatics

11.Minimal pairs are used to .

A. find the distinctive features of a language

B. find the phonemes of a language

C. compare two words

D. find the allophones of language

https://www.wendangku.net/doc/fa18426383.html,ually, suprasegmental features include,length and pitch.

A. phoneme

B. speech sounds

C. syllables

D. stress

13.Which is an indispensable part of a syllable?

A. Coda

B. Onset

C. Stem

D. Peak

14.Which is the smallest unit of language in terms of relationship between expression and content?

A. Word

B. Morpheme

C. Allomorph

D. Root

15.Which studies the internal structure of words, and the rules by which words are formed?

A. Morphology

B. Syntax

C. Phonology

D. Semantics

16.Lexeme is .

A. a physically definable unit

B. the common factor underlying a set of forms

C. a grammatical unit

D. an indefinable unit

17.Which of the following sounds does not belong to the allomorphs of the English plural morpheme ?

A. [s]

B. [iz]

C. [ai]

D. [is]

18.All words contain a .

A. root morpheme

B. bound morpheme

C. prefix

D. suffix relationship between "fruit" and "apple" is

A. homonymy

B. hyponymy

C. polysemy

D. synonymy

20.The part of the grammar that represents a speaker's knowledge of the structure of phrases and sentences is called .

A. lexicon

B. morphology

C. syntax

D. semantics

21.Which of the following items is not one of the grammatical categories of English pronouns?

A. gender

B. number

C. case

D. voice

语言学测试题答案

第一单元：

I.

1~5 BACCC 6~10 BACACII.11~15 FFTFF 16~20 FFFFF

III.

21. verbal 22. productivity / creativity23. metalingual function 24. yo-he-ho25. scientific 26. descriptive27. speech 28. diachronic linguistic29. langue 30. competence

第二单元：

答案I.1~5 ACDAA 6~10 DBABB II.11~15 TTTFF 16~20 TTTFF

III.21. voiced, voiceless, voiced 22. friction23. tongue 24. height25. obstruction 26. minimal pairs27. diphthongs 28. Co-articulation29. Phonemes 30. air stream

第三单元

I.1~5 AACBB6~10 BCADBII.11~15 FTFTT 16~20 FTFFF

III.21. initialism, acronym 22. vocabulary23. solid, hyphenated, open 24. morpheme25. close, open 26. back-formation27. conversion 28. morpheme29. derivative, compound30. affix, bound root

第四单元

I.1~5 DCDDD 6~10 ADDBA II.11~15 TTTTF 16~20 FTFTT

III.21. simple 22. sentence23. subject 24. predicate25. complex 26. embedded 27. open 28. Adjacency29. Parameters30. Case

第五单元

I.1~5 ABDDB 6~10 CACDAII.11~15 FFTFT 16~20 TFTTT

III.21. Semantics 22. direct23. Reference 24. synonyms25. homophones 26. Relational

27. Componential 28. selectional29. argument 30. naming

第七单元

I.1~5 BCAAC 6~10 DACADII.11~15 FTFFF16~20 TFTFF

III.21. community 22. variety23. dialectal 24.planning25. sociolects 26. Stylistic27. official 28. superposed29. vernacular 30. inflectional

第八单元

I.1~5 DBCBA6~10 CBCADII.11~15 FTTFF 16~20 FFFTT

III.

21. context 22. utterance

23. abstract 24. Constatives

25. Performatives 26. locutionary

27. illocutionary 28. commissive

29. expressive 30. quantity

第十二单元

I.1~5 BACAA6~10 ABDCCII.11~15 FFTTF 16~20 FTTTF

III.21. synchronic 22. phonetics23. J. R. Firth24. systemic25. sociologically 26. distribution27. Bloomfieldian 28. Descriptivism29. innateness 30. hypothesis-maker

模拟题(1)答案：

一、单项选择题（本大题共10小题，每小题2分，共20分）

1、C

2、C

3、D

4、D

5、D

6、B

7、B

8、C

9、A 10、D

二、填空题（本大题共10小题，每小题1分，共10分）

11、knowledge12、bilabial13、morphology14、sentence15、complete16、representatives

17、coinage18、delete19、critical20、interlanguage

三、判断改错题（本大题共10小题，每小题2分，共20分）

21、F

Actually modern linguistics lays more emphasis on the spoken form of language than the written form for a number of reasons.

22、F

V oicing distinguishes meaning in English but not in Chinese.

23、F

The meaning of some compound words has nothing to do with the sum total of the meanings of their components, such as the compound "redcoat".

24、F

Apart from S and C, they also refer to a word, or a phrase that performs a particular grammatical function.

25、F

Dialectal synonyms can often be found not only in different regional dialects such as British English and American English but also within the variety itself. For example, within British English, "girl" is called "lassie" in Scottish dialect, and "liquor" is called "whishey" in Irish dialect.

26、T 27、T

28、F

They have a fairly clear fairly clear functional differentiation, i.e. one language may be used in some domains, other language in other domains.

29、F

The true statement is "According to the strong version of the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, language determines speakers' perceptions and patterns their way of life"

30、T

四、名词解释题（本大题共10小题，每小题3分，共30分）

31、One of the major defining features of human language. Human language consists of two levels. At the lower level, there are a limited number of sounds which are meaningless while at the higher level there are an unlimited number of combinations of these sounds. It is also known as double articulation.

32、Linguistics that studies language over a period of time, also known as historical linguistics,

e.g.the study of the Chinese language since the end of the Qing dynasty up to the present.

33、A way to transcribe speech sounds. The basic principle is to use one letter to indicate one sound. It is generally used in dictionaries and language teaching textbooks.

34、The rules that govern which affix can be added to what type of stem to form a new word,

e.g.-ly can be added to a noun to form an adjective.

35、a rewrite rule that allows for the possible combinations of words to form phrases and sentences

36、Relational opposites, a kind of antonyms, refer to pairs of words that exhibit the reversal of a relationship between the two items. For example, "husband" and "wife", "father" and "son" etc. 37、Componential analysis is a way proposed by the structural semanticists to analyze word meaning. The approach is based upon the belief that the meaning of a word can be dissected into meaning components, called semantic features. For example, the word "man" is analyzed as comprising of +HUMAN,+ADULT,+ANIMA TE,+MALE.

38、Context is regarded as constituted by all kinds of knowledge assumed to be shared by the speaker and the hearer, For example, the knowledge of the language used and the knowledge of the world, including the general knowledge about the world and the specific knowledge about the situation in which linguistic communication is taking place.

39、A euphemism is a mild, indirect or less offensive word or expression that replaces a taboo word or serves to avoid more direct wording that might be harsh, unpleasantly direct, or offensive,

e.g. "pass away" for "die".

40、Brain lateralization refers to the localization of cognitive and perceptual functions in a

particular hemisphere of the brain. For example, the right hemisphere processes stimuli more holistically and the left hemisphere more analytically. In most people, the left hemisphere has primary responsibility for language, while the right hemisphere controls visual and spatial skills. 模拟题题（2）

一、单项选择题（每小题2分，共20分）

1.B

2.D

3.D

4.D

5.B

6.A

7.B

8.C

9.A 10.B

二、填空题（每空1分，共10分）

11.words question

12.social groups

13.sentence meaning

14.polyglot

15.voiceless voiced voiced

三、判断说明题（每小题2分，共20分）

16.T 17.F（Sense and reference…）

18.F（scientific study of language）

19.F（finite verb…）20.F（diachronic）

21.F（no value judgement）

22.T 23.T 24.F（morpheme）25.F（one of the parts）

四、名词解释（每小题3分，共30分）

26.The study of language as a whole is often called general linguistics.

27.The phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments.

28.The base form of a word; the existing form to which a derivational affix can be added.

29.The sentence structure that groups words into structural constituents and shows the syntactic categories of each structural constituent, such as NP and VP.

30.The words of a language are labels of the objects they stand for; a linguistic form is linked through concepts to what it refers to.

31.Do not say what you believe to be false or without adequate evident; Avoid obscurity of expression and ambiguity, be brief and orderly.

32.A process of forming a new word by combining parts of other words.

33.A variety of languages used by a social class.

34.Thought when it is close to language.

35.A comparative procedure to establish linguistic differences between languages for teaching purposes.

模拟题（3）答案

一、单项选择题（本大题共10小题，每小题2分，共20分）

1、C

2、C

3、D

4、D

5、D

6、B

7、B

8、C

9、A 10、D

二、填空题（本大题共10小题，每小题1分，共10分）

11、knowledge12、bilabial13、morphology14、sentence15、complete16、representatives

17、coinage18、delete19、critical20、interlanguage

三、判断改错题（本大题共10小题，每小题2分，共20分）

21、F

Actually modern linguistics lays more emphasis on the spoken form of language than the written form for a number of reasons.

22、F

V oicing distinguishes meaning in English but not in Chinese.

23、F

The meaning of some compound words has nothing to do with the sum total of the meanings of their components, such as the compound "redcoat".

24、F

Apart from S and C, they also refer to a word, or a phrase that performs a particular grammatical function.

25、F

Dialectal synonyms can often be found not only in different regional dialects such as British English and American English but also within the variety itself. For example, within British English, "girl" is called "lassie" in Scottish dialect, and "liquor" is called "whishey" in Irish dialect.

26、T 27、T

28、F

They have a fairly clear fairly clear functional differentiation, i.e. one language may be used in some domains, other language in other domains.

29、F

The true statement is "According to the strong version of the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, language determines speakers' perceptions and patterns their way of life"

30、T

四、名词解释题（本大题共10小题，每小题3分，共30分）

31、One of the major defining features of human language. Human language consists of two levels. At the lower level, there are a limited number of sounds which are meaningless while at the higher level there are an unlimited number of combinations of these sounds. It is also known as double articulation.

32、Linguistics that studies language over a period of time, also known as historical linguistics,

e.g.the study of the Chinese language since the end of the Qing dynasty up to the present.

33、A way to transcribe speech sounds. The basic principle is to use one letter to indicate one sound. It is generally used in dictionaries and language teaching textbooks.

34、The rules that govern which affix can be added to what type of stem to form a new word,

e.g.-ly can be added to a noun to form an adjective.

35、a rewrite rule that allows for the possible combinations of words to form phrases and sentences

36、Relational opposites, a kind of antonyms, refer to pairs of words that exhibit the reversal of a relationship between the two items. For example, "husband" and "wife", "father" and "son" etc. 37、Componential analysis is a way proposed by the structural semanticists to analyze word meaning. The approach is based upon the belief that the meaning of a word can be dissected into meaning components, called semantic features. For example, the word "man" is analyzed as comprising of +HUMAN,+ADULT,+ANIMA TE,+MALE.

38、Context is regarded as constituted by all kinds of knowledge assumed to be shared by the speaker and the hearer, For example, the knowledge of the language used and the knowledge of the world, including the general knowledge about the world and the specific knowledge about the situation in which linguistic communication is taking place.

39、A euphemism is a mild, indirect or less offensive word or expression that replaces a taboo word or serves to avoid more direct wording that might be harsh, unpleasantly direct, or offensive,

e.g. "pass away" for "die".

40、Brain lateralization refers to the localization of cognitive and perceptual functions in a particular hemisphere of the brain. For example, the right hemisphere processes stimuli more holistically and the left hemisphere more analytically. In most people, the left hemisphere has primary responsibility for language, while the right hemisphere controls visual and spatial skills.

五、论述题（本大题共2小题，每小题10分，共20分）

42、The acquisition of a second language is dependent on a combination of factors. The rate and ultimate success in SLA are affected not only by learners' experience with optimal input and instruction, but also by individual learner factors. The learner factors that have captured the attention of SLA researchers include age, motivation, acculturation, and personality:

1）Age The optimum age for SLA does not always accord with the maxim of "the younger the better." But it has been demonstrated that adolescents are quicker and more effective L2 learners than young children. The early teenagers are good L2 learners because their flexibility of the language acquisition faculty has not been completely lost and their cognitive skills have developed considerably to facilitate the processing of linguistic features of a new language.

2）Motivation Adults are motivated to learn a second language because of a communicative need. If the learners have a strong instrumental need to learn a second language or have a strong interest in the way of life of native speakers of the language they are learning, they are most likely to succeed.

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