英语课文

Unit 1

Listening & Speaking

Task 1--Keys:

6:00→4:45 Business→Economy

$346→$246 Round trip→one way

Online→To pay at the check-in desk

M: Northwind Airways, good morning. May I help you?

W: Yes, do you have any flights to Sydney next Tuesday afternoon?

M: One moment, please… Yes. There’s one flight at 4:45 p.m. and one at 6:00 p.m.

W: That’s fine. Could you tell me how much it costs?

M: Economy, business or first class?

W: Economy, please.

M: That would be $246.

W: OK. Could I make a reservation?

M: Certainly. Which flight would you like?

W: The 4:45, please.

M: Could I have your name, please?

W: My name is Mary Jones, that’s M-A-R-Y J-O-N-E-S.

M: How would you like to pay, Ms. Jones?

W: Can I pay at the check-in desk where I pick up my ticket?

M: Yes, but you will have to confirm this reservation at least two days before the departure time.

W: I see.

M: Now you have been booked, Ms. Jones. The flight leaves at 4:45 p.m., and your arrival in Sydney will be at 9:25 a.m., local time. The flight number is NWA 476,

W: Thank you.

Task 2--Keys:

Name: Mr. Wilson Phone number: 9736218128 Time: 7:30 p.m. on Friday Table size: two persons

Special note: preferable with a table by the window

W: Good morning, The Four Seasons. Can I help you?

M: Yes, I’d like to book a table for two for this weekend, March 28.

W: What time do you like your table?

M: At 7:30 on Friday evening.

W: Fine! I’ll reserve a table for two at 7:30 p.m. May I have your name, please?

M: Please book it under the name of Mr. Wilson. By the way, is there any chance of a table by the window?

W: I see. But since we have received many bookings, I can’t guarantee anything. Please be assured that we’ll try our best. I hope you’ll understand. M: I do, but I’ll appreciate it if it could be arranged.

W: I’ll try my best. So, it’s Mr. Wilson, a table for two on this Friday evening. The guests are coming at 7:30. Ok?

M: That’s right.

W: May I have your phone number?

M: 9-7-3-6-2-1-8-1-2-8

W: We’ll keep that table for you until 8:00. you know it’s always busy at the weekend. Thank you for calling us. Goodbye.

M: Goodbye.

Task 3--Keys:

1. size 3. Facilities 4. Food 8. Room rate/Rental fee

M: Excuse me. Ma’am. I would like to speak to someone about the conference room. And the front desk told me to come to you.

W: Of course. Tell me about what you have in mind and I’ll show you what we can offer. First of all, how many people are involved?

M: I need to arrange a day’s presentation to about sixty persons.

W: Do you have any time now to look at our facilities?

M: I got about ten minutes. Could we do it quickly?

W: Of course. You say you need a room for sixty people?

M: Yes, that’s right.

W: And it’s a presentation, isn’t it? Here’s our main conference room. It has excellent projection facilities. We have full stereo sound, videos, 35mm slides. You name it, we have it.

M: How much is this for one day?

W: We have a standard rate of $900 per half day which includes coffee and biscuits.

M: That’s quite expensive.

W: Perhaps we could work something out. Shall we go back to my office?

Task 4--Keys:

1. F 15

2.T

3. F any alcohol not purchased from the restaurant/no extra charge

4. F a week

W: Bruno’s.

M: Hi, I’m calling from NikaInfo Corporation. We would like to hold a business lunch at your restaurant.

W: Oh, certainly. I’m Linda, the manager. I can help you with that. How many will there be at your party?

M: There will be about 18 people.

W: Ok. For a party that size, we have a separate banquet room in the back.

M: Is there an extra charge for the room?

W: No, as long as you can guarantee at least 15 guests, there is no extra charge.

M: That’s great. I’d like to go ahead and reserve the room, then, for Friday, December 2, at around noon. This is a retirement party and we would like to bring a cake for the guest of honor and some bottles of champagne. Will that be acceptable?

W: The cake is no problem at all, but we do charge a fee of $15 a bottle for any alcohol not purchased from the restaurant.

M: Oh, that’s fine.

W: Great. I’ll have the banquet room reserved for lunch for NikaInfo Corporation on the 2nd of December. May I have your name and contact information?

M: Sure. I’m Jeff Tucker and my number is 323555-6840, extension 42.

W: Thanks, Mr. Tucker. I’ll give you a call a week in advance to confirm the arrangements.

M: Sounds good. Thanks for your help.

W: Thank you for choosing Bruno’s. We look forward to seeing you on the 2nd.

Task 5

over the phone an easy and rewarding experience departure and destination city, anging in price

all of this can make a huge difference to the airfare

Are you one of those people, who are afraid of buying plane tickets online, and would rather call the airlines and talk to a ―real live person‖? It is understandable that the airlines are encouraging us to book online rather than over the phone, because it can save them money and the benefits to the customers can be significant too. Booking online can be an easy and rewarding experience, if done the right way.

A search for ―cheap plane tickets‖ or similar will bring up dozens of well-known websites. These websites are fairly straightforward to use—you key in your departure and destination city, dates and number of passengers. After a few seconds’ wait, you have your results on the screen in front of you. Check the results carefully as you may have dozens of different flight option is usually displayed first at the top of the screen with successive options ranging in price.

Apart from the actual price, you may want to consider other aspects too, such as the time of day of your flight as well as the dates of travel—all of this can make a huge difference to the airfare. Sometimes it pays to travel at ―inconvenient times‖ such as early morning or overnight. You can also get a discount on airline tickets by flying on the day of a major holiday.

Reading A 国际商务谈判概览

许多经济评论家认为，只要政府政策正确，结构合理，国际商务交易就会自然发生。企业领导则认为，只需把在国内成功的策略扩展到国际环境中即可。这两种臆断都是错误的。政策本身不能产生商务交易，公司却可以。而为了成功达成交易，公司主管们也必须接受国际谈判方面更充分的培训。国际商务谈判从根本上有别于国内谈判，需要一套不同的技巧与知识。

不同的国际商务谈判有三种共同的要素，这也使其有别于国内谈判。首先，在国际商务谈判中，谈判方必须应对不止一国的法律、政策和政府机构。这些法律和政策可能相互不一致，甚至是针锋相对的。

其次，不同货币的存在是国际商务谈判所持有的。不同的货币会引发两个问题。由于不同货币的相对价值会随时变化，合同签订的价格或者款项的实际价值也会随之改变，从而产生意想不到的损失和收益。第二个问题是各国政府通常都会尽力控制国内外货币的相互流通。这种政

府货币政策不可预期的变化会对国际商务交易造成巨大的影响。

最后，在国际谈判中文化差异也是一种重要因素。除了语言差异外，不同文化在价值和观念上也存在不同。因此，某些观念在不同文化中可能有着截然不同的涵义。例如，美国人和日本人在谈判目的上就持有不同的态度。美国人认为谈判的目的就是形成权利和义务关系明确的、有约束力的合约；日本人则认为谈判的目的在于建立一种双方之间的关系，书面合约不过是这种关系的表现形式。所以日本人认为由于双方关系的改变而修改合约的意图是合理的，在美国人眼中这却是一种毁约的倾向；而美国人对合约原始条款的坚持也可能会被日本人视为是对他们的不信任。

文化差异还体现在不同的国际商务谈判方式上。有些文化倾向于先在总体原则上达成一致，而另一些则倾向于先单个处理每项议题。有些文化喜欢从最初的小提议入手，自下而上进行谈判，而另一些文化则喜欢从更全面的开局议题入手，自上而下进行谈判。文化差异还会体现在所倾向的谈判节奏上和决策方式方面。

Reading B

董事会会议纪要( 摩登技术公司) 2010年1月22日星期五

摩登技术公司（一下简称“摩登技术”）董事会（一下简称“董事会”）例行会议于2010年1月22日星期五召开。本次会议采用电话会议方式。

董事会成员出席或缺席：

格雷格·斯坦霍夫主席出席

吉姆·贝克成员出席

杰克·费希尔成员出席

史蒂夫·霍布斯成员缺席

迈克·尼科尔斯成员出席（下午两点三十分到会）

董事会以外的法律顾问和公司职员出席或缺席：

鲍威尔·卡曼摩登技术法律顾问出席

罗布·安德森摩登技术执行董事出席

一、欢迎并宣布开会

董事会主席斯坦霍夫于下午两点五分宣布会议开始。

二、通过前次会议纪要

主席斯坦霍夫提议通过2009年12月17日的董事会会议纪要。纪要草案已于本次会议前分发给董事会成员。霍布斯先生提议表决，贝克先生附议。决议一致通过。

三、通过财务报告

主席斯坦霍夫请费希尔先生做财务报告，该报告已于会前分发给董事会成员。费希尔先生做了财务报告并请董事会审议通过。会议讨论后，贝克先生提议表决，尼科尔斯先生附议。决议一致通过。

四、新事项

主席斯坦霍夫请执行董事安德森向董事会就对安妮·鲁宾博士项目的支持情况进行说明。执行董事安德森就会前分发给董事会成员的材料做了说明。他请求董事会审阅并通过项目支持书草案。接着他向董事会介绍了鲁宾博士，并由鲁宾博士做了补充情况说明。会议进行了细致讨论后，贝克先生提议表决，尼科尔斯先生附议。决议一致通过：董事会支持该项目，并授权执行董事安德森定稿，然后以董事会的名义向鲁宾博士寄送项目支持书。

五、休会

会议于下午三点三十九分休会。

敬呈

B·托马斯·洛斯董事会秘书

Unit 2

Listening &Speaking

Task 1--Keys:

1. Customary 2 Special 3. Customary 4. Customary

W: I understand that you have some special packing requirements for your order.

M: Yes, we do. First of all, we would like the boards to be wrapped in some type of bubble wrap (气泡膜).

W: That’s standard for all our boards.

M: Can you also wrap them in foam(泡沫) cartons instead of the regular plastic?

W: That’s no problem, but there will be a small additional expense.

M: That’s acceptable. Also, we want to make sure we use really strong boxes and the boards are very secure inside.

W: We’ll take care of that. Anything else?

M: Yes. Mark on the cartons ―Fragile‖.

W: That’s customary as well.

M: I know this is a lot of trouble. But in the past, we’ve had a lot of problems with the shipping of the parts.

W: I understand perfectly, Harold. A little extra trouble and expense now is what will guarantee a top-quality finished product.

Task 2--Keys:

1. D

2. C

3. A

W: Glad to see you, Alex. A mass retailer has decided to stock our product! Do you have any suggestions on our product packaging?

M: Congratulations to you, Pamela. Product packaging is key for a successful launch. Superb packaging attracts customers and distinguishes the products from others. For any new product from a small start-up, shelf presence in the mass retailer is your best advertisement opportunity. You would like customers to notice your product when they are passing by.

W: You sound really reasonable and convincing. Could you be more specific?

M: I’m afraid that your packaging has a noisy color scheme, and you have so many words in the tiny font (字体) . It is not clear what the product does.

Furthermore, the packaging material is of low quality and it looks like a product you might find in a clearance sale(清仓削价销售).

W: So how can we improve?

M: The first thing you need to think about is your brand color. You’ll want to create your signature color that appeals to customers passing by. The next to think about is the layout of your product package.

W: Thanks for your valuable suggestions. I think our designers will do their best to improve the packaging.

Q1: Which of the following is not mentioned as an advantage of good packaging?

Q2: What’s wrong with Pamela’s product packaging?

Q3: According to Alex, what is the first thing to think about when you design a product package?

Task 3--Key:

1. F

2. F

3. T

M: The Federal Food and Drug Administration (美国食品与药物管理局), or the FAD as we call it for short, imposes a whole set of regulations on the import of the food products to the United States. Over the years, they have become so complicated that they are now quite a headache for us importers. W: In my opinion, overly strict regulations are just another way of restricting imports.

M: Ah, there’s something in what you’re saying. According to the present FAD regulations, the Ma Ling labels cannot be used if the lichees(荔枝) are to be imported into the United States.

W: Why not? Our canned lichees have already been widely sold in various markets abroad, and the Ma Ling label has now been accepted by most of overseas customers and importers. It is quite impossible for you to use the Ma Ling labels as they are?

W: I’d be quite willing to if I could, but we must comply with the label requirements according to our law.

M: In that case, what can we do to help you? Have you any suggestions?

W: Would you consider quoting us on a CIF basis for delivery in Hong Kong? Our associated company there will have the labels printed to comply with the FDA regulations.

M: Do you think that’s the only way out? You know we usually do the labeling, as we are responsible for the brand labels of our products…

CIF: cost, insurance and freight 到岸价格（成本、保险费加运费）

Task 4--Keys:

2 3 6

W: Mr. Ford, shall we now discuss the packaging?

M: Very well. You know, we have standard ways of packaging garments. As to blouses, we use a polythene(聚乙烯) wrapper for each article, all ready for window display.

W: Good. A wrapping that catches the eye will certainly help push the sales. With competition from similar garment producers, the merchandise must not only be good value but also look attractive.

M: Right you are. We’ll see to it that the blouses appeal to the eye as well as to the purse.

W: What about the outer packing?

M: We’ll pack them 10 dozens to one carton, gross weight around 25 kilos a carton.

W: Cartons?

M: Cardboard boxes (硬纸板箱).

W: Could you use wooden cases?

M: Why you use wooden cases instead?

W: I’m afraid the cardboard boxes are not strong enough for such a heavy load.

M: The cartons are comparatively light, and therefore easy to handle. Besides, silk blouses are not fragile goods.

W: Maybe you’re right, but the goods are to be transshipped at Hamburg or London. If the boxes are moved about, the dampness or rain may get into them.

This would make the blouse spotted or ruined.

M: No need to worry about that. The cartons lined with plastic sheets are waterproof, and as the boxes are made of cardboard, they will be handled with care.

W: Well, I don’t want to take any chances. Besides, cartons are easy to cut open, and this increases the chance of being stolen…

Task 5

designing and producing the container external appearance its similarity make use of reusable items

manufacturers put several products in one package and have one single price for it

Reading A 产品生命周期

产品生命周期的概念可适用于一个品牌或一类产品。周期长度对于时尚产品可能是短短几个月，而对于诸如机动车之类产品则可能是一个世纪或更长。根据产品产生的收益不同其生命周期可划分为几个时期。

产品开发属于孵化期，在此期间没有销售，同时公司在为推出新产品而准备。随着产品逐步沿着生命周期发展，市场营销策略通常也需要改变，以适应随之出现的挑战和机遇。

当产品被推入市场时，销售量会很小，而为了能迅速提高顾客认知度和瞄准早期用户，广告费用通常却很高。公司还可能会为产品的初期经销承担额外的费用。这些高费用再加上低销售量通常使引入期成为一个亏损期。该时期的基本目标是确立市场和逐步建立产品需求。

在成长期，随着更多的顾客了解产品及其优势，销量增加，收益快速增长。一旦产品获得成功，顾客便开始主动问津，更多的零售商也开始有意销售该产品，此时销量就会进一步增长。通常在成长期后段，竞争者会进入市场，可能会产生价格竞争。成长期的目标是赢得顾客的青睐和提高销售量。

成熟期是最盈利的阶段。进入成熟期销量保持持续增长，但其增长速度会放缓。由于品牌认知度已经很高，广告费用会减少。竞争会带来市场份额的缩小和价格的降低。此时，竞争产品可能变得非常相似，从而增加了本产品与其相区别的难度。为鼓励零售商为本产品提供比其他竞争产品更多的货架空间，促销活动也会出现。成熟期的基本目标是保持市场份额并延长产品生命周期。

最后，由于市场饱和、产品技术过时或顾客品味改变，销售量开始下降。如果产品已形成品牌忠诚度，则盈利能力可更持久。随着产量的减少单位成本会增加，直到最后无利可图。

产品周期的概念有助于销售经理们策划不同的市场营销策略以应对产品可没人能够面临的挑战；同时还有助于长期监控销售结果，并将其与那些具有类似生命周期的产品的销售结果进行比较。

Reading B 加盟职业创想国际

职业创想国际有限责任公司依托三十多年的全面专业知识，旨在为我们的受许人提供独特的应对职业市场的技能和最先进的职业规划策略。加盟职业创想国际，您将实现您的梦想，做自己的老板，开创新的事业，尽享加盟专业公司为您带来的收益和尊崇。我们向您提供开业前的选址、办公室设计及设备订购方面的培训和辅助，并在开业后继续提供支持。我们的成功完全依赖您的成功。

特许经营双方责任

受许人负责公司提供

首次加盟费

选址

租赁场地装修

设备租赁或采购

营销或市场拓展广告雇佣职员和办公室运作支付7%特许权使用费运营操作系统的哦使用权选址指导

办公室布局设计指导

设备订购指导

初始培训项目

运行指导手册

定期评估和持续辅导支持营销和市场拓展指导建议年度培训会和企业主会议

特许经营权授予流程

Unit 3

Listening &Speaking

Task 1--Key:

all tins were strictly examined have the whole consignment replaced

the arrival of the goods at the destination We have to turn down the case.

Task 2-- Keys: 1. A 2. B 3. D

W: The paintwork on the furniture has become discolored.

M: We have looked into the matter and found it was because of a chemical imbalance in the paint used in spraying the furniture.

W: I’ll return the goods to you, postage and packing forward.

M: Actually we are taking these models out of production and calling in all those that we have supplied.

W: That’s fine. When do you think we can get the replacements?

M: We have contacted our suppliers and they said the replacements are on their way to us by express train. You should receive them within this week. W: This is our initial order with you and we are far from satisfied.

M: I apologize for the inconvenience and please permit me to point out that this type of fault rarely occurs in our products.

Q1: What’s the problem with the furniture?

Q2: What was the cause for the product defect?

Q3: When will the buyer get the replacements?

Task 3--Keys:

1. F design problems; don’t have excessive lead

2.T

3. F do subcontracting, subcontractors

4. F orders on the rise

W: Matt is one of the largest toy manufacturers in the country, and exports about three million toys every year. But it has come under the spotlight for export toy recall this year.

M: We sincerely apologize for the trouble the recall has caused. Our recalled toys had design problems. But those are not the poisonous toys. Our toys do not have excessive lead in paint.

W: Do you produce all the toys by yourself or do you have subcontractors?

M: We do subcontracting. Most of the toy subcontractors have a good quality control system and standard goods constitute only a very tiny part. We have taken strict measures to ensure that all goods are made by certified manufactures with quality materials.

W: What measures have been adopted?

M: Our company is enforcing even stricter quality standards to regain full customer confidence in our products after the report of substandard goods.

There are checks at various stages of production.

W: I heard that despite the recall, orders for your toys are on the rise. Is that true?

M: Yes. Christmas is coming. The workers have to work overtime to meet the order deadlines. We are working really hard to provide safe and reliable toys

for children around the world. I wish children around the world a Merry a Christmas.

Task 4--Keys: 1 4 5 6

W: The concept of quality control has been widely used. Could you explain it a little bit?

M: Quality control is a process employed to ensure a certain level of quality in a product or service. The basic goal of quality control is to ensure that the products or services provided meet specific requirements.

W: Is a reliable quality control team alone sufficient for ensuring product quality?

M: Usually it is not the job of a quality control team or professional to correct quality issues and fixing them. Once such problems are overcome, the product or service continues production or implementation as usual.

W: Some say people are an important aspect in quality control, do you agree?

M: Quality control covers not only products and services, but also people. Employees are an important part of any company. If a company has employees who don’t have adequate skills or training, have trouble understanding directions, or are misinformed, quality may be severely diminished.

Task 5

the demand and supply theory / the quality of items too good to be true a free vacation work less if paid less and work harder if paid more Reading A 产品召回

产品召回是针对存在消费安全隐患的产品所采取的防止其疏通、销售或被使用的行动。如果正常情况下消费者使用产品可能导致健康问题、身体损伤或死亡，那么就需要采取产品召回的行动。

对于公司来说产品召回需要付出高昂的代价，因为公司除了要承受品牌形象损失及信任度下降带来的间接损失，通常还要替换被召回的产品，或赔偿消费者因使用该产品所造成的伤害。一个典型的例子就是丰田公司曾召回超过50万辆Tundra 牌轻型货车，它们的转向装置都存在问题，并造成了多起事故，生产商不得不采取行动纠正这一错误。

一个国家的消费者保护法对于产品召回都有具体的要求。这些法规涉及到制造商应承担的损失，哪些情况下必须召回产品，以及制造商不召回产品所面临的惩罚。公司也会主动召回产品，这些情况与强制召回一样，公司需要遵从相同的法规。一旦发现产品在使用或消费过程中存在安全隐患，供应商最好能主动召回产品。有效确保这些产品不在市场上流通也是最符合供应商利益的。

消费者协会经常会进行产品检查并告知公众那些可能降低产品使用价值及安全性的缺陷。同时，个体消费者也可以利用一些平民化的手段让公众注意到一些企业的错误行为，比如写信到报社，发布有关产品缺陷的信息，这样在错误得不到纠正时就可以威胁制造商的生誉。

当某些产品明显可能会对消费者的健康造成伤害或不良影响时，供应商应遵从必要的步骤召回产品并控制风险。产品召回可分为三个层面：批发、零售及个体消费者。供应商在评估完产品在市场上的流通情况后，就应该决定从哪个层面上召回产品。产品召回的层面取决于其在市场上渗透情况。从个体消费者层面召回产品最为严重，涉及范围也最广，需要从每位消费者手中收回产品。

充分了解产品召回对于保证每位接触产品的消费者的安全并确保其充分享受产品价值来说意义重大。令人遗憾的是，消费者并不容易获知产品召回的信息，而公司为了控制替换产品的成本，通常也不会公开宣传产品召回的信息。

Reading B 国际标准化组织9001:2000

国际标准化组织是世界最大的国际标准制定和出版机构。自1947年以来，国际标准化组织已经发布了16500多项国际标准，涵盖从农业和建筑等生产活动到机械工程、医疗设备，再到最新的信息技术开发等各项标准。国际化组织9000系列标准代表着国际上对规范的质量管理实践达成的共识。这个系列包裹与质量管理体系相关的标准和指导方针，以及相应的辅助标准。

国际标准化组织9001:2000对质量管理体系提出具体要求，它要求一个机构或组织能够持续提供满足顾客和相应监管要求的产品，并致力于通过有效实施该体系来提高顾客满意度，其中包括不断改善该体系和确保满足顾客和相应监管的要求。

这项国际标准的所有要求是通用的，适用于所有机构和组织，不管其类型、规模和提供产品如何不同。如果因组织机构或其产品的性质无法应用该项国际标准中的任何要求，可以视为例外。在此情况下，除非这些例外限于第七条的要求之内，并且不影响该组织机构提供满足顾客和相应监管要求的产品的能力或责任，否则不可以接受其遵守该项国际标准的声明。

Unit 4 Money

Task 1--Keys:

1. C

2. C

3. B

Script:

M: May I speak to someone concerning the opening of a business account?

W: Certainly. I’m Stephanie Grant. How can I help you?

M: Good morning. I’m David Moor. I’d like to open a new account. Can you give me some information?

W: What type of account are you interested in opening?

M: I need a checking account for a new business.

W: Please fill out this form and sign your name here.

M: What’s the minimum account for opening a checking account?

W: It’s 1000 dollars.

M: Is there any charge for the checks I write? Is there a limit on the number of checks we can write per month?

W: No. You needn’t pay any service charge and there isn’t a limit on the n umber of the checks written. But please be careful not to write insufficient funds to your account. We charge 15 dollars for each returned check.

Q1: What kind of account does Mr. Moor intend to open?

Q2: What is the minimum account Mr. Moor is required to put in his new account?

Q3: On what occasion will Mr. Moor be charged?

Task 2--Keys:

1.6486

2.six thousand four hundred and eighty six US dollars and no cents.

3.87504

4.Advise and credit the account of the beneficiary

5.Debit us with all charges

6.7466268

7.LTP DISTRIBUTION

Script:

Good morning. May I help you,sir?

Yes. I’d like to transfer 6,486dollars to a company in New York.

Certainly, sir. Will that be telegraphic transfer? Yes.

All right. Will you complete this form please? Sure.

(Speaking to himself while he fills in the form.)

Hmm Let’s see.

Method of the payment One: Advise and credit the account of the beneficiary Two: Advise and pay to the beneficiary Three: Pay to the beneficiary on personal application and identification Please tick an appropriate box

One: Advise and credit the account of the beneficiary. Right.

Now, amount of payment . Remit in US Dollars the sum of 6,486.

Amount in words six thousand, four hundred and eighty-six US dollars and no cents.

Beneficiary’s Bank City Bank, Wall Street Branch, 1903 Wall Street.

Beneficiary’s account number 45618193/USD.

Beneficiary’s full name Report North American inc.

Beneficiary’s full address 1715 Fourth Avenue, 87504 New York, USA.

Sender’s name LTP Distribution Ltd.

Charges One: Debit us with your charges, correspondent’s charges to be paid by beneficiary. No. Two: All charges to be paid by the beneficiary. No. Three: Debit us with all charges. Yes.

Please debit our Foreign Currency Account number 7466268

Address 764 King Eduard Street.

And signature Right.

Here you are.

W: Thank you, sir.

Task 3--Keys:

1. F If your order is big enough, we may give you a more favorable price.

2. F All the quotations are subject to our final confirmation.

3.T

4. F It’s valid for two days.

Script:

W: This is our inquiry list, Mr. Pound.

M: Thanks.

W: I’d like to have your lowest quotation CIF new York.

M: Please tell us the quantity you want so we can work out the offer.

W: All right, but could you give u an indication of your price?

M: Sure. This is our FOB quotation sheet. All the quotations are subject to our final confirmation.

W: Ok, thanks. As the quantity we intend to order, we’ll let you know tomorrow.

M: All these articles are our best selling lines. And if your order is big enough, we may give you a more favorable price.

W: How long will you leave your offer open?

M: It’s valid for two days.

Task 4--Keys:

1. 2.5 dollars

2.3%

https://www.wendangku.net/doc/fc18629011.html,rge orders in the future

Script:

W: I have compared your offer with quotations from other supp liers and talked with my manager, it’s very difficult to market your product in our market at the price you offered.

M: Our offer is very reasonable.

W: We’ve contacted other suppliers who are willing to supply similar goods at the price 10% lower than you rs.

M: You know that the quantity of our shoes is superior and the style is up to date. Good quality and style mean higher cost.

W: The quality of your product is good, but the price gap shouldn’t be as big as 10%.

M: What do have in mind?

W: We suggest a reduction of 4 dollars for each pair of women’s shoes.

M: We’ll never be able to come to your price. The gap is too great. I would suggest a reduction of 2.5 dollars.

W: Then you must supply us with a commission of 5%.

M: What can we promise is only 2%.

W: 3% and that will conclude this transaction.

M: You are really a tougher bargainer.

W: In addition, if we guarantee an annual order of a certain amount, would you give me a special discount?

M: Well, we can discuss about that.

Task 5

To his surprise Many strange things happen Went straight to Withdrawing the daily limit Millions of dollars

For his courteous and unusual behavior

Script:

A few years ago, Ivan decided to add some money to his bank account via A TM. After he put $74, the ATM took the money and returned him a slip. To his surprise, the amount on the slip was $7,430,000. he got another slip—and still the amount was the same. So he decided to go to the bank and tell them about the mistake the ATM had made.

Ivan arrived at the bank and t old a clerk his story, also showed a slip, but the clerk was not interested in the situation. ―Many strange things happen, buddy‖, said the clerk to the 7 million dollars account holder. ―Come back please some other time, I’ve got a lot of things t o do rig ht now.‖

Ivan got offended with such a response. He went straight to the nearest A TM and started withdrawing the cash. He went from one A TM to another withdrawing the daily limit of each one. He put all the money in big shoe boxes and afterwards took all those boxes to that bank clerk. He threw the boxes on the clerk’s desk. ―What’s this?‖ asked the clerk. ―It’s money. Millions of dollars.‖

The clerk was really shocked. He called other bank workers and they all got greatly amazed by what they were presented. They took the money from the cardholder, and told him ―Thank you‖ for his courteous and unusual behavior.

Reading A 庞氏骗局

庞氏骗局是一种看似高回报，实际是以受害者自己的资金来支付应付报酬的投资骗局.它以卡罗.庞齐的名字命名，此人于20世纪20年代在美国策划组织了一场大规模的骗局.

庞氏骗局承诺投资者在短期内获得高额回报，而用来支配高额回报的资金却是从投资者那里筹集来的。这就意味着这种骗局可以支撑一段时间，因为投资者似乎得到了所承诺的回报。早期参与者能够获利，这与金字塔骗局是一样的。然而，由于这种骗局需要越来越多的投资者的不断加入，迟早有一天会出现不再有投资者愿意参加此项投资的情况。最终的结果就是行骗者能够获取丰厚利润，但后来的参与者却会失去他们的‘投资’。

一个例子就能清楚地说明此骗局是如何运作的。假设该骗局承诺每月10%的回报，行骗者收取投资者的资金，然后在每月月底拿出十分之一作为回报。投资者似乎得到了所承诺的回报，这就会激励更多的人把资金投入这一骗局，甚至还会诱使更多的投资者继续投资。十个月之后行骗者就会把第一批投资者的本金（假设他们没有再继续投资）全部归还，但此时行骗者已经得到了后期投资者的大部分资金，此时，行骗者便可以携款消失。

常见的各种庞氏骗局通常冠以“高收入投资项目”或“高收益债券”等各式各样的名号，其共同特点就是高回报，但却没有支撑高回报的

基础业务。

一些更复杂的庞氏骗局较难识破。一些表面看来很像是合法的投资项目，一些则混杂了合法投资与庞氏骗局的元素。举一个后者的例子，某投资公司向储户提供高额回报，他们会（像一个真正的投资公司那样）通过借贷来赚取利润，但他们很清楚贷款所获得收益不足以支付储户的利息。

任何只有高回报而没有相应高风险的投资都很可疑。当一个投资项目是通过非正常渠道销售（如垃圾邮件或陌生推销电话）,或由非正规监管（如接受国家监管机构的监管）的公司推销时，都应该受到质疑，而且可能是非法的。通常可以去监管机构核查某个投资项目是否受到监管。

Reading B

如何办理汇丰`业务，省钱`省时又省事

欢迎使用汇丰银行服务和收费便捷指南。在本指南当中，您将了解到节省时间和金钱的实用技巧，为您提供更加增值的银行服务。过多选择，更多效率，更多理由携手汇丰银行。

1.港元银行内部转帐------支行的标准费率为170港元，但如果您通过汇丰网上银行，费率则降为仅10港元。

2.对外电汇------通过汇丰网上银行，您可尽享一天24小时的便利和最大的优惠，费用只需110港元。向内地汇款时，如果您是汇给中国内地

的汇丰银行帐户，则可享受30港元的折扣。

3.月服务费------如果您的港元储蓄帐户余额维持在5000港元以上，则可免交50港元的月服务费。

4.自动支付帐单------您可以随时通过汇丰网上银行即时支付帐单，或预先设定自动支付帐单的日期，确保不会有逾期未付产生的费用。

5.合并月度银行帐单------成为卓越理财、运筹理财或明智理财客户后，您将受到合并月度银行帐单，为您提供简洁的财务状况报表。您的所

有财务规划如保险、贷款、投资和按揭都将汇入月度帐单中，使您的全部财务状况一目了然。

6.证券或基金-----您可以通过电话银行或汇丰网上银行轻松便捷地买卖证券或基金。

7.昼夜银行中心------昼夜银行中心在正常营业时间之外的时段营业，您可以咨询或就个人理财方面的需求得到帮助，包括保险、投资、贷款

和按揭等方面。

8.汇款服务------如果您要收取海外汇款，可让汇款人通过电汇的形式，不要使用国外帐户开出的支票。这样款项可以直接转到您的帐户上，

省去您等待支行清算的时间和麻烦。

9. 形式多样的自助服务

Unitt 5

Listening & Speaking

Task 1--Keys: Terms Payment the date of delivery shipment

Script:

M: Thanks for agreeing to meet with me to discuss the new contract. It’s important that both parties understand and agree to all of the terms before we can move ahead.

W: It is in the best interest of both of our companies to sign this agreement, so I’m glad to be here. How should we proceed?

M: You and I have both read the contract, but I think it’s useful to go over the main articles to make sure there aren’t any clauses that are objectionable. Ok, now if you’ll take a look at Article I …

W: This looks in order. The stipulations we asked for are all there. Now if we can move to Article 6, I have a question about the terms of payment.

M: I am glad you brought that up. I know this was a sticking point during the negotiations and I believe we’ve found an acceptable compromise.

W: I’m sure you have. Let’s take a look. Payment by L/C, to be opened by the buyer 15 to 20 days prior to the date of delivery.

M: That’s what we’ve agreed upon, isn’t it?

W: We’d like to add the condition that the letter of credit shall be valid until the 15th day after shipment. You know, sometimes it takes us a week or so to get all the shipping documents ready for presentation and negotiation. This will give us more flexibility.

Task 2--Keys: 1. air, extra cost, damage 2. the UK, French, be printed

Script:

M: Well, Ms. Wilson, it seems to me we’ve come quite a long way, but there’s still a fair few points left over to clear up.

W: Yes, I’d like to go over terms of payment. Would you be agreeable to payment by irrevocable letter of credit on your London Bank?

M: Yes, at sixty days I’d suggest. Now, what about deliveries?

W: I’ve been looking into the question of having the goods sent by air. It’s quick, the goods are less liable to damage than by sea and rail, and there’s less risk of hold-ups due to strikes.

M: There’s only one thing there. Freight costs are higher by air, and if we operate on CIF terms as we’ve already agreed, this might mean a substantial increase in our expenses.

W: All the same, ready I believe it would be worthwhile, and we would be prepared to meet you half-way with the extra costs.

M: I’m certainly with you in principle, but I’ll have to take the matter up when I get back to London.

W: As regard packing, as I said yesterday, I think the display packing you are using in the UK is very attractive. If we supplied you with a suitable French text, could you have it printed on the boxes in the UK?

M: That wouldn’t be a problem.

Task 3--Key: 1. A 2.B 3.C

Script:

M: The next point is the guarantee. We should like to be able to offer the customers a guarantee for at least six months.

W: No trouble about that. We offer a standard guarantee of twelve months in all the countries we’re selling in, and there’s no reason I can think of why France should be an exception.

M: So a similar guarantee would also be written into our contract?

W: Certainly. Then, one of the things we haven’t decided properly yet is who’s going to be responsible for publicity.

M: We’ve prepared to look after that side entirely. The only thing I would propose is that you should supply us with as much informational material as possible—leaflets, instructions for use, etc. We’ll have them translated into French and also see that posters are made available for window displays and ads are placed in the trade journals and the dailies.

W: That’s fine, but perhaps we could be consulted about the initial promotional campaign—as you know we’ve been marketing our products in quite a few countries lately, and we feel we’ve picked up quite a few countries lately, and we feel we’ve picked up quite a few countries lately, and we feel we’ve picked up quite a few tricks we’d like to suggest for adaptation over here.

M: Of course we’d be only too pleased to get new ideas and cooperation from your side.

Q1: What kind of guarantee will be provided?

Q2: What has been required to be supplied by the exporter?

Q3: What is the exporter willing to do in terms of promotion?

Task 4

Suggested Answers: 1. T 2. F November 3. T 4. F no transshipment of our order

Script:

M: May I run through the checklist? Price, agreed upon. Delivery time—Ms. Feng, can you make prompt delivery?

W: ―Prompt delivery‖? Such terms are not clear, which may likely cause misunderstand.

M: I hope you will effect shipment in October.

W: We are now already in September. I am afraid it is impossible.

M: Then what is the earliest date we can expect the shipment?

W: By the middle of November.

M: That will be too late. November is the very season for this commodity on our market. You know, Ms. Feng, too quality, favorable price, all would mean nothing if goods could not be put on the market on time.

W: I really hate to disappoint you. But your order is too big; we cannot deliver the whole lot within such a short time. In fact, there are lots of orders from other countries before yours.

M: Ms Feng, how about partial shipment? You can ship whatever are ready in the early part of October.

W: Partial shipment? That’s a good idea. We can ship the first half of your order in the early part of October.

M: That’s excellent. But I hope you won’t make transshipment of our order. Because transshipment adds expense as well as risks of damage.

W: That won’t be the case. We can book the shipping space on the direct steamer to your port.

Task 5 quick and easy precise, clear and unmistakable draft a copy the most complicated step a third party witness of the document

The process of writing a contract involves a number of steps: making an offer, negotiation, and acceptance. These steps may be quick and easy, or they may involve months of negotiation and redrafting.

Step One: Making the Initial Offer

Your initial offer should present what exactly you will bring to the table in exchange for exactly what you expect in return. Terms set out should be precise, clear and unmistakable. Before you present your initial offer to the other party you will need to draft a copy of the contract. To do this you may want to look at a sample of a similar contract. Sample contracts can be found online, in books, and from similar companies.

Step Two: The Negotiation

The negotiation process is perhaps the most complicated step of the contract process. In some situations the negotiation process isn’t necessary as the terms in the contract are non-negotiable and are standard to everyone who enters into it. However, if you are entering into a contract that will be negotiated you will need to prepare your case before coming to the negotiation table.

Step Three: Acceptance

The acceptance process will involve finalizing the contract by all of the involved parties signing the contract. A third party witness of the document may

also be required to make the document binding. However, this greatly depends on the type of contract you are dealing with, and how much security you desire.

Reading A 贸易壁垒

贸易壁垒是对自由贸易的限制。在国际贸易中，如果货物必须跨越政治边界，就可能会出现贸易壁垒。贸易壁垒最常见的形式是关税，通常对进口货物进行征收。还有一类非关税壁垒，也可以限制全球贸易。

关税分为不同类别。出口关税是对出口货物征收的，而进口关税则对进口货物征收。关税可以根据其计算方式分类。例如，从价关税是根据出口或进口货物价值的一定百分率来计算的，与之相对应的是从量关税，它是根据货物的数量、重量或体积来计算的。

关税也可按其功能或用途分类。反倾销税是对那些定价低于公平市价、将会损害国内生产者利益的进口货物征收的，也称惩罚性关税。反补贴税是另一种惩罚性关税，它是针对那些已由出口国政府给予补贴的进口商品征收的一种关税，用以抵消政府的补贴。还有一种关税是禁止性关税，目的是大幅度减少或完全停止某一产品的进口，尤其是当进口货物的数量超过了限定水平的时候。

除了关税之外，国际贸易中还存在非关税壁垒，包括数量限制，即配额，可由一国征收，或根据两个或两个以上国家之间的协定来征收。行政法规是另一种非关税壁垒，包括进行贸易必须满足的一些要求，如缴费、执照、许可证等等。第三种非关税壁垒则是涉及包装、标签及安全标准等的技术规范。一些现有的技术性贸易壁垒包括对环境认证、健康认证、安全认证的要求。

赞成贸易壁垒的理由包括保护国内生产者（特别是新兴产业）不受国外竞争对手的威胁，改善国内进出口比率，减少国内失业，以及改善国家的国际收支状况。反对施加贸易壁垒的一方则指出这种做法可能会引起其他国家的报复，从而导致贸易战。贸易壁垒越多，国际贸易总额则越少，而国内进出口商品的价格就越高。其结果是，全球资源得不到有效分配，世界整体收入水平降低，生产力下降。正是因为人们意识到了贸易壁垒对国际贸易的负面影响，才促成了关税贸易总协定等国际性协议的达成，目的就是为了减少或消除贸易壁垒。

Reading B Translation 跟单信用证

Uint 6

Task 1

Situation 1: full coverage

Situation 2: business interruption insurance

M: What happened here ?

W: As you can see, there was an accident. Early this morning, a man driving along this street lost control of his car and ran into the front window of our store. Luckily, no one was hurt.

M: What are we going to do? We can’t open for business with this mess. There’s glass everywhere!

W: I think the first thing to do is call the insurance company. We have full coverage, so I’m sure we’re insured against accidents of this kind. As long as our policy hasn’t expired and we’ve paid our annual premiums, I don’t think we need to worry too much.

M: OK, but we can’t open for business. And it’ll take days – maybe weeks—for our claim to be paid.

W: Tha t’s why we have business interruption insurance. Don’t you remember we added that to the store’s policy last year after you were in the hospital for three weeks? We got it to guard against the store having to close temporarily and the business losing money. Let’s get the ball rolling by calling the insurance company.

M: I forgot about the business interruption insurance. Thank goodness you’re here. What would I do without you?

Task 2

1. 110%

2. 125%

3. normal coverage

4. The seller

5. the buyer’s account

6. The buyer

W: Hi, this is Joanna Wood. I’m calling to discuss the level of insurance coverage you requested for your order.

M: I believe that we requested an amount of 25 percent above the invoice value.

W: Yes, tha t’s right. We have no problem complying with your request, but we think that the amount is a bit excessive.

M: Yeah, but in the past, we’ve really been put in trouble because of damaged goods.

W: I understand your concern. However, usual coverage for goods of this type is the total invoice amount plus only 10 percent.

M: We could feel more comfortable, though, with 25 percent.

W: Unfortunately, we will have to charge you extra if you want the increase in coverage.

M: But wasn’t insurance included in the quote?

W: The quote only involved normal coverage. We can, however, arranged the extra coverage. But I suggest you contact your insurance agent there and compare rates.

M: OK. Thanks. I’ll check it out. It may turn out to be cheaper on this end.

Task 3--Keys:

WPA 2 FPA 3 All risks 1 Risk of Breakage 4

M: What coverage will you offer for the goods I have ordered?

W: We usually insure. WPA on CIF basis.

M: Then am I right in understanding that FPA does not cover partial loss of the nature of particular average?

W: That’s right. WPA has a broader range of coverage than FPA. It covers you against partial loss in all cases.

M: What losses will be covered by your All Risks?

W: All risks had the broadest kind of coverage. It covers all losses occurring throughout the voyage. In other words, it includes FPA, WPA, and general additional risks.

M: Could you cover the Risk of Breakage for us?

W: Risk of Breakage is classified under additional risks. As long as you put forward this request, we can cover the Risk of Breakage for you.

M: Who will pay the premium for it ?

W: The additional premium is for the buyer’s account. That’s for your account.

M: That’s understood.

W: So, for this consignment, we shall cover WPA and Risk of Breakage for 110% of the invoiced value.

Notes:

WPA: with particular average (单独海损赔偿，水渍险)

FPA: free from particular average (单独海损除外，平安险)

All Risks: 一(切险)

Risks of Breakage (破损险)

Task 4--Keys: 1. C 2. C 3. A

W: Our consignment of gloves arrived at the destination, but unfortunately most of them have gone moldy.

M: Have you asked our agent in that country to make a spot investigation ?

W: Yes, here is the survey report.

M: Well, the report says that it was the chemical reaction that caused the mould. When the gloves were stored in the warehouse, they had been moisturized and the moisture and the chemical elements in the gloves resulted in the chemical reaction. I’m afraid we can’t pay compensation in this case.

W: But our insurance covered All Risks.

M: Even though your insurance covered All Risks, there are conditions under which the insurance company is not liable.

M: I don’t understand it.

W: Well, All Risks doesn’t cover loss or damage caused by the intentional act, or fault of the insured, and loss or damage from normal loss, inherent vice or nature of the insured goods. And your damage is caused by inherent vice or nature.

Q1: Why has the consignment of gloves been damaged ?

Q2: What insurance does Sophia’s company have for the consignment ?

Q3: Why can’t the insurance company pay compensation in Sophia’s case ?

Task 5

eager to be of help on guard why we are unwilling to discuss insurance financial loss a difficult, complex subject.

Reading A 保险业

1.保险业为各种危险所导致的经济损失提供补偿。个人或企业购买保险后，如果发生车祸、失窃、火灾或风暴灾害，都可以得到损失赔偿；此外，还可获得医疗费用补偿，以及因伤或死亡而导致的收入赔偿。

2.保险业主要包括保险公司及保险代理和经纪行。一般来说，保险公司是提供保险并承担保单承包风险的大型公司，有两种基本类型；原保公司和分保公司。原保公司负责保单和年金保险的首次承保，而分公司对其他公司已承保的现有保单承担全部或部分风险。保险代理及经纪行为保险公司销售保单。这些机构有的直属某一特定公司并只为盖公司服务，但多数则是独立的，因此能够自由销售不同保险公司的保单。

3.除了这两个基本组成部分外，保险业还包括提供其他与保险相关服务的机构，例如理赔清算，保险与养老金第三方管理等。业内还有一些机构多家保险公司共同组建来行驶某些职能，而这些职能如果由各公司分别实施则会造成重复行劳动。例如，服务机构在多家保险公司的支持下提供损失统计数据，而这些保险公司则据此来制定保险费率。

4.保险公司承担与年保险金及保单相关的风险，并确定相应的保险费。保险公司给在保单中规定协议的有效期限及条款，具体的赔偿范围以及赔付金额。保险费的多少主要根据发生损失的赔付金额及保险公司产生时间赔偿的可能行而定。有些保单为团体承包从几个人到上万人不等。这些保单通常有雇主为其他员工购买，或由工会，专业协会或其他组织为其会员购买。这类保单中最常见的是团体人寿与健康险。

5.为了能够赔偿投保人的损失，保险公司将他们受到的保险费进行投资，建立起一套金融资产与能创造收入的房地产的组合，用以支持将来可能发生的索赔。

Reading B

提单

由于提单通常是货物的所有权凭证，因此仅仅通过转交提单就可以买卖货物。正是提单的这种可转让性或可流通性使其在国家贸易中尤显重要。那么如何填制提单呢？让我们来看看下面的这些栏目：

发货人

本栏目必须填写与承运人签订运输合同的当事人的名字。这里可填写发货人或发货人的货运代理，无论其是作为委托方还是明示代理或未明示代理。

收货人或指示

本栏目可以按如下四种方式填写：

1.填写收货人的名字（这是记名提单）

2.填写“凭指示”

这种情况下，发货人即是收货人，承运人必须向其寻求交付货物的指示，指示可以按以下方式给出：

1）通过在提单上进行记名背书，如“交货J·史密斯公司‖.

2）通过在发货人运输单据，即发货人的提货单，上附加授权的交付指令。

3）通过在提单上进行空白背书并将提单交给收货人。

3. “凭某人的指示“

这种情况下，被提名的“某人”就必须做出交付货物的指令。

4.“货交提单相当于空白背书的指示提单，也就是说，无需背书仅仅通过转交提单就可以转移货物的所有权。

通知方/ 地址

此处必须填写承运人通知的当事人的名字，告知货物即将交付。

收货地/交货地

只有在联合运输的情况下才需填写，告知货物即将交付。

装运港/卸货港

如果收货地/交货地栏目为空白，则提单为港到港运合同，装运港和卸货港分别就是运输合同中的起始地和终止地。否则这两栏中只能填写商务信息—通常是跟单位信用证方式下必需的信息，但与提单上的信息相比没有特别重要。

Task 1

Our promotional materials A quick demonstration to see how it works This is the kind of thing my customers might go for

We have large stocks in our warehouse We do some subcontracting

Task 2--Keys:

1.Early booking

2.size/space, budget

3.location

4.confirmation

M: Nice to meet you. May I inquire something about stand booking.

W: Certainly. Anything you would like to know. The first advice I need to give you is to book your stand early. You will have a better choice of stands and may be eligible for an early booking discount.

M: Oh, that is good to know. Early booking entails a discount. Then what else do I need to prepare in advance ?

W: You need to establish how much space you ideally require to display your products and then check whether this fits within your budget.

M: Sure, it is one of the basic items in the checklist. But what would be an ideal stand for a show ?

W: The location of a stand matters a lot. You had better select a stand with high traffic flow (人流量), for example, near entrance or on a corner.

M: That is reasonable.

W: Besides, you need to ask who is on the nearby stands, since you may not wish to be next to competitors.

M: Yes, that is a very key point.

W: After you have made your decision, be sure to sing and return the ―Contract for Space‖

Promptly with deposit to confirm your preferred site.

M: Thank you for your informative and helpful advice.

W: You are very welcome.

Task 3--Keys:

1. A

2. D

3. C

M: You told me that direct mail can be a powerful promotion.

W: Yes, direct mail builds booth traffic, generates sales leads and creates awareness.

M: But the clients will receive so many invitations before the show. How can I make mine different from the others?

W: Get personal. Always use an individual’s name on the envelope and enclosed letter. Another technique is for you to add a brief handwritten note at the bottom of the letter. This ads a personal touch (人情味) to the communication

M: Good idea. Someone suggested I include an official show pass or registration form in the mailer. What do you think about that?

W: Quite OK. Having a show pass gives the prospect （可能成为主顾的人）the comfort of knowing that he has the necessary paperwork to get into the exhibit hall. Print your company name and booth number on the show pass, so the recipient will know which booth to visit and thank for.

Q1: Why is direct mail a powerful promotion ?

Q2: Which of the following is NOT suggested by MS. Winn to get the direct mail personal ?

Q3: What can be printed on the show pass ?

Task 4

Rainbow 1990 four ten six quality ten million well-received Europe

M: Madam, you seem to be quite interested in our products.

W: Yes, the folding umbrellas look beautiful.

M: Our umbrellas are light, UV-resistant (防紫外线的) and it sheds water and dries quickly.

W: What’s the name of your company? Can you tell me some information about your company?

M: Yes, of course. Our company is Rainbow Umbrella Co., Ltd. It was founded in 1990 and now has four sales branches and ten offices throughout the country. We specialize in designing and manufacturing umbrellas. Quality is our top priority. Our products have been well received by our customers and the company had secured a leading position in the market.

W: Do you manufacture the products by yourself?

M: Yes. We operate through six solely owned plants （独资工厂）with a high manufacturing capacity of 10 million umbrellas annually.

W: Have your products been exported to other countries ?

M: Yes, actually most of our products are for export to US, Canada, Europe and Japan.

W: Is there a warranty on your products?

M: Yes, of course.

W: I am very interested. But I can’t make a decision immediately.

M: This is my business card.

W: Thank you. I will contact you in a few days. Thank you for your time.

M: You’re welcome.

Task 5

sell effectively ask a direct question focusing on customers a business card budget and timing.

Reading A 多渠道电子商务

1. 在美国经济危机时期，开支缩减和公司裁员使零售业陷入了严峻的困境，2009年3月零售总额比2008年同期下降了9个百分点。而面临的经济僵局，网络销售却呈现出稳定增长的态势。继2008年增长13%后，网络销售在2009年预计有将增长11个百分点，销售额将达到1561 亿美元。

2. 面对消费这开支谨慎和信贷紧缩，网上零售为什么在零售总额下跌的情况下保持快速增长呢？零售商们只要看看通过多渠道电子商务平台销售所带来的巨大收益和销售成本的降低便可知道答案。

3. 与店面销售比，网络销售拥有一个明显的优势：它可以提供各种按需销售的渠道。不过电子商务平台不仅仅是提供一种信贷销售渠道，事实上，零售商目前正利用网络平台增加店面购买量。他们可以利用多种销售渠道，并通过跨渠道销售经其统一为一个整体。这种跨渠道销售策略可以是顾客在网上订购，然后到店铺提货，或者就是简单地通过所有渠道兑现代金卡。利用这种策略，零售商可以通过提供编辑的服务和满意的顾客需求来增加销售的机会及顾客的满意度。

4. 零售商还可以通过提升按需购买服务的能力来促进网络的销售。自动化平台使零售商在任何时候都可以接收订单，使消费者能够随时查看他们的订单状态。无论消费这回有什么样的购物习惯，通过给他们提供如此便捷的需那种，网络零售商可以满足他们所有顾客的消费需求。

5. 目前，人们越来越重视绿色商业，而电子商务平台正有助于零售商推荐环境友好型商业活动。从商业角度来看，由于取消了传统纸质营销和分销方法，零售商得以大大节省销售成本。举例来说，零售商过去常常花费大量资金来印制纸质商品目录，而现在他们可以通过电子邮件和易于更新的在线商品目录来降低这方面的开支。

6. 随着商业情报的不断发展，越来越多的企业意识到有效的信息收集和分析系统对于业务发展而言必不可少的。电子商务平台不仅可以简化原始销售数据、客户资料和订单处理数据的收集，也可以简化有助于进一步了解零售商经营状况的任何数据收集。互联网数据的收集能力使电子商务平台具备了超越店面销售的战略优势，因为在店面销售中系统而有效地采集数据有困难的多。

7. 最后，网络和跨渠道零售的力量归根结底在于对互联网和电子商务平台的有效利用。伴随着电子商务和科技的持续发展，将会有越来越多的企业依靠电子商务平台来进一步了解客户，降低成本，提高运营效率。

IBM公司2008年度报告（节选）

1.IBM公司剥离了个人电脑和硬盘驱动等业务，通过战略投资和收购加强了其在高价值领域商业情报及分析、虚拟技术和绿色解决方案业务中的优势地位。这些改变了我们的业务组合，使其转向行业的高价值，高收益市场。

2.收入和利润：我们年度收入实现了创纪录的1，036亿美元，增长了5%。2008年持续经营税前利润的增长了15%，达到167亿元，创下了历史新高。

3.利润率：IBM公司连续第五年保持毛利率的增长，达到了4

4.1%，比2003年上升了7.6个百分点。税前利润上升到16.1%。毛利润和税

前利润率双双创下十多年来的新高。这是我们提高生产效率和持续优化组合追逐更高利益市场的结果。2008年我们超过90%的收益来自软件、服务和理财领域。

4.每股收益：我们的每股收益保持强劲的增长势头。去年我们再次创下信贷记录，摊薄后的持续经营每股收益达到8.93美元，增长了24%，每股收益连续六年保持了两位数的增幅。

5.现金流：IBM公司一直保持良好的现金流。2008年我们的自由现金流为143亿美元，比2007年增加了19亿元。到2008年底我们已拥有129亿美元的现金和可出口证券。

6.投资和股东回报：我们良好的现金流保障我们可以投资并能带给股东优厚的回报。2008年我们的现金投资达到63亿美元，完成15项并购，其中十项属于软件行业的关键领域。通过63亿美元的研发投入和45亿美元的净资产支出，我们带给股东超过130亿美元的回报，去年我们的红利增长了25%，连续第13年保持了红利的持续增长。

7.总之，拥有优质的财务状况，良好的资产负债平衡，稳固的收入，强劲的利润流和无以伦比的全球触角，我们对2009年充满信心，正跃步实现2010年每股收益达到10到11美元的目标。

Book 2 Keys

Unit One

0091 ACDBC 0092 ACBBD 0093 A DCCD 0094 DCCAB

0095 1. The little orphan boy wanted to fly.2. Because he didn’t believe he couldn’t fly like a bird.

3. His dream was to walk and run like other children.

4. The crippled was on the orphan’s back, flapping his arms.

5. His father began to cry.

Unit Two

0096 ACBDD 0097 ADBAC 0098 BACDC 0099 BABAC

0100 1. The family’s dream was to travel to the United States.2. The youngest son was bitten by a dog.

3. The mighty Titanic.

4. The father hugged his son and thanked him, feeling fortunate.

5. A family tragedy had turned into a blessing. (or: A loss may turn out to be a gain.)

Unit Three

0101 ACDBC 0102 ADBCC

0103 AADDA 0104 ABCCA

0105 1. He was courageous, selfless and loving and raised his children. 2. President Calvin Coolidge.

3. The 3rd Sunday of June.

4. The father.

5. The mother.

Unit Four

0106 BDAAC 0107 BCBAC 0108 DCABA 0109 C ADBA

0110 1. Because Levi’s were the first jeans ever made 2. To be near his two brothers 3. French.

4. Because he didn’t make much money in New York City.

5. They were made of denim instead of canvas.

Unit Five

0111 CABDD 0112 C BCCD 0113 CDDDC 0114 DBABC

0115 1. Four. 2. Sensitive, independent, friendly and having a love for almost everything 3. I‖think it’s bad to be too sensitive 4. Because I am a very independent person. (or: Because I don’t like to owe anyone anything.)

5. I’m caring, understanding, sharing and doing almost anything for friends.

Unit Six

0116 B BCBB 0117 CBCAD 0118 CCCBB 0119 B AADD

0120 1. Because it gives heat to the refrigerant 2. It’s compressed by the pump at the bottom 3. It can turn easily between a gas and a liquid 4. It draws heat from the freezer and its contents 5. It forces the liquid to the top of the refrigerator.

Unit Seven

0121 AADBC 0122 AACAB 0123 CADCB 0124 BCBAD

0125 1．To hammer a nail in the fence. 2．17 nails. 3．He could keep his temper.

4．His father asked him to pull out one nail. 5．Friends are a very rare jewel. Never hurt your friends.

Unit Eight

0126 BCBCA

0127 1. The fact that she had a friend there. 2. Because they wanted to save to buy a house.

3. By working in the college library.

4. Yes, she was.

5. In museums.

0128 CACAD 0129 ADAAD

0130 1．Anyone who left the umbrella at No 10 Broad Street. 2．The man wasted some money in advertising. 3．Because he knew how to advertise. 4．The merchant was confident in advertising.

5．He got a dozen of umbrellas including his own.

Unit Nine

0131 ACABB 0132 BDDDA 0133 AAADA 0134 ABBCD

0135 1. To keep the rain and sun off people. 2. An umbrella can fold up.

3. It was a sign of royalty or importance.

4. In ancient Greece and Rome, umbrellas were only for women.

5. Because England has a rainy climate and umbrellas are useful.

Unit Ten

0136 CADBA 0137 CDACB 0138 ADBBB 0139 DAAAB

0140 1. He saw many wonderful things. 2. In the 15th century. 3. 2,800 tons.

4. Make full use of it and as little as possible.

5. We will have no paper to use.

Unit Eleven

0141 ADBDB 0142 ACBDA 0143 BDABD 0144 DAACB 0145 DABBD

Unit Twelve

0146 DDBDB 0147 BCBAB 0148 BADBA 0149 CBADB

0150 1. Three blue plastic bags fell out of the truck one after another. 2. Because they wanted to pick up money.

3. The weather is sometimes cold in Ohio.

4. One hundred thousand.

5. They did not find the people who had taken the money. Unit Thirteen

0151 CDAAB 0152 BCDDC 0153 ADBDB 0154 DABAB

0155 1. I enjoy listening to the music, passing the time. 2. In the front row, just behind the band-leader.

3. Showing him my respect.

4. Because the band could see the blind girl better.

5. The girl and some other people in the audience cried.

Unit Fourteen

0156 CADAA 0157 AACDC 0158 BDDCC 0159 CBCDD

0160 1. Such as Name, Home Address, School Name or Telephone Number. 2. He / She should tell his / her parents or guardian immediately. 3. We can’t see or hear the person misrepresenting him or herself. 4. Be sure you and your parents know and trust him /her. 5. Just as you get to know your other friends.

Unit Fifteen

0161 BDAAA 0162 CBDDA 0163 ADCDA 0164 ACDAC

0165 1. To share the results of their research. 2. At least six sections. 3. A summary of the report.

4. Other experimenters have the necessary information while repeating the experiment

5. A suggestion for future study.

Unit Sixteen

0166 BCACA 0167 DDABA 0168 CBACD 0169 BDBAC

0170 1. Old people. 2. They like to act on the spot without much thinking.

3. They often feel uncomfortable when they are with their parents.

4. Because they feel cut off from the older people’s world.

5. To have high sense of responsibility and win his parents over.

Unit Seventeen

0171 CABAC 0172 CDACB 0173 D ADDD 0174 BBCBD

0175 1. He had grown up in London’s East End. 2. Yes, he experienced great poverty. 3. He dreamed he could succeed where his mother had failed. 4. He came back to the U.S.A. in 1972. 5. Because of his different points of view in politics. Unit Eighteen

0176 CADCD 0177 CCDBD 0178 ABCBA 0179 BBDBB

0180 1. No, I don’t think so. (or: No, she was not a guard for the rich.) 2. Yes, she was. 3. No, she was not.

4. She carried home her children and carried out rubbish.

5. Because they did washing, cooking, sewing and cleaning

英语课文翻译

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——民事债务 civil debt ——民事管辖 civil jurisdiction ——民事制裁 civil sanction ——民事审判 civil trial ——民事调解 civil mediation ——民事罚款 civil penalty ——民事权利争议 dispute concerning private rights ——民事权利剥夺 deprived of private rights ——民事权利请求 civil claim ——民事权利变更 alternation of private right ——民政 civil administraion ——民事权利与责任 civil right and liability ——民事权利 civil right ——人身权利 jura personarum; rights of the person ——人格权 right of personality ——上诉权 right of appeal ——不受时效限制权 imprescriptible right ——立遗嘱权 right to make a will ——合法权利 legal right ——共有权 communal tenure

人教版高中英语必修四课文翻译

人教版高中英语必修四课文翻译 第一单元：非洲野生动物研究者 清晨5点45分，太阳刚从东非的贡贝国家公园的上空升起，我们一行人准备按照简研究黑猩猩的方法去森林里拜访它们。简研究这些黑猩猩家族已经很多年了，她帮助人们了解黑猩猩跟人类的行为是多么的相似。我们当天的首项任务就是观察黑猩猩一家是如何醒来的。这意味着我们要返回前一天晚上我们离开黑猩猩一家睡觉的大树旁。大家坐在树荫下等待着，这时候猩猩们睡醒了，准备离开。然后这群黑猩猩向森林深处漫步而去，我们尾随其后。在大部分时间里，黑猩猩或相互喂食，或彼此擦身，这在它们的家庭里是表示爱的方式。简预先提醒我们，到下午的时候我们就会又脏又累。她说对了。不过到傍晚时分我们觉得这一切都是值得的。我们看到黑猩猩妈妈跟她的幼子们在树上玩耍，后来看见它们晚上一切回窝里睡觉了。我明白了猩猩家庭成员之间的联系像人类家庭一样紧密。 在简之前没有人完全了解黑猩猩的行为。她花了多年的时间来观察并记录黑猩猩的日常生活。从孩提时代起，简就想在动物生活的环境中研究它们。但是，这不是一件简单的事。当她1960年最初来到贡贝时，对女性来说，住进大森林还是很稀罕的事情。她母亲头几个月来帮过她的忙，这才使她得以开始自己的计划。她的工作改变了人们对黑猩猩的看法。比方说，她的一个重要发现是黑猩猩猎食动物。而在此之前，人们一直认为黑猩猩只吃水果和坚果。她曾经亲眼看到过一群黑猩猩捕杀一只猴子，然后把它吃掉。她还发现了黑猩猩之间是如何交流的，而她对黑猩猩肢体语言的研究帮助她勾勒出黑猩猩的社会体系。 40年来，简古道尔一直在呼吁世人了解并尊重这些动物的生活。她主张应该让野生动物留在野外生活，而不能用于娱乐或广告。她还为黑猩猩建起了可以安全生活的保护区。她的生活是忙忙碌碌的，然而，正如她所说的：“我一旦停下来，所有的一切都会涌上心头。我就会想起实验室的黑猩猩，太可怕了。每当我看着野生黑猩猩时，这个念头总是萦绕着我。我会对自己说：‘难道它们不幸运吗？’然后我就想起那些没有任何过错却被关在笼子里的小黑猩猩。一旦你看到这些，你就永远不会忘记……” 简已经得到了她想要得到的一切：在动物的栖息地工作；获得博士学位；还向世人证明女人和男人一样也能在森林里生活。她激励着人们为妇女们的成就而欢呼喝彩。

英语课文翻译

英语课文翻译 Document number：WTWYT-WYWY-BTGTT-YTTYU-2018GT

LOVE AND LOVING RELATIONSHIPS Nijole V. Benokraitis 爱和情感连系奈杰尔·贝诺克瑞提斯 1 Love- as both an emotion and a behavior- is essential for human survival- The family is usually our earliest and most important source of love and emotional support. Babies and children deprived of love have been known to develop a wide variety of problems- for example, depression, headaches, physiological impairments, and neurotic and psychosomatic difficulties- that sometimes last a lifetime. In contrast, infants who are loved and cuddled typically gain more weight, cry less, and smile more. By five years of age, they have been found to have significantly higher IQs and to score higher on language tests. 1爱，对于人类的生存是不可或缺的。它既是一种情感，又是一种行为。家庭通常是 我们最早和最重要的爱和情感支持的来源。众所周知，缺乏爱的婴幼儿会产生各种各 样的问题，如抑郁症、头痛、生理残疾、神经质或身心疾病，这些病有时会伴随他们 一生。而对比之下，拥有爱和拥抱的婴儿通常体重增加得快，哭得少，而笑得多。到 了五岁时，他们的智商和语言测试的分数明显比前一类儿童高得多。 2 Much research shows that the quality of care infants receive affects how they later get along with friends, how well they do in school, how they react to new and possibly stressful situations, and how they form and maintain loving relationships as adults. It is for these reasons that people's early intimate relationships within their family of origin1 are so critical. Children who are raised in impersonal environments (orphanage, some foster homes, or unloving families) show emotional and social underdevelopment, language and motor skills retardation, and mental health problems. 2很多研究发现婴儿获得关爱的质量会影响到他 们以后的交友，在学校的表现，如何应对陌生的或可能充满压力的情况，以及他们成 年后如何建立并且维系情感连系。正是因为这些原因，人们与家庭成员的早期亲密关 系才如此至关重要。在人情冷漠的环境中(如孤儿院，某些寄养家庭，或缺乏关爱的 家庭)长大的孩子会出现情感和社会性发育不良，语言和运动技能迟缓，以及精神健 康问题。 3 Love for oneself, or self-love, is also essential for our social and emotional development. Actress Mae West once said, "I never loved another person the way I loved myself."

法律英语_何家弘编_第四版课文翻译(1-20课)

第一课美国法律制度介绍 第一部分特征与特点 美国既是一个非常新的国家也是一个非常老的国家。与许多别的国家相比它是一个新的国家。同时，它还因新人口成分和新州的加入而持续更新，在此意义上，它也是新国家。但是在其它的意义上它是老国家。它是最老的“新”国家——第一个由旧大陆殖民地脱胎而出的国家。它拥有最古老的成文宪法、最古老的持续的联邦体制以及最古老的民族自治实践。 美国的年轻（性）有一个很有意思的特点就是它的历史肇始于印刷机发明之后。因此它的整个历史都得以记录下来：确实可以很有把握地说，任何其它国家都没有像美国这样全面的历史记录，因为像在意大利、法国或者英国过去的传说中湮没的那样的事件在美国都成了有文字记载的历史之一部分。而且其记录不仅全面，还非常浩繁。不仅包括这个国家自1776年以来的殖民时期的记录，还有当前五十个州以及各州和联邦（nation）之间错综复杂的关系网络的历史记录。因此，据一个非常简单的例子，美国最高法院判例汇编有大约350卷，而一些州的判例汇编也几乎有同样多的卷数：想研究美国法律史的读者要面对的是超过5000巨卷的司法案例。 我们不能说一个文件或几个文件就能揭示出一国人民或其政府的特性。但如果横跨一百多年的千百万个文件敲出始终如一的音调，我们就有理由说这就是其主调。当千百万个文件都以同样的方式去解决同样的中心问题，我们就有理由从中得出可以被称为国民特定的确定结论。 第二部分普通法和衡平法 同英国一样，美国法律制度从方法论上来说主要是一种判例法制度。许多私法领域仍然主要是由判例法构成，广泛而不断增长的制定法一直受制于有约束力的（解释制定法的）判例法。因此，判例法方法的知识以及使用判例法的技巧对于理解美国法律和法律方法是极其重要的。 从历史的角度来看，普通法就是由英国皇家法院的巡回法官的判决所得出的普通的一般法——优于地方法。采纳或执行某项诉讼请求是以存在法院令状这种特殊形式的诉为前提的，而这就使最初的普通法表现为由类似于古罗马法的“诉”所构成的体系。如果存在令状（于1227年），诉讼请求就可以被采纳或执行；没有法院令状（为前提）的诉讼请求就没有追索权，因而该诉讼请求也不存在。“牛津条例”（1285年）禁止创设除了“个案令状”之外的新令状，这种“个案令状”使该制度变得较为灵活了，而且导致了后来合同和侵权法的发展。 对于诉的形式的严格限制及由此产生的对追索权的限制导致了衡平法和衡平判例法的发展。“衡平”的一般意义就是寻求“公平”，即公平且善良地裁决，它最初是由国王，后来由作为“国王良知守护人”的大法官颁行，以便在艰难的案件中提供救济。但是到了十四世纪，衡平法和衡平判例法发展成了一个独立的法律制度和与一般的普通法法院一争高下的司法系统（衡平法院）。其规则和格言变得非常固定而且在某种程度上不像在其它法律制度中一样灵活。衡平法的特点有：以特定履行（或实际履行）的方式提供救济（与普通法提供补偿性损害赔偿金的救济方式形成对照）；强制令（为或者不为某项具体行为的临时或者最终法令）；渗透了整个法律制度并且能在许多场合下揭示现代法律概念的起源的所谓的衡平法格言的发展。不过，一般都是只有在普通法救济不充分时，才会出现衡平法救济。比如，优于普通法损害赔偿金被认为是不充分的，这是因为考虑到不动产所具有的唯一性，这些赔偿金无法补偿不动产购买人（的损失），就可能判以特定履行购买不动产。 与普通法一样，衡平法通过司法接纳或通过明确的制定法条款，成了美国法律的一部分。目前，这两个法律制度在许多美国司法管辖区中得以融合（始于1848年的纽约），因而，在这些司法管辖区以及联邦的实践中只存在一种形式的民事诉讼。只有为数很少的州还保留着单独的衡平法院。尽管如此，提及这一历史演变仍然是很重要的，因为它一方面解释了许多当代法律概念（如财产法中的所有权分割）的起源和意义，另一方面，它仍然与做出某些裁决有一定的关联，比如是否有权获得陪审团的审理（这仅发生与普通法的讼案中，在其它案件中仅由法官审理）。另外，这种区别将决定“通常的”普通法赔偿金救济是否适用或者是否可以使用“特别的”衡平法特定履行救济。 “判例法”代表了整个的法官造法体系，而且在现代还包括了普通法和衡平法先例。在不准确的和令人迷惑的用法中，“普通法”和“判例法”这两个术语通常被当作同义词来使用，在这里，“普通法”这个术语一般代表着法官制定的法，以示区别制定法。“判例法”总是代表着法官制定的法律，而“普通法”则相对来说，根据想表达的意思不同，要么代表普通法主题事项（即具体问题）上法官制定的法律，要么在更广范围内指所有法官制定的法律。 第二课法律职业 第一部分律师协会 法律职业的规范主要是各州的事务，每一各州对于执业许可都有其自己的要求。大多数州都要求三年的学业和法律学位。各州自行管理本州申请律师资格的书面考试。不过，几乎所有的州都利用“多州律师资格考试”，这是一种长达一天的多项选择测试，在这项考试之外，各州还会再增加一次主要是关于其本州法律的时长一天的论文考试。大多数申请人都可以通过第一次考试，而且许多失败者都会在下一次考试中通过。每年有四万多人通过这些考试，在经过人品调查之后，他们便可获准在相应的州执业许可。在获得许可之前或之后都不要求实习。到各联邦法院执业的许可规则互不相同，但一般来讲，那些获准在州最高法院执业的律师在办理一些无关紧要的手续之后即可获准在联邦法院执业。 律师执业范围通常仅限于一个地区，因为尽管律师可以代表当事人到其它地区办理事务，但是一个人只能在其获得许可的州内执业。人们习惯雇用本州的律师办理其它洲的事务。但是，只要一个人已经在其获得职业资格的州执业达一定时间（通常是五年），那么他移居到另外一个州时通常无需考试便可获得执业许可。 律师不仅可以从事法律事务，还允许从事任何其他公民能从事的事务。执业律师在企业客户的董事会中工作、从事商业或者积极参与公共事务都是很平常的事情。律师即使在成为法官、政府或者私人企业集团的雇员或者法律教师之后仍然是律师协会的会员，他们可以辞掉这些其它事务，回头开始私人执业。为了在工商业中担任重要的执行职务而放弃执业的律师人数相对较少。这一职业中的流动性和公共责任感的一个例证是哈兰·菲斯克的职业生涯，他曾多次成为一名纽约州律师、一名教授和哥伦比亚法学院院长、美国总检察长和美国最高法院首席大法官。 律师并不按照职责进行正式的划分。在英国对诉讼律师和非诉律师的区分并没有移植到美国，既不存在拥有特别或者专有出庭权的职业群体，也没有专门制作法律文书的职业群体。美国律师的业务范围包括出庭辩护、咨询和起草文书。另外，在被广泛地成为“法律执业”的范围之内，律师的业务范围是专有性的，不对其他人开放。在出庭辩护领域，这种规则非常清楚：任何个人都可以代表其自己出庭，但除了一些基层法院之外，只有律师可以代表他人出庭。不过，律师不得代表他人参与一些行政机关设立的具有司法性质的正式程序当中。在咨询和起草法律文书领域的界限并不是太清晰，比如在在联邦所得税领域的法律执业和会计执业之间就是如此。但是，纽约最高法院的一个裁决表明了大多数美国法院的严格标准，该裁决认为，一个获准在外国执业单位获准在纽约执业的律师不得在纽约对客户提供法律咨询，即使该意见仅限于该律师获准执业的该外国的法律。但是，一个外国律师可能获准在一个州执业，而且无需获得许可便可以以一个外国法律顾问的身份向美国律师提供法律咨询。 1

中科院博士研究生英语精读-课文翻译及原文

第1课知识的悖论The Paradox of Knowledge The greatest achievement of humankind in its long evolution from ancient hominoid ancestors to its present status is the acquisition and accumulation of a vast body of knowledge about itself, the world, and the universe. The products of this knowledge are all those things that, in the aggregate, we call "civilization," including language, science, literature, art, all the physical mechanisms, instruments, and structures we use, and the physical infrastructures on which society relies. Most of us assume that in modern society knowledge of all kinds is continually increasing and the aggregation of new information into the corpus of our social or collective knowledge is steadily reducing the area of ignorance about ourselves, the world, and the universe. But continuing reminders of the numerous areas of our present ignorance invite a critical analysis of this assumption. In the popular view, intellectual evolution is similar to, although much more rapid than, somatic evolution. Biological evolution is often described by the statement that "ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny"--meaning that the individual embryo, in its development from a fertilized ovum into a human baby, passes through successive stages in which it resembles ancestral forms of the human species. The popular view is that humankind has progressed from a state of innocent ignorance, comparable to that of an infant, and gradually has acquired more and more knowledge, much as a child learns in passing through the several grades of the educational system. Implicit in this view is an assumption that phylogeny resembles ontogeny, so that there will ultimately be a stage in which the accumulation of knowledge is essentially complete, at least in specific fields, as if society had graduated with all the advanced degrees that signify mastery of important subjects. Such views have, in fact, been expressed by some eminent scientists. In 1894 the great American physicist Albert Michelson said in a talk at the University of Chicago: While it is never safe to affirm that the future of Physical Science has no marvels in store even more astonishing than those of the past, it seems probable that most of the grand underlying principles have been firmly established and that further advances are to be sought chiefly in the rigorous application of these principles to all the phenomena which come under our notice .... The future truths of Physical Science ate to be looked for in the sixth place of decimals. In the century since Michelson's talk, scientists have discovered much more than the refinement of measurements in the sixth decimal place, and none is willing to make a similar statement today. However, many still cling to the notion that such a