语言学复习
I.Choose the best answer
Chapter 1 Introduction
https://www.wendangku.net/doc/fa19065620.html,nguage is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human________.（B）
A.contact.
B. communication
C. relation
D. community
2.Which of the following property of language enables language users to overcome the barriers
caused by the time and place, due to this feature of language, speakers of a language are free to talk about anything in any situation?(C)
A.Transferability
B. Duality
C. Displacement
D. Arbitrariness
3.Study the following dialogue. What function does it play according to the function of
language? (B)
--- A nice day, isn’t it?
--- Right! I really enjoy the sunlight.
A.Emotive
B. Phatic
C. Performative
D. Interpersonal
4.________ refers to the actual realization of the ideal language user’s knowledge of the rules of
his language in utterance.(A)
A.Performance
B. Competence
C. Langue
D. Parole
5. has been widely accepted as the fore father of modern linguistics.(B)
A. Chomsky
B. Saussure
C. Bloomfield
D. John Lyons
Part 2 Phonology
5.Conventionally a ________ is put in slashes.(C)
A. allophone
B. phone
C. phoneme
D. morpheme
6.Which one is different form the others according to places of articulation?(A)
A. /n/
B./m/
C. /b/
D. /p/
7.Which vowel is different from the others according to the characteristics of vowels?(B)
A. /i:/
B. /u/
C./e/
D. /i/
8.What kind of sounds can we make when the vocal cords are vibrating?(B)
A. voiceless
B. voiced
C. Glottal stop
D. Consonant
9.Which consonant represents the following description: voiceless labiodental fricative?(A)
A./f/
B./v/
C. /s/
D./z/
10.is one of the suprasegmental features(D)
A.Stop
B. V oicing
C. Deletion
D. Tone
11.V elar refers to .（B）
A. larynx
B. soft palate
C. alveolar
D. pharynx
Part 3 Morphology
12.Morphemes that represent tense, number, gender and case are called________ morpheme.(A)
A.inflectional
B. free
C. bound
D. derivational
13.There are ________ morphemes in the word denationalization. (C)
A. Three
B. four
C. five
D. six
14.The word UNESCO is formed in the way of ________. (A)
A.acronnymy
B. clipping
C. initialism
D. blending
15.NA TO is a/an .(A)
A. acronym
B. blending
C. coinage
D. clipping
16.The relation between words “rose” and “flower” is that of . (D)
A.synonymy
B. antonymy
C. homonymy
D. hyponymy
17.“Semantics is the scientific study of meaning” is a . (D)
A. hyponymy
B. polysemy
C. Antonymy
D. tautology
18.“Wide/narrow” is an example of . (A)
A. gradable opposites
B. relational opposites
C. converseness
D. complementarity
Part 4 Syntax
19.________ is a sub-field of linguistics that studies the sentence structure of language.(B)
A.Morphology
B. Syntax
C. Semantics
D. Pragmatics
20.The phrase “my small child’s cot”is an ambiguous phrase, which can be revealed by
________ tree diagrams.(C)
A. one
B. two
C. three
D. four
Part 5 Semantics
21.C old and hot are a pair of ________antonyms.(A)
A. gradable
B. complementary
C. reversal
D. converseness
22.________ describes whether a proposition is true or false.(B)
A. Truth
B. Truth value
C. Truth condition
D. Falsehood
23.Bull: [BOVINE] [MALE] [ADULT] is an example of ________. (A)
A. componential analysis
B. predication analysis
C. compositionality
D. selection restriction
24.The semantic triangle holds that the meaning of a word________. (A)
A.is interpreted through the mediation of concept.
B.is related to the thing it refers to.
C.is the idea associated with that word in the minds of speakers.
D.is the image it is represented in the mind.
25.When the truth of sentence (a) guarantees the truth of sentence (b), and falsity of sentence(b)
guarantees the falsity of sentence (a), we can say that ________.(B)
A.sentence(a) presupposes sentence (b)
B.sentence(a) entails sentence (b)
C.sentence(a) is inconsistent with sentence (b)
D.sentence(a) contradictss sentence (b)
26.“Socrates is a man” is a case of ________.(B)
A.two-place predicate
B.one-place predicate
C.two-place argument
D.one-place argument
Part 6 Pragmatics
27.________ is the study of how speakers of a language use sentences to effect successful
communication.(B)
A. Semantics
B. Pragmatics
C. Sociolinguistics
D. Psycholinguistics
28.________ found that natural language had its own logic and conclude cooperative
principle.(C)
A. John Austin
B. John Firth
C. Paul Grice
D. William James
29.______proposed that speech act can fall into five general categories.(B)
A.Austin
B. Searle
C. Sapir
D. Chomsky
30.Promising, undertaking, vowing are the most typical of the ________. (C)
A.declarations
B. expressives
C. commissives
D. directives
31.The illocutionary point of the________ is to express the psychological state specified in the
utterance.(B)
A. declarations
B. expressives
C. commissives
D. directives
32.Y’s utterance in the following conversation exchange violates the maxim of ________.(C) X: Who was that you were with last night?
Y: Did you know that you were wearing odd socks?
A. quality
B. quantity
C. relation
D. manner
33.The violation of one or more of the conversational maxims of the Cooperative Principle can,
when the listener full understands the speaker, create________, and humor sometimes.(A)
A. conversational implicature
B. conversational breakdown
C. locutionary act
D. illocutionary act
34.The maxim of quantity requires that the speaker.(D)
A.contribute as informative as required
B.do not contribute more than is required
C.do not say what has little evidence
D.both A and B
35.According to Searle, those illocutionary acts whose point is to commit the speaker to some
future course of action are called________.(A)
https://www.wendangku.net/doc/fa19065620.html,missives
B. directives
C. expressives
D. declaratives.
36.An illocutionary act is identical with . (B)
A. sentence meaning
B. the speaker’s intention
C. language
D. social convention
37.is a branch of linguistics which is the study of meaning in the context of use. (C)
A. Morphology
B. Syntax
C. Pragmatics
D. Semantics
Part 7 Language Change
Part 8 Language and Society
38.________ are language varieties appropriate for use in particular speech situations.(C)
A.Slang
B. Address terms
C. Registers
D. Education varieties
A. domain
B. situation
C. society
D. community
39.________ is defined as any regionally or socially definable human group identified by shared
linguistic system.(D)
A. A country
B. A race
C. A society
D. A speech community
40.________ refers to a marginal language of few lexical items and straight forward grammatical
rules, used as a medium of communication.(C)
A.Lingua franca
B. Creole
C. Pidgin
D. Standard language
41.________ variety refers to speech variation according to the particular area where a speaker
comes from.(A)
A.Regional
B. Social
C. Stylistic
D. Idiolectal
42.Probably the most widespread and familiar ethnic variety of the English language is
________.(C)
A.British English
B. American English
C. Black English
D. Australian English
43.________ in a person’s speech, or writing, usually range on a continuum from casual to
formal according to the type of communicative context.(D)
A.Regional variation
B. Social variation
C. Stylistic variation
D. Idiolectal variation
Part 9 Language and Culture and Society
44.In the present day, the stability of seems to be decreasing. (D)
A. social-class dialect
B. idiolect
C. taboo
D. regional dialect
Part 10 Language Acquisitio n
45.Negative transfer in learning a second language is known as ________.(D)
A.acculturation
B. interlanguage
C. fossilization
D. interference
46.Besides the genetic predisposition for language acquisition, language________ is necessary
for successful language acquisition.(D)
A.instruction
B. correction
C. imitation
D. input and interaction
47.________ is defined as a conscious process of accumulating knowledge of a second language
usually obtained in school settings.(C)
A. Competence
B. Performance
C. Learning
D. Acquisition
48.________ sees errors as the result of the intrusion of L1 habits over which the learner had no
control.(C)
A.error analysis
B. performance analysis
C. contrastive analysis
D. discourse analysis
Part 11 Second Acquisition
Part 12 Language and Brain
Schools of Modern Linguistics
49.The person who is often described as “father of modern linguistics” is ________.(B)
A.Firth
B. Saussure
C. Halliday
D. Chomsky
II.Fill in the following blanks
Introduction
https://www.wendangku.net/doc/fa19065620.html,nguage, broadly speaking, is a means of ________ communication.(verbal)
https://www.wendangku.net/doc/fa19065620.html,nguage has many functions. We can use language to talk about itself. This function is
________.(metalingual function)
3.Modern linguistics is ________ in the sense that the linguist tries to discover what language is
rather than lay down some rules for people to observe.(descriptive)
4.The description of a language as it changes through time is a ________ study.(diachronic)
5.Saussure put forward two important concepts. ________ refers to the abstract linguistic
system shared by all members of a speech community (langue)
6.Human languages enable their users to symbolize objects, events and concepts which are not
present(in time and space) at the moment of communication. This quality is labeled as . (displacement)
7.
Phonetics and phonology
8.________ phonetics studies the movement of the vocal organs of producing the sounds of
speech.(articulatory)
9.Consonants differ from vowels in that the latter are produced without________.(obstruction)
10.In phonological analysis the words fail-veil are distinguishable simply because of the two
/f/and /v/. This is an example for illustrating.(minimal pairs)
Morphology
11.All words may be said to contain a root ________.(morpheme)
12.Nouns, verbs and adjectives are words rather than function words.(lexical)
13.As a result of , the negative morpheme in imperfect and impossible in “im-” rather
than “in-”.(assimilation)
14.A morpheme is one that cannot constitute a word by itself.(bound)
15.Antonyms like “husband” vs. “wife” are antonyms.(relational)
16.Terms like “desk” and “stool” are of the term “furniture”.(hyponyms)
Syntax
17.XP may contain more that just X. For example, the “NP”the girl who is watering the flowers
consists of Det, N and Sen, with Det being the ________ , N the head, and S the complement.(specifier)
18.The level of syntactic representation that exists before movement takes place is commonly
termed ________ structure.(deep structure)
19.The branch of general linguistics which is named studies the internal structure of
sentences.(syntax)
20.IC is the short form of immediate used in the study of syntax.(constituent) Semantics
21.C harge and accuse are said to be ______synonyms.(Collocational)
22.Predication analysis is to break down predications into their constituents: ________ and
________.(argument, predicate)
23.We call the relation between animal and cow as ________.(hyponymy)
Pragmatics
24.In making conversation, the general principle that all participants are expected to observe is
called the ________ Principle proposed by P. Grice.(Cooperative)
25.While the meaning of a sentence is abstract and decontextualized, that of an ________ is
concrete and context-dependent.(utterance)
26.A________ act is the act of uttering words, phrases, clauses. It is the act of conveying literal
meaning by means of syntax, lexicon and phonology.(locutionary)
27.________ are those illocutionary acts whose point is to commit the speaker to some future
course of action. (Commissives)
28.The idea of Paul Grice is that in making conversation, the participants must first of all be
willing to ________; otherwise it would be impossible for them to go on with the talk. The general principle is called the________.(cooperate, Cooperative Principle )
29.In the light of Cooperative Principle, four maxims are specified. They are maxim of quantity,
maxim of quality, maxim of relation and maxim of . (manner)
30.The speech act theory explains the nature of linguistic communication. It says that a speaker,
while making an utterance, is performing three acts simultaneously: a locutionary act, an _________act, and a perlocutionary act.(illocutionary)
Language, Culture and Society
31.The ______ language is a superimposed, socially prestigious dialect of language.(standard)
32.A________ language is originally a pidgin that has become established as a native language
in some speech community. (creole)
33.Whorf proposed that all higher levels of thinking are dependent on ________.(language)
34.In terms of sociolinguistics, ________ is sometimes used to refer to the whole of a person’s
language.(idolect)
Language Acquisition
35.In learning a second language, a learner will subconsciously use his L1 knowledge. This
process is called language ________.(transfer)
36.The ________ of the learner’s interlanguage is believed to be major source of incorrect forms
resistant to further instruction.(fossilization)
37.________ holds that where two languages are similar, positive transfer would occur; where
they are different, negative transfer, or interference, would result.(Contrastive analysis)
III.True or False(Decide whether each of the following statements is true or false) Introduction
1.Duality is one of the characteristics of human language. It refers to the fact that language has
two levels of structures: the system of sounds and the systems of meanings.(T)
2.Prescriptive linguistics is more popular than descriptive linguistics, because it can tell us how
to speak correct language.(F)
https://www.wendangku.net/doc/fa19065620.html,petence and performance refer respectively to a language user’s underlying knowledge
about the system of rules and the actual use of language in concrete situations.(T)
https://www.wendangku.net/doc/fa19065620.html,ngue is relatively stable and systematic while parole is subject to personal and situational
constraints.(T)
5.Applied linguistics is the application of linguistic principles and theories to language teaching
and learning.(T)
6.Descriptive linguistics is concerned with how languages work, not with how they can be
improved.(T)
7.Paradigmatic relation in syntax is alternatively called horizontal relation.(F)
Phonetics and Phonology
8.Sound /p/ in the word spit is an unaspirated stop.（T）
9.[p] is voiced bilabial stop.(F)
10.Broad transcription represents phonemes of a language whereas narrow transcription denotes
its particular allophones.(T)
11.The hard roof of the mouth is called hard palate.(T)
12.In English, we have the syllable structure of CCCVCCCC.(C stands for Consonant and V
stands for V owel)(T)
Morphology
13.In most cases, prefixes change the meaning of the base whereas suffixes change the
word-class of the base.(T)
14.All roots are free and all affixes are bound.(F)
15.All words contain a root morpheme.(T)
16.Morphemes are regarded as abstract constructs in the system of sound.(F)
17.If a word has sense, it must have reference.(F)
18.“Tulip”, “rose”and “violet”are all included in the notion of “flower”, therefore they are
superordinates of “flower”.(F)
Syntax
19.Application of the transformational rules yields deep structure.(F)
20.Transformational rules do not change the basic meaning of sentences.(T)
21.Major syntactic category refers to all phrasal syntactic categories such as NP, VP, and PP, and
word-level syntactic categories that serve as heads of phrasal syntactic categories such as N and V.(T)
22.Surface structure is a level of syntactic representation after the operation of necessary
syntactic movement.(T)
Semantics
https://www.wendangku.net/doc/fa19065620.html,ponential analysis is based on the belief that the meaning of a word can be dissected into
meaning components, called semantic feature.(T)
24.Conceptualists maintain that there is no direct link between linguistic form and what it refers
to. This view can be seen by the Semantic Triangle.(T)
Pragmatics
25.If the context of use is considered, the study of meaning is being carried out in the area of
pragmatics.(T)
26.A locutionary act is the act of expressing the speaker’s intention.(F)
27.When performing an illocutionary act of representative, the speaker is making a statement or
giving a description which he himself believes to be true.(T)
28.The utterance meaning of the sentence varies with the context in which it is uttered.(T)
29.Only when maxim under Cooperative Principle is blatantly violated and the hearer knows that
it is being violated do conversational implicatures arise.(T)
30.Of the three speech acts, linguists are most interested in the illocutionary act because this kind
of speech is identical with the speaker’s intention.(T)
31.Utterance is based on sentence meaning; it is the realization of the abstract meaning of a
sentence in a real situation of communication or simply in a context.(T)
Language, Society and Culture
32.A regional variety of a language is intrinsically inferior to the standard variety of that
language.(F)
33.According to the strong version of the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, language determines speaker’s
perceptions and patterns their way of life.(T)
34.Bilingualism refers to a linguistic situation in which two standard languages are used either by
an individual or by a group of speakers.(T)
35.There are words of more or less the same meaning used in different regional dialects.(T) Language Acquisition
36.Formal instruction hardly affects the natural route of Second Language Acquisition.(T)
37.In language classrooms nowadays the grammar taught to students is basically descriptive, and
more attention is paid to developing learners’ communicative skills.(T)
38.Learners with different first languages would learn a second language in different way.(F)
39.Regardless of their ethnic and cultural background, children of all colors and societies follow
roughly the same route/order of language development, though they may differ in the rate of learning.(T)
40.
IV. Match each of the following linguistic terms with its corresponding definitions Introduction
1.Design features: It refers to the defining properties of human language that tell the difference
between human language and any system of animal communication.
2.Parole: It refers to the actual phenomena or data of linguistics.
https://www.wendangku.net/doc/fa19065620.html,petence: It is an essential part of performance. It is the speaker’s knowledge of his or her
language: that is, of its sound structure, its words, and its grammatical rule.
4.Displacement: It means that human languages enable their users to symbolize objects, events
and concepts, which are not present (in time and space) at the moment of communication.
5.Phatic function of language: It refers to the social interaction of language. For example: Mrs.
P sneezes violently.
Mrs. Q: Bless you.
Msr. P: Thank you.
6.Diachronic linguistics: It is the study of a language through the course of its history; therefore,
it is also called historical linguistics.
7.Descriptive linguistics: It is to discover and record the rules to which the members of a
language-community actually conform and does not seek to impose upon them other rules, or norms, of correctness.
Phonetics and phonology
8.Minimal pair: When two different phonetic forms are identical in every way except in one
sound element that occurs in the same position in the string, the two forms are said to orm a minimal pair.
9.Suprasegmental feature: The phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments are
called suprasegmental features; These are the phonological properties of such units as the syllable, the word, and the sentence. The main suprasegmental ones includes stress, intonation,
and tone.
10.allophones: two or more variants of the same phoneme that do not distinguish meaning are
called allophones of the same phonemes.
https://www.wendangku.net/doc/fa19065620.html,plementary distribution: When two or more allophones of one phoneme never occur in
the same linguistic environment they are said to be in complementary distribution.
12.Distinctive features: It refers to the features that can distinguish one phoneme from another. Morphology
13.Allomorph ：it is any of the variant forms of a morpheme as conditioned by position or
adjoining sounds.
Syntax
14.Phrase structure rules: They are rewrite rules that allow for the possible combinations of
words to form phrases ad sentences.
15.IC analysis: IC analysis (Immediate constituent analysis) is a new approach of sentence study
that cuts a sentence into two (or more) segments. This sort of pure segmentation is simply dividing a sentence into its constituent elements without even knowing what they really are.
What remain of the first cut are “immediate constituents”, and what are left at the final cut are “ultimate constituents”.
16.Deep structure : It is a central theoretical term in generative grammar, opposed to surface
structure. It is the abstract syntactic representation of a sentence —an underlying level of structural organization which specifies all the factors governing the way the sentence should be interpreted.
Semantics
17.Sense: It is concerned with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form. It is the collection of
all the features of the linguistic form; It is abstract and decontextualized.
18.Reference: It is what a linguistic form refers to in the real world; it is a matter of the
relationship between the form and the reality.
19.Conceptualism: It is the view which holds that there is no direct ling between a linguistic form
and what it refers to ; rather, in the interpretation of meaning they are linked through the mediation of concepts in the mind.
20.Synonymy : It refers to the sameness or close similarity of meaning.
21.Homonymy: It refers to the phenomenon that words having different meanings have the same
form, e.g. different words re identical in sound or spelling, or in both.
Pragmatics
22.Sentence meaning: The meaning of a sentence is often studied as the abstract, intrinsic
property of the sentence itself in terms of predication.
23.Utterance meaning: It is the meaning a speaker conveys by using a particular utterance in a
particular context situation.
24.illocutionary act: It is using a sentence to perform a function. For example, Shoot the snake
may be intended as an order or a piece of advice.
Sociolinguistics
25.Sapir-Whorf hypothesis: It is a belief that our language helpsmould our way of thinking and,
consequently, different languages may probably express our unique ways of understanding the world.
26.Diglossia: When two languages or language varieties exist side by side in a community and
each one is used for different purposes, this is called diglossia.
27.Standard language(standard variety): It is the variety of a language which has the highest
status in a community or nation and which is usually based on the speech and writing of educated native speakers of the language.
Language acquisition
28.Instrumental motivation: It refers to the learner’s desire to learn a language because it is a
useful functional instrument, such as getting a job, passing an exam.
29.Fossilization: It refers to a process that sometimes occurs in second language learning in chich
incorrect linguistic features become a permanent part of the way a person speaks or writes in the target language.
30.Error analysis: It is an approach to the study and analysis of the errors made by second
language learners, which suggests that many learner errors are not due to the learner’s mother tongue interference but reflect universal learning strategies such as overgeneralization and simplification of rules.
31.Interlanguage: It refers to a separate linguistic system based on the observable out-put which
results from a learner’s attempted production of a target language form. It is formed when he attempts to learn a new language, and it has features of both the first and the second language but is neither.
https://www.wendangku.net/doc/fa19065620.html,D: It is posited by Chomsky in the 1960’s as a device effectively present in the minds of
children by which a grammar of their native language is constructed.
33.An Innativist view of language acquisition: It is proposed by Noam Chomsky, which states
that the human species is prewired t acquire language and that the kind of language is also determined.
IV.Answer the following questions
1.What does productivity means for language?
2.What distinguishes prescriptive studies of language from descriptive studies of
language?
3.In which two ways may consonants be classified?
4.Please use examples to explain the definitions of phones, phonemes and allophones.
5.What is sentence meaning? What is utterance meaning?
6.What is the difference between synchronic linguistics and diachronic linguistics?
7.What is the difference between langue and parole?
8.What are suprasegmental features? How do the major suprasegmental features of
English function in conveying meaning?
9.What is sense and what is reference? How are they related?
10.What is standard language?
11.What are design features of language?
12.What is the difference between langue and parole?
13.What do minimal pairs refer? Use an example to illustrate this linguistic
phenomenon.
14.Illustrate what hyponymy is?
15.What is Cooperative Principle and its four maxims?
(完整版)语言学练习题及答案
练习1 1. There is no logical connection between meaning and sounds. A dog might be a pig if only the first person or group of persons had used it for a pig. This is one of the design features of language.A. duality B. arbitrariness C. productivity D. displacement 2. Language is a system of two sets of structures, one of sounds and the other of meaning. This is . It makes people possible to talk everything within his knowledge. A. duality B. arbitrariness C. productivity D. displacement 3. ___ refers to the ability to construct and understand an indefinitely large number of sentences in one’s native language, including those that he has never heard before, but that are appropriate to the speaking situation .A. duality B. arbitrariness C. productivity D. displacement 4. __ __ refers to the fact that one can talk about things that are not present, as easily as he does things present. The dog couldn’t be bow-wowing sorrowfully for some lost love or a bone to be lost. A. duality B. arbitrariness C. productivity D. displacement 5. ______ means language is not biologically transmitted from generation to generation, but the linguistic system must be learnt anew by each speaker. A. duality B. Arbitrariness C. interchangeability D. cultural transmission 6. ______ means that any human being can be both a producer and a receiver of messages. A. duality B. Arbitrariness C. interchangeability D. cultural transmission 7. To say “How are you.” “Hi” to your friends is the ____ __of language. A. directive function B. informative function C. phatic function D. interrogative function 8. “Tell me the result when you finish.” If you want to get your hearer to do something, y ou should use the _____ of language. A. directive function B. informative function C. phatic function D. interrogative function 9. A linguist regards the changes in language and language use as __ ___. A. unnatural B. something to be feared C. natural D. abnormal 10. A linguist is interested in ___A. speech sounds only B. all sounds C. vowels only 11. Which of the following sounds is a voiceless bilabial stop? A. [t] B. [m] C. [b] D. [p 12. Which of the following sounds is a voiced affricate? A. [y] B. [t∫] C. [z] D. [dЗ] 13. Which of the following sounds is a central vowel? A. [ ? ] B. [ i ] C. [ou] D. [a: ] 14. In the following sounds , ______ is a palatal fricative ? A. [ s ] B. [∫] C. [ l ] D. [θ] 15. In the following sounds, _____ is a voiceless affricative? A. [dЗ] B. [v] C. [t∫] D. [θ] 16. In English if a word begins with a [ l ] or [ r ],then the next sound must be a __ __. A. fricative B. nasal sound C. semi-vowel D. vowel 17. Of the “words” listed below___ is not an English word A. [r∧b ] B. [ l? b ] C. [m?sta:∫] D. [lm?p] 18. ___ are produced when the obstruction created by the speech organs is total and audibly released. A. Back vowels B. Stops C. Fricatives D. Glides 19. The International Phonetic Association devised the INTERNATIONAL PHONETIC ALPHABET in _____. A. 1965 B. 1957 C. 1888 D. 1788 20. ___ is a phonological unit , and it is a unit that is of distinctive value. A. Phone B. Phoneme C. Allophone D. Sound 1. [ f ] is a dental consonant. F 2. Phonology studies the characteristics of speech sounds and provides methods for their description, classification and transcription. F 7. The three / p / are allophones. T 3. Phoneme is a phonological unit. T 4. Phone is a phonetic unit. T
语言学基础期末复习提纲(整理版)
题型：填空题10，20%；选择题10，20%；判断4，20%（3句话解释原因）；简答3，18%（四句话作答）；论述1，22%（1/4页纸作答）。 导论 1、中国、印度和希腊-罗马在传统语言文学的研究上都取得了辉煌的成就，是语言学的三大发源地。 2、中国传统语言研究主要抓住汉字，分析它的形体，探求它的古代读音和意义，形成了统称“小学”的文字、音韵和训诂之学，也就是中国传统的语文学。 3、历史比较语言学标志着语言学不再是其他学科的附庸，已经发展成为一门独立的学科。 4、20世纪初，瑞士语言学家索绪尔在《普通语言学教程》中提出观点，语言学从此成为一门现代学科。 5、理论语言学，也称普通语言学，是关于语言的一般规律的理论研究。 第一章语言的功能 1、语言是一种社会现象，和人类社会有着紧密联系。 2、语言的社会功能中最基本的是信息传递功能。 3、如果一个病人大脑左半球发生损伤，他尽管说不出医院的名称、病房、床号，却能找得到。相反，如果大脑右半球受损，尽管能找到医院的名称、病房、床号，却找不到，能说出家的位置却找不到，这说明语言功能存在大脑左边。 4、儿童学习语言的过程是考察语言与思维关系的一条很好途径。 5、儿童语言的习得一定具有先天生理基础，也离不开外界的社会条件。 6、儿童语言能力的开发还有时间的限制，最迟到十二三岁，如果在此之前没有机会学习语言，那么之后其语言习得和心智发展的潜能就失去了。十二三岁是语言习得的关键时期，之一临界期的分工时间也是一致的。 第二章语言是符号系统 1、符号包含形式和意义两个方面。（能指形式，形指意义，符号构成的两个方面，语言学上通常用形式和意义来表述。形式也叫能指，是符号的外壳，是可以被人的感觉器官感知的，因而形式具有物质性。意义也叫所指，是符号形式所代表的内容，也就是现实现象事物。） 2、符号的形式和意义之间是没有本质上、自然属性上的必要联系，在这一点上符号和隐含某种信息的自然的征候不同。 3、语言符号的任意性和线条性，是20世纪初瑞士的语言学家家得·索绪尔作为语言符号的基本性质提出来的。 4、语言符号的语音形式和意义之间没有自然属性上的必然联系，只有社会约定的关系 5、符号和符号组合起来，结构中各个成分的关系称为组合关系，符号在结构中就具有某种相同的作用，它们自然地聚集成群，彼此的关系叫做聚合关系。 第三章语音和音系 1、语音具有自然属性、社会属性的双重属性，从自然属性出发，针对所有人类语言的语音研究，属于语音学的研究；从社会属性出发，针对语音在某一个具体语言的系统中其什么作用的研究，属于音系学的研究。 2、音系学的出发点在于语音在语言系统中的组织方式，属于语言学的核心部分。 3、以语音的自然属性和人类语言共性为研究对象的语音学，把语音最小的线性单位叫做音素。以语音的社会属性和语音在具体语言中的作用为研究对象的音系学，把语音最小的线性单位叫做音位。
语言学概论 复习总结
英语语言学概论 期中作业 专业：英语（翻译）学号：20131311202 姓名：汤汪
第七章语言、文化与社会 1、语言与文化 (1)语言 语言有广义和狭义之分。 狭义的语言包括口头语言、书面语言和书面语的物质载体——文字。最狭义的语言不包括文字，只包括口语和书面语，口语和书面语是人类社会用来进行交际和思维的最重要、最常用、最发达、最严密的符号体系。 广义的语言不仅包括狭义语言，而且还包括准语言。准语言又称副语言、类语言，根据诉诸感官的不同，准语言又可分为听觉的（伴随声音、音乐语言、其他声响符号）、视觉的（表情、体态等；图表、公式等；绘画语言；舞蹈语言；蒙太奇语言；符号、标识语言；其他视觉符号）、触觉的（盲文等）三类。 广义的语言其实包括了人类用于交际的所有手段，因此可以将广义的语言定义为“人类使用的一切符号”。 (2)文化 文化是社会成员共同拥有的生活方式和为满足这些方式而共同创造的事事物物，以及基于这些方式而形成的心理和行为。 广义的文化可以分为物质文化、制度文化和心理文化三个层次。物质文化是一种可见的显性文化。制度文化和心理文化是不可见的隐性文化或曰潜在文化。 物质文化是指人类创造的种种物质文明。诸如生产和交通工具，武器，日用器具，服饰，居住、饮食和其他人类行为所需要的物品等等。 制度文化是指种种制度和理论体系。诸如饮食习惯、建筑工艺、卫生管理、娱乐方式等生活制度，婚姻形式、亲属关系、家庭财产分配等家庭制度，劳动管理、艺术生产、教育、道德、风俗、宗教、利益、法律、政治、警察、军队等社会制度，以及有关这些制度的各种理论体系。 心理文化包括思维方式、审美情趣、宗教信仰、价值观念等等，比之物质文化和制度文化，心理文化处于更深的层次上。 (3)语言与文化的关系 语言与文化相互依赖、相互影响.语言是文化的重要载体；文化对语言有制约作用.本文对语言的内在系统,从语言的形式和结构上作了分析,并对语言的社会功能和其它外在因素进行了探讨。 语言在人类的一切活动中都起着十分重要的作用,是人类社会生活不可缺少的一个部分。自古以来,语言学家们都试图从多方面对语言进行探讨,形成了许多语言学流派。归纳起来,现代语言学主要来源于两大传统：语文学传统和人类学传统。语文学传统从比较语言学和历史语言学开始,根据文学作品和书面文献的研究对语言进行分析和比较。19世纪语文学家的工作为现代语言学的独立研究奠定了基础,后来发展到布龙菲尔德的结构主义和乔姆斯基的转换生成语法。这一传统的继承者强调语言的自然属性,把语言看成是一个封闭的,独立的系统,把语言学看成是一门横跨人文科学和自然科学的独立的边缘科学。人类学传统指运用人类学方法去研究没有书写系统和文字传统的社会集团的语言。自20世纪初
语言学大题
32. What is the function of context in communication? Try to explain the following utterances rather than just state facts. (1) The room is messy. (2) It would be good if she had a green skirt on. Context is essential to the pragmatic study of language. It is generally considered as constituted by the knowledge shared by both the speaker and the hearer, such as cultural background, situation (time, place, manner, etc.), the relationship between the speaker and the hearer, etc. Context determ ines the speaker’s use of language and also hearer’s interpretation of what is said to him. The context often helps in understanding the particular meaning of the word, phrase, etc. It may also be the broader social situation in which a linguistic item is used. (1) a. A mild criticism of someone who should have cleaned the room. b. In a language class where a student made a mistake, for he intended to say “tidy.” c. The room was wanted for a meeting. (2) a. A mild way to express disagreement with someone who has complimented on a lady’s appearance. b.A regret that the customer had not taken the dress. c.That she wore a red shirt was not in agreement with the custom on the occasion. Suprasegamental feature(definition, category) S uprasegmental features are the phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments. They include stress, tone, intonation, pitch etc. ⑴Stress: definition is the intensity or prominence given to a syllable at the word level right (argument; Example;explain how) at the sentence level peter left direction for mary to follow peter left direction for mary to follow (argument; Example;explain how) (The more important words such as nouns, verbs adjectives, adverbs, etc. are pronounced with greater force and made more prominent. But to give special emphasis to a certain notion, a word in sentence that is usually unstressed can be stressed to achieve different effect.(argument) Take the sentence “He is driving MY car.” for example.To emphasize the fact that the car he is driving is not his, or yours, but mine, the speaker can stress the possessive pronoun “my”, which under normal circumstances is not stressed. (explain how) ⑵Pitch: (definition;argument; Example;explain how) ⑶Tone: Tones are pitch variations, which are caused by the differing rates of vibration of the vocal cords.(definition;argument; Example;explain how) ⑷(definition;argument; Example;explain how) ⑸Intonation:When pitch, stress and sound length are tied to the sentence rather than the word in isolation, they are collectively known as intonation The location of stress in English distinguishes meaning, such as `import and im`port. The similar alternation of stress also occurs between a compound noun and a phrase consisting of the same elements. A phonological feature of the English compounds, is that the stress of the word always falls on the first element and the second element receives secondary stress, for example: `blackbird is a particular kind of bird, which is not necessarily black, but a black `bird is a bird that is black. 2) The more important words such as nouns, verbs adjectives , adverbs,etc are pronounced with greater force and made more prominent. But to give special emphasis to a certain
语言学概论复习要点
合作原则—— 基本点：交际双方为使交际能够顺利下去，双方必须合作。 具体内容由美国语言学家格赖斯提出，其认为交际双方的合作，必须遵循四项准则： （1）量的准则：所说的话提供的信息要与交际的目的相适应，不超出不少于交际目的需要（2）质的准则：所说的话是真实的 （3）相关准则：所说的话同对方的话题相关联 （4）方式准则：说话简明清楚 问多答少、言语晦涩、含混啰嗦等都不利于交际的进行。 变异概说—— 任何一种语言都不是绝对划一的统一体，语言随着时间、地点和环境的改变而变化，处于一种缓变的状态中。 语言在共时层面的差异称为语言的差异。 语言的变异受到三种情况的影响： （1）说话者的地区背景和社会背景（母语、教育程度、职业等） （2）产生言语行为的实际情景，需要采取什么言语表达方式和超语言特征 （3）谈论的话题是什么 语言的变异分为三类： （1）地域变异：形成地域方言，即属于某一地域的群体使用的语言 （2社会变异：指不同社会地位、职业、行帮、种族、性别的区别在语言使用上产生的差异（3）功能变异：指说话人为了某一目的使受话人受到影响、产生反应而使用的言语方式 地域变异—— 语言的地域变异表现为地域方言，包括次方言，与之相对的有共同语和规范语言。 （方言—次方言—土语） 方言变异的表现（主要表现在语音和词汇上） 1、语音方面 闽方言、粤方言的变异较大，吴方言次之，客家方言、赣方言、湘方言又次之。 2、词汇方面 主要表现为同一意义用不同词语表现。 3、语法方面 主要表现在词序、虚词方面。粤方言中这种双音节词中修饰性词素位于被修饰性词素之后，是语法上的一个特点。例如：客人—人客、干菜—菜干 方言的形成与发展 汉语言发源地：黄河流域。秦汉以前，楚国南迁，吴方言、湘方言可能在东南部地区形成方言的形成除了由于移民、山川阻隔、政治经济的原因外，与异民族语言的接触和土著语言的混合也有一定的关系。 语言的分化和产生变异的程度，通常取决于共同语对方言的约束力。 方言发展的前途： 1、在社会封闭，甚至分裂的情况下，共同约束力减弱，语言分化的结果导致差别扩大，有可能形成独立的语言。 2、继续保持已有的地域差异状态，在地域范围内，优势扩大或者缩小自己的覆盖范围。 3、由于共同语的强大影响、社会的统一和发展，方言的使用范围逐渐缩小，或者方言本身逐渐向共同语靠拢。
英语专业英语语言学期末复习总结.docx
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