Studies on Hot Corrosion of the Microstructurally Different Regions of 2.25Cr-1Mo (T22) Boiler Tube

Studies on Hot Corrosion of the Microstructurally Different Regions of 2.25Cr-1Mo (T22)Boiler

Tube Steel Weldment

Ravindra Kumar,V.K.Tewari,and Satya Prakash

(Submitted December 5,2007;in revised form August 27,2008)

This study examines the effect of microstructurally different regions on the hot corrosion of tungsten inert gas weldment in 2.25Cr-1Mo (T22)boiler tube steel.Various regions of weldment were oxidized in molten salt Na 2SO 4-60%V 2O 5environment at 900°C.The base metal was found to oxidize at much higher rates than the weld metal and the heat-affected zone.Oxide scales formed in the three regions were compared by scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive of X-ray analysis,X-ray diffraction pattern,and electron probe microanalysis.The research investigates the formation of inner scales with free Cr over the HAZ.

Keywords

boiler tube steel,hot corrosion,molten salt,tungsten inert gas (TIG),weldment

1.Introduction

Chromium-molybdenum steels are extensively used in the steam generator circuits of power plants.These components may require welding of the cracks that can develop during fabrication,storage,and transportation stages,or during the service life of the plant.The microstructures of Cr-Mo steels are very susceptible to thermo mechanical treatments.This micro-structural susceptibility is often exploited to develop carbide precipitates of a required chemistry,morphology,and distribu-tion to affect precipitation hardening (Ref 1,2).Welding is by far the most important of the processes to which structural alloy steels are subjected during the different stages of fabrication.When the ferritic steels are fusion welded,sharp changes are caused in the microstructure of the weldment depending upon the welding parameters.Metallurgical transformations that occur during welding result from thermal cycles and wide range of cooling rates experienced by the different regions of the weldments.A strong need,therefore,exists for the simulation of the conditions under which different microstructures could be produced so as to understand the spectrum of microstruc-tures encountered in the specimen,starting from the weld metal through the heat-affected zone (HAZ).Hot corrosion is the accelerated oxidation of materials at elevated temperatures induced by a thin ?lm of fused salt deposit (Ref 3).The failure of boiler tubes due to ?reside corrosion in a waste heat recovery

boiler utilizing the exhaust of a gas turbine ?red with high speed diesel has been analysed by Srikanth et al.(Ref 4).They reported that the corrosion occurs because of the reaction of the sulfur species in the gas phase with metal surfaces.The sulfur present in coal and fuel oils yields SO 2on combustion which is partially oxidized to SO 3.The NaCl (either as impurities in the fuel or in the air)reacts with SO 3and water vapor at combustion temperature to yield Na 2SO 4.Small amount of vanadium may also be present in fuel oils which on combustion forms V 2O 5.This may further react with Na 2SO 4to form low melting sodium vanadate,which are extremely corrosive to high temperature materials used in the combustion system as discussed by Khanna and Jha (Ref 5)and Hwang and Rapp (Ref 6).

The present study has been carried out to asses the hot corrosion behavior of base metal,weld metal,and HAZ regions of TIG weldment in 2.25Cr-1Mo boiler tube steel in Na 2SO 4-60%V 2O 5at 900°C.A SEM back scattered image analysis of the cross section of the oxide scale thickness has been made to measure the oxide scales formed over the regions namely weld metal,HAZ,and base metal.Oxide scale formed over the different regions of TIG weldment have been characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD),electron probe microanalysis (EPMA),and scanning electron microscopy/energy-dispersive analysis (SEM/EDAX).

2.Experimental Procedure

2.1Materials and Preparation of Weld

SA 2132.25Cr-1Mo (T22)boiler tube steel was procured from thermal power plant Bhatinda (India).This steel tube (10mm thickness 925mm diameter)was machined for mak-ing V-groove with bevel angle 30°,root face of 1mm and root gap 1mm.Tubes were welded together by tungsten inert gas (TIG)welding using 99%pure argon gas as shielded gas with ?ller wire AWS A 5.28ER90S-B3.The nominal chemical

Ravindra Kumar,V .K.Tewari,and Satya Prakash ,Metallurgical and Materials Engineering Department,Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee,Roorkee 247667,India.Contact e-mail:ravirs_2002@rediff https://www.wendangku.net/doc/f619184002.html,.

JMEPEG (2009)18:959–965óASM International DOI:10.1007/s11665-008-9309-21059-9495/$19.00

compositions of the base metal and the deposited?ller wire are given in Table1.The welding parameters were published in an earlier paper by Kumar et al.(Ref7).

2.2Metallography and Specimen Preparation

The cross section of the weldment portion was polished, etched with2%nital for20s and then examined by optical microscopy.Microsturucturally different regions,i.e.,base metal,weld metal,and HAZ were identi?ed.The structures of these regions are shown in https://www.wendangku.net/doc/f619184002.html,ing a diamond precision wafering blade specimens of weld metal,HAZ and base metal were cut out from the weldment in the approximate size 159592mm3and polished with220grades of SiC paper and emery paper and then wheel polished before corrosion test. 2.3Hot Corrosion Test

The cyclic oxidation studies for weld metal,HAZ and base metal regions of TIG weldment were conducted in Na2SO4-60%V2O5at900°C for50cycles.Each cycle consisted of1h heating at a given temperature in a silicon carbide tube furnace followed by20min cooling at ambient conditions.The specimens were kept in alumina boats and then the boats were inserted in the furnace.The aim of cyclic hot corrosion is to create accelerated conditions for testing.The specimens were wheel cloth polishing before corrosion test.The coating of uniform thickness with3-5mg/cm2of Na2SO4-60%V2O5was applied with a camel hair brush on the preheated sample (250°C).The samples were examined at the end of each cycle and subjected to weight change measurements.The electronic balance machine Model06120(Contech,India)with a sensitivity of1mg was used to measure the weight change values.The spalled scale was also included at the time of measurements of weight change to determine total rate of oxidation.The samples after oxidation were analyzed by SEM/ EDAX and XRD for surface analysis.The samples were then cut and mounted for the cross-sectional oxide scale thickness measurement and EPMA.

3.Results and Discussion

3.1Microstructure

The microstructures of the base metal,weld metal,and HAZ regions of the weldment are different.The weld metal shows a combination of widmanstatten type ferrite,pearlite,and bainite. The presence of Cr and Mo in the alloy enhances hardenability and promotes bainite formation even on relatively slow cooling

Table1Chemical composition(wt.%)for2.25Cr-1Mo boiler tube steel and?ller wire used in the present study

Materials

Chemical composition,wt.%

C Mn Si S P Cr Mo Fe

Base metal0.150.3-0.60.50.030.03 1.9-2.60.87Balance

Filler wire0.100.620.480.0060.009 2.55 1.08

Balance

Fig.1Optical micrographs of the etched microstructures in the different region of the weldment of2.25Cr-1Mo steel(a)base metal,2509, (b)weld metal,1009,and(c)coarse grain bainite in HAZ,1009

(Fig.1b)as also suggested by Natarajan and Babu(Ref8).The HAZ region showed coarse grain bainite(Fig.1c).The microstructures of base metal show ferrite(white constituent) and pearlite(dark constituent);those could be resolved at certain locations showing alternate lamellas of ferrite and cementite(Fig.1a).

3.2Cyclic Oxidation in Molten Salt

Cumulative weight change(mg/cm2)variation as a function of time expressed in number of cycles for different regions of TIG weldment is shown in Fig.2.Intense spalling was observed through out the experimentation on base metal.As soon as subscale forms the top layer of scale breaks away from it and the separated multiple layers overlapping each other were seen.It was observed that for weld metal,the color of the surface scale turned black during the?rst cycle.Spalling of oxide scale was observed during the third cycle.Even little cracks appeared on the scale at13th cycles,after that there was increase in the number and width of these cracks and protrusion of oxides from these cracks was observed.The color of the scale was dark gray after the50th cycle.In case of HAZ black gray color was observed on this region during?rst cycle.A thin layer of oxide scale got spalled during17th cycle.The scale of HAZ specimen started cracking during32nd cycle.The scale was protruded out at the edges in subsequent cycles.In base metal intense spalling and cracking was observed up to50th cycle.

It can be inferred from Fig.2that the weight gain for base metal is much larger as compared to weld metal.The total weight gain after50cycles for base metal is around1.78times that of weld metal.All the regions of TIG weldment followed the parabolic behavior as can be inferred from the square of weight change(mg2/cm4)plotted with number of cycles in Fig.3.The parabolic rate constants values are shown in Table2.

3.3Measurements of Oxide Scale Thicknesses

The thickness of the oxide scale formed on the base metal, weld metal,and HAZ was measured from the BSEI,along the cross section of the mounted samples.Images for all the samples are shown in Fig.4.The thicknesses of the different regions of TIG weldment,as measured from the BSE images, are shown in Table2.

3.4X-ray Diffraction Analysis

The XRD patterns of the high temperature corroded specimens after50cycles have been shown in Fig.5.These diffractograms reveal almost similar phases for all the steels.As obvious from the composition all the steels exhibited the formation of iron oxide(Fe2O3)as main phase along with weak peaks of Cr2O3.The XRD patterns for the oxidized sections of the base metal are different in intensity peak as compared to weld metal and the HAZ.

3.5SEM/EDAX Analysis

The surface SEM/EDAX morphology of different regions of TIG weldment in2.25Cr-1Mo boiler steel is shown in Fig.6. EDAX analysis indicates that the top scale of weld metal consists of mainly Fe2O3(96.57%)with MnO(2.85%)whereas inner scale contain SiO2(3.17%),Cr2O3(1.24%),and MnO (1.88%)along with main phase Fe2O3(92.83%).The SEM micrographs of HAZ region show more corrosion of grain boundary(Fig.6b).The upper oxide scale mainly consists of MnO(4.59%)and Fe2O3(94.64%).The inner scale along the boundary contains small amounts of SiO2(9.87%)and MnO (3.80%)with iron oxide Fe2O3(85.63%)(point1,Fig.6b).

3.6EPMA Analysis

The cross-sectional EPMA analysis of oxide scale of weld metal of TIG weldment in2.25Cr-1Mo steel shown in Fig.7 indicates mainly the presence of iron in the whole oxide scale. EPMA analysis of weld metal revealed chromium as a layer in the lower part of scale.Vanadium is also distributed in small concentration in the bottom scale.At some places

small Table2Average scale thickness(mm)and parabolic rate constants(K p)

Materials Scale thickness,mm K p,1028g2cm4s21 Base metal???76.233

Weld metal 1.323.098

HAZ 1.17065.408

concentration of Na is also indicated in the upper and lower parts of the scale.EPMA shows (Fig.8)that for HAZ where iron is the main element present throughout the scale sodium and vanadium are distributed in the whole scale equally.A small concentration of Cr is also indicated in the upper scale.Manganese is present in the upper layer of oxide scale.

The base metal showed intense spalling,peeling of scale,and enormous weight gain.The higher corrosion rate during initial hours of study,which might be attributed to the rapid oxygen pick up by diffusion of oxygen through the molten salt

layer,is identical to the results reported by Sidhu and Prakash (Ref 9),Tiwari and Prakash (Ref 10),and Kumar et al.(Ref 7).The identi?cation of Fe 2O 3in the scales of base metal after hot corrosion experiments indicated that nonprotective conditions were established when Na 2SO 4-60%V 2O 5molten salt was present on the surface.The formation of mainly Fe 2O 3in the upper scale has also been reported to be nonprotective by Raman and Muddle (Ref 11).The base metal showed more weight gain than HAZ and weld metal and the reason may be the intense spalling and cracking of the oxide scale.The BSE image of the corroded HAZ shows that the scale has detached from the metal and cracked.From the scale thickness measurement (BSEI),it can be concluded that the multilayer scale on the HAZ specimen was thicker as compared to scale on the weld metal.Generally,thicker scales are more prone to spallation.It is important to note that even though the

weld

Fig.4B SEI micrographs showing cross section oxide scale morphology of different regions of TIG weldment (a)weld metal and (b)

HAZ

Fig.6Surface morphology and EDAX analysis for different regions of TIG weldment in T22steel exposed to cyclic hot corro-sion in Na 2SO 4-60%V 2O 5at 900°C for 50cycles (a)weld metal,10009and (b)HAZ,10009

metal oxidized at lower rates and formed a scale of lower thickness than the HAZ,it is the former that indicated a tendency for spallation after 17th cycle that became more prone to corrosion.

Further,it is con?rmed by EPMA that the scale mainly contained oxide of iron with small concentration of chromium as shown in case of the scale on weld metal (Fig.7).The higher weight gain of the HAZ and the formation of a thicker scale as compared to weld metal have been attributed to the absence of a protective inner scale of Fe-Cr oxides,due to the nonavailabil-ity of free Cr in this region (Fig.8)as also discussed by Raman and Gnanamoorthy (Ref 12).The debonding at the metal/oxide interface for HAZ specimen might be contributed by formation and evaporation of MoO 3.This might have led to the acidic ?uxing of the protective oxide scale.Identical results have been reported by Peters et al.(Ref 13),Fryburg et al.(Ref 14),and Pettit and Meier (Ref 15).

4.Conclusions

From the present studies,the following points are con-cluded.

1The weld metal shows a combination of widmanstatten type ferrite,pearlite,and bainite.HAZ region showed coarse grain bainite.

2When the base metal,weld metal,and the HAZ are oxi-dized in the molten salt environment;all of them follow parabolic kinetics.The weight gain of the base metal and HAZ were greater than that of weld metal.Even weld metal shows a little tendency for spallation and cracks during hot corrosion test.Fe 2O 3was identi?ed as the major phase by XRD,EDAX,and EPMA analysis in the scale of base metal,weld metal,and

HAZ.

Fig.7B SEI and X-ray mapping of the cross section of weld metal of TIG weldment in T22steel subjected to cyclic oxidation in Na 2SO 4-60%V 2O 5at 900°C for 50cycles,2009

3

The thicker oxide scale over HAZ was due to the for-mation of inner scales with free Cr than that of weld metal.4The corrosion rate (in terms of weight gain)of base metal,weld metal,and HAZ regions has been found in the following order base metal >HAZ >weld

metal.

Fig.8B SEI and X-ray mapping of the cross section of HAZ of TIG weldment in T22steel subjected to cyclic oxidation in Na 2SO 4-60%V 2O 5at 900°C for 50cycles,2009

References

1.A.Al-Mazrouee,R.K.S.Raman,and R.N.Ibrahim,Effect of Post Weld

Heat Treatment on the Oxide Scaling of Cr-Mo Steel Weldments, J.Mater.Proc.Tech.,2005,164–165,p964–970

2.R.K.S.Raman,A.S.Khanna,B.K.Choudhary,and J.B.Gnanamoorthy,

Effect of Thermal Ageing on the Oxidation Behaviour of9Cr-1Mo Steel, Mater.Sci.Eng.A,1991,148,p299–306

3.R.A.Rapp and Y.S.Zhang,Hot Corrosion of Materials:Fundamental

Studies,JOM,1994,46(12),p47–55

4.S.Srikanth,B.Ravikumar,S.K.Das,K.Gopalakrishna,K.Nandakumar,

and P.Vijayan,Analysis of Failures in Boiler Tubes Due to Fireside Corrosion in a Waste Heat Recovery Boiler,Eng.Fail.Anal.,2003,10, p59–66

5.A.S.Khanna and S.K.Jha,Degradation of Materials Under Hot

Corrosion Conditions,Trans.Indian Inst.Met.,1998,51(5),p279–290 6.Y.S.Hwang and R.A.Rapp,Thermochemistry and Solubilities of

Oxides in Sodium Sulfate-Vanadate Solutions,Corrosion,1989, 45(11),p933–937

7.R.Kumar,V.K.Tewari,and S.Prakash,Studies on Hot Corrosion of

the2.25Cr-1Mo Boiler Tube Steel and Its Weldments in the Molten Salt Na2SO4–60pct V2O5Environment,Mett.Mater.Trans.A,2007, 38(1),p54–57

8.S.Natarajan and S.P.K.Babu,Corrosion and Its Inhibition in SA213–

T22TIG Weldments Used in Power Plants under Neutral and Alkaline Environments,Mater.Sci.Eng.A,2006,432,p47–51

9.B.S.Sidhu and S.Prakash,Evaluation of the Corrosion Behaviour of

Plasma-Sprayed Ni3Al Coatings on Steel in Oxidation and Molten Salt Environments at900°C,Surf.Coat.Technol.,2003,166,p89–100

10.S.N.Tiwari and S.Prakash,Studies on the Hot Corrosion Behaviour of

Some Superalloys in Na2SO4-60%V2O5,Paper Presented at Sympo-sium on Localized Corrosion and Environmental Cracking(SOLCEC), C-33,Kalpakkam,India,1997

11.R.K.S.Raman and B.C.Muddle,Role of High Temperature

Corrosion in Life Assessment and Microstructural Degradation of Cr-Mo Steel Weldments,Int.J.Press.Vessel Piping,2000,77, p117–123

12.R.K.S.Raman and J.B.Gnanamoorthy,The Oxidation Behaviour of

the Weld Metal,Heat Affected Zone and Base Metal in the Weldments of 2.25Cr-1Mo Steel,Corros.Sci.,1993,34(8), p1275–1288

13.K.R.Peters,D.P.Whittle,and J.Stringer,Oxidation and Hot Corrosion

of Nickel-Based Alloys Containing Molybdenum,Corros.Sci.,1976, 16(11),p791–804

14.G.C.Fryburg,F.J.Kohl,C.A.Stearns,and W.L.Fielder,Chemical

Reactions Involved in the Initiation of Hot Corrosion of B-1900and NASA-TRW VIA,J.Electrochem.Soc,1982,129(3),p571–585 15.F.S.Pettit,G.H.Meier,M.Gell, C.S.Kartovich,R.H.Bricknel,

W.B.Kent,and J.F.Radovich,eds.,Oxidation and Hot Corrosion of Superalloys,The Metal Society AIME,Warrendale,PA,1984, p651–687

on the contrary的解析

On the contrary Onthecontrary, I have not yet begun. 正好相反，我还没有开始。 https://www.wendangku.net/doc/f619184002.html, Onthecontrary, the instructions have been damaged. 反之，则说明已经损坏。 https://www.wendangku.net/doc/f619184002.html, Onthecontrary, I understand all too well. 恰恰相反，我很清楚 https://www.wendangku.net/doc/f619184002.html, Onthecontrary, I think this is good. ⑴我反而觉得这是好事。 https://www.wendangku.net/doc/f619184002.html, Onthecontrary, I have tons of things to do 正相反，我有一大堆事要做 Provided by jukuu Is likely onthecontrary I in works for you 反倒像是我在为你们工作 https://www.wendangku.net/doc/f619184002.html, Onthecontrary, or to buy the first good. 反之还是先买的好。 https://www.wendangku.net/doc/f619184002.html, Onthecontrary, it is typically american. 相反，这正是典型的美国风格。 222.35.143.196 Onthecontrary, very exciting.

恰恰相反，非常刺激。 https://www.wendangku.net/doc/f619184002.html, But onthecontrary, lazy. 却恰恰相反，懒洋洋的。 https://www.wendangku.net/doc/f619184002.html, Onthecontrary, I hate it! 恰恰相反，我不喜欢！ https://www.wendangku.net/doc/f619184002.html, Onthecontrary, the club gathers every month. 相反，俱乐部每个月都聚会。 https://www.wendangku.net/doc/f619184002.html, Onthecontrary, I'm going to work harder. 我反而将更努力工作。 https://www.wendangku.net/doc/f619184002.html, Onthecontrary, his demeanor is easy and nonchalant. 相反，他的举止轻松而无动于衷。 https://www.wendangku.net/doc/f619184002.html, Too much nutrition onthecontrary can not be absorbed through skin. 太过营养了反而皮肤吸收不了. https://www.wendangku.net/doc/f619184002.html, Onthecontrary, I would wish for it no other way. 正相反，我正希望这样 Provided by jukuu Onthecontrary most likely pathological. 反之很有可能是病理性的。 https://www.wendangku.net/doc/f619184002.html, Onthecontrary, it will appear clumsy. 反之，就会显得粗笨。 https://www.wendangku.net/doc/f619184002.html,

古代晋灵公不君、齐晋鞌之战原文及译文

晋灵公不君（宣公二年） 原文： 晋灵公不君。厚敛以雕墙。从台上弹人，而观其辟丸也。宰夫胹熊蹯不熟，杀之，寘诸畚，使妇人载以过朝。赵盾、士季见其手，问其故而患之。将谏，士季曰：“谏而不入，则莫之继也。会请先，不入，则子继之。”三进及溜，而后视之，曰：“吾知所过矣，将改之。”稽首而对曰：“人谁无过？过而能改，善莫大焉。诗曰：‘靡不有初，鲜克有终。’夫如是，则能补过者鲜矣。君能有终，则社稷之固也，岂惟群臣赖之。又曰：‘衮职有阙，惟仲山甫补之。’能补过也。君能补过，衮不废矣。” 犹不改。宣子骤谏，公患之，使鉏麑贼之。晨往，寝门辟矣，盛服将朝。尚早，坐而假寐。麑退，叹而言曰：“不忘恭敬，民之主也。贼民之主，不忠；弃君之命，不信。有一于此，不如死也！”触槐而死。 秋九月，晋侯饮赵盾酒，伏甲将攻之。其右提弥明知之，趋登曰：“臣侍君宴，过三爵，非礼也。”遂扶以下。公嗾夫獒焉。明搏而杀之。盾曰：“弃人用犬，虽猛何为！”斗且出。提弥明死之。 初，宣子田于首山，舍于翳桑。见灵辄饿，问其病。曰：“不食三日矣！”食之，舍其半。问之，曰：“宦三年矣，未知母之存否。今近焉，请以遗之。”使尽之，而为之箪食与肉，寘诸橐以与之。既而与为公介，倒戟以御公徒，而免之。问何故，对曰：“翳桑之饿人也。”问其名居，不告而退。——遂自亡也。 乙丑，赵穿①攻灵公于桃园。宣子未出山而复。大史书曰：“赵盾弑其君。”以示于朝。宣子曰：“不然。”对曰：“子为正卿，亡不越竟，反不讨贼，非子而谁？”宣子曰：“呜呼!‘我之怀矣，自诒伊戚。’其我之谓矣。” 孔子曰：“董狐，古之良史也，书法不隐。赵宣子，古之良大夫也，为法受恶。惜也，越竞乃免。” 译文： 晋灵公不行君王之道。他向人民收取沉重的税赋以雕饰宫墙。他从高台上用弹弓弹人，然后观赏他们躲避弹丸的样子。他的厨子做熊掌，没有炖熟，晋灵公就把他杀了，把他的尸体装在草筐中，让宫女用车载着经过朝廷。赵盾和士季看到露出来的手臂，询问原由后感到很忧虑。他们准备向晋灵公进谏，士季说：“如果您去进谏而君王不听，那就没有人能够再接着进谏了。还请让我先来吧，不行的话，您再接着来。”士季往前走了三回，行了三回礼，一直到屋檐下，晋灵公才抬头看他。晋灵公说：“我知道我的过错了，我会改过的。”士季叩头回答道：“谁能没有过错呢？有过错而能改掉，这就是最大的善事了。《诗经》说：‘没有人向善没有一个开始的，但却很少有坚持到底的。’如果是这样，那么能弥补过失的人是很少的。您如能坚持向善，那么江山就稳固了，不只是大臣们有所依靠啊。

高中英语作文范文赏析

高中英语作文范文赏析 Today, with the development of high-technology, we can get access to all kinds of high-tech products, such as computer, digital cameras and so on. These products make our life more convenient, we can keep in touch with family and friends any time any where. Our life has been changed by the high-tech, we live in a fast-pace world. Cell phone influences our life deeply, everyone owns it. While cell phone brings many dangers. First, cell hone contains radiation which hurts people’s body. Today, more and mo re people die of cancer, the main reason is that the high-tech products radiate their bodies, in the long run, the bodies get sick. Cell phone is one of such products, it hurts our bodies as long we use it. Second, cell phone distracts our attention about discovering the beauty of life. People pay their attention on cell phone, they count on it by reading news and making friends, being less going out. We should use cell phone properly. 今天，随着高科技的发展，我们可以接触各种各样的高科技产品，比如电脑，数字相 机等等。这些产品让我们的生活变得方便，我们可以和家人和朋友随时随地保持联系。我 们的生活受高科技影响而改变，我们生活在一个快节奏的世界。手机深深影响着我们的生活，每个人都有手机。然而手机给我们带来了危害。第一，手机包含了危害我们身体的辐射。现在，越来越多的人死于癌症，主要的原因是高科技产品辐射着他们的身体，长此下去，身体就得病了。手机就是其中的产品，只要我们使用，就会受到危害。第二，手机让 我们忽略了发现生活的美。 As we know, students should learn how to get on well with others. But how? First of all, we should respect others. Everybody has their own way to do things, so we should understand each other. Besides, it’s important for us to communicate with each other and share our happiness and sadness. What’s more, we should be kind to others and offer necessary help to those who are in trouble. If we live in the school’s dormitory, we should be careful not to disturb others. Don’t bring friends back to the dormitory in the mid-night after all the roommates are sleeping. Or playing computer games with the music turn up so loud. Such behaviors will hurt the relationships between you and your roommates. 我们都知道，学生应该学会与人相处。但是该怎样做呢?首先，我们应该相互理解体 谅对方。除此之外，和他人分享我们的喜怒哀乐也是很有必要的。我们还要对他人友善， 为他人提供必要的帮助。如果我们住在学校里面，就要注意不要打扰到他人。不要在午夜 时分舍友睡觉的时，把朋友带回来。或者是大声的开着音乐玩电脑。这种行为会伤害到你 与舍友之间的关系。

英语造句

一般过去式 时间状语：yesterday just now (刚刚) the day before three days ag0 a week ago in 1880 last month last year 1. I was in the classroom yesterday. I was not in the classroom yesterday. Were you in the classroom yesterday. 2. They went to see the film the day before. Did they go to see the film the day before. They did go to see the film the day before. 3. The man beat his wife yesterday. The man didn’t beat his wife yesterday. 4. I was a high student three years ago. 5. She became a teacher in 2009. 6. They began to study english a week ago 7. My mother brought a book from Canada last year. 8.My parents build a house to me four years ago . 9.He was husband ago. She was a cooker last mouth. My father was in the Xinjiang half a year ago. 10.My grandfather was a famer six years ago. 11.He burned in 1991

关于经典英文诗歌赏析

英语诗歌以其独特的文体形式充分调动、发挥语言的各种潜能，使之具有特殊的感染力。读来隽永，富有音韵美。下面是是由带来的关于经典英文诗歌，欢迎阅读! 【篇一】关于经典英文诗歌赏析 I Started Early - Took My Dog Emily Dickinson (1830-86) I started Early - Took my Dog And visited the Sea The Mermaids in the Basement Came out to look at me And Frigates - in the Upper Floor Extended Hempen Hands Presuming Me to be a Mouse Aground - upon the Sands But no Man moved Me - till the Tide Went past my simple Shoe And past my Apron - and my Belt And past my Bodice - too And made as He would eat me up As wholly as a Dew Upon a Dandelion's Sleeve And then - I started - too And He - He followed - close behind I felt His Silver Heel Upon my Ankle - Then my Shoes

Would overflow with Pearl Until We met the Solid Town No One He seemed to know And bowing - with a Mighty look At me - The Sea withdrew 【篇二】关于经典英文诗歌赏析 The Wild Swans At Coole William Butler Yeats (1865-1939) The trees are in their autumn beauty, The woodland paths are dry, Under the October twilight the water Mirror a still sky; Upon the brimming water among the stones Are nine-and-fifty swans. The nineteenth autumn has come upon me Since I first made my count; I saw, before I had well finished, All suddenly mount And scatter wheeling in great broken rings Upon their clamorous wings. I have looked upon those brilliant creatures, And now my heart is sore. All's changed since I, hearing at twilight, The first time on this shore,

高考英语满分作文赏析背诵佳选

一.用词准确;表达地道 【北京卷】【试题回放】第一节情景作文(20分) 美国中学生jeff将要来你所在的红星中学学习中文，经协商安排住在你家。假设你是李华，请给Jeff写一封信，按照下图顺序介绍他来中国后的生活安排。 注意：1. 信的开头已为你写好。 2.词数不少于60。 Dear Jeff, I’m Hua from Beijing Hongxing Middle School. I’m very happy to learn that you’re going to stay with my family while you’re in Beijing. While you are here, we’ll provide you with a room of your own with a bed, a desk, a couple of chairs and a TV. You’ll also have your own bathroom. Our school is quite close to our home, so we could go to school t ogether by bike. At noon we’ll eat at the school dining hall. I’m sure you’ll like the delicious Chinese food there, and enjoy talking with friends over lunch. Classes in our school usually finish at 4 in the afternoon. You can then join other students in playing ball games or swimming. It’ll be a lot of fun. If you have any questions or requests, please let me know. We’ll try our best to make your stay here in Beijing a pleasant experience. Best wishes, Li Hua [名师点评]

如何翻译古文

如何翻译古文 学习古代汉语，需要经常把古文译成现代汉语。因为古文今译的过程是加深理解和全面运用古汉语知识解决实际问题的过程，也是综合考察古代汉语水平的过程。学习古代汉语，应该重视古文翻译的训练。 古文翻译的要求一般归纳为信、达、雅三项。“信”是指译文要准确地反映原作的含义，避免曲解原文内容。“达”是指译文应该通顺、晓畅，符合现代汉语语法规范。“信”和“达”是紧密相关的。脱离了“信”而求“达”，不能称为翻译；只求“信”而不顾“达”，也不是好的译文。因此“信”和“达”是文言文翻译的基本要求。“雅”是指译文不仅准确、通顺，而且生动、优美，能再现原作的风格神韵。这是很高的要求，在目前学习阶段，我们只要能做到“信”和“达”就可以了。 做好古文翻译，重要的问题是准确地理解古文，这是翻译的基础。但翻译方法也很重要。这里主要谈谈翻译方法方面的问题。 一、直译和意译 直译和意译是古文今译的两大类型，也是两种不同的今译方法。 1．关于直译。所谓直译，是指紧扣原文，按原文的字词和句子进行对等翻译的今译方法。它要求忠实于原文，一丝不苟，确切表达原意，保持原文的本来面貌。例如： 原文：樊迟请学稼，子曰：“吾不如老农。”请学为圃。子曰：“吾不如老圃。”（《论语?子路》） 译文：樊迟请求学种庄稼。孔子道：“我不如老农民。”又请求学种菜蔬。孔子道：“我不如老菜农。”（杨伯峻《论语译注》） 原文：齐宣王问曰：“汤放桀，武王伐纣，有诸？”（《孟子?梁惠王下》） 译文：齐宣王问道：“商汤流放夏桀，武王讨伐殷纣，真有这回事吗？（杨伯峻《孟子译注》） 上面两段译文紧扣原文，字词落实，句法结构基本上与原文对等，属于直译。 但对直译又不能作简单化理解。由于古今汉语在文字、词汇、语法等方面的差异，今译时对原文作一些适当的调整，是必要的，并不破坏直译。例如： 原文：逐之，三周华不注。（《齐晋鞌之战》） 译文：〔晋军〕追赶齐军，围着华不注山绕了三圈。

英文诗歌赏析方法

英文诗歌赏析方法 英诗的欣赏：诗的格律、诗的押韵、诗的体式、诗的评判。 诗以高度凝结的语言表达着人们的喜怒哀乐，用其特有的节奏与方式影响着人们的精神世界。诗讲究联想，运用象征、比喻、拟人等各种修辞手法，形成了独特的语言艺术。 一、诗的格律 “格律是指可以用脚打拍子的节奏”，是每个音步轻重音节排列的格式，也是朗读时轻重音的依据。而音步是由重读音节和非重读音节构成的诗的分析单位。重读音节为扬（重），在音节上用“－”或“?”标示，非重读音节为抑（轻），在音节上用“?”标示，音步之间可用“／”隔开。以下是五种常见格式： 1. 抑扬格（轻重格）Iambus：是最常见的一种格式，每个音步由一个非重读音节加一个重读音节构成。 As fair / art thou / my bon/nie lass， So deep / in luve / am I ： And I / will luve / thee still，/ my dear，Till a` / the seas / gang dry： Robert Burns（1759-1796）：My Luve Is like a Red，Red Rose 注；art=are luve=love bonnie=beautiful a`=all gang=go 上例中为四音步与三音步交叉，可标示为：?－／?－／?－／（?－） 2.扬抑格（重轻格）Trochee：每个音步由一个重读音节加一个非重读音节构成。 下例中为四音步扬抑格（少一个轻音节），可标示为：－?／－?／－?／－ Tyger！/ Tyger！/ burning / bright In the / forests / of the / night William Blake：The Tyger 3. 抑抑扬格（轻轻重格）Anapaestic foot：每个音步由两个非重读音节加一个重读音节构成。如：三音步抑抑扬格??－／??－／??－ Like a child / from the womb， Like a ghost / from the tomb， I arise / and unbuild / it again. 4. 扬抑抑格（重轻轻格）Dactylic foot：每个音步由一个重读音节加两个非重读音节构成。如：两音步扬抑抑格－??／－?? ?Touch her not / ?scornfully， ?Think of her / ?mournfully. - Thomas Hood 5. 抑扬抑格（轻重轻格）Amphibrach：每个音步由一个非重读音节加一个重读音节再加一个非重读音节构成。如：三音步抑扬抑格?－?／?－?／?－?下例中最后一个音步为抑扬格。 O ?hush thee / my ?babie / thy ?sire was / a knight. 在同一首诗中常会出现不同的格律，格律解析对朗读诗歌有一定参考价值。现代诗中常不遵守规范的格律。 二、诗的押韵

学生造句--Unit 1

●I wonder if it’s because I have been at school for so long that I’ve grown so crazy about going home. ●It is because she wasn’t well that she fell far behind her classmates this semester. ●I can well remember that there was a time when I took it for granted that friends should do everything for me. ●In order to make a difference to society, they spent almost all of their spare time in raising money for the charity. ●It’s no pleasure eating at school any longer because the food is not so tasty as that at home. ●He happened to be hit by a new idea when he was walking along the riverbank. ●I wonder if I can cope with stressful situations in life independently. ●It is because I take things for granted that I make so many mistakes. ●The treasure is so rare that a growing number of people are looking for it. ●He picks on the weak mn in order that we may pay attention to him. ●It’s no pleasure being disturbed whena I settle down to my work. ●I can well remember that when I was a child, I always made mistakes on purpose for fun. ●It’s no pleasure accompany her hanging out on the street on such a rainy day. ●I can well remember that there was a time when I threw my whole self into study in order to live up to my parents’ expectation and enter my dream university. ●I can well remember that she stuck with me all the time and helped me regain my confidence during my tough time five years ago. ●It is because he makes it a priority to study that he always gets good grades. ●I wonder if we should abandon this idea because there is no point in doing so. ●I wonder if it was because I ate ice-cream that I had an upset student this morning. ●It is because she refused to die that she became incredibly successful. ●She is so considerate that many of us turn to her for comfort. ●I can well remember that once I underestimated the power of words and hurt my friend. ●He works extremely hard in order to live up to his expectations. ●I happened to see a butterfly settle on the beautiful flower. ●It’s no pleasure making fun of others. ●It was the first time in the new semester that I had burned the midnight oil to study. ●It’s no pleasure taking everything into account when you long to have the relaxing life. ●I wonder if it was because he abandoned himself to despair that he was killed in a car accident when he was driving. ●Jack is always picking on younger children in order to show off his power. ●It is because he always burns the midnight oil that he oversleeps sometimes. ●I happened to find some pictures to do with my grandfather when I was going through the drawer. ●It was because I didn’t dare look at the failure face to face that I failed again. ●I tell my friend that failure is not scary in order that she can rebound from failure. ●I throw my whole self to study in order to pass the final exam. ●It was the first time that I had made a speech in public and enjoyed the thunder of applause. ●Alice happened to be on the street when a UFO landed right in front of her. ●It was the first time that I had kept myself open and talked sincerely with my parents. ●It was a beautiful sunny day. The weather was so comfortable that I settled myself into the

齐晋鞌之战原文和译文

鞌之战选自《左传》又名《鞍之战》原文：楚癸酉，师陈于鞌(1)。邴夏御侯，逢丑父为右②。晋解张御克，郑丘缓为右(3)。侯日：“余姑翦灭此而朝食(4)”。不介马而驰之⑤。克伤于矢，流血及屦2 未尽∧6)，曰：“余病矣(7)！”张侯曰：“自始合(8)，而矢贯余手及肘(9)，余折以御，左轮朱殷(10)，岂敢言病吾子忍之！”缓曰：“自始合，苟有险，余必下推车，子岂＿识之(11)然子病矣！”张侯曰：“师之耳目，在吾旗鼓，进退从之。此车一人殿之(12)，可以集事(13)，若之何其以病败君之大事也擐甲执兵(14)，固即死也(15)；病未及死，吾子勉之(16)！”左并辔(17) ，右援拐鼓(18)。马逸不能止(19)，师从之，师败绩。逐之，三周华不注(20) 韩厥梦子舆谓己曰：“旦辟左右！”故中御而从齐侯。邴夏曰：“射其御者，君子也。”公曰：“谓之君子而射之，非礼也。”射其左，越于车下；射其右，毙于车中。綦毋张丧车，从韩厥，曰：“请寓乘。”从左右，皆肘之，使立于后。韩厥俛，定其右。逢丑父与公易位。将及华泉，骖絓于木而止。丑父寝于轏中，蛇出于其下，以肱击之，伤而匿之，故不能推车而及。韩厥执絷马前，再拜稽首，奉觞加璧以进，曰：“寡君使群臣为鲁、卫请，曰：‘无令舆师陷入君地。’下臣不幸，属当戎行，无所逃隐。且惧奔辟而忝两君，臣辱戎士，敢告不敏，摄官承乏。” 丑父使公下，如华泉取饮。郑周父御佐车，宛茷为右，载齐侯以免。韩厥献丑父，郤献子将戮之。呼曰：“自今无有代其君任患者，有一于此，将为戮乎”郤子曰：“人不难以死免其君，我戮之不祥。赦之，以劝事君者。”乃免之。译文1：在癸酉这天，双方的军队在鞌这个地方摆开了阵势。齐国一方是邴夏为齐侯赶车，逢丑父当车右。晋军一方是解张为主帅郤克赶车，郑丘缓当车右。齐侯说:“我姑且消灭了这些人再吃早饭。”不给马披甲就冲向了晋军。郤克被箭射伤，血流到了鞋上，但是仍不停止擂鼓继续指挥战斗。他说:“我受重伤了。”解张说:“从一开始接战，一只箭就射穿了我的手和肘，左边的车轮都被我的血染成了黑红色，我哪敢说受伤您忍着点吧！”郑丘缓说:“从一开始接战，如果遇到道路不平的地方，我必定（冒着生命危险）下去推车，您难道了解这些吗不过，您真是受重伤了。”daier 解张说:“军队的耳朵和眼睛，都集中在我们的战旗和鼓声，前进后退都要听从它。这辆车上还有一个人镇守住它，战事就可以成功。为什么为了伤痛而败坏国君的大事呢身披盔甲，手执武器，本来就是去走向死亡，伤痛还没到死的地步，您还是尽力而为吧。”一边说，一边用左手把右手的缰绳攥在一起，用空出的右手抓过郤克手中的鼓棰就擂起鼓来。（由于一手控马，）马飞快奔跑而不能停止，晋军队伍跟着指挥车冲上去，把齐军打得打败。晋军随即追赶齐军，三次围绕着华不注山奔跑。韩厥梦见他去世的父亲对他说:“明天早晨作战时要避开战车左边和右边的位置。”因此韩厥就站在中间担任赶车的来追赶齐侯的战车。邴夏说:“射那个赶车的，他是个君子。”齐侯说: “称他为君子却又去射他，这不合于礼。”daier 于是射车左，车左中箭掉下了车。又射右边的，车右也中箭倒在了车里。（晋军的）将军綦毋张损坏了自己的战车，跟在韩厥的车后说: “请允许我搭乗你的战车。”他上车后，无论是站在车的左边，还是站在车的右边，韩厥都用肘推他，让他站在自己身后——战车的中间。韩厥又低下头安定了一下受伤倒在车中的那位自己的车右。于是逢丑父和齐侯（乘韩厥低头之机）互相调换了位置。将要到达华泉时，齐侯战车的骖马被树木绊住而不能继续逃跑而停了下来。（头天晚上）逢丑父睡在栈车里，有一条蛇从他身子底下爬出来，他用小臂去打蛇，小臂受伤，但他（为了能当车右）隐瞒了这件事。由于这样，他不能用臂推车前进，因而被韩厥追上了。韩厥拿着拴马绳走到齐侯的马前，两次下拜并行稽首礼，捧着一杯酒并加上一块玉璧给齐侯送上去，

经典英文诗歌赏析(全)

经典英文诗歌赏析(全) 一 nothing gold can stay 1简介：《美景易逝(Nothing Gold Can Stay)》罗伯特弗罗斯特 的代表作之一。此诗于1923年写就，即于当年十月在《耶鲁杂志(The Yale Review)》上刊印出版，随后就被收录到弗罗斯特的一本名为 《新罕布什尔州(New Hampshire)》的诗集中。 2诗歌翻译： Nothing gold can stay 岁月留金 Nature's first green is gold, 大自然的第一抹新绿是金， Her hardest hue to hold. 也是她最无力保留的颜色.。 Her early leaf's a flower; 她初发的叶子如同一朵花,; But only so an hour. 不过只能持续若此一刹那。 Then leaf subsides leaf, 随之如花新叶沦落为旧叶。 So Eden sank to grief. 由是伊甸园陷入忧伤悲切， So down gose down to day, 破晓黎明延续至晃晃白昼。 Nothing gold can stay. 宝贵如金之物岁月难保留。 3诗歌赏析：这首诗揭示了一切真切而美好的事物最终定会逐渐消失的哲理。它同时也使用了独特的技巧来表现了季节的变化。想到了 小时了了，大未必佳。一切都是转瞬即逝的，浮世有的仅仅转丸般的 繁华。 二 the road not taken 1诗歌简介：这首名诗《The Road NotTaken》形式是传统的抑扬 格四音步，但音步可变(含有很多抑抑扬的成分);每节的韵式为abaab 。

2020年中考英语优秀范文赏析

英语优秀范文赏析 一.父亲节马上就要到了，但是有些同学不知道送什么礼物给父亲。请根据下面的提示进行适当扩展，并向同学们提出一些建议。80词左右，开头和结尾以给出（不计入总词数）。 提示：1.如果有足够的零花钱，可以为父亲买一些使用单不贵的东西，如领带等： 2.还可以为父亲做些力所能及的事情，如为父亲准备一杯茶 等他下班后饮用等。 Father’s Day is coming and you must be thinking of giving a present to your father. Different people like different kinds of gifts. If you have enough pocket money, you can buy a useful but not expensive thing, like a tie. I think your father will like it. But if you don’t have enough pocket money, you can do something that you can do.For example, you can prepare a cup of tea. When your father comes back from work, he can drink it. No matter what you do, the most important thing is to make your father happy on Father’s Day. Don’t you think so? 二.请根据提示以“The Spring Festival”为题，写一篇不少于80词的英语短文。 提示：1.春节是中国最重要的节日； 2.人们大多回家过年，家庭成员团聚； 3.家人一起吃团年饭、看电视、拜访亲朋好友（friends and relatives）; 4.孩子们喜欢春节。 The Spring Festival The Spring Festival comes in wenter. It is the most important traditional festival in China.

英语句子结构和造句

高中英语~词性~句子成分~语法构成 第一章节：英语句子中的词性 1.名词：n. 名词是指事物的名称，在句子中主要作主语.宾语.表语.同位语。 2.形容词;adj. 形容词是指对名词进行修饰~限定~描述~的成份，主要作定语.表语.。形容词在汉语中是（的）.其标志是: ous. Al .ful .ive。. 3.动词：vt. 动词是指主语发出的一个动作，一般用来作谓语。 4.副词：adv. 副词是指表示动作发生的地点. 时间. 条件. 方式. 原因. 目的. 结果.伴随让步. 一般用来修饰动词. 形容词。副词在汉语中是（地）.其标志是：ly。 5.代词：pron. 代词是指用来代替名词的词，名词所能担任的作用，代词也同样.代词主要用来作主语. 宾语. 表语. 同位语。 6.介词：prep.介词是指表示动词和名次关系的词，例如：in on at of about with for to。其特征：

介词后的动词要用—ing形式。介词加代词时，代词要用宾格。例如：give up her（him）这种形式是正确的，而give up she（he）这种形式是错误的。 7.冠词：冠词是指修饰名词，表名词泛指或特指。冠词有a an the 。 8.叹词：叹词表示一种语气。例如：OH. Ya 等 9.连词：连词是指连接两个并列的成分，这两个并列的成分可以是两个词也可以是两个句子。例如：and but or so 。 10.数词：数词是指表示数量关系词，一般分为基数词和序数词 第二章节：英语句子成分 主语：动作的发出者，一般放在动词前或句首。由名词. 代词. 数词. 不定时. 动名词. 或从句充当。 谓语：指主语发出来的动作，只能由动词充当，一般紧跟在主语后面。 宾语：指动作的承受着，一般由代词. 名词. 数词. 不定时. 动名词. 或从句充当. 介词后面的成分也叫介词宾语。 定语：只对名词起限定修饰的成分，一般由形容

《鞌之战》阅读答案(附翻译)原文及翻译

《鞌之战》阅读答案（附翻译）原文及翻 译 鞌之战[1] 选自《左传成公二年（即公元前589年）》 【原文】 癸酉，师陈于鞌[2]。邴夏御齐侯[3]，逢丑父为右[4]。晋解张御郤克，郑丘缓为右[5]。齐侯曰：余姑翦灭此而朝食[6]。不介马而驰之[7]。郤克伤于矢，流血及屦，未绝鼓音[8]，曰：余病[9]矣！张侯[10]曰：自始合，而矢贯余手及肘[11]，余折以御，左轮朱殷[12]，岂敢言病。吾子[13]忍之！缓曰：自始合，苟有险[14]，余必下推车，子岂识之[15]？然子病矣！张侯曰：师之耳目，在吾旗鼓，进退从之[16]。此车一人殿之[17]，可以集事[18]，若之何其以病败君之大事也[19]？擐甲执兵，固即死也[20]。病未及死，吾子勉之[21]！左并辔[22]，右援枹而鼓[23]，马逸不能止[24]，师从之。齐师败绩[25]。逐之，三周华不注[26]。 【注释】 [1]鞌之战：春秋时期的著名战役之一。战争的实质是齐、晋争霸。由于齐侯骄傲轻敌，而晋军同仇敌忾、士气旺盛，战役以齐败晋胜而告终。鞌：通鞍，齐国地名，在今山东济南西北。 [2]癸酉：成公二年的六月十七日。师，指齐晋两国军队。陈，

列阵，摆开阵势。 [3]邴夏：齐国大夫。御，动词，驾车。御齐侯，给齐侯驾车。齐侯，齐国国君，指齐顷公。 [4]逢丑父：齐国大夫。右：车右。 [5]解张、郑丘缓：都是晋臣，郑丘是复姓。郤（x ）克，晋国大夫，是这次战争中晋军的主帅。又称郤献子、郤子等。 [6]姑：副词，姑且。翦灭：消灭，灭掉。朝食：早饭。这里是吃早饭的意思。这句话是成语灭此朝食的出处。 [7]不介马：不给马披甲。介：甲。这里用作动词，披甲。驰之：驱马追击敌人。之：代词，指晋军。 [8] 未绝鼓音：鼓声不断。古代车战，主帅居中，亲掌旗鼓，指挥军队。兵以鼓进，击鼓是进军的号令。 [9] 病：负伤。 [10]张侯，即解张。张是字，侯是名，人名、字连用，先字后名。 [11]合：交战。贯：穿。肘：胳膊。 [12]朱：大红色。殷：深红色、黑红色。 [13]吾子：您，尊敬。比说子更亲切。 [14]苟：连词，表示假设。险：险阻，指难走的路。 [15]识：知道。之，代词，代苟有险，余必下推车这件事，可不译。 [16]师之耳目：军队的耳、目（指注意力）。在吾旗鼓：在我们

英语诗歌鉴赏及名词解释(英文版)

The Basic Elements of Appreciating English Poetry is poetry Poetry is the expression of Impassioned feeling in language. “Poetry is the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings: it takes its origin from emotion recollected in tranquility.” “Poetry, in a general sense, may be defined to be the expression of the imagination.”Poetry is the rhythmical creation of beauty. Poetry is the image of man and nature. ~ “诗言志，歌咏言。” ---《虞书》 “诗言志之所以也。在心为志，发言为诗。情动于中而行于言，言之不足，则嗟叹之；嗟叹之不足，故咏歌之；咏歌之不足，不知手之舞之，足之蹈之也。情发于声；声成文，谓之音。” ---《诗·大序》 “诗是由诗人对外界所引起的感觉，注入了思想与情感，而凝结了形象，终于被表现出来的一种‘完成’的艺术。” ---艾青：《诗论》 Sound System of English Poetry a. The prosodic features Prosody (韵律)---the study of the rhythm, pause, tempo, stress and pitch features of a language. Chinese poetry is syllable-timed, English poetry is stress-timed. Stress: The prosody of English poetry is realized by stress. One stressed syllable always comes together with one or more unstressed syllables. eg. Tiger, /tiger, /burning /bright — In the /forest /of the/ night, What im/mortal /hand or /eye Could frame thy/ fearful /symme/try ---W. Blake Length: it can produce some rhetorical and artistic effect. eg. The curfew tolls the knell of parting day, The lowing herd wind slowly o’er the lea, The Ploughman homeward plods his weary way, And leaves the world to darkness and to me. ---Thomas Gray Long vowels and diphthongs make the poem slow, emotional and solemn; short vowels quick, passionate, tense and exciting. Pause: it serves for the rhythm and musicality of poetry.