论文翻译

Development of Firing Schedule to Prepare Composite Pre-reduced (CPR) Pellets（复合预还原球团矿烧结的研究进展）

S. N. MISRA1)and R. C. GUPTA

Department of Metallurgical Engineering, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi-221 005, India.

1) Formerly Banaras Hindu University. Now at Kalinga lron Works, Matkambeda-758036,India.

(Received on Novemberl5. l993; accepted in final form on March 18. 7994)

The newly developed CPR (composite pre-reduced) pellet, consists of a metallised sponge iron core encased in a partially reduced and sintered iron oxide shell, Such CPR pellets are obtained by firing a composite iron ore-coal char pellet prepared by two stage pelletisation. Iron ore and coal char mixed in desired proportion are pelletised to form core pellet which is further coated with iron ore only during second stage pelletisation. Such CPR pellets being developed mainly to utilise plant waste for preparing a cheap metallised feed for use in blast furnace.

新开发的CPR（复合球团预还原），由部分还原烧结铁氧化物壳包裹一个金属海绵铁芯，烧结复合铁矿石煤焦颗粒的制粒制备两阶段得到这样的CPR球团。铁矿石和煤混合制粒所需的比例制成核心颗粒，用铁矿石在第二阶段制粒。这样的CPR技术主要利用植入废弃物制备用于高炉的廉价金属料开发。

When composite iron ore-coal pellets are fired in air. CO(g) generated in core reduces not only iron oxide in-situ but also the outer shell partially. The continued firing reoxidised the reduced pellet unwillingly. The present paper gives a basic study of firing time and temperature to study the reduction behaviour of composite pellets followed by microstructural examination of fired and reduced pellets. The firing schedule, thus, developed was tested to prepare bulk quantity of CPR pellets having 28.6％metallic iron, out of total 76.6％Fe in the pellet rendering nearly 48％overall reduction degree together with sufficient strength (120 20kg) which may enable its use as blast furnace feed.

当复合铁矿石在空气中燃烧，核心处CO不仅使氧化铁原位降低，而且部分发生于外壳。连续的再氧化烧结使还原球团制造难度升高，本论文主要从焙烧时间和温度对复合球团的还原性能进行了研究，其次是对烧结和还原球团进行微观结构检查。因此，在焙烧进程研制了测定28.6%金属铁的CPR球团的体积的技术，从呈现近48%的整体还原度为主的，共76.6%Fe具有足够高的强度球团（120 20kg）可使其作为高炉原料。

KEYWORDS: pre-reduced pellet composite pellet pellet with coal; double layer pellet; iron ore~oal char pellet; pelletisation; firing; reduction.

l. Introduction

1.简介

The newly developed composite pellet consists of core made from a mixture of iron ore and coal char fines and encased coating of iron ore fines only (Fig.1).This composite pellet after firing, results into partially reduced pellet which has a fully reduced and metallised sponge iron core within a partially reduced and sintered iron ore shell. In view of its novelty these were studied

and referred as double layer pellets by Ross and Pyricov )1

or CPR

图1.复合球团矿

Schematic diagram of composite pellet in unfired and fired

(CPR) state.

(composite pre-reduced) pellets by Gupta,)4,2

Prasad,

)3

Srivastava and Sharma.

)5

Ross and

Pyrico )1

prepared such composite pellets by firing in closed crucible while Gupta

)2

attempted

to fire in air. Such pellets were found

)3

1-

cracked whereas Misra

)6

could produce pellets

without cracking. The higher porosity, lower gangue content and increased reduction rate

promoted whisker type iron growth during iron ore reduction, observed by Sharma et al.,

)

10 7-

and study of char gasification in carbon dioxide atmosphere by Kumar et al.

)

12

11-

were useful in

preparing pellets without cracking. The need of strong CPR pellet having appreciable degree of

metallisation for blast furnace feed has been explained by Gupta.)4

The advantage of CPR

pellets e.g. Its projected low cost, good resistance to oxidation during storage,)6

ease of

preparation, use of plant waste etc. Are also given in the said paper.)4 Recently

Sharmal )3

reported his work on composite pellets which appears to claim high reduction degree

when examined for stoichiometric mass balance.

新开发的复合颗粒是由铁矿石和煤炭粉混合芯和包裹铁矿涂层组成。这种复合球团焙烧后，结果为部分还原球团具有完全还原和金属海绵铁芯内的部分还原烧结铁矿。这样的颗粒会发生破裂，而Misra能生产出不开裂颗粒。Sharma等人观察到高孔隙率、低煤矸石含量和提高还原率促进生长晶须型铁矿铁矿石还原过程，Kumar等人研究了二氧化碳气化是有用的无铬~多备微丸。强心颗粒具有明显的金属化高炉料程度已经解释了由Gupta复合预还原如预计的低成本优势，良好的耐氧化在贮存、易用、利用植物废料等，也就是像在报纸上说的那样。最近sharmal报道了他在对复合颗粒检查时，化学质量平衡工作似乎要求高还原度。

As visualised by Gupta )2

the iron ore-oal char composite pellets can be fired in a manner

similar to oxide pellets without providing external reducing at-mosphere over commonly used grate firing system. The total retention time of the pellet during three thermal zones,viz.

pre-heating (non-isothermal), heating (isother-mal) and sintering (non-isothermal) will decide its overall percent reduction. An ideal heating schedule will be rapid pre-heating without causing any pellet cracking, shorter heating period giving maximum reduction without sintering and a brief

sintering time at relatively higher temperature to strengthen the pellet. Sharmal )3

pre-heated

pellets slowly (1-3K m in1-) which will need considerably long pre-heating time (~15-20 h).

正如由Gupta可视化的铁矿球团煤炭点火，类似氧化球团没有对外提供还原气，而是利

用燃烧系统。在三个热区域，即颗粒的总停留时间，预加热（非等温），加热（等温）和烧结（非等温）将决定其整体减少百分比。一个理想的加热时间表将快速加热，而不会引起任何颗粒开裂，较短的加热期间给予最大限度地还原度，而不会因为烧结和一个相对简短的烧结时间内通过较高的温度来加强球团。Sharmal慢慢预热球团（1-3k min-1），这将需要相当长的预热时间（~ 15-20小时）。

In the present study, the pellets were pre-heated at 95 K ks-1 (5.7K min-1) to reach heating temperatures(1 223-1 473 K) followed by cooling, skipping sintering stage, to reveal the effect of heating temperature on the degree of reduction (R％). Based on reduction studies a tentative firing schedule was developed and tested to prepare bulk quantity of CPR pellets to illustrate the feasibility of preparing strong crack free pellets with appreciable ％R and metallisation which was considered difficult by earlier workers.

在目前的研究中，颗粒预先以95 K ks-1（5.7K min-1）加热至达到加热温度（1223-1473 K）冷却之后，跳过烧结阶段，反映出加热温度对还原度的影响（R％）。，开发和测试准备CPR 说明制备强无裂纹面颗粒的可行性变为R和金属是由早期的工人认为是困难的。

2.Experimental

2.实验

2.1.Raw Material（原材料）

The chemical analysis of iron ore and proximate analysis of coal char used,are given in Table I whereas the particle size analysis of iron ore/coal char are given in Table 2.

对铁矿石的化学分析和煤的工业分析，在表1中给出了的粒度分析，表2给出了铁矿/煤的焦炭的粒度分析。

2.2. Pellet Making（制球团）

Iron ore and reductant (coal char) were mixed in 1: 3 molar ratio (Fe2O3:C）and pelletised by hand to get about 14mm dia core pellet using 8-l0％moisture without adding any binder. The core pellet was first air dried followed by oven drying (388K) to remove moisture and its weight (A) (kg) was recorded.

铁矿石和还原剂（煤炭）混合1：3的摩尔比（Fe2O3:C）和到手动制粒可得到直径为14mm 的丸芯，使用8-l0 %水分而不添加任何粘结剂。核心颗粒首先被风干后烘干（388K）去除水分然后重量（公斤）记录。

This core pellet was again moistend and further hand rolled with iron ore only to provide a coating of 2 mm thickness, giving a final pellet size of about 18 mm dia.The composite pellet thus made was dried in air followed by oven drying at 388K and its weight (B) (kg) was recorded. Hence, the weight of coating could be known (B-A) (kg). In this manner, nearly 150 pellets were made and kept separately with individual identification numbers.

这个核心颗粒再一次润湿，再与铁矿石糅合成2毫米厚的表层，使颗粒大小最终约18毫米直径。复合颗粒在388K空气中干燥之后,在其重量烘干炉（B）（kg）记录。因此，涂层重量可测得（B-A）（kg）。以这种方式，近150微丸由单独的个体识别号码单独制作。

2.3. Pellet Firing（点火制粒）

Four composite pellets were placed in a fireclay crucible with loose lid having alumina granule bed to avoid fusion with crucible. The position of each pellet in the crucible was marked by scratches on the crucible and every crucible was numbered so that after firing, each pellet could be identified easily. Thirty-six crucibles, each containing four pellets, were then kept ready for firing. The firing was conducted in a silicon carbide furnace having a muffle size450x350x360mm which could be pre-heated at the rate of 95K ks-1to reach the desired firing temperatures 1223, 1323, 1373 and 1473 K. The silicon carbide furnace could accomodate nine crucibles at a time. During firing at any of the temperatures, all pellets in nine crucibles were pre-heated for identical time simultaneously and after reaching the desired firing temperature, samples were fired isothermally and the crucibles were withdrawn at an interval of 0.9 ks. These were cooled in air, rapidly without causing oxidation due to presence of iron ore coating, and the weight of each pellet (C) (kg) was recorded. The pellets were then stored in closed bottles. The percentage carbon in fired pellet was determined after crushing and powdering, using Strohlein apparatus.

四复合颗粒被放置在一个松散的盖有氧化铝颗粒床，避免与耐火坩埚融合。每一个颗粒在坩埚中的位置被标记，在点火后的坩埚上划痕，使每一个坩埚被编号，每一个颗粒可以容易地被识别。36个坩埚，每个坩埚内有四个颗粒，准备等待点火。点火装置是在碳化硅炉中，马弗炉的规格是450x350x360mm，可预先以95K ks-1速度加热达到理想的煅烧温度1223、1323、1373和1473K。碳化硅坩埚炉可以同时容纳九个坩埚。在点火的任何温度，在所有的九个坩埚颗粒预先加热相同的时间，同时达到所需的煅烧温度，样品被加热等温，坩埚在0.9 ks区间撤回。这些颗粒在空气中迅速冷却而不引起氧化，是因为存在的铁矿石表层，每个颗粒的重量（公斤）被记录。这些颗粒储存在封闭瓶。碳球团的含量由破碎粉化确定，使用strohlein装置。

3.Results（结果）

The constant pre-heating rate (95K ks -1) resulted 9.6ks pre-heating time when fired at 1223 K which became 13.3 ks at 1473 K. During this pre-heating period some reaction occurred

between iron ore and coal char. The samples withdrawn at the end of pre-heating period marked the initial degree of reduction at any given firing temperature. It was observed that pellets were not cracked at this stage with the heating rate adopted indicating that heating rate can be increased further which will be desired in practice.

恒预加热速率（95K ks -1 ）导致，当点火温度1223K 预热时间为9.6ks 变成温度1473K 预热时间13.3 ks 。预热期间在铁矿石和煤炭之间发生一些反应。在任何给定的煅烧温度下，初始还原程度降低标志着样品在预加热期结束。有人观察到，颗粒在这个加热所采取的速率阶段没有破裂表明，加热速率可以进一步增加，这将是在实践中所需。

3.1. Percent Weight Loss and Percent Reduction （重量减少百分比和还原百分比）

The percentage weight loss (W ％) was calculated as B C B W ÷?-=100)(（％）where.，

B and

C are weights of composite pellet before and after firing.

体重减轻百分比（W %）可由B C B W ÷?-=100)(计算 ，B 和C 是复合颗粒点火前后质量。

Weight loss (7-18 ％ ）during pre-heating period was essentially due to removal of moisture, volatile matter with some gases (CO,CO 2 etc.) as a result of pre-reduction of iron ore by coal-char. Weight loss (11-4％) during heating (isothermal) period above 1223K was essentially due to reduction reaction by coal char as volatile matter was found

)6to be practically removed at l

223K.

质量损失（7-18 %）在预加热期间本质上是由于去除水分，由于对煤焦铁矿预还原使一些气体挥发物（CO,CO 2等）。质量损失（11-4 %）在加热（等温）时期1223K 以上，基本上是由于煤焦在1223K 被还原为挥发性物质。

Percentage reduction was calculated (see Appendix) from knowing the weight loss and remaining carbon percentage through stoichiometric mass balance.

百分比减少计算（见附录），从知道的重量损失和剩余的碳百分比通过化学计量的质量平衡。

A computer programme was developed to prepare stoichiometric massbalance for each fired

pellet. The overall percentage reduction plotted against total firing time (pre-heating +heating) show ( Fig. 2) that composite pellets are reduced to certain degree during pre-heating period. The extent of pre-reduction is more at higher temperature (Fig. 2) as a result of longer pre-heating time. During heating period with increase in firing time, the pellets undergo continuous reduction indicated by increasing percentage reduction with time. After certain firing time, the pellets are reduced a maximum percentage and on continued firing in oxidising atmosphere it starts getting oxidised indicated by lower ％R.

一个计算机程序制备化学质量平衡各球团。总的百分比减少绘制对总的烧成时间（预加热+加热）显示（图2）在预加热期间，复合球团在一定程度上降低了。预还原的程度是在较高的温度（图2），由于较长的预加热时间。在加热过程中随着焙烧时间的增加，球团进行连续还原，随着时间的增加，所示的百分比减少。一定的焙烧时间后，球团减少最大百分比和开始氧化在持续焙烧的氧化气氛中，用低% R表示。

The extent of overall reduction (％R) increases upto about 42％with firing temperature enhanced from 1223 to 1373 K whereas rate of reduction appears to increase up to 1323K and

further rise in temperature appears to retard the reduction rate. With exceeded firing time beyond maximum reduction stage, pellets get oxidised. However, the reduction of pellets at 1473K is

retarded in agreement to observations made by Wright et al.

)

14

This retarded reduction and

arrested oxidation could be due to sintering of pore inhibiting mass transfer needed for chemical reaction. The pellets fired at 1223, 1323 and 1373K showed oxidising trend continuously when fired beyond maximum reduction stage may be due to open pores at these temperatures.

整体还原的幅度（％R）增加到约42%，焙烧温度从1223K提高到1373K,而还原速率似乎增加了1323K，进一步上升的温度真正出现减缓的还原率。点火时间过长或超出最大还原阶段，颗粒被氧化。然而，在1473K还原球团是观测开始变慢，Wright等人提出的意见。还原变缓和氧化可能是由于烧结孔隙抑制了传质所需的化学反应。焙烧球团1223K,1323K，1373K温度下，表现出连续的氧化趋势，当焙烧超出最大还原阶段可能是由于在这些温度下打开空隙。

3.2. Microstructure（组织）

The micrographs (Fig. 3) A to D pertain to reduction period while E to H belong to oxidation period when fired at 1323K. The suffix 1 (A to H) indicate coating while 2 is for core location of the pellets.

显微照片（图3）表明焙烧在1323K，A至D属于还原期，而E 至H属于氧化期，。后缀1（A至H）表示表层，2是球团中心孔位置。

(i) Effect of Firing Time at 1323K（在1323K焙烧时间的影响）

Reduction period（还原阶段）

An observation of micrographs (Fig. 3, A2 to D2) pertaining to core reveals that with increase in firing time, more reduction is apparent due to increasing metallic iron (white irregular phase). The microstructure D2 is indicative of nearly 100％reduced core caused by reductant present in core.

显微照片的核心观察（图3，A2到D2）显示，随着焙烧时间的增加，由于增加了金属铁更多的还原是很明显的（白色不规则相）。D2组织表示在核心处将近100%还原是由于还原剂的存在。

The coating layer structure (micrographs A1 to D1) is distinctly different which is only

partially reduced by escaping CO gas from core, No metallic iron is noticed in the coating layer which appears to get reduced to only FeO (rounded phase) stage. In the pellet coating, extent of FeO was noticed more near core than at outer surface (not shown). The dark regions are pores and voids

.表层结构（照片A1到D1）是明显不同的，是由核心逸出的CO气体只是部分减少，没有金属铁在涂层被注意到，它只出现在FeO（圆相）减少阶段。在颗粒层，FeO的成分被发现更接近核心而不是外表面（未显示）。黑暗的区域是孔隙和空隙。

Oxidation period（氧化期）

The oxidation of metallic iron in core on prolonged firing is evident from microstructure E2 to H2 showing diminishing metalllic iron (white irregular phase). The outer coating layer also showed less reduced iron (FeO) as the firing time was increased (E1 to H1). Pores ( black) present in coating and core permitted easy transport of oxidising gases from outer atmosphere.

金属铁的氧化在核心处明显延长焙烧，从微观E2到H2呈现金属铁减少的趋势（白色不规则相）。外表层也表明较少的还原铁矿（FeO）在焙烧时间明显增加（E1 to H1）。表层孔隙（黑色）和核心允许氧化气体从外表层向内扩散。

(ii) Effect of Firing Temperature（焙烧温度的影响）

The microstructures (K, L, M and N) of pellets fired at different temperatures for the period to cause maximum reduction is shown in Fig. 4. The suffix 1 indicates outer layer and 2 for core locations. The micrographs for pellet (32％R) fired at 1223K are poor as reduced core

(100 ％R) ( K2 ) and little reduction (2％R) in coating layer ( K1 ) could not reflect light due to very little sintering at this temperature and time. However, the extent of reduction could be confirmed by chemical analysis. The pellets fired at 1323K(42.7％R) and 1373K (42.8 ％R) appear practically identical showing metallic iron in core (L2, M2) and wustite in coating (L1, M1) in larger quantities, indicating reduced and metallised core (~100 ％R) and partially reduced coating layer (~18 ％R).

颗粒在不同温度下焙烧的（K、L、M和N）的微观结构所引起的最大还原度，在图4中所示。后缀1表示表层和2表示核心位置。在1223K焙烧颗粒的显微照片（32% R），低核心差（100% R）（K2）和表层（K1）低还原度（2% R）不能明确反映出，由于较小的烧

结温度和时间。然而，还原的程度可以通过化学分析证实。焙烧球团在1323K（42.7% R）和1373K（42.8% R）出现几乎相同的核心金属铁（L2, M2）和较大数量的方铁矿表层（L1, M1），表明还原和镀有金属膜的核心（~ 100% R）和部分还原表层（~ 18% R）。

The pellets fired at 1473K (42.9％R) shows metallised and sintered core (~100％R) (N2) with less pores and appearance of fused slag constituents around metallised iron. The coating layer (~19％R) also appears dense (N1) with some metallic iron (white irregular phase) and larger proportion of wustite (rounded phase).

球团在1473K焙烧（42.9% R）表明，金属烧结芯（~ 100% R）（N2）有较少孔隙及熔渣成分在金属铁的外观。外表层（~19%）N1出现较密的某些金属铁（白色不规则相）和氧化亚铁比例较大（圆相）。

3.3. X-ray Diffraction (XRD)Analysis(X射线衍射分析)

The composite pellets fired at different temperatures and periods of time were selected to study the presence of iron and iron oxide phases. Core and coating layer of the fired pellets could easily be separated after breaking and the powdered samples were carefully taken for XRD analysis. The important peaks noted for different samples are listed in Table 3.

在不同的温度和时间的复合颗粒被选择来研究铁和铁的氧化物相的存在。焙烧球团的核心和表层可以很容易地分离后，破碎和粉末样品进行了X射线衍射分析。不同的样品在表3中列出的重要峰。

It can be noted that when heating time is increased from l0.9 to 18. 1ks while firing at 1323K, core contained mainly iron whereas coating had oxides of iron. Presence of Fe2O3 in outer coating can be noted while it is underfired (less reduced) or overfired (i,e. oxidised). The presence of iron and iron oxide phases support the observations noted from optical micrographs (Fig. 3) for

pellets fired at 1323K for different periods of time.

可以注意到，当加热时间由10.9ks增加到18.1ks，而焙烧温度在1323K，核心主要含铁的氧化物表层。 外表层Fe2O3的存在可以被标记，尽管低烧（低还原）或过烧（i,e.氧化）。铁和铁氧化物相的存在支持这项研究，指出从光学显微照片（图3）为球团焙烧在1323K时对应得不同时期。

While noting the presence of iron and oxide phases in pellets fired at 1223, 1373 and 1473K for 15.0, 14. 1 and 14.2 ks which yield maximurn reduction percent of 32, 42 and 42 respectively, it can also be noted that core contains iron and coating consists mainly of FeO. Presence of Fe3O4 in core of the pellets, fired at 1223 and 1473 K, could be for different reasons. The 1223K is perhaps low temperature for reduction and hence, some higher oxides might have been left unreduced. When fired at higher temperature, the presence of Fe3O4 in core was surprising and remains unexplained.

同时注意到球团和铁氧化物在1223K，1373K,1473K下，分解速率为15.0ks，14.1ks，14.2ks，最大还原产量降低32％,42％,42％，我们还注意到，核心含有铁，而外表层主要由FeO组成。球团核心Fe3O4的存在，在1223 K和1473 K焙烧，可以因为不同的原因。在1223K 也许是低温还原，因此，一些高价的氧化物可能没有被还原。当焙烧温度较高，Fe3O4核心的存在是令人惊讶和无法解释。

The XRD analysis also suggests that perhaps firing at 1323K temperature for 13.6 ks is sufficiently good enough for yielding appreciably (42 ％) reduced pellet.

XRD分析表明也许当焙烧在1323K，速率为13.6 ks时，对还原球团是足够好的，收益明显（42%）。

3.4. Chemical Analysis（化学分析）

Chemical analysis of some pellets reduced at different temperatures and time were done

following standard

)

15

procedure with the aim to check stoichiometric mass balance

experimentally. The calculated (stoichiometric mass balance) and the analysed iron content with percentage reduction for typical pellets are given in Table 4 showing good agreement. It can be noted that higher (~42 ％) reduction is associated with little increased (18 ％) reduction of outer coating, with the core nearly l00％reduced in case of pellets fired at 1323K for 13.6ks.

.一些球团在不同的温度和时间的化学分析,进行标准程序以检查化学质量平衡实验。计算(化学计量质量平衡）和分析铁球团还原含量为典型的案例在表4中。可以指出，高还原性（42%）与外表层还原的提高有关（18%），在1323K，以13.6ks速率可使核心接近100％还原。

Discussion（讨论）

4.1. Reduction mechanism of iron oxide and carbon mixed pellet has been extensively

studied by several workers

)

24

16

and it is mostly agreed that reaction starts by carbon

gasification generating CO gas. This CO(g) reduces iron oxides to form CO2(g) which again gets gasified by excess carbon to CO(g). The process of carbon gasification and iron oxide reduction continues till either of the constituents are exhausted. In such gasification reaction process it has

been noted

)

24

,

23

,

20

that rate of carbon gasification is less than the rate of reduction of iron oxide

by CO(g) at temperatures below 1373K and hence rate controlling.

铁的氧化物还原机理和碳混合球团已被几名工人广泛的研究 ，大多数人认为，反应开始通过碳的气化反应生成CO气体。CO气体还原铁氧化物生成CO2气体，多余碳再气化生成CO。碳的气化过程和氧化铁持续还原过程持续进行，直到反应成分耗尽。在气化反应过程中已经注意到，在温度低于1373K碳气化率小于铁氧化物的还原率,为此速率控制。

While firing composite pellet, made of core pellet (iron ore and coal char mix) coated with iron ore only, reactions similar to that given above may occur incorporating reduction reaction and carbon gasification to CO(g). This highly reducing CO(g) while diffusing out through outer

iron ore layer may cause further reduction depending upon CO(g) content, temperature and passage time. The iron oxide layer close to core may get reduced to higher degree due to higher potential of CO(g) than surface layer. Thus, a well fired CPR pellet would be composed of metallic iron core surrounded by an annular space, due to shrinkage, and then the layers of Fe, FeO, Fe3O4 in the coating. The probable set of chemical reactions involved, maybe given as:

Initial reaction in core 3C+3/2O2(g)=3CO(g) (1)

Reactions in core Fe2O3(s)+3CO(g)=2Fe(s)+3CO2 (2)

3CO2(g)+3C(s)=6CO(g) (3)

Total reaction in core Fe2O3(s)+3C(s)=2Fe(s)+3CO(g)...................(4)=(2)+(3) Reaction in outer coating Fe2O3(s)+3CO(g)=2Fe(s)+3CO2(g) . (5)

Overall reaction in composite pellet 2Fe2O3(s)+3C(s)=4Fe(s)+2CO2(g) .……………(6)=(4)+(5) The sequence of reactions may continue till either of the reactants will be exhausted in the core while firing a composite pellet.

复合球团烧结，制成的球团核心（铁矿和煤炭混合）在铁矿石表层，反应类似于上述可能会发生结合还原反应和碳的气化反应生成CO（g）。这种高度还原性CO气体，同时通过外扩散到铁矿层可能导致还原进一步取决于CO（g）含量、温度和通道时间。由于CO更高的潜在性，铁氧化物层接近核心处可能会还原到更高的程度。因此，一种好的复合预还原球团烧结将由金属铁核心被环形空间所包围，由于收缩，然后在表层出现Fe层、FeO层，Fe3O4层 。可能涉及的化学反应如下：

核心初始反应3C+3/2O2(g)=3CO(g) (1)

核心反应Fe2O3(s)+3CO(g)=2Fe(s)+3CO2 (2)

3CO2(g)+3C(s)=6CO(g) ............................., (3)

核心总反应Fe2O3(s)+3C(s)=2Fe(s)+3CO(g)……..…..….…(4)=(2)+(3)

外表层反应Fe2O3(s)+3CO(g)=2Fe(s)+3CO2(g) (5)

复合球团的整体反应2Fe2O3(s)+3C(s)=4Fe(s)+2CO2(g) .……………(6)=(4)+(5) 反应的过程可能继续，直到在复合烧结球团过程中核心反应物中的任一个被耗尽。

When firing is continued beyond a stage after exhaustion of the reactants, reduction reaction will no longer occur and the surrounding atmospheric oxygen will try to reoxidise the CPR pellets. Thus, the freshly reduced iron present in the CPR pellet will revert back to its oxide state leading to a decrease in its degree of reduction.

当焙烧连续不断超越的一个阶段的反应物用尽后，还原反应将不再发生，周围空气中的氧会在氧化CPR球团。因此，吨他刚还原的铁目前在心肺复苏丸将恢复到它的氧化物状态，导致减少在其程度的减少。

4.2. Optimum Heating Time and Temperatures(最佳加热时间和温度)

It may be observed that maximum reduction is obtained under certain set of firing conditions and hence firing time and the temperature need optimisation. The prolonged heating at a given temperature would lead to reoxidation of reduced iron by oxidising atmosphere prevailing round the pellet. If this firing period is less, lower reduction percentage of CPR pellet will be obtained. Thus, over firing or under firing are undesirable at any given temperature.

可以观察到，最大还原度可在设定的焙烧条件下，即时间和温度需要优化。在一个给定的温度下，延长加热时间会导致还原铁在氧化气氛再次氧化形成圆形球团。如果焙烧周期短，将获得较低还原度的复合预还原球团。因此，过烧或轻烧在任何给定的温度下都不是所期待的。

Increase in firing temperature may result in rapid reduction due to rapid gasification of carbon in core which is evident when firing temperature was increased from 1223 to 1323 K. However, by further increasing the temperature to 1473 K, the maximum extent of reduction

(~42 ％) was not increased. This suggests that 1323 K may be the suitable firing temperature for getting required degree of reduction.

提高焙烧温度可能导致快速还原，由于快速气化碳芯这是显而易见的，当焙烧温度从1223K增加到1323 K。然而，通过进一步的提高温度至1473 K，最大还原度没有提高（~ 42%）。这表明，1323 K是最适宜的焙烧温度能够获得最大的还原度。

Hence, while firing composite iron ore~oal char pellets containing carbon in 1 :3 ratio of Fe2O3:C, nearly 10.9 ks of pre-heating at the rate of 95K ks-1and 2.7 ks heating at 1323 K appeared to give optimum overall reduction of ~42％ i n CPR pellets.

因此，当复合焙烧铁矿石~ OAL焦炭含碳在1：3的比例 Fe2O3：C，接近10.9 ks 预热在95K ks-1，加热速率2.7 ks在1323K给复合烧结球团整体还原度42%。

After firing such composite pellets, good strength is also desired together with high percentage reduction. The strength of fired and reduced CPR pellet will emerge from sintering of unreduced ore particles in outer coating and at the same time sintering of reduced iron in the

core will make it less sensitive towards reoxidation during storage. An optimisation of sintering time and temperature for getting higher strength will need detailed study.

焙烧这样的复合颗粒，良好的强度也需要高的还原度。焙烧强度和复合预还原球团会出现在未还原烧结矿颗粒表层，同时还原烧结铁的颗粒核心将使它在储存期间对再氧化不太敏感。烧结时间和温度的优化，获得更高的强度将需要详细的研究。

As shown in optical micrographs that core portion shows reduced iron whereas coating is dominated by wustite iron. The effect of temperature on morphology of iron in core and wustite in coating layer was very evident. Increased temperature (1 473 K) was found to cause sintering of reduced iron core and wustite in coating evidenced by rounding of the particles (Fig. 4, N1 and

N2).

在光学显微镜显示中，核心部分还原铁是通过浮氏体铁为主所示。温度对铁芯铁形态和方铁矿铁形态的影响很明显。温度升高（1 473 K）发现是导致还原铁粉烧结和方铁矿烧结的有力证据（图4，N1 and N2).

This suggests that pellets after reduction at lower temperature (1 323 K) if subjected to higher temperature (1 473 K), as noticed during reduction study, for a short duration maybe

helpful in rendering required sintering of the particals.

) 25

这表明，球团在较低的温度还原后（1323 K），如果承受更高的温度（1473 K），在还原的研究发现，短期内或许有助于所需的颗粒烧结。

In view of the observations made in preceding sections the firing schedule shown in Fig.

5 was used for firing pellets in bulk quantity (5 kg). The chemical analysis of such CPR pellets is given in Table 5 which shows 28.6％Fe in metallic form (mostly located in core) out of 76.

6 ％total iron in CPR pellet giving 48.3 ％overall reduction degree.

在前面的部分的观察，在图5中所示的焙烧时间表用于焙烧球团体积量（5kg）。化学分析法对其进行了化学分析，如表5显示28.6%的铁金属形态（主要位于核心），76.6% 总铁在复合预还原球团超过48.3%的整体还原度。

Out of bulk quantity thus produced, nearly 200 CPR pellets were examined for their crushing strength by testing one pellet at a time under point loading using Universal Testing Machine on 3 ton scale. The crushing strength of 120±20 kg was exhibited by breaking of the sintered iron ore shell (outer coating).

由此产生的批量，近200个复合预还原球团进行了检查，他们的抗压强度测试一个颗粒在一个时间点加载使用万能试验机上3吨级。当用120±20公斤抗压强度时，烧结铁矿石壳开始破裂（外表层）。

About 300kg crushing strength of fired iron ore pellet is considered normal for blast furnace use. But the oxide pellets when reduced to DRI exhibit much less strength (about 80kg)

which have been used in past .

)

26

Hence, the strength of CPR pellet having shell thickness of

l.6mm after partial reduction, exhibiting a strength of 120±20kg may find use. The 28.6％metallic iron out of 76.6 ％total iron in CPR pellet will demand less coke in blast furnace with

simultaneous increase in productivity as reported by several workers.

)

30

26-

The firing

schedule and the resulting quality of CPR pellet is subject to further improvement with raw material quality and firing conditions.

约300kg破碎强度的烧结球团能供高炉的正常使用。但当生产氧化球团还原表现出更小的强度（约80kg）被用于在过去， 因此，在部分还原后CPR颗粒具有壳厚度l.6mm 的强度，表现出120±20kg强度，可能被使用。28.6%金属铁在CPR球团76.6%总铁中，将在高炉中要求更少的焦炭，正如一些工人报道的那样同时提高生产率。 焙烧进度和CPR 球团质量，会随着原材料的质量提高和焙烧条件进一步改善。

4.Conclusions（结论）

(1)Pre-heating with 95 K ks-1 (5.7K min-1) did not cause pellet cracking in initial stage of firing.

（1）以95 K ks-1 预加热（5.7K min-1）不会引起焙烧初期球团开裂。

(2)The firing schedule consisting of preheating (95K ks-1) for 10.92ks followed by heating for 2.7 ks at l 323 K and rapid heating to 1473 K for 0.6 ks before cooling in air appeared to give CPR pellets with 37％metallisation and 48.3％R.

（2）焙烧进度由预热（95K ks-1）以10.92ks速率，然后以2.7ks在1323 K加热至1473 K 以0.6 ks，在空气冷却之前获得37%金属化CPR球团和48.3%还原度。

(3)The core of such CPR pellets was nearly 100％reduced while the coating was partially reduced(26.6％R).

（3）这种CPR球团核心是接近100%还原，而外表层部分还原（26.6%R）。

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翻译类论文模板

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从形合与意合辩证法角度观古诗翻译策略 (潘静20084033042 英语师范三班) 摘要：形合( hypotaxis ) 和意合（parataxis）是英语和汉语篇章组织的常用手段，也是英汉两种语言的重要区别所在。本文提出应当运用哲学中的辩证法原理看待语言中的形合与意合，真正做到学术研究全面、客观、严谨以及科学。一方面，要重视句子及其以下层面的语言特点：英语侧重形合，汉语侧重意合；另一方面，更要研究英汉语的意合与形合在句子层面以上（段落、篇章）所具备的不同作用：英语篇章使用词汇手段等意合组织方式，而汉语篇章中则采用重复和骈偶等形合手段【1】。本文利用对《枫桥夜泊》这首古诗的英译研究分析，强调辩证地、动态地看待英汉语中的形意合问题，改进汉语古诗翻译策略，使译作体现并契合原诗作者的思想与内容，使译作读者明白并理解原诗的内涵与文化。 关键词：形合意合辩证法古诗翻译 Abstract: The very common means of English and Chinese discourse are hypotactic and paratactic, as well as the important differences. This paper argues that hypotaxis and parataxis in a language should be researched in a dialectic way. Only in this way, can academic research become more complete and objective. On the one hand, our attention should be paid to the characteristics of English and Chinese sentences and structures below the sentences leve l–English is more hypotactic while Chinese is more paratactic. On the other hand, it is very important and necessary to study the different functions of hypotactic and paratactic structures at the level of paragraphs in the two languages. Lexically paratactic structures are often found in English paragraphs, and hypotactic structures in the form of repetition and parallelism are frequently employed in Chinese. The author attaches the high importance to research languages in a dialectic way by the analysis of Mooring at night by Maple Bridge. So that we can find some strategies about the poem translation and make the successful exchange of two kinds of people with various background. Key words: hypotaxis, parataxis, dialectic way, poem translation 1.引文 形合与意合是英汉对比研究和翻译理论研究的重要课题之一，也是英汉语篇组织的重要手段之一。所谓形合就是依仗形式（包括词的变化形态，词汇的衔接等）将语言符号由“散”（个体的词）到“集”（组织乃至语篇）的语言组织手段，具有外显性和刚性；而意合则是依仗意义，即内在的逻辑关系组织语言的手段，具有内隐性和柔性。

英汉翻译学期论文

英汉翻译学期论文 国际商务中信用证翻译特点及策略学期论文题目: __ 指导教师： 学号： 姓名： 外国语学院（部）英语专业2012 届 2012年4月16日

Translation Characteristics and Strategies of Letters of Credit in international Business By Submitted to School of Foreign Languages in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Term Paper For English-Chinese Translation at Under the Supervision of

Translation Characteristics and Strategies of Letters of Credit in international Business ABSTRACT Payment in international trade is crucial for both the seller and the buyer. With the development of international trade, Letters of Credit payment gradually came into being as banks and financial institutions were involved in international trade settlement. With the help of this method of payment, the payment responsibility of the importer is transferred to bank to ensure the safety, as a result, the rapid payment is received by the seller, and meanwhile, the regular shipping documents are given to the buyer conveniently. Therefore, with the benefit of Letters of Credit, the distrust contradiction between the seller and the buyer is solved to a certain extent. Nowadays, payment by Letters of Credit has become the widely adopted method. Letters of Credit English for specific purposes has its own unique vocabulary features. This paper summarizes characteristics of its translation from the credit classification, use of the process, and starting letter words in English, and explores the English translation strategy. It is divided into three chapters: The first chapter probes into the definition of the Letter of Credit, its classification and its use process in international trade; the second describes the characteristics and common errors of the credit translation; The last one is the focus of this article, discussing Letters of Credit translation strategy based on these two chapters, from the perspective of the translation Communicative Theory, Skopos Theory, Functional Equivalence etc. Keywords: Letters of Credit Translation; characteristics; strategies; Functional Theory

合肥工业大学论文翻译

论文翻译 设计题目: 统计力学坐标膜致密的自我避免 学生姓名：刘全乐 学号：20100489 专业班级：机械设计制造及其自动化10-4班 指导老师：翟华 时间：2013年06月13日

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本科及研究生学术论文参考文献格式

本科及研究生学术论文参考文献格式 （Bibliography, Works Citied, References） 一.文学、翻译方向：MLA （一）说明 1. 文献类别标识 （1）常用文献类型用单字母标识 专著——[M]（monograph）；期刊文章——[J]（journal）；专著、论文集中的析出文献——[A]（article）；论文集——[C]（collected papers）；学位论文——[D]（dissertation）；专利——[P]（patent）；技术标准——[S]（standardization）；报纸——[N]（newspaper article）；科技报告——[R]（report）；其他未说明的文献类型，如字典——[Z] （2）电子文献载体类型用双字母标识 磁带——[MT]（magnetic tape）；磁盘——[DK]（disk）；光盘——[CD]（CD-ROM）；联机网络——[OL]（online）； （3）电子文献载体类型的参考文献类型标识（文献类型标识/载体类型标识） 联机网上数据库——[DB/OL]（data base online）；磁带数据库——[DB/MT]（data base on magnetic tape）；光盘图书——[M/CD]（monograph on CD-ROM）；磁盘软件——[CP/DK]（computer program on disk）；）网上期刊——[J/OL]（serial online）；网上电子公告——[EB/OL]（electronic bulletin board online） 2. 文献排序 （1）先外文，后中文。 （2）所有文献均按作者的姓（或机构名称）的字母顺序排列。

英汉对比与翻译期末论文 (2)

英汉对比与翻译——词汇三境 [摘要]：本文将英汉语言中词语分布做了对比，并就词汇翻译提出了“意译”、“义译”、“化境”三个要求，从而得知，词汇翻译的地道性很大程度上取决于语境的还原程度。 关键词: 译意、译义、臻化、词汇、语境 正文：英国语言学家George W.W ilk ins在《语言教学中的语言学》一书中指出:“没有语法,表达甚微;没有词汇,表达为零。”由此可见词汇在英语中所居的重要地位。在翻译时，即使一个译者已经掌握了大量的词汇与句法，还是会遇到总不能够突破的瓶颈，这个障碍往往是由词汇，甚至是简单词汇所引起的。例如：“He is a perfect stranger in the city.”这里对于什么是一个“perfect stranger”的理解与处理会造成译文层次的不同，同时也是考量一个译者的水平。如果仅翻译字面意思,翻译成“完美的陌生人”，译文显得晦涩难懂；当我们进一步理解“perfect”这个词的含义，并进入意义层面, “perfect”就是“完完全全”的意思，那么“perfect stranger”该译为“完完全全的陌生人”，“他是这城市中完完全全的陌生人”意思准确但是和全句契合不够完美，同“in the city”在搭配上略有滞涩；所以，我们将其转化，将“完完全全的陌生人”这一名词词组转化为动词词组，意为“对……完全陌生”，这句话就可译为“他对这城市完全陌生”，这样的搭配显得协调，不但译出了源语言想表达的意思，“疏离”这一

语境也得以完整地保留了。 以上例子就体现了英汉互译中一个很重要的规律，即词性转换。世界上的语言，不管其各有多少词类，名词和动词都占最大的比例；不管有多少句型，都能归纳为静态与动态两类。总的来说，汉语呈动态特征，英文呈静态特征。在词汇的使用上，汉语的动态表现为：汉语的动词丰富，使用频率高；而英语中，名词、介词等非动词性此类的使用频率很高。据周志培（2003:390）统计显示截选如下：（1）“邓小平在武昌、深圳、珠海、上海等地的谈话要点”及英译 语言总 数名 词 介 词 动 词 助 动 非限 定动 词 代 词 形容 词 副 词 数 词 连 词 量 词 冠 词 汉语词数636 167 11 186 27 41 70 70 39 17 8 % 26% 2% 29% 4% 7% 11% 11% 6% 3% 1% 英语词数907 238 99 105 19 30 98 104 43 28 5 84 % 26% 11% 12% 2% 3% 11% 11% 5% 3% 7% 9% （2）“英国首相撒切尔夫人在中国欢迎宴会上的讲话”及汉译文 语言总 数名词介词动词助动非限定 动词 代词形容 词 副词数 词 连词量词冠 词 汉语词数324 99 9 72 5 36 22 42 15 13 2 % 31% 3% 22% 2% 11% 7% 13% 4% 4% 0.6% 英语词数366 91 49 41 1 9 39 50 22 13 23 28 % 25% 14% 11% 0.2% 2% 10% 14% 6% 4% 6% 8% 上述结果表明，若要在英汉互译中，若要翻译出地道的T arget Text，就应当尽量符合Target Language的表达习惯。这必然包含必 要的词性转换。在进行英译汉时，根据需要将英文中的名词，介词等

毕业论文外文文献翻译JSP的技术发展历史the-technique-development-history-of-jsp

毕业设计（论文） 外文文献翻译 文献、资料中文题目：JSP的技术发展历史 文献、资料英文题目：the technique development history of jsp 文献、资料来源： 文献、资料发表（出版）日期： 院（部）： 专业：计算机 班级： 姓名： 学号： 指导教师： 翻译日期： 2017.02.14

THE TECHNIQUE DEVELOPMENT HISTORY OF JSP By:Kathy Sierra and Bert Bates Source: Servlet&JSP The Java Server Pages( JSP) is a kind of according to web of the script plait distance technique, similar carries the script language of Java in the server of the Netscape company of server- side JavaScript( SSJS) and the Active Server Pages(ASP) of the Microsoft. JSP compares the SSJS and ASP to have better can expand sex, and it is no more exclusive than any factory or some one particular server of Web. Though the norm of JSP is to be draw up by the Sun company of, any factory can carry out the JSP on own system. The After Sun release the JS P( the Java Server Pages) formally, the this kind of new Web application development technique very quickly caused the people's concern. JSP provided a special development environment for the Web application that establishes the high dynamic state. According to the Sun parlance, the JSP can adapt to include the Apache WebServer, IIS4.0 on the market at inside of 85% server product. This chapter will introduce the related knowledge of JSP and Databases, and JavaBean related contents, is all certainly rougher introduction among them basic contents, say perhaps to is a Guide only, if the reader needs the more detailed information, pleasing the book of consult the homologous JSP. 1.1 GENER ALIZE The JSP(Java Server Pages) is from the company of Sun Microsystems initiate, the many companies the participate to the build up the together of the a kind the of dynamic the state web the page technique standard, the it have the it in the construction the of the dynamic state the web page the strong but the do not the especially of the function. JSP and the technique of ASP of the Microsoft is very alike. Both all provide the ability that mixes with a certain procedure code and is explain by the language engine to carry out the procedure code in the code of HTML. Underneath we are simple of carry on the introduction to it. JSP pages are translated into servlets. So, fundamentally, any task JSP pages can perform could also be accomplished by servlets. However, this underlying equivalence does not mean that servlets and JSP pages are equally appropriate in all scenarios. The issue is not the

翻译论文集锦

影视标题翻译浅谈 影视翻译作为新时代文化交流的重要一环，作用越来越重要。其本身具有与其他形式翻译迥然不同的特殊性，例如语境的缺失，商业的诉求等等。本文将分别结合译例，从译法研究以及个案分析等多角度，结合影视标题翻译的特殊性，浅谈影视标题的翻译的现状以及作者的看法。 关键字：影视标题翻译，直译，意译，文化，商业属性

1.概说 电影自诞生以来，变革不断，历经百余年发展，逐步向世人展现出其独特的艺术魅力。意大利诗人和电影先驱者乔托·卡努杜称其为建筑、绘画、诗歌、音乐、雕刻及舞蹈之外的“第七艺术”。时至今日，电影作为一种文化载体，在世界范围内的影响力日益凸显，各国之间的电影交流日益频繁与深入。在此过程中，翻译作为连接两种语言及文化的桥梁，所起的作用不言而喻。 中国引进国外影片的历史由来已久。早在1948年，近年间红遍全球的新版《美国队长》系列（Captain America）就曾以《无敌大探长》的译名登陆过中国的大银幕。而在1994年，大陆则引进新中国成立后的第一部进口电影《亡命天涯》，英文原名为The Fugitive。在众多的翻译之中，不乏许多大众耳熟能详，并被广泛称赞的典范，比如《魂断蓝桥》（Waterloo Bridge），《人鬼情未了》（Ghost），《这个杀手不太冷》（Leon）等等。 随着中国电影市场化进度的加快以及中国进一步履行WTO各项义务，越来越多的外国电影尤其是美国电影进入中国市场，我们将更有机会接触到各种风格，水平也是良莠不齐的电影标题翻译。为笔者做这方面的研究提供的充足的资源及例证。 2.译法研究 2.1 “意译”的表现形式：影视翻译中的“重译”现象 谈及翻译，关于译法的研究是必不可少的，而其中有关“直译”和“意译”的利弊也势必提及。而在影视标题翻译这个文化负载比较大的领域，“直译”和“意译”的选择更是显得尤其频繁且重要。一般而论，所谓“直译”（literal translation）就是既保持原文内容，又保持原文形式的翻译方法或翻译文字。而“意译”（free translation）则更注重原文含义的表达，不苛求于形式的一致。 直译和意译之争由来已久,可以说从东汉起就断断续续地在进行,一直延至今日。各个时期,各个翻译家都根据自己的体会,提出不同的看法,各抒己见,言之成理。但始终未能达到一致的、合理的解决。所以,近来有些翻译家认为直译和意译根本没有明确的界线可分,这个问题谈不出什么结果来,不谈也罢。但是,直译、意译的问题可以不谈,而翻译界两种不同的倾向却始终是存在着的。一种是重视形式,要求译文与原文在词语、句法结构及表达方式各方面尽可能趋于一致。一种是重视内容(意义),要求摆脱一切形式的束缚。（《中国翻译》, 1989(3):3-6，劳陇《从奈达翻译理论的发展谈直译和意译问题》） 而实际上，在影视翻译过程中，由于受众没有任何语境提示，传统意义上的“意译”已经不能适应翻译的需求。比如2015年国内上映的动画电影Inside Out，描述了一群人脑之中控制人类情绪的小人，显然这个标题的意思大概是“大脑内外”之意，意欲表达的是控制大脑小人以及其宿主的关系。在翻译这个标题的时候，显然无论如何翻译，在受众没有任何语境的前提之下，都不能传达电影无论在形式上还是内容上的的含义。这时，译者就会经常将意译更进一步，采取影视翻译中经常采取的方法，那就是“无中生有”，完全撇开原标题，而基于电影内容，重新赋予电影一个适应国内市场以及大众接受程度的译名。所以，这部电影最后的官方译名定为《头脑特工队》，网络译名还有《脑中小小人》等。 其实本质上讲，这种翻译方法依然属于“意译”的范畴，只不过由于标题翻译（包括书籍标题翻译）的特殊性，而将标题的翻译建立在整个电影的基础之上，而不拘泥于标题本身，这一点在标题翻译时会被经常性地使用到，我们不妨将之称之为“重译”现象。 类似的翻译还有《末日崩塌》（San Andreas），《逃离德黑兰》（Argo），《爆裂鼓手》（Whiplash）等等。