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《地球物理测井》-整理解析

《地球物理测井》-整理解析
《地球物理测井》-整理解析

?中国石油大学测井资料整理易考点整理

?储集层的基本参数(孔、渗、饱、有效厚度)、相关参数的定义 孔隙度φ:岩石内孔隙体积占岩石总体积的百分比(%)

(1)总孔隙度:总孔隙体积/岩石总体积(φt)

(2)有效孔隙度:有效孔隙体积/岩石总体积(φe)

(3)次生孔隙度:次生孔隙体积/岩石总体积(φ2)。

渗透率k:描述岩石允许流体通过能力的参数,

单位:μm2 (或达西D ),常用10-3 μm2 (毫达西mD)

(1)绝对渗透率:只有一种流体时测得。测井上一般指绝对渗

透率;

(2)有效渗透率(相渗透率):存在多种流体时对其中一种所

测,一般用ko、kg、kw表示;

(3)相对渗透率:有效/绝对,用kro、krg、krw表示。

饱和度S:储层中某相流体体积占孔隙体积的百分比(%)。

含水饱和度Sw,含油气饱和度Sh(So、Sg)

(1)原状地层:Sh=1-Sw (Sh=So+Sg)

(2)冲洗带:Shr=1-Sxo (残余油气Shr、含水Sxo)

(3)可动油气:Shm=Sxo-Sw ,Shm=Sh-Shr

(4)束缚水Swirr:Sw=Swm+Swirr

有效厚度he:

(1)岩层厚度:岩层上、下界面间的距离。界面常以岩性、孔隙度、渗透率等参数的变化为显示特征;

(2)有效厚度:目前经济技术条件下能产出工业价值油气的储层

实际厚度。常由确认的油气层总厚度扣除无生产价值的夹层厚度

后得到。

孔隙度、饱和度和有效厚度等还可用来计算地质储量;

孔隙度、渗透率合称储层物性;

孔隙度与饱和度的乘积表示某相流体占岩石体积的百分比,

如φSw表示岩石中水的相对体积。

?储集层分类(主要两大类)、特点(岩性、物性、电性等)

1. 储集层:(储层、渗透层)

具有储存油气水的空间,同时这些空间又互相连通(流体可在

其中运移)的岩层。

两大特点:孔隙性、渗透性。

2. 储集层分类及特点

碎屑岩储集层:(40%储量,也称孔隙性储集层)

(1)岩石类型:砂岩为主,砾岩、粉砂岩、泥质砂岩等;

(2)围岩:一般为泥岩,性质稳定,常做为参考值;

(3)特点:粒间孔隙为主,孔隙度较大(10~30%),分布均匀,各种物性和泥浆侵入等基本为各向同性;测井评价效果较好、技术较成熟。

碳酸盐岩储集层:(50%储量、60%产量,裂缝性储集层)

(1)岩石类型:渗透性石灰岩、白云岩及其过渡岩性;

(2)围岩:致密的碳酸盐岩;

(3)特点:储层空间包括孔隙、裂缝、溶洞等,原生孔隙一般较

小且分布均匀,渗透率低;次生孔隙相对较大,形状不规则、分

布不均匀,渗透性较高;测井评价难度大、效果较差。

其它类型储集层:

包括火山岩储层、泥岩储层、砾岩储层等。

自然电位SP

?自然电动势产生的基本原理(电荷聚集方式、结果)、等效电路

产生自然电场的主要原因:

地层水溶液离子浓度与泥浆滤液的离子浓度不同,产生

离子扩散;

岩石颗粒表面对离子有吸附作用;

泥浆滤液向地层中渗透作用。

1. 扩散电动势

——纯岩石中地层水与泥浆之间的直接扩散砂岩孔隙中的地层水与井内泥浆之间,相当于不同浓度的两种NaCl溶液直接接触。离子将从高浓度的岩层一方朝着井内直接扩散。由于Cl-的迁移率大于Na+,扩散结果:低浓度的泥浆一方出现过多的Cl-,带负电,高浓度的岩层一方,相对剩余Na+离子,带正电。从而产生了电位差——地层一方的电位高于泥浆

2. 扩散吸附电动势

——泥质岩石中地层水与泥浆之间的扩散扩散的另一个渠道是地层水中的离子泥质隔膜或周围的泥岩向低浓度的泥浆(井眼)一方进行扩散。(上页图)粘土颗粒表面带有较多的负电荷,在盐溶液中吸附阳离子形成吸附层和扩散层。泥岩中存在很厚的双电层(内负外正),能够移动的地层水在压实过程中排出去了,基本不存在双电层以外的自由水一方的电位。

泥质岩石中,一方面仍存在正常的扩散电动势;另一方面,当粘

土将同样性质的两种不同浓度的溶液分开时,在浓度大的一边

(Cw),粘土颗粒表面的扩散层中将有更多的阳离子,这些阳离

子通过与双电层表面的阳离子交换而向低浓度溶液一方移动,低

浓度溶液(Cm)一方的阳离子将不断增多而带正电,另一方

(Cw)则带负电,此电动势与扩散电动势极性相反。这样共同形

成扩散吸附电动势。

泥质就象一种只许带正点荷的Na+通过,而不允许Cl-通过的离子

选择薄膜一样,有时称为选择吸附作用。

3. 井内总的自然电动势

(1)井壁附近电荷分布

实际地层水和泥浆滤液中的主要盐类常为NaCl,且地层水的矿化度比泥浆滤液高(淡水泥浆)。因此,夹于泥岩中的砂岩层被充满泥浆的井孔穿过时,地层水与泥

浆之间的扩散结果是:

砂岩与泥浆直接接触处产生扩散电动势,井孔一方为负,岩层一方为正;

砂岩中地层水通过泥岩向井中扩散,产生扩散吸附电动势,井孔一方为正岩层一方为负。

(2)井内总自然电位(SSP)

井内自然电动势形成之后,与周围的导电介质就构成了电流流动的闭合回路。在岩层中心的上下有两个这样的闭合回路,均由扩散电动势Ed、扩散吸附电动势Eda以及井孔泥浆柱、砂岩和泥岩这几部分的等效电阻rm、rt和rs组成。

公式及图形参考课件

?主要影响因素(矿化度、油气、泥质含量,等)

1. 影响静自然电位SSP的因素

自然电位异常幅度值ΔUsp与总自然电位SSP成正比,而SSP就决定于地层的岩性、泥浆和地层水的性质、泥浆滤液电阻率Rmf 与地层水电阻率Rw 的比值Rmf/Rw 以及地层温度等。因此这些因素都会直接影响自然电位的异常幅度。其中岩性和Rmf/Rw影响最大:

岩性:泥岩“基线”,砂岩“异常”等;

Rmf/Rw(或Cw/Cmf):淡水泥浆时储层显示负异常,盐水泥浆时显示正异常。

2. 地层厚度、井径的影响

当地层厚度h>4d时,自然电位异常幅度近似等于静自然电位;当地层厚度

h<4d时,自然电位异常幅度小于静自然电位,厚度越小,差别越大。

厚层可以用“半幅点”确定地层界面。半幅点即幅度之半

地层电阻率的影响

含油气饱和度比较高的储集层,其电阻率比它完全含水时rsd明显升高,SP略有下降。一般油气层的SP略小于相邻的水层。Rt/Rm增大,曲线幅度减小。

围岩电阻率Rs增大,则rsh 增大,使自然电位异常幅度减小。

4. 泥浆侵入带的影响

在渗透性地层,泥浆滤液渗入到地层孔隙中,使泥浆滤液与地层水的接触面向地层方向移动了一个距离。

侵入带的存在,相当于井径扩大,因而使自然电位异常幅度值降低。随着泥浆侵入的增大,自然电位异常幅度减小

5. 岩性剖面的影响

自然电位是一种以泥岩为背景来显示储集层性质的测井方法,SP大小不只与储

集层性质有关,而且与相邻泥岩的性质有关。因此,这种方法只能用于储集层与泥岩交替出现的岩性剖面,最常见的是砂泥岩剖面。

这种测井方法不能用于巨厚的碳酸盐岩剖面。因为这类剖面没有或很少有泥岩,裂缝较发育的储集层以致密碳酸盐岩为围岩,许多储层要通过远处的泥岩才能形成自然电流回路,因而在相邻泥岩间形成巨厚的大片SP异常,不能用来划分和研究储集层。

?应用(正、负异常划分储层,划分油水层,求Vsh、Rw等)

普通电阻率(电极系)

?岩石骨架、泥质等概念(联系泥质的三种存在形式及其对φ的影响),联系到岩石体积物理模型

岩石骨架:组成沉积岩石的固体颗粒部分。更一般地,指岩石中除泥质以外的固体颗粒部分。

泥质:岩石中湿粘土和细粉砂的混合物。

岩石骨架几乎不导电,沉积岩石的导电能力主要取决于地层水电阻率。

地层水性质主要包括含盐成分、矿化度、温度等。

课本实例说明了利用水样分析资料确定地层水电阻率的方法:等效NaCl溶液矿化度、温度--> Rw

?阿尔奇公式(公式、参数、含义、用途等)

意义:将孔隙度测井与电阻率测井联系起来,用于计算流体饱和度,是测井定量解释油水层的基础。

适用条件:纯岩石(不含泥质)或含泥质很少的岩石。

用法:孔隙度测井+电阻率测井+阿尔奇公式,在水层(电阻率测井得出R0)可求出Rw;在油层可求出其R0并进而确定Sw。

参数的意义:F、I的定义及其主要影响因素,各参数、资料的来源

?电极系分类(底梯、顶梯、电位)、参数(深度记录点、电极距、探测范围,等)、曲线特点(梯度特征位置,等)

?泥浆侵入(高侵、低侵及其应用)?微电极测井(Rmc、Rxo,应用)

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(4)截距式:1=+b y a x (b a ,分别为x 轴y 轴上的截距,且0,0≠≠b a ). 注:不能表示与x 轴垂直的直线,也不能表示与y 轴垂直的直线,特别是不能表示过原点的直线. (5)一般式:0=++C By Ax (其中A 、B 不同时为0). 一般式化为斜截式: B C x B A y - - =,即,直线的斜率: B A k -=. 注:(1)已知直线纵截距b ,常设其方程为y kx b =+或0x =. 已知直线横截距0x ,常设其方程为0x my x =+(直线斜率k 存在时,m 为k 的倒数)或0y =. 已知直线过点00(,)x y ,常设其方程为00()y k x x y =-+或0x x =. (2)解析几何中研究两条直线位置关系时,两条直线有可能重合;立体几何中两条直线一般不重合. 3.直线在坐标轴上的截矩可正,可负,也可为0. (1)直线在两坐标轴上的截距相等?直线的斜率为1-或直线过原点. (2)直线两截距互为相反数?直线的斜率为1或直线过原点. (3)直线两截距绝对值相等?直线的斜率为1±或直线过原点. 4.两条直线的平行和垂直: (1)若111:l y k x b =+,222:l y k x b =+,有

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