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单词学习之词根sen

词汇学

名词解释 Extension of meaning, also known as generalization, is the name given to the widening of meaning which some words undergo. It is a process by which a word which originally had a specialized meaning has now become generalized.词义的扩大也被称为普遍化，是指词的意义的扩展。这是一个词的词义从表达某一专门的意义转化到表示概括意义的过程。 Narrowing of meaning, also called specialization, is the opposite of widening 16 meaning. It is a process by which a word of wide meaning acquires a narrower or specialized sense. 词义的缩小也称为词义的具体，与词义的扩大相反。这是意义范围较大的词向意义较小的的方向演变的过程 Elevation or amelioration refers to the process by which words rise from humble beginnings to positions of importance.词义的的升格是指原来表示低微意义的词转而成为表示重要意义的词的词义演变过程。 Degradation or pejoration of meaning is the opposite of semantic elevation. It is a process whereby words of good origin fall into ill reputation or non-affective words come to be used in derogatory sense. 词义的降格与语义的升格相反，这是词从表示褒扬或中性的意义向表示贬义的意义的演变的过程 Blending is the formation of new words by combining parts of two words or a word plus a part of another word. Words formed in this way are called blends or pormanteau words. 拼缀法是通过合并两个词的某些部分或一个词与另外一个词的另一部分相加起来构成新词。以此种方式构成的词被称作为拼缀词或拼缀。 Another common way of making a word is to shorten a longer word by cutting a part off the original and using what remains instead. This is called clipping.-另一个常见的构词法时将原词的一部分截去，只用剩下来的一部分构成新词，这种方法叫截短法。 Acronymy is the process of forming new words by joining the initial letters of names of social and political organizations or special noun phrases and technical terms. Words formed in this way are called initialisms or acronyms, depending on the pronunciation of the words.首字母拼音法是将社会组织、特殊的名词词组或技术术语的首字母连起来构成新词的方法。以这种方法构成的词根根据其读音不同又分别叫做首字母缩略词和首字母拼音词。 Back-formation is considered to be the opposite process of suffixation. Words created through back-formation are mostly verbs. 逆生法被认为是后缀法的队里过程。由逆生法生成的词多半是动词。 Morphemes are abstract units, which are realized in speech by discrete units known as morphs. They are actual spoken, minimal carriers of meaning. The morpheme is to the morph what a phoneme is to a phone. -词素（形位）是抽象的单位，是由分立的形素在话语中具体实现的。“形素”是实际说出来的最小的意义携带体形位与形素的关系同音位与因素的关系一样。 Some morphemes, however, are realized by more than one morph according to their position in a word. Such alternative morphs are known as allomorphs.有些词素根据它们在词中的位置不同可有一个以上的不同形素实现，这些不同的形素叫词素变体。 Derivational affixes. As the term indicates, derivational affixes are affixes added to other morphemes to create new words. Derivational affixes can be further divided into prefixes and suffixes. Prefixes come before the ward and the suffixes after the word.派生词缀。是加在其他词

用100个句子学会7000个英语单词.

1. Typical of the grassland dwellers of the continent is the American antelope, or pronghorn. 1.美洲羚羊,或称叉角羚,是该大陆典型的草原动物。 2. Of the millions who saw Haley’s comet in 1986, how many people will live long enough to see it return in the twenty-first century. 2. 1986年看见哈雷慧星的千百万人当中,有多少人能够长寿到足以目睹它在二十一世纪的回归呢? 3. Anthropologists have discovered that fear, happiness, sadness, and surprise are universally reflected in facial expressions. 3.人类学家们已经发现,恐惧,快乐,悲伤和惊奇都会行之于色,这在全人类是共通的。 4. Because of its irritating effect on humans, the use of phenol as a general antiseptic has been largely discontinued. 4.由于苯酚对人体带有刺激性作用,它基本上已不再被当作常用的防腐剂了。 5. In group to remain in existence, a profit-making organization must, in the long run, produce something consumers consider useful or desirable. 5.任何盈利组织若要生存,最终都必须生产出消费者可用或需要的产品。 6. The greater the population there is in a locality, the greater the need there is for water, transportation, and disposal of refuse. 6.一个地方的人口越多,其对水,交通和垃圾处理的需求就会越大。 7. It is more difficult to write simply, directly, and effectively than to employ flowery but vague expressions that only obscure one’s meaning.

大学英语词汇学期末考试重点复习资料整理权威版后附试题

2012词汇学复习资料 The development of the English Vocabulary 1.Indo-European Language Family The Indo-European Language Family is considered as one of the most important language families. It includes most languages of Europe, the Near East, and India. Those languages, which are believed to have originated from this language family and developed alone different lines, show various degrees of similarity to one another. They fall into eight principal groups, which can be grouped into an Eastern Set东部诸语族: Balto-Slavic波罗的-斯拉夫语, Indo-Iranian印度伊朗语族, Armenian 亚美尼亚语族and Albanian阿尔巴尼亚语族; a Western Set: 西部诸语族Celtic凯尔特语族, Italic 意大利语族, Hellenic希腊语族, Germanic日尔曼语族. All the languages in both sets shed some influence on English to a greater or lesser extent because each has lent words into the English vocabulary. Prussian普鲁士语 Lithuanian立陶宛语 Polish波兰语 Balto-Slavic波罗的-斯拉夫语Czech捷克斯洛伐克语 Bulgarian保加利亚语 Slovenian斯洛文尼亚语 Russian Albanian阿尔巴尼亚 Persian波斯语 Hindi北印度语 Indo-Iranian印度伊朗语系Bengali孟加拉语 Romany，吉卜赛语 Armenian亚美尼亚语 Portuguese Spanish Italic意大利语族Italian Roumanian罗马尼亚语 French Indo-European Language Family Irish Celtic凯尔特语Breton Scottish Norwegian挪威语 Icelandic，冰岛语 Danish丹麦语 Germanic Swedish瑞典语日尔曼语言English Dutch Flemish German Hellenic，古希腊语- Greek

中考背句子记单词100句

1. With my own ears I clearly heard the heart beat of the nuclear bomb。我亲耳清楚地听到原子弹的心脏的跳动。 2. Next year the bearded bear will bear a dear baby in the rear。明年，长胡子的熊将在后方产一头可爱的小崽。 3. Early I searched through the earth for earthenware so as to research in earthquak e。早先我在泥土中搜寻陶器以研究地震。 4. I learn that learned earnest men earn much by learning。我得知有学问而认真的人靠学问挣很多钱。 5. She swears to wear the pearls that appear to be pears。她发誓要戴那些看起来像梨子的珍珠。 6. I nearly fear to tear the tearful girl's test paper。我几乎害怕撕那个泪流满面的女孩的试卷。 7. The bold folk fold up the gold and hold it in hand。大胆的人们将黄金折叠起来拿在手里。 8. The customers are accustomed to the disgusting custom。顾客们习惯了令人讨厌的风俗。 9. The dust in the industrial zone frustrated the industrious man。

词汇学论文

英汉词汇文化内涵对比研究摘要词汇是语言的载体，是沟通和交流的基础，是文化的组成部分，同时也具有文化内涵。文化，是语言发展的成果，是社会意识形态的集中反映，影响着社会生活，也影响着词汇的发展和变迁。英汉词汇因所属国的文化历史国情不同而具有不同的文化内涵，集中体现在构词、语义和词义上等等。本文通过分析对比英汉词汇文化内涵上的差异及其原因，旨在指导读者正确认识不同语言间的文化差异，更好地联系文化内涵深入地了解词汇的相关知识，从而在对语言的把握上提高一个层次。关键词：词汇，对比，文化内涵，文化差异 1. 引言人类社会在发展过程中产生了语言和文化，在语言的各个组成成分中，最能反映民族文化特征的是该民族语言的词汇，词汇背后反映的是该民族的文化认知方式。英汉词汇因本民族的文化成就而有所差异，通过对比研究这两种语言的文化内涵，不仅可以凸显被对比语言的共性和特性，有重要的学术价值，也有利于有针对性地制定学习和教学策略，更可以为语言的综合研究提供相关资料，为词汇学的发展做出积极贡献。 2. 文化内涵 2.1 文化内涵的定义英国人类学家爱德华·泰勒于1871年提出——文化是一个复合整体，包括知识、信仰、艺术、道德、法律、习俗以及作为一个社会成员的人所习得的其他一切能力和习惯。这是以后文化被重复和扩展定义的基础。文化具有传承性，动态性，民族性和多样性，文化作为一种历史现象，不同民族拥有不同文化，不同的文化之间既有共性又有个性。语言作为文化的载体，语言的使用离不开作为社会河文化成员的人以及使用的语言环境。 2.2 文化与词汇的联系

3.3 谚语谚语是心理，语言与文化的综合产物。英汉中存在具有共同比喻的谚语，如：火上浇油——pour oil in the flame 半斤八两——sin and half dozen 破釜沉舟——burn one's boats 以牙还牙——a tooth for a tooth 但由于两个民族有各自独特的文化背景和各自独特的风俗习惯，思维方式，因此谚语联想，引申和比喻上有很大的不同。例如汉语“拍马屁”取自古人讨好某人时，用手拍主人的马的屁股，说，“好马，好马”，而英语对应的意思是lick one's boots，舔靴子之意，再如：害群之马——black sheep；一箭之遥——at a stone’s throw; 掌上明珠——the apple of one’s eye; 棋逢对手——diamond cuts diamond.这些谚语后都蕴含着各自的文化信息。英语有时从字面上表达一个意思，实际上整体意义完全不同，如pull one’s leg——拉后腿，前者是“戏弄人”的意思，后者是“阻挠或牵制别人的行为”。再如，move heaven and earth 不是天翻地覆的意思，而是竭尽全力的意思。类似的谚语还有很多。 4. 英汉词汇文化内涵差异产生的原因 4.1 构词方法不同英汉语在构词法上既有共性，又存在一定的差异，具有各自的特殊性。汉英语属于两种差异较大的语言类型,从来源来看,汉语属于汉藏语系,英语属于印欧语系；从类型上讲,汉语属于分析语,英语属于综合分析语；汉语是象形表意文字，英语是表音文字，汉语重意合，而英语重形合,这些都取决于汉英两种民族不同的思维方式和民族心理素质,不同的思维方式和民族心理素质就会产生不同的语言形式,这些自然也会在构词上有所体现。 4.2 思维方式和认知方式不同总体而言，汉族人的认知方法倾向于感性和具体，而西方人认知方法比较理想和抽象。汉语数词的使用频率远高于英语的数词就可以说明这个问题，如，“五体投地”，“八面埋伏”，“九死一生”，“十全十美”，“三思而行”等等。西方文化是一种重分析性，实证性和逻辑性的认识文化，要求周密，精确和明细

100个有趣句子帮你记忆7000个单词(押韵)

100个有趣句子帮你记忆7000个单词（押韵） 1. With my own ears I clearly heard the heart beat of the nuclear bomb. 我亲耳清楚地听到原子弹的心脏的跳动。 2. Next year the bearded bear will bear a dear baby in the rear. 明年，长胡子的熊将在后方产一头可爱的小崽。 3. Early I searched through the earth for earthenware so as to research in earthquake. 早先我在泥土中搜寻陶器以研究地震。 4. I learn that learned earnest men earn much by learning. 我得知有学问而认真的人靠学问挣很多钱。 5. She swears to wear the pearls that appear to be pears. 她发誓要戴那些看起来像梨子的珍珠。 6. I nearly fear to tear the tearful girl's test paper. 我几乎害怕撕那个泪流满面的女孩的试卷。 7. The bold folk fold up the gold and hold it in hand. 大胆的人们将黄金折叠起来拿在手里。 8. The customers are accustomed to the disgusting custom. 顾客们习惯了令人讨厌的风俗。 9. The dust in the industrial zone frustrated the industrious man. 工业区里的灰尘使勤勉的人灰心。 10. The just budget judge just justifies the adjustment of justice. 公正的预算法官只不过为司法调整辩护而已。 11. I used to abuse the unusual usage, but now I'm not used to doing so. 我过去常滥用这个不寻常的用法,但我现在不习惯这样做。 12. The lace placed in the palace is replaced first, and displaced later. 放在皇宫的带子先被替换，后来被转移。 13. I paced in the peaceful spacecraft. 我在宁静的宇宙飞船里踱步。

《词汇学》教案

《词汇学》课程教学大纲适用专业：对外汉语、汉语言文学专业学时：36 先修课程：古代汉语现代汉语一、本课程的地位和作用汉语词汇学，与文字学、音韵学、训诂学、语法学都是汉语言专业的一门专业课，是有关汉语的重要内容之一。通过汉语词汇学这门课程的学习，使学生初步了解并掌握古代汉语词汇方面的初步知识及古代汉语词汇的一般特点，了解古今汉语词汇方面的内在联系，为今后从事汉语教学和进一步研究汉语词汇打下扎实的基础。二、本课程的教学目标本课程的开设，主要是为培养学生了解古今汉语词汇的语音特点、意义和一般用法，从汉语词汇知识中吸取营养，充实自己，在现实生活的语言交流和交际之中正确运用汉语的词汇。同时，也为进一步研究汉语词汇打基础。三、课程内容和基本要求汉语词汇学的主要内容和基础知识，主要是研究汉语词汇的类别、词的语音特征、词的语音形式、演变及其规律，词汇的构成和构

成方式、词义及词义特点、词义的演变、古今词义的异同、词的同义反义现象、同类词、同源词、同音词，词汇研究的方式、手段、词汇学史等方面的内容，要求对这些知识有个一般的了解和基本的掌握，最好能够运用这些知识去研究汉语中所出现的具体的语言现象。第一章序论一、词汇学的对象和分科 1、任何语言都有自己的语音系统、词汇和语法构造，语言的这三个组成部分在语言学上都有相应的学科来进行研究。词汇学就是其中以词和词汇作为研究对象的一门学科。所谓词汇就是语言里的词和词的等价物(如固定词组)的总和。词汇中包括实词和虚词，词汇学的研究重点是实词。因为有的虚词词汇意义已经弱化，有的甚至完全失去了词汇意义，只剩下语法意义，所以它们主要是语法学研究的对象。 2、在中国语言学史上，词汇的研究比语音和语法的研究都开始得早，这就是所谓训诂”。最古的一部训诂书《尔雅》写成于西汉时代。到了清朝乾嘉时代。训诂学更有了高度的发展，段玉裁(1735--1815)、王念孙(1744--1832)，王引之(1766--1834)等人把这门学问推进到了一个崭新的历史阶段。此外，我国的词典编纂工作开创之早与规模之大也是举世闻名的。 3、欧洲语言学发展的情况与此不同，开始得最早的是语法的研究。语音和词汇的研究在长时期内只是语法学的附庸。到了十九世纪，语音学和词汇学才逐渐成为独立的语言学学科。但是跟语音学和语法学比较起来，词汇学直到今天还是比较落后的。

英语词汇学期末论文

英语词汇学期末论文题目：浅析英语词汇巧记法专业：英语班级：13级3班学号：201313010309 姓名：黄旷静完成时间：2015年1月14号

浅析英语词汇巧记法摘要：词汇是英语学习的基础，没有足够的词汇量就不可能高水平的掌握英语这门外语，而浩瀚的词汇海洋让很多人望而生畏。尽管花费了大量时间精力去背，记忆的效果却差强人意，原因就在于没有使用科学的方法记忆词汇。其实，世间万物都是有规律性的，英语单词的组词与构词方法也有规律，了解了它的规律有利于我们有效甚至高效学习英语单词。为了提高单词记忆的效率，本文从不同方面介绍几种记忆方法。关键词：词汇科学记忆规律效率一．读音记忆法 1.拼读法英语是拼音文字，英语中的单词的读音大多是有规律的，熟悉字母及字母组合的发音规则，掌握正确的拼法与读音之间的关系，可以根据单词的读音，降低记忆难度，正确地拼写单词。例如ay读[ei]。带有ay字母组合的词，如say，day，way，pay，may，play，spray，不仅发音容易，而且拼写也没有任何困难。Sh ch tion ture 等也都有固定读音，ee发音为i: culture 文化pasture牧场mature 成熟的architecture 建筑学带有true的单词也都能很方便的记忆下来

2.谐音法尽管有些人认为用这种谐音记忆法记忆单词不科学，不利于正确掌握发音，但实践证明，对尚未掌握外语的构词特点和记词规律的初学者来说，采用谐音法记单词确实能有效地记住一部分难记的单词。但是，在用谐音法记单词时需要特别注意，绝不可将其作为模仿发音的依据，只能作为记忆单词时的谐音联想手段，以加强记忆，而必须按照单词的标准发音去读记，以避免这种记词法干扰正确发音。用谐音法记单词是，根据外语单词的读音到中文中寻找与其读音相似的谐音，寻找到谐音与单词的联系。用这种方法甚至可能达到终身不忘，这也正是谐音记忆法的绝妙之处。例如：mouth嘴[联想：说话“冒失”的就是嘴] think想[联想：想时要“深刻”] 二．联想法 1.拆分联想科学研究表明：联想是记忆的基础。世界著名的生理学家巴甫洛夫指出："记忆要依靠联想，而联想则是新旧知识建立联系的产物。”联想法是联想记忆的进一步运用和发展。它是指学习者展开积极丰富的想象力，使所要记忆的知识生动、形象化，通过联想在新旧知识(如英语熟词词义与生词词义)之间建立起一种联系，从而达到以旧带新、快速记忆的目的。

词汇学词根讲解

最常用英语词根、词缀 ------ 词根----- ag,act 做，驱动 agent代理人active活动的，积极的 agr 农田 agriculture农业agrarian田地的 am 爱，亲爱 amicable友善的amiable和蔼可亲的 anim 心灵，精神，生命 animal动物animate有生命的 ann，enn 年 annual一年的centennial一世纪的 astro 星 astronomy天文学astronaut宇宙航行员 audi 听 audience听众audible听得见的 bell 战争 rebellion反叛，反抗bellicose好战的 bio 生命，生物 biology生物学antibiotic抗生的,抗生素 brev 短brevity 简洁

1．ag,act 2．agr 3．am 4．anim 5．ann，enn 6．astro 7．audi 8．bell 9．bio 10．brev 1．做，驱动 2．农田 3．爱，亲爱 4．心灵，精神，生命5．年 6．星 7．听 8．战争 9．生命，生物10．短

agent代理人，agrarian田地的，amicable 友善的amiable和蔼可亲的animate有生命的centennial一世纪的astronomy天文学astronaut宇宙航行员audience听众audible听得见的rebellion反叛，反抗bellicose好战的antibiotic抗生的,抗生素brevity简洁 agent，agrarian，amicable，amiable，animate，centennial，astronomy，astronaut，audience，audible，rebellion，bellicose，antibiotic，brevity cede 走 precedent先行的，在前的precede先行 cent 百 centimeter厘米centigrade百分度的 center,centr 中心 concentrate集中centrifugal离心力的 cide,cis 杀，切 suicide自杀bactericide杀菌剂

句子记单词(1-40)

1、The purple purse is made of genuine leather. 这个紫色的钱包是真皮的。 2、A bar code label is attached on the centigrade thermometer. 温度计上贴有条形码标签。// 条形码标签贴在温度计上。 3、There is a stack of hay and a leaky barrel in the discard barn. 在废弃的谷仓里放着一堆干草和一个漏水的桶。 4、The gardener is trimming a peculiar pine tree’s limbs with a saw. 园丁用锯子为一种奇特的松树修剪枝干。 5、Spiders spin webs amid the jungle in the order to capture insects as their food . 蜘蛛在丛林中织网捕食昆虫。 6、The capacity of that plastic container is 10 gallons, namely 80 pints, and the height is approximately 60 centimeters. 那个塑料容器的容量是10加仑，即80品脱，高约60厘米。7、Beside the erect statue and monuments of suburb, a gym located there. 在郊区树立的雕像和纪念碑旁边有一间健身房。 8、The farmer is herding a flock of deer descending a slope. 农夫正在赶一群鹿下斜坡。 9、The harsh whistle of subway weakened and vanished away in the dim tunnel. 刺耳的汽笛声减弱并消失在昏暗的隧道中。

词汇学试题(2)

哈尔滨商业大学2009-2010学年第二学期《词汇学》期末考试试卷装题订线内不答要一、单项选择题（本大题共40小题，每小题1分，共40 I. Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that would best complete the statement. 1. Morphology is the branch of grammar which studies the structure or forms of words, primarily through the use of _________construct. A. word B. form C. morpheme D. root 2. .Modern English is derived from the language of early ______ tribes. A. Greek B. Roman C. Italian D. Germanic 3. Stylistics is the study of style. It is concerned with the user?s choices of linguistic elements in a particular________ for special effects A. situation B. context C. time D. place 4. Terminology consists of _______ terms used in particular disciplines and academic areas. A. technical B. artistic C. different D. academic 5. _________ belongs to the sub-standard language, a category that seems to stand between the standard general words including informal ones available to everyone and in-group words. A. Jargon B. Argot C. Dialectal words D. Slang 6. The prehistoric Indo-European parent language is thought to be a highly ______language. A. inflected B. derived C. developed D. analyzed 7. The introduction of ________had a great impact on the English vocabulary. A. Hinduism B. Christianity C. Buddhism D. Islamism 8. It is estimated that at least ______ words of Scandinavian origin have survived in modern English. A. 500 B. 800 C. 1000 . D. 900 9. By the end of the _______century , English gradually came back into the schools, the law courts, and government and regained social status. A. 12th B. 13th C. 14th D.15th 10. The Balto-Slavic comprises such modern languages as Prussian, Lithuanian, Polish, Czech, Bulgarian, Slovenian and _______. A. Greek B. Roman C. Indian D. Russian 11. Rugby ,afghan and champagne are words coming from ________. A. names of books B. names of places C. names of people D. trade-names 12. Ex-student, fore tell and post-election contain________. A. negative prefixes B. prefixes of degree or size C. prefixes of time and order D. locative prefixes 13. The prefixes in words new-Nazi, autobiography and pan-European are ________. A. negative prefixes B. prefixes of degree or size C. prefixes of time and order D. miscellaneous prefixes 14. Utopia ,odyssey and Babbit are words from ________. A. names of books B. names of places C. names of people D. trade-names 15. The suffixes in words height en, symbol ize are ________. A. noun suffixes B. verb suffixes C. adverb suffixes D. adjective suffixes

词汇学期末复习题(附参考答案)

名词解释（10选5，一个4分）词=The minimal free form of a language, which has a given sound, meaning and syntactic function. 词根=The basic unchangeable part of a word, and covers the main lexical meaning of the word. 词缀=Affixes are forms that are attached to words or word elements to modify meaning or function. 一词多义=Polysemy means that one single word has two or more senses at the same time. 同形异义=Homonyms are different words with the same form (spelling or pronunciation) 完全同形异义=Perfect homonyms are different words identical both in sound and spelling, though different in meaning. 同音异形异义=Homophones are different words identical in sound but different in spelling and meaning. 同形异音异义=Homographs are different words identical in spelling, but different in sound or meaning. 同义关系=Synonymy is a relationship of “sameness of meaning” that may hold between two words. 反义关系=Antonymy is a relationship of “meaning opposition” that may hold between two words.

《英语词汇学》重要术语中英文对照

《英语词汇学》重要术语 One: 1. Native words 本族词 Words of Anglo-Saxon origin or of Old English are native words. 2. Loan words 借词 Words borrowed from other languages are loan words or borrowed words. 3. Slang words 俚语 Slang words are those words of a vigorous, colourful, facetious, or taboo nature, invented for specific occasions, or uses, or derived from the unconventional use of the standard vocabulary. 4. Function words 功能词 Function words are often short words such as determiners, conjunctions, prepositions, auxiliaries that serve grammatically more than anything else. 5. Content words 实义词 Content words are used to name objects, qualities, actions, processes or states, and have independent lexical meaning. 6. Free forms 自由形式 Forms which occur as sentences are free forms. Two: 1. Morphemes 语素 Morphemes are the smallest meaningful linguistic units of English language, not divisible or analyzable into smaller forms. 2. Allomorphs 语素变体 Allomorphs are any of the variant forms of a morpheme as conditioned by position or adjoining sounds. 3. Free morpheme 自由语素 Free morpheme is one that can be uttered alone with meaning. 4. Bound morpheme 粘着语素 Bound morpheme cannot stand by itself as a complete utterance and must appear with at least one other morpheme, free or bound. 5. Root 词根 Root is the basic unchangeable part of a word and it conveys the main lexical meaning of the word. 6. Affix 词缀 Affix is a collective term for the type of formative that can be used only when added to another morpheme. 7. Inflectional affix 屈折词缀 Inflectional affix serves to express such meanings as plurality, tense, and the comparative or superlative degree. 8. Derivational affix 派生词缀 Derivational affix is the kind of affixes that has specific lexical meaning hand can derive a word when it is added to another morpheme. 9. Prefixes 前缀 Prefixes are affixes added before words.