最新最全英语词汇学知识点整理(精华)

词汇期末复习（ C1 -C7 ）

Chapter 1

一、 Word 词的定义

a minimal free form （最小的自由形式）

a sound unity

a semantic unity （ meaning ）

a form that can function alone in a sentence. （具有句法功能）

(1) (2) (3) (4) 二、 Vocabulary 词汇的定义

All the words in a language make up what is generally known as vocabulary.

一般来说，词汇指的是一种语言里所有单词的总和。 词的总和构成语言的

词汇。词与词汇之间的关系是个体与总体之间的关系。 三、

Sound&Meaning 发音和意义

The connection between the sound (form) and meaning is arbitrary ( 任意的 ) and conventional. 二者的关系是约定俗成、随意的

四、 Sound & Form 发音和形式

（正字的） (1) The written form of a natural language is the orthographical form.

record of the oral 自然语言的书写形式是口语形式的书写记录。

发音与形式不同的原因： (2) The reasons of differences occur between sound and form: ① ② 英语字母表来自罗马

English alphabet was adopted from the Romans 发音改变快 the pronunciation has changed more rapidly than spelling over the years. 速

③ ④ Differences created by professional scribes. 专业抄写员的不同

More differences brought by the continuing change of sounds and the standardization of spelling. 发音不断变化，书写标准化。

⑤ borrowing : words were borrowed from other languages such as Latin, Greek, French, etc.外来词

五、 Classification of Words 词的分类

① Basic Words

The basic vocabulary has the following characteristics: 基本词汇特点：

1. All national character 全民性 ? ? ? ? ? ② (indispensable to all the people who speak the language).

2. Stability 稳定性 （ relatively stable or unchanged ）

3. Productivity 多产性

4. Polysemy 多义性

5. Collocability 搭配性

Non-basic Words

（form new words in combination with other roots and affixes ) Non-basic vocabulary: terminology, jargon, slang, argot, dialectal words, archaisms, neologisms. 非基本词包含：专业术语、行话、俚语、黑话、方言、古语、新词。

① Content Words/Full words/National words ：

能够表达清楚的含义

They denote clear notions.

② Functional words/Empty words/Form words ：

They show the relation between notions. 显示了与概念之间的关系

① Native Words ：

Anglo-Saxon words brought by the Germanic tribes such as Angles, Saxons and the Jutes. ② Borrowed Words ：

loan words or borrowings. English has adopted almost all the major languages in the world. It

includes Denizens 同化词 Aliens 非同化词 Translation loans 译借词 Semantic loans 借义词 Chapter 2

一、 The Indo-European Language Family 印欧语系

(1) The Indo-European language family is made up of most languages of Europe, the Near East,

and India. 印欧语系是由欧洲、近东和印度的大部分语言组成的。

The classification of Indo -European language family :

The Eastern Set

The Western Set （ Germanic ）

(2) ① ② 二、 Three phases of the Vocabulary Development 词汇发展三阶段

(1) Old English(450 -1150)

特点：

It has a small vocabulary of about 50,000 to 60,000 words. 词汇量小

It has small number of borrowings came from Latin and Scandinavian.

拉丁 / 斯堪的纳维亚外来词少

It is a highly inflected language. (it has the words full of endings.) 完整词尾

Middle English(1150 -1500)

? ? ? (2) 特点：

It has a comparatively large vocabulary; 词汇量相对较大

It has absorbed a tremendous number of foreign words mainly from French and Latin; 大量发育和拉丁词汇

Word endings become leveled. 词尾扁平

Modern English(1500 up to the present)

? ? 吸收

? (3) 特点：

it has a huge and heterogeneous vocabulary; 巨大且多样的词汇

It has tremendous borrowings; 许多外来词

It has words with lost endings. 词尾消失

? ? ? 三、 General Characteristic 一般特征

Receptivity, adaptability and heterogeneity 接受性、适应性、异质性

Simplicity of inflection 简洁性、屈折性

Relatively fixed word -order 相对固定的语序

(1) (2) (3) 四、 Foreign Elements in the English Vocabulary 英语词汇中的外来成分

(1) 主要外来成分：拉丁、希腊、法语、斯堪的纳维亚语

(2) 次要外来成分：意大利语、日耳曼语、荷兰语、西班牙和葡萄牙语、凯尔特语

五、 Growth of Contemporary English Vocabulary 当代英语词汇的发展

发展方式：

Modes of Vocabulary Development

?

Creation 创词Semantic change 旧词新义Borrowing 借词

Chapter 3

一、Morphemes 词素

(1) 词素的定义：

It is the smallest functioning unit in the composition of words.

语素是最小的有意义的单位。它是语言中最小的构词单位。

(2) 词素的特点：

①All the morphemes have their own meanings, but they cannot be further divided,

所有的词素都有自己的意义；它们不能再细分了，否

otherwise they will not make any sense.

则将会没有任何意义。

②词素可能会有一些变。

Morphemes may have some variants. e.g. - ation. May also be

-tion, -sion,-ion, but they belong to the same suffix because they have the same meaning and

grammatical function.

形素和词素变体

二、Morphs and Allomorphs

(1) 形素的定义：

The phonetic or orthographic strings or segments which realize morphemes are termed

‘mor 体现词素的语音串和拼写字节被称为形素。

(2) 形素与词素的关系：

Morphemes are abstract units, which are realized in speech by discrete units known as morphs.

词素是抽象的单位，是由分立的形素在话语中具体实现的。

(3) 词素变体：

An allomorph refers to a member of a set of morphs, which represent one morpheme.

词素变体指一套形素中的一个成员，表征一个词素。

总结：语言中最小的不可再分的意义单位是词素。

morpheme 又可称为形位、语素等。词素是抽象的，它是

通过形素morph 表现出来的。词素还有变体形式，在语

言学中称为词素变体allomorph 。

三、Classifying Morphemes 词素分类

根据能否独立出现分类

(1) in terms of their capacity of occurring alone

Free vs. bound morphemes 自由词素/ 粘着词素

Free morphemes( 自由词素)：

?

Morphemes which are independent of other morphemes are free. Free morphemes have

complete meanings in themselves and can be used as free grammatical units in sentences.

自由词素是能独立运用的词素，它有完整的意义，在句中充当一个自由的语法单位。

举例：man, wind, open, tour

自由词素都是词根, 也叫自由词根, 能用作词或作为构成新词的构词要素。

?

Bound morphemes( 粘着词素)：

Morphemes which cannot occur as separate words are bound. They are bound to other

morphemes to form words or to perform a particular grammatical function.

粘着词素不能独立成词，只能依附于其他词素上以构成词或担当一定的语法功能。

粘着词素包括词根（粘着词根）和词缀。

举例：bound root: -dict -, -ced-

affix: -ion, -ist, -ic

根据能否构成新词分类

(2) on the basis of the capacity of forming new words

Derivational vs. inflectional morphemes 派生词素/ 屈折词素

Derivational morphemes( 派生词素)

?

Derivational morphemes are used to derive new words when they are added to another morpheme. In English derivatives and compounds are all formed by such morphemes.

派生词素附着于其它词素可派生出新词。英语中派生词都是由这样的词素构成的。

派生词素的特点：

改变词干的意义和词性表明单

词内的语义出现在一些词类里

的部分语素中

在任何屈折词缀添加之前出现

Inflectional morphemes( 屈折词素)

?

Inflectional morphemes indicate the syntactic relationships between words and function as grammatical markers. Inflectional morphemes are confined to suffixes.

屈折词素作为语法标记表示词的语法意义，

屈折词素的特点：不改变词干的意义和词

性表明句子中不同单词的句法和语义

关系

出现于一些大的词类里所有语素中

出现于单词的边缘

屈折语素只限于词缀。

on a semantic and syntactic basis 根据语义和语法分类

Content/lexical vs. grammatical morphemes 实义词素/ 语法词素

(3)

Lexical 词汇/ content 实义morphemes are morphemes which have a lexical content and are used for the construction of new words as in compound words and derivational morphemes

such as–s h-ii z p e,.

实义词素是拥有词汇意义并且用来构造新词，就像复合词和派生词。

?Grammatical morphemes function primarily as grammatical markers. They encompass both inflectional affixes( -s) and free morphemes ( in, and, do, have

语法词素主要作为语法标记，包含屈折词缀和自由词素。

四、Identifying Morphemes 词素的识别

How to identify morphemes?

They should be identifiable by their forms, meaning and distribution.

他们应该通过形式、意义、分布来识别。

functional words)

五、Morphemization and New Morphemes 词素化和新词素

(1) Morphemization is the process of creating a morpheme using a word, or part of a word.

词素化是通过一个词或者词的一部分来创造一个词素的过程。

(2) two ways of creating new morphemes:

①clipping

? ?front clipping

back cliping

e.g. e-, info-, and docu -

e.g. -net(from internet), -gate(from watergate)

②using an old form as a morpheme e.g. -speak (Clinton speak)

六、 Morpheme and Word -formation 词素和构词

In word -formation, morphemes are labeled root, stem, base and affix.

在构词法中 , 语素被分为词根、词干、词基和词缀。

① Affixes are forms that are attached to words or word elements to modify meaning or

function. All affixes are bound morphemes.

词缀都是粘着词素，依附于单词或其他构词材料构成新词或表示词的语法意义。

? Two types of affixes:

Inflectional affixes and Derivational affixes

屈折词缀和派生词缀

② A root is that part of a word form that remains when

all inflectional and derivational

affixes have been removed.

词根是所有屈折词缀和派生词缀被去掉后所剩余的那部分。

③ A stem is that part of the word

-form which remains when all inflectional affixes have been removed .

词干是所有屈折词缀被去掉后所剩余的那部分。

④ A base refers to a form to which affixes of any kind (both derivational and inflectional) can be added . It can be a root or a stem.

词基是任何一种词缀都可加在上面的形式。 它与词根有区

别， 因为它是可以从派生角度进行分析的形式，

在上面可以加上派生词缀。 因为派生词缀和屈折词缀都可 但是 词根则不容许做进一步的分析 。词基与词干也是不同的， 以加在词基上，而 举例：

individualistic

individualist

只有屈折词缀可以加在词干 上。

[stem, base] individual [stem, base] dividual [base]

divide [root, stem, base]

Chapter 4

一共 9 中构词方法：

词缀法 复合法 转类法 ?

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?

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?

?

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? Affixation (derivation) Compounding Conversion/ Shifting 最重要的三种（往年考过） 拼缀法 Blending 截短法 Clipping/ Shortening 首字母拼音法 逆生法 Acronymy Back-formation 语音重叠法 Sound Reduplication Commonization of Proper Names 专有名词的普通名词化法

一、 (1) Affixation/Derivation

词缀法 / 派生法→构成：派生词 定义：

Affixation refers to the formation of words by adding word forming or derivational affixes

Derivative

to bases.词缀法指的是给词基添加派生词缀或者可用于构词的词缀来构成新词。

Derivation: a process by which new words are derived from old or base forms.

派生是指一个新词通过旧的或者基本形式派生出新的词。

分类：

Prefixation 前缀法

(2) 1) Prefixation is defined as the formation of new words by adding prefixes to bases.

通过给词基添加前缀构成新词。

前缀类型：

① ② ③ ④ ⑤ ⑥ ⑦ ⑧ ⑨ ⑩ 11 Negative Prefixes 表否定的前缀

Reversative or Privative Prefixes 表逆向意义的前缀

Pejorative Prefixes 表贬义的前缀

Prefixes of Degree or Size 表程度大小的前缀

Prefixed of Orientation and Attitude 表倾向和态度等意义的前缀

Locative Prefixes 表方位意义的前缀

Prefixes of Time and Order 表时间和顺序等意义的前缀

Number Prefixes 表数字的前缀

Conversion Prefixes 用于转换词性的前缀

Miscellaneous Prefixes 其他种类意义的词缀

New Prefixes 新的前缀

Suffixation 后缀法

2) Suffixation is the process of new words by adding word -forming or derivational suffixes to bases 通过给词基添加可构词的词缀或者派生后缀来构成新词。

后缀类型：

. ① ② ③ ④ noun suffixes 名词后缀

adjective suffixes 形容词后缀

adverb suffixes 副词后缀（如： -ward/ -wards ）

new suffixes 新后缀（如： -nik... 的成员、 -holic 上瘾、 -burger 汉堡的）

Prefixes: 前缀特点：

Preposed 放在词前

Grammatically unimportant (mostly not changing word class/ part of speech)

语法上不特别重要，大多不改变词类词性。

Modifying lexical meaning 修饰词汇意思

Suffixes: 后缀特点：

Postposed 放在词后

Grammatically significant 语法意义重要

Of less significance in lexical meaning 词汇意义上相对不那么重要

二、 Compounding 复合法→构成：复合词

定义：

Compounding is the formation of new words by joining two or more bases.

复合法是通过添加两个或以上的词基来构成新词。

A compound is “ alexical unit consisting of more than one base and (1) functioning both

grammatically and semantically as a single word. 复合词是一个词”汇 单位， 在语法和语义上都作为一个单一的词。

(2) 写法：

Compounds can be written

包括超过一个词基， ? ? ? (3) solid (silkworm),

hyphenated (honey -bee)

and open (tear gas and easy chair)

复合词特点：

What is the dividing line between compounds and free phrases?

复合词和自由词组的区别界限：

a. phonological features 语音特点

b. semantic features 语义特点

c. grammatical features 语法特点

拼写特点

three major classes of compounds 名词复合词

d. orthographical features 复合词的构词方法： 前三种是主要的复合词：

(4) ① ② ③ ④ ⑤ ⑥ Noun compounds Adjective compounds 形容词复合词

Verb compounds 动词复合词

preposition compounds

pronoun compound

conjunction compound

① 名词复合词：

词汇层面分析：

N+N

N+V

V+N

A+N

N+Ving

Ving+N

N+Ver

adv+N

V+adv

Ving+adv

adv+Ving

句法层面的分析：

S+V 主语加谓语

V+O 谓语加宾语

V+ADV 谓语加副词

PLACE 地点（比

如： A. ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? B. ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? hilding -place=hide in a place ）

TIME 时间（比如： day-dreamer=dream during the day ）

INSTRUMENT 工具、手段（比如： handwriting=write by hand ）

OTHERS 其他（比如： shadow -boxing=box against a

shadow ）

S+O 主语加宾语

S+C 主语加补语（比如：

girlfriend=the friend is a girl ）

? ② 形容词复合词

基本层面：

N+Ving

ADJ+Ving

N+adj

adj+adj （比如： N+Ved

ADJ+Ved

ADV+Ved

N+Ned （比如： A+Ned （比如： num+Ned

num+Ving

adv+Ving

Ved+adv

内部语法层面：

V+O

V+ADV

V+P.

C. ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?

D. ? ? ? ? ? deaf-mute 聋哑的）

非常勇敢的）

lion -hearted short -sighted 目光短浅的）

N-ADV+ADJ （比如： homesick=Sick because of missing home ）

Coordinating relation

③ 动词复合词：

Through Conversion 转类

E. 比如： nickname=to nickname; honeymoon=to honeymoon

Through Back Formation 逆生法

F. 比如： lip-reading=to lip -read; mass production=to mass -produce.

三、 Conversion 转类法→构成：转类词

(1) 定义：

Conversion is the formation of new words by converting words of one part of speech to the .

words of another part of speech, without any change in morphological structures 类型：

(2) ① 名词转类

Conversion to nouns deverbal nouns 动词名词化

? 比如： want → what is wanted

de-adjectival nouns 形容词名词化

full conversion 完全转换

? a. 比如： a white 一个白人

partial conversion 部分转换

b. 比如： the poor （得带定冠词才能表示名词意思）

② Conversion to verbs 动词转类

denominal verbs 名词动词化

? 比如： to can the fruit （将水果放入罐头中）

de-adjectival verbs 动词形容词化

? 比如： He walked so fast so as not to wet his shoes.

③ conversion to adjectives 形容词转类

比如： a gold ring （ gold 是名词转形容词）

四、 (1) Blending 拼缀法→构成：混合词

定义： Blending is the formation of new words by combining parts of two words or a word

拼缀法是通过合并两个单词的一部分或者一 plus a part of another word and vice versa. 个单词加上另一个单词的一部分构成新单词的构词方法。

结构：

(2) ① ② ③ ④ 头+尾

头+头

头+词

词+尾

五、 (1) Clipping 截短法→构成：缩略词

定义： Clipping refers to the way of making a word by shortening or clipping a longer word

known as clipping. 通过缩短或者截掉一个长单词来构新词。

类型：

(2) ① ② ③ ④ Front Clipping

Back Clipping

Front and back clipping

Phrase clipping

六、 (1) Acronymy 首字母拼音法

定义： Acronymy is the process of forming new words by joining the initial letters of

composite names of social and political organizations or phrases used as technical terms 将社会和政治组织名称的首字母或短语作为术语组合在一起形成新词的过程。

. 类型：

(2) initialisms (alphabetisms) ：首字母缩略词

定义：

? 1) Initialisms refer to words pronounced letter by letter , hence the name.

字母一个一个读

2) 两种类型：

① ② Letters representing full words

Letters representing constituents in a compound or just parts of a word

acronyms ： 首字母拼音词

? 1) 定义：

Acronyms refer to a word from initial letters but 可整体作为单词发音

pronounced as a normal word.

类型：

2) ① pure acronyms

②③hybrid acronyms syllabic acronyms

七、Back-formation 逆生法→构成：逆向派生词

定义：

Back-formation is a process of word -formation by which a word is created by the deletion of a supposed suffix. It is also known as a reverse derivation . This is because many of the removed

suffixes are not true suffixes but inseparable parts of the words.

逆生法（逆向派生法）是通过去除单词所谓的后缀构成新词的方法。

正的后缀，而是单词的独立部分。

所移除的后缀并不是真

八、Sound Reduplication 语音重叠法→构成：语音重叠词

(1) 定义：

reduplicatives

Sound reduplication

little or no change.

(2) 类型：

Four types:

is the formation of compound words by repeating the same element with

①②③

e.g. tick-tuck 模仿声音

Words to imitate pure sounds

e.g. ping-pong 暗示某种运动

Words to suggest alternating movements

Words to disparage（贬义、蔑视）by suggesting 'instability, nonsense, insecurity,

vacillation', etc. e.g. hocus-pocus

④words to intensify. 增强语气 e.g. teeny-weeny

专有名词的普通名词化法九、Commonization of Proper Names

Names of People 人名专有化Names of Places 地名专有化Names of Books 书名专有化

如：Ampere 安培

如：Champagne 香槟（法国尚帕涅）如：Utopia（乌托邦）

Trade Name 商标名如：nylon 尼龙

Chapter 5

一、Word Meaning 词意

(1) Reference 所指含义

1) 定义：

Reference is the connection between the word form and what the form refers to in the world. 所指含义是单词形式和它在这个世界上所指事物之间的关系。

2) 语言符号和其所指之间的关系：

the relationship between the linguistic sign and its referent:

①②③

任意性、随意性

arbitrary

conventional 约定俗成

the result of generalization and abstraction 概括化与抽象化的结果

即要赋予一定的语境

reference + context = something definite

reference→symbol ：意义通过符号表达

reference→referent （所指事物）：概括化合抽象化的结合

symbol→referent ：任意性& 约定俗成

(2) Concept 概念

定义：

Concept is a notion or idea, formed in the mind as a result of cognition, which reflects the objective world . Concept is beyond language .

在人的头脑中形成一些对客观世界的反映

概念和意义的区别：

①They are closely connected but not identical. They are both related directly to referents and are notions of the words. 均与所指事物相关，是词语的概念。

②Concept is universal to all men alike regardless of culture, race, language and so on.

概念对于所有人来说都是相似的。

③意义属于语言层次。

But meaning belongs to language.

(3) Sense语义

定义：

The sense of a word shows its place in a system of semantic relationships with other words in the language. It is often used to substitute meaning.

一个词的语义表现了它和语言中的其他词在语义系统上的关系，通常等于意义。

?Sense denotes the relationships inside the language

语义表现的是语言内在关系。

所指含义?Reference denotes the relationship between words and the things they stand for.

表示的是单词和它们所象征事物之间的关系。

二、Motivation 理据

(1)

Onomatopoeic Motivation 拟声理据

In modern English, some words whose phonetic forms suggest their meanings as the words were created by imitating the natural sounds or noises .

通过模仿自然声音或者噪音暗示单词意义。

primary onomatopoeia

secondary onomatopoeia: e.g. splash/whisper

(2)

Morphological Motivation 形态理据

Compounds and derived words are multimorphemic words and the meanings of many of them

are the total of the morphemes combined.

复合词和派生词是多语素词，他们的意义由语素结合而成。

e.g. airmail 、miniskirt

(3)

Semantic Motivation 语义理据

It explains the meaning of a word generated through

associations based on its conceptual meaning.

语义理据解释了一个词通过联想在概念意义的基础上衍生出其他意义。

e.g. mouth of a river: the opening part of the river

Etymological Motivation 词源理据

(4)

the origins of words more often than not throw light on their meanings.

单词的起源往往能解释它们的含义。

三、Types of Meaning

(1)

Grammatical Meaning 语法意义

定义：

Grammatical meaning indicates grammatical concept or relationships such as part of speech of words, singular and plural meaning of nouns, tense meaning of verbs and their inflectional paradigm (all the inflectional forms of a word).

暗示语法概念或者语法关系（如词性，单复数，时态等）

(2) Lexical Meaning 词汇意义

定义：

Lexical meaning is constant in all the content words within or without context as it is related to

the concept the word conveys.

词汇意义在所有的实义词中都是不变的，因为它与词汇所表达的概念有关

1．Conceptual Meaning 概念意义

定义：

Conceptual meaning is meaning given in the dictionary and forms

the core of word meaning .

概念意义是词典赋予的意义，是词义的核心

2．Associative Meaning 联想意义

①定义：

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