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历年托福考试阅读真题汇总含答案

0308 托福试题

阅读( 55minutes )

Question 1-11 seen in putrefying materials .He did (10) this by passing air through guncotton filters, the fibers of which stop solid particles. After

the guncotton was dissolved in a mixture of alcohol and ether, the particles that it had trapped fell to the bottom of the liquid and were examined on a microscope slide .Pasteur found that in ordinary air these exists a variety of solid structures ranging in size from

0.01 mm to more than 1.0 mm .Many of these bodies resembled the reproductive

(15) structures of common molds, single-celled animals, and various other microbial cells .

As many as 20 to 30 of them were found in fifteen

If food is allowed to stand for some time,

putrefies .When the putrefied material is examined

microscopically ,it is teeming with bacteria. Where do these bacteria come from , since they are fresh food? Even until the mid-nineteenth century, many people believed

microorganisms originated by spontaneous (5 ) generation ,a hypothetical living organisms develop from nonliving matter. The most powerful spontaneous generation

microbiologist Louis showed that structures present in air closely

found not that it

to be seen in

such

process by which of the theory of French chemist and

opponent

was the Pasteur(1822-1895).Pasteur

resemble the microorganisms

necked flask in which putrefying materials could he heated to boiling, but air

could reenter. The bends in the neck prevented microorganisms from getting in the flask.. Material sterilized in such a flask did not putrefy.

1, W hat does the passage mainly discuss?

(a) Pasteur 's influence on the development of the microscope. (b) The origin of the theory of spontaneous generation . (c) The effects of pasteurization on food. (d)

Pasteur 's argument agai nst the theory of

spontaneous generation .

2, T he phrase “teeming with ”in line 2 is closest in meaning to (a) full of

liters of ordinary air ,and they could

not be distinguished from the organisms found in much larger numbers in putrefying materials .Pasteur concluded that the organisms found materials originated from the organized bodies present postulated that these bodies are constantly (20) being deposited on all objects. Pasteur showed that if a nutrient sealed in a glass flask

and heated to

boiling to destroy all the living contaminating it, it never putrefied .The proponents of spontaneous generation declared was necessary for spontaneous generation and that sealed flask was affected in some way (25) by heating so that it would spontaneous generation. Pasteur

in putrefying in the air .He

solution was organisms the that air fresh air inside the longer support no constructed a swan-

(b) developing into (c) resistant to (d) hurt by

3, W hich of the following questions did the theory of spontaneous generation attempt to answer?

(a) What is the origin of the living organisms are seen on some food?

(b) How many types of organisms can be found on food?

(d) How long can food stand before it putrefies?

6,The author mention “1.0mm ”in line 14 in describing the (a) thickness of a layer of organisms that deposited on an object

(b) diameter of the fibers that were in the guncotton filters (c) thickness of the microscope slides that were used (d) size of the particles that that were collected

prepare living 4,The word “resemble ” meaning to (a)benefit from (b)appear similar to (c)join together with (d)grow from

in line 9 is closest in

5,The purpose of the paragraph 2 was to (a)trap particles for analysis (b)slow the process of putrefaction (c)increase the airflow to the microscopic slide (d)aid the mixing of alcohol and ether

guncotton ” mentioned in

was

word “postulated ”in line 19 is closest to (a) analyzed (b) doubted (c) persuaded (d) suggested

objects that Pasteut removed from the experiment were remarkable because they were (a) primarily single-celled organisms

(b) no different from objects found in materials (c) fairly rare

(d) able to live in a mixture of alcohol and ether word “it ” in line 22 refers to (a) a nutrient solution (b) a glass flask (c) boiling

(d) spontaneous generation

to paragraph 3,proponents of spontaneous believed that which of the following was important for the process to succeed ? (a) A sealed container (b) Fresh air (c) Heat

(d) The presence of nutrients

can be inferred from paragraph 3 that Pasteur employed a swam-necked flask to

(a) store sterilized liquids for use in future experiments (b) prevent heat from building up in a solution (c) disprove a criticism of his conclusions

(d) estimate the number of organisms in a liter of air

in meaning

air in his

putrefying

generation

Questions 12-20

In the early decades of the United agrarian

movement promoted the farmer

as society 's hero. In the minds thinkers and writers ,the farmer was whose well-being the health of the depended .The period between the Revolution, which ended in 1783,and the Civil War ,which ended in 1865 ,was the age of

(5 )the farmer in the United States .Agrarian

philosophers ,represented most eloquently by

Thomas Jefferson, celebrated farmers extravagantly for their supposed centrality in a good

society, their political virtue ,and their Superior morality .And virtually all policy makers, they subscribed to the tenets of the philosophy held by Jefferson or not, recognized agriculture key component of the economy .Consequently ,government at

government trade policies facilitated the exporting of agricultural products.

For their part ,farmers seemed to meet the social

States ,the

of agrarian a person on new country whether

as the American (10) all levels worked to encourage farmers social group

and agriculture as economic enterprise.

Both the national and state governments developed transportation infrastructure,building canals, roads, bridges,

and railroads

as a ,and .The animal

,deepening from navigable imported plant harbors

streams and removing obstructions national varieties and

(15) launched exploring farmlands in the West .In addition ,

government expeditions into

prospective

expectations agrarian philosophers

had for them ,as their broader horizons and greater self-respect, both products of the Revolution ,were reflected to some degree in their behavior .Farmers seemed to become

(20) more scientific ,joining agricultural societies and reading the farm newspapers that sprang

up throughout the country .They began using improved implements, tried new crops and

pure animal breeds , and became more receptive modern theories of soil improvement .

They also responded to inducements by national and state governments .Farmers

streamed to the West ,filling frontier lands stunning rapidity .But farmers responded

(25) less to the expectations of government

inducements than to opportunities .European demand for

United States seemed insatiable

industrialization , and urbanization all kept demand high in Europe . United States cities and industries grew as well; even industries not directly related to farming thrived because of the market, money ,and labor that agriculture provided .

does the passage mainly discuss?

(a) The agrarian philosophy of Thomas Jefferson

(b) The role of the national government in the development of agriculture

(d) The impact of the increased importance of the farmer word “depended ” in line 3 is closest in meaning to

to with

and market agrarians

growing

food from the War,

(a) improved (b) relied (c) demanded (d) explained

author mentions Thomas Jefferson in paragraph 1 as an example of (a) a leader during the Revolution (b) an inventor of new farming techniques

(d) a farmer who guided the agrarian movement toward an emphasis on economic development

phrase “subscribed to ” in line 8 is closest meaning to (a) contributed to (b) agreed with (c) thought about (d) expanded on

of the following statements is supported by information in paragraph 1?

(a) All government policy makers accepted Jefferson views of agriculture and farmers.

(b) Agricultural production declined between 1783 1861. (c) The majority of farmers worked for the government. (d) Agriculture was a vital part of the nation economy.

to the passage , the national and state governments did all of the following EXCEPT (a) build roads

(b) import new plant varieties (c) give farmers money for their crops

the and

word “stunning ” in line 24 is closest in meaning to (a) predictable (b) impressive (c) famous (d) gradual

of the following statements is best supported by paragraph 4? (a) Agricultural development contributed to development in other parts of the economy.

(b) European agricultural products were of a higher quality than those produced in the United States.

(d) Farmers were influenced more by government policies than by market opportunities.

Question 21-29

The wide variety of climates in North America has helped spawn a complex pattern of

soil regions. In general, the realm 's soils also

(d)develop products

policies that helped farmers export their

of the farmers ' philosophers EXCEPT (a)obtaining information from farm newspapers (b)accumulating personal wealth (c)planting new crops (d)becoming more scientific

following

meeting are the mentioned as expectations examples of of agrarian

reflect the broad environmental partitioning

into “humid America ” and “arid America. ” Where annual precipitation exceeds 20 inches

(50 centimeters),soils in humid areas tend to be acidic in chemical content, Since

crops (5 ) do best in soils in acid content)

content).fertilization

of the Great Plains. Glaciation also enhanced the rich legacy of fertile soils in the central

United States,both from the deposition of mineralrich glacial debris left by meltwater (15) and from thick layers of fine material, called loess, in and around the middle Mississippi Valley.

Natural vegetation patterns on a map of North America, but the enormous human

modification of environment in modern times has

all but reduced this regionalization scheme to the level of the hypothetical. Nonetheless, (20) the humid America-arid America dichotomy is still

that are neither acidic(higher nor

alkaline(higher is in salt necessary to achieve the

desired level of neutrality between the

two. Arid America 's soils are typically and must be fertilized back toward neutrality by adding acidic

compounds. many of these dryland soils, particularly in the Great Plains, are quite fertile, settlers learned

over a century ago that (10) water is the main missing ingredient in achieving their agricultural potential. In the

1970's, certain irrigation methods were and finally provided a real opportunity

to expand more intensive farming west Central Lowland into the drier portions

alkaline

Although European perfected

from the wind-blown glacial

could be displayed the North American

a valid generalization: the natural

vegetation of areas receiving more than 20 inches of water yearly is forest, whereas the

drier climates give rise to a grassland cover. The forests of North America tent to make

a broad transition by latitude. In the Canadian North, needle-leaf forests dominate, but

these coniferous trees become mixed with broadleaf deciduous trees as one crosses the (25) border into the Northeast United States. As one

proceeds toward the Southeast, broadleaf vegetation becomes dominant. Arid America mostly consists of short-grass prairies or

stepper. The only areas of true desert are in the Southwest. 21 What aspect of North America does the passage mainly discuss?

(A) (B) (C)

22 The word “spawn ” in line 1 is closest in meaning to (A) (B) (C)

The wide variety of climates Soil types and vegetation patterns

Improved irrigation methods and the expansion of agriculture

(D) The change in precipitation patterns distinguish eliminate protect create

(D)

The word “partitioning ” in line 2 is

closest in 23 meaning to (A) division (B) modification

28 The word “transition ” meaning to (A)

elevation

(D)

circulating

24 According to the passage, acidic soils tent to be

associated with (A) a high salt content

(B) an increase in farming

(D)

glacial meltwater

25 The word “enhanced ” in line 13 is closest in

meaning to (A) implied

(B) increased

(D)

informed

26 How did glacial meltdown affect the soil in North

America? (A) It redistributed the soil types

(B) It added salt to the soil

(D)

It added minerals to the soil

27 The phrase “this regionalization scheme ” in line

19 refers to the (A)

movements of glacial deposits

(B) patterns of natural vegetation

and arid humid America in line 23 is

closest in

change advantage condition 29 statements? (A) Arid America is not necessarily characterized by the presence of deserts

(B)

Most of Canada and the northeastern United States consists of short-grass prairies wherever natural vegetation has not been modified by humans (C) The accumulation of loess is primarily the result of irrigation

(D)

Glaciation removed the fertile layer of soil from much of the Mississippi Valley photographic film, paper, or glass---will, however, record much shorter bursts of light. A

(5 ) photographic flash can therefore be used to capture high-speed movement on film as well

as to correct deficiencies of the normal surrounding lighting. Photoflash is now generated electronically, but the earliest form, first paper bag containing magnesium wire

and some such as potassium chlorate.

When

the bag was ignited, the metal flash. A contemporary observer reported

(B) (C)

(D) The passage supports which of the following

Questions 30-40

Most sources of illumination over an appreciable period, and indeed if an object is lit for a very brief 1/25 second), the human eye will not react in time to see the object. emulsion---that is, a light-sensitive

generate light

time(less that A photographic

coating on

used in 1864, was a oxygen-rich substance, burned with an intense

capable of

being ignited in an atmosphere of pure oxygen at low pressure, were introduced only in the 1920's. In the earliest type, the metal

(15) was separated from the oxygen by a thin glass bulb. The flash

was fired by piercing the

bulb and allowing the oxygen to come into with the metal, which ignited

spontaneously. Later bulbs were fired by an electric battery, which heated the wire by

passing a small current through it. combinations, such as the pairing of oxygen

difluoride with zirconium, have also been each case enough energy is given out to (20) heat the oxidizable metal momentarily to a white-

hot emission of visible light. The smoke particles are so small that they cool rapidly; but since they are white, they

contribute to the brilliance by reflecting the light from their stillglowing neighbors. A slightly bigger form of the metal will burn for a longer time.

30 What does the passage mainly discuss? (A) (B) (C)

(10) that “this quite unsafe device seems to have done nothing worse that engulf the room in dense smoke and lead to pictures quality and odd poses. ” The evolution of the photoflash flashbulbs, containing fine wire made of a metal, such as magnesium or aluminum,

of dubious

was slow, contact

Other used. In

(D) 31 According to the passage,1/25 second is the minimum

The history of the photoflash

Theories about how the eye reacts to

light The technology of modern

photography The dangers of using the

amount of time required for the (A) (B) (C) (D) recording of an image on film generation of artificial light creation of a photographic emulsion human eye to react to light 32 photoflash is that it (A) (B) (C)

(D)

According to the passage, an advantage can produce repeated bursts of light intensities colors in photographs is short enough not to bother human eyes supplements existing lighting

33 meaning to (A) (B) (C) (D)

The word “ignited ” in line 9 set on fire cut into opened

shaken

34 paragraph 1?

(A)” (B)” (C)” (D)” Which of the following phrases appreciable period ”(line 1) photographic emulsion ”(line 3) high - speed movement ”(line 5) odd poses ”(line 11)

35 The word “evolution ” in line 12 meaning to (A) (B) (C) (D)

publicity adoption development manufacture

is is is of using

closest

defined closest in

36 was to

The function of the glass in the first flashbulbs

Questions 41-50

(D) keep the metal and oxygen apart before the flash 37 The word “it ” in line 18 refers to (A) oxygen (B) battery (C) wire (D)

current

38 The word “momentarily ” in line 20 is closest in meaning to (A) effortlessly (B) briefly (C) electronically (D)

gradually

39 According to the passage, the white color of the smoke particles generated by a flashbulb contributes to

(A) rapid cooling (B) bright illumination (C) electrical conductivity (D)

intense heat

40 According to the passage, a flashbulb can be made to burn longer by using (A) thicker wire (B) more oxygen

(D)

continuous electricity

the (A) (B)

produce the spark that initiated the flash magnify the light produced by the flash protect the photographer

from the heat of

innovation in paining known as began in the 1870's. The wanted to depict what they saw in they were inspired to portray

The stylistic Impressionism Impressionists nature, but fragmentary moments by the increasingly fast pace of

modern life. They concentrated on the play of light over

objects, people, and nature, breaking up seemingly solid surfaces,

(5 ) stressing vivid contrast between colors in sunlight and

shade, and depiction reflected light

in all of its possibilities. Unlike earlier artists, they did not want to observe the world from indoors. They abandoned the studio, painting in the open air and recording spontaneous Impressions of their subjects instead of making outside sketches and then moving indoors to complete the work form memory.

(10)

Some of the Impressionists ' painting methods

were affected by technological

advances. For example, the shift from the studio to the open air was made possible in

part by the advent of cheap rail permitted easy and quick access to the countryside or seashore, as well developed chemical dyes and oils that led to collapsible paint tubes, which

to finish their paintings on the spot.

(15) Impressionism acquired its supporters but from angry art

lovers who

travel, which as by newly

enabled artists name not from

felt threatened by the new painting.

“Impressionism ” was born in 1874,when

a group of artists who had been working organized an exhibition of their

paintings in order to draw public attention to their work. Reaction from the public and

The term

together

press was immediate, and derisive. Among the 165 paintings exhibited was one called (20)Impression: Sunrise, by

1926),Viewed through hostile eyes, Monet 's

painting of a rising

watery scene seemed

messy, slapdash, and an affront title, art “I

■ ?

戈， “Impressionism ”

Monet and his 29 fellow artists in the exhibit adopted the same name as a badge of their unity, despite individual differences.

(25) From then until

zeal of a “church ”

put it. Monet was faithful to creed until his death, although

many of the others moved on to new styles.

41 What aspect of painting in the does the passage mainly discuss?

(A)The impact of some artists ' fast pace of life (B)

The differences between two major styles of art

(C)A technological advance in the materials used by artists (D)A group of artists with a new technique and approach to art 42 The word “depict ” in line 2 is closest in meaning to (A) (B) (C) (D)

Claude Monet(1840-

sun over a misty,

to good taste. critics extended the to the

entire exhibit. In response,

Borrowing Monet 's

term 1886 Impressionism had all the , as the painter Renoir the Impressionist nineteenth century resistance to the

reorganize deform represent justify

43 According to the passage, which of the following was one of the distinguishing characteristics of Impressionist painting? (A) The emphasis on people rather than nature scenes (B) The way the subjects were presented from multiple angles The focus on small solid objects

The depiction of the effects of light and color

Which of the following is a significant way in were different

from the artists They began by making sketches of their

subjects They painted their subjects out-of-doors

They preferred to paint from memory They used subjects drawn from modern life

The word “advent ” in line 12 is closest

achievement acceptance arrival advantage The exhibition of paintings organized in

attracting attention from the public a negative

reaction from the press an immediate demand for the paintings exhibited creating a name for a new

style of painting The word “affront ” in line 22 is closest insult encouragement return

(C)

(D) 44

which Impressionists that preceded them? (A) (B) (C) (D)

45 meaning to

(A)

(B) (C) (D) 46

resulted in all of the following EXCEPT (A) (B) (C) (D) 47 meaning to (A) (B) (C)

in 1874

历年托福考试阅读真题汇总含答案

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