大学英语三级考试语法复习要点总结
大学英语三级考试语法复习要点
一、动词的时态和语态
1. 动词的时态
1.1一般现在时（am/is/are+v-原）
1.1.1在下列从句中，主句如用一般将来时，从句用一般现在时代替一般将来时1)由when, until, the moment, as soon as, after, the next time和if, unless, in case,
whether, as long as, once, however，provided that, supposing 等连词引导的时间状语和条件状语从句中。
e.g. If she doesn’t tell him the truth now, he?ll simply keep on asking her until she
does.
Keep on doing sth继续做某事
He will call you up the moment he finishes the work.
You won?t pass the exam unless you study harder.
2)在定语从句中，如，Be quick, or the train will have left by the time we get to the
station
3)名词性的wh-, that- 从句中,如：They will be thankful for whatever help you
offer him.
4)让步状语从句（从句用一般现在时，主句用一般将来时）：
e.g.Whether the weather is good or bad,…
No matter whether you agree or not…
However carefully you drive…
1.1.2 表示客观事实和真理的句子任何时候都用一般现在时。
e.g.In the past many people didn?t believe that the earth is round.
1.1.3 在某些常用的句中表示在一个具体的现在时间所发生的动作或存在的状态。
e.g.Here he comes.
There goes the bell.
1.2 一般过去时（was/were+v-原）
1) 当提及过去存在的人或物时，即使句中没有表明过去的时间状语，该句的谓语动词也应该用一般过去时。
e.g.Dickens was a great English writer.
When did you write the story?
2) 在表示时间或条件的状语从句中代替过去将来时。
e.g.They said they would let us know if they heard any news about him.
I decided to go to the library as soon as I finished what I was doing.
1.3 一般将来时：表示将来打算进行或期待发生的动作或存在的状态。表示将来
的谓语结构有：
shall/will do
be going to do
be about to do : 表示动作“正要”，“刚要”发生，不与表示将来的时间状语连用。
be to do :表示按“日程”将要发生的动作，或用来征询意见。
be doing(come, go, arrive, drive, fly, leave, start, plan )
will be doing: 常表示预计即将发生或势必发生的动作，它含有已经安排好的意思。
e.g. We must hurry. The film is about to start.
George is arriving on the four o?clock train this afternoon.
There is to be a test at the end of this term.
Are we to go now?
Don?t worry. I expect I?ll be seeing him tomorrow. Then I can tell him about it. 试比较：I will be seeing him about it tomorrow.
I?ll see him about it tomorrow. (末事先安排好)
1.4 现在进行时（be doing）
该时态可以同频度副词，如：always,forever,constantly连用，带有情感色彩，如赞扬或厌烦等。
e.g. He is always asking the same question.
试比较：He is always coming late.
He always comes late.
1.5 现在完成时(have /has+done)
1) 在含有the first/ second time／superlative degree +n 句型中，通常用现在完成时
e.g. This is the first time they have traveled by air.
This is the most interesting novel I have ever read.
2) 由连词since 引出状语从句时，主句一般都用现在完成时,有时用现在完成进行时，从句用一般过去时。
句型：S＋have/has V-ed2/been V-ing since s + V-ed1
e.g. I have not heard from her since we graduated from university.
He has been working in this school since he came here.
3) 用于时间状语从句或条件状语从句表示将来完成的动作。
e.g. I will return your book on Monday if I have read it..具体的某一天用on
I will let you know after I have talked with him.
The students will go home as soon as they have finished the exams.
Check it out when you have finished it.
4) 现在完成时经常与不确定的过去时间状语连用，如：already, just, yet, before, recently, lately等；也可同表示频度的时间状语连用，如：often, ever, never, twice, 等；还可同表示一段时间的状语连用，如：for, since, in(for) the last/past ten years,
these ten days, up to now, so far等。
5) go, come, return, buy, become, join, borrow等瞬间动词不能和表示延续的时间状语连用。要表示有关的意思时应该用have 的完成时或be 的完成时。
e.g. They have been back for more than a month.
不能说：They have come back for more than a month.
He has had the bike for two years.
不能说：He has bought the bike for two years.
1.6 现在完成进行时(have been doing)
强调一个动作从过去开始一直持续到现在，没有中断过，并将继续下去。
e.g. He has been doing his homework all the morning but hasn’t finished it yet.
1.7 过去完成时
这是一个相对的时态，只有与过去时或过去某个动作相比较时才能用。
1) 在含有when, before, after, until, as soon as 等引起的时间状语的主从句中，若主从句谓语均表过去的动作，则动作在先的用过去完成时。
e.g. When I had finished my homework, I went out for a walk.
They had left before I returned.
2) 在含有hardly, scarcely, barely, no sooner 等词的主从复合句中，从句谓语一般用过去完成时，主句用一般过去时。
e.g. No sooner had I arrived at the school than the bell rang.
Hardly had he finished his speech when the audience started cheering.
3) 含有by the end of + 过去时间的介词短语的句子中，谓语动词应用过去完成时。
e.g. She had finished her design by the end of last month.
4) 有些动词,如intend, hope, plan, mean, think等的过去完成时表示过去未曾实现的希望、打算或意图。
e.g. I had hoped that she would answer my letter.
She had intended to go to the cinema last night, but she was busy then.
1.8 过去完成进行时
表示过去某时或某动作之前的动作或状态一直持续到过去某个时候，没有中断过。
e.g. He had been working in the office for two years before she got a raise.
1.9 将来完成时：表示将来某时之前已完成的动作。
e.g. By the end of this month, we surely will have found a satisfactory solution to
the problem.
The conference will have lasted a full week by the time it ends.
2. 被动语态
在不知道或没有必要说明动作的执行者是谁时，或者为了突出或强调动作承受者时，就用被动语态。
e.g. My bike was stolen last night.
The plan has been made.
结构：be+V-ed2
2.2 含有情态动词的被动语态结构：情态动词+be+V-ed2
e.g. All that can be done has been done.
The work must be done at once.
3.时态的呼应
在主从复合句中，主要是在宾语从句中，时态常受主句谓语动词时态的影响，从句的时态要做一些必要的调整，这种现象叫时态的呼应。关于主、从句时态的呼应，应注意以下两点：
1）如果主句的谓语动词是现在时或将来时，宾语从句的谓语动词可以是各种时态。
e.g. I don’t approve of what he did.
Will you tell us how you managed to overcome the difficulties?
2) 如果主句的谓语动词是过去时态，从句应该用相应的过去时态，但如果从句表示一个客观真理，则从句用一般现在时。
e.g.that the teacher was in the classroom..
that the teacher was talking with the students.
She told me that the teacher had been in the classroom for half an hour.
that she was bornin 1980.
that the teacher would leave the classroom soon.
that the earth goes round the sun.
4. 情态动词＋完成体
1）情态动词为现在时，表示对过去事情的推测，把握性大。
must + have + V-ed2 一定已经（把握性大的推测）
can + have+V-ed2可能已经（把握性较弱）
may+ have + V-ed2 也许已经（把握性最弱）
cannot + have + V-ed2 一定没有（否定推测）
2）情态动词”may, can”的过去时，表示对过去事情的推测，可能性小点；或表示本来可以完成或发生而实际并末完成或发生的事情。
could + have + V-ed2 表示可能已经或本来可以完成，但事实上并没有实
现的事情。
might +have + V-ed2 表示也许已经，或者对本来也许发生而实际并未发
生的事情表示“感叹”或“遗憾”，并含有“劝告”、
“责备”的语气。
should／ought to +have +V-ed2 本来应该做而实际并未做
should not/oughtn?t to have V-ed2 本来不应该做而实际做了的
needn?t have +V-ed2 表示本来不必要做的事情已经做了。
didn?t need + toV 表示没有必要做，实际上也没有做。
e.g. You can’t have seen her in the office last Friday; she?s been out of town for two
weeks.
With all this work on hand, he shouldn’t have gone t o the cinema last night
You needn’t have done all those calculations! We have a computer to do that sort of thing.
He may/might have heard the news yesterday.
The dictionary has disappeared. Who could have taken it?
二、非谓语动词
1. 不定式。表示未来的、具体的、一次性的行为。
1.1 作主语
句型：To V is+adj/n.
It is +adj/n+.to V
e.g.It is important (hard, easy, necessary) for sb to do sth.
It is kind (foolish, nice, wise, unwise, clever, silly, wrong, right, stupid, careless, considerate, rude, impolite, naughty) of you to do sth.
It isa pity (a shame, an honour, a pleasure) to do sth.
It takes/ took sb. some time to do sth.
To talk with him is a great pleasure.
It is a great pleasure to talk with him.
It is necessary for us to learn English well.
It is very thoughtful of you to have arranged all this.
1.2 作表语, 表示具体的、将来的动作。
句型：S＋系动词＋toV
e.g. His job today is to clean the room.
The best way to do in the present situation is wait and see.(当主语部分含有do 的某种形式时，to 可省)
试比较：Her wish is to become a teacher.
I am to go on with the work.
1.3 作宾语。
句型：S + Vt + to V
1) 下列动词后只能用不定式作宾语：hope, wish, expect, want, offer, promise, refuse, decide, pretend, afford, agree, attempt, fail, intend, learn, manage, plan e.g. We expect to organize a youth club.
He promised to come back on time.
2) 在show, tell, teach, know, find out, decide, wonder, advise, discuss等动词后，常用一个带wh-words 的不定式作宾语／宾补，构成V+wh-words+to V…
e.g.Show me how to do it.
I don?t know where to put it.
3)若作宾语的不定式有补足语时，先用先行词it 作形式宾语而将正直的宾语
不定式后移置补足语之后。
句型：S + Vt (think, consider, find, make) + it + O.C(adj/ n) + to do
e.g. I find it difficult to follow the professor for I haven?t prepared for the class.
We think it necessary to learn English well.
I find it a pleasure to talk with you.
1.4 作宾补。
1）不定式在句中作宾补时，可带不定式符号to ,也可不带。下列动词：see, watch, notice, observe, hear, feel, listen to, look at, make, have, let 等后的不定式作宾补时，to 必须省去。
句型：Vt + O + to V Vt + O + V
e.g. He wanted you to call him back at noon.
The coach made the players practise every day.
I don?t notice you enter.
但这种句子变为被动语态时，“to”必须还原。
e.g. The players were made to practise every day.
2) be said/ be reported/be known/be thought/be believed/ seem/ happen/ appear/ prove等常以to V 或to be 作主补。
e.g. He is said to be from a poor peasant family.
He is said to have gone abroad.
3) 下列句型中不定式不带”to”
had better +V/ would rather +V…than..+ V/ do…except/but +V/ had rather +V/ cannot but +V
e.g. He said he would do anything except cook.
He can do nothing but wait.
1.5 作定语。不定式作定语一般放在被修饰词后，表示一个将来的动作。
句型：n. + to V
1）不定式与其所修饰的词之间往往有动宾关系。如果该不定式是不及物动词，其后应有必要的介词。
e.g. I have a lot of questions to ask.
Robert has a large family to support
Give me a sheet of paper to write on.
There is nothing to worry about.
试比较：Do you have anything to be taken to your son?
Do you have anything to do?
2）有些名词后常跟不定式作定语。此类常见名词有：way, right, chance, ambition, ability, attempt, promise, tendency, wish, desire, decision等。
e.g. His attempt to solve the problem turned out to be a failure.
Is that the best way to solve the problem?
3）only, last, next 以及形容词最高级和序数词修饰名词时，常用不定式。
e.g. He is always the first one to come to school.
I don?t think he is the best man to do the job.
1.6 不定式作状语
1) 不定式后置表示原因，不定式说明产生该形容词表示的情绪的原因，不定式修饰某些形容词表示范围、情况，这类形容词有：clever, comfortable, difficult, easy, foolish, right, wrong等。
句型：be+adj/V-ed2 +to V
e.g. The question is difficult to answer.
Alice is easy to get along with. (不定式与主语是动宾关系，不定式是不及物动词时，要带介词，介词后不能再带宾语)
2) 不定式后置表示结果。不定式修饰动词、形容词和副词表示结果时后置，常用下列句型：
adj/adv.+ enough + to V
so + adj/adv. + as to + V
such +(adj) + n. + as to V
too + adj /adv + to V
only + to V（意想不到的结果）
e.g. Would you be kind enough to open the window?
The rain was so heavy as to make our picnic impossible.
I was too excited to go to sleep last night.
We arrived at the station only to find the train had left.
3) 不定式前置表示目的（应用逗号隔开），常用下列句型：
To V/ In order to V, S + V
e.g. To become a teacher in a university,it is necessary to have at least a master?s
degree.
In order to catch up with the advanced nations, we must make still great efforts.
4)不定式后置表示目的，常用下列句型：
S + V…to V/in order to V/ so as to V
e.g. He got up early to/in order to/so as to read English for a while in the morning.
1.7 不定式的否定式。
句型：not to V
e.g.I?m going to start now in order not to miss the beginning.
Take care not to catch a cold.
1.8 不定式的时态
1) 一般体：不定式表示的动作与谓语的动作是同时发生的，或是在其后发生的。
e.g. He is said to leave tomorrow.
The students are learning to sing an English song.
2) 进行体：不定式表示的动作与谓语动词的动作是同时发生的，而且正在进行着。
e.g. The teacher seems to be getting along quite well with the students.
He is said to be writing a letter now.
3) 完成体：表示不定式的动作发生在谓语动作之前。若用在intended, hoped, meant, planned, should/would like, expected, hoped, promised, wanted等词后，表示过去没有实现的愿望、期待或计划等。
e.g. He is said to have come here yesterday.
Ｉam sorry to have kept you waiting.
I would like to have gone with her, but I was too busy then.
1.9 不定式的语态
当不定式的逻辑主语与不定式的动词动作有被动关系时，常用不定式的被动语态。
to be translated into English next year.
e. g. This book is reported
to have been translated into English last year.
The next thing to be done is to make a plan.
He is said to have been sent abroad.
2. 分词
分词有两种：现在分词和过去分词。它们兼有动词、形容词和副词的特征。
构成：现在分词由动词原形＋ing构成，过去分词由动词原形＋ed构成。
区别：现在分词表示主动、正在进行的意思；过去分词表示被动、完成的意思。
试比较：I heard someone opening the door.
I heard the door opened.
China is a developing country.
Japan is a developed country.
2.1 作表语。现在分词作表语说明主语所具有的特征或性质；过去分词作表语
说明主语所处的状态。
句型：S + 系动词+ V-ing/V-ed2
e.g. The lecture was boring.
His students were bored.
2.2 作宾补。现在分词作宾补，表示和宾语之间是主动关系，而且动作正在进行；
过去分词作宾补，与宾语之间是被动关系，表示已完成的动作。常用分词作宾补的动词有：see, hear, notice, look at, watch, find, smell, feel, keep, set, have, make, leave, start等。
句型：S + Vt +O + V-ing/V-ed2
e.g.I saw two men planting trees.
I found trees planted in lines.
He was surprised to find his room thoroughly cleaned.
He was surprised to find someone cleaning the room.
试比较：have/has /get+ sth done
have/has + sb + do sth(经常)./doing sth..（正在进行或让某人连续较长时间地做某事）
e.g. He has the letter typed.
He had his leg broken in an accident.
His father has his son write a composition every week.
His father has his son writing a composition now.
现在分词和不定式都可以作宾补，现在分词强调动作正在进行，不定式表示动作已完成，指事情发生的全过程。
句型：see/watch/hear sb.do sth./doing sth.
e.g. Do you hear anyone knocking at the door?
Yes, I do. I heard him knock threes times.
I saw him get off the bus and go away.
I saw him coming slowly to me.
2.3 作定语。
1)单个分词作定语一般前置，在意思上相当于一个定语从句。分词与其修饰语
之间是主动关系时用现在分词，是被动关系时则用过去分词。
句型：V-ing/V-ed2 + n
e.g. I am reading a very interesting book.
Must all the written exercises be done?
单个过去分词作定语，有时也可放在被修饰词之后。
e.g. The guests invited are all here.
The experience gained will be of great value.
2) 分词短语作定语时放在它所修饰的名词之后，功能相当于定语从句。
句型：n. + V-ing phrase / n. + V-ed2 phrase
e.g. The problem bothering us(=which is bothering) is the lack of money.
They lived in a room facing(=that faced) the south.
These are goods imported from Japan (=that were imported from Japan).
Is this the book recommended by our teacher?
2.4 作状语。分词作状语表示原因、条件、时间、让步、伴随情况、结果等。
2.4.1 分词作状语放句首时常表示：原因、条件、时间或让步，放在句末常表示伴随或结果。现在分词作状语有主动意思，过去分词作状语有被动意思。分词作状语多用在书面语中，口语中多用状语从句。
句型：V-ing, S + V +O + 其他成分, S+V+O+…,V-ing
V-ed2, S + V + O + 其他成分, S+V+O+…,V-ed2
e.g.When compared with the size of the whole earth, the highest mountain does not
seem high at all. (表示时间)
Hearing the news, we jumped with joy.
Don?t read while eating. (表示时间，放后面需加连词)
Not knowing how to do it, he went to his father for help.（表示原因）
Being short of manpower,we?ll try to finish the work in time.= Though we are short of manpower .（表示让步）
They stood there for an hour, watching the game.（表示伴随）
All of us returned home exhausted.（表示伴随）
It rained for two weeks on end, completely ruining our holida y.（表示结果）Given the opportunity, he might have become a good writer.（表示条件）
Given more time, we can do it better.（表示条件）
2.4.2分词作状语时，它的逻辑上的主语一般应与句子的主语一致，若与句子的主语不一致时，分词应有自己的逻辑主语，构成分词的独立结构，独立结构有时可以用with, without引导。
句型：N.+ V-ing, S+V+O 其他成分
N＋V-ed2, S+V+O+其他成分
With +n.+V-ing/V-ed2,…
e.g. His work finished, he went straight home..（时间）
All things considered, the planned trip will have to be called off.（条件）
It being Sunday today, we can have a good rest.（原因）
Weather permitting, we will go mountainclimbing tomorrow.（条件）
Sometimes many people spoke at once, with nobody stopping them.（伴随）With the test finished, we began to analyze the result.（时间）
2.4.3分词作状语与不定式作状语的区别
1)表语后一般用不定式作状语，不用分词作状语。
e.g. He was excited to hear the news.
2)分词一般作方式、伴随、时间、条件、让步、程度、原因等状语；不定式一
般只作目的、结果、原因等，不能作时间、让步、程度、伴随和方式状语。
不定式作原因状语，一般放在句末，分词作原因状语，一般放在句首。
e.g. They felt sorry to hear the news.
Being too excited, he could not say a word.
2.5 分词的否定式。在分词前加not.
e.g. Not having been there, I don?t know the place.
2.6分词的时态和语态
现在分词有时态和语态的变化，而过去分词则无形式变化。当现在分词所表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前，用现在分词的完成时，在句中主要作状语，表示时间、原因。在表示一个被动动作时，如果这个动作正在进行或与谓语动词所表示的动作同时进行，这时现在分词要用被动态的一般式。如果一个被动动作发生在谓语动作之前，用分词的完成被动式。现在分词的时态与
e.g. Having been given such a good chance, he planned to learn more.
Having been told many times,he still didn?t know how to do it.
Having finished his work, he went home.
The computer works very fast, handling data at the speed of light.
The building being built now is our lab.
The problem being discussed is of great importance.
3. 动名词
3.1. 作主语，置于句首或用it 作为形式主语，把真正的主语置于句末，表示一个一般性的动作。
e.g. Reading aloud is very important in learning English.
在use, good, pity, worth, worthwhile, tiring, useless等名词或形容词作表语时，常用it作形式主语，把动名词后置，构成It is no use /no good / useless / worthwhile / dangerous + V-ing, 或There be + no + V-ing
e.g. It is no usebuying books without reading them.
There is no joking about such matters.
3.2 动名词和不定式在句中作主语的区别
1) 动名词表示抽象的一般性行为，通常不与特定的动作执行者联系在一起；不定式表示具体的一次性行为，常与特定的执行者联系在一起。
e.g. Living in this big city has its disadvantage.(指一般情况，对许多人而言)
To live in this big city is what Mr. Black hopes for.(对布莱克而言)
2) 在句型“主＋系＋表”中，若表语为不定式，主语应用不定式；表语用动名词，主语也应用动名词。
e.g.To see is to believe.
Seeing is believing.
3.3. 作宾语。
1）只能用动名词作宾语的动词有：avoid, enjoy, consider, endure, finish, mind, practise, postpone, risk, suggest, advise, propose, allow, permit, anticipate, encourage, admit, appreciate, delay, escape, excuse, keep, mention, miss, prevent, quit, recall, recommend, resent, resist, tolerate, understand, fancy, deny , imagine, favor, reject, cannot help, put off, give up, look forward to等。
e.g.I can?t understand your reading the boring novel.
You should practisespeaking English more.
He avoidedgiving me a definite answer
如果宾语带有补足语时，通常用先行词it 作形式宾语，把动名词放在句末。
句型：S + Vt + it + no use/no good./a pleasure+ V-ing
I thought it no use arguing with him.
2) 在动词need, want, require, deserve等词后面可用动名词的主动形式，或不
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全国计算机等级考试三级信息安全技术知识点总结
第一章信息安全保障概述 1.1信息安全保障背景 1. 什么是信息？ 事物运行的状态和状态变化的方式。 2. 信息技术发展的各个阶段？ a. 电讯技术的发明 b. 计算机技术发展 c. 互联网的使用 3. 信息技术的消极影响？ 信息泛滥、信息污染、信息犯罪。 4. 信息安全发展阶段？ a. 信息 b. 计算机安全 c. 信息安全保障 5. 信息安全保障的含义？ 运行系统的安全、系统信息的安全 6. 信息安全的基本属性？ 性、完整性、可用性、可控性、不可否认性 7信息安全保障体系框架？ 保障因素：技术、管理、工程、人员 安全特征：性、完整性、可用性 生命周期：规划组织、开发采购、实施交付、运行维护、废弃8.P2DR 模型？ 策略（核心）、防护、监测、响应 9.IATF信息保障的指导性文件？ 核心要素：人员、技术（重点）、操作 10.IATF中4个技术框架焦点域？ a. 保护本地计算环境 b. 保护区域边界 c. 保护网络及基础设施 d. 保护支持性基础设施 11. 信息安全保障工作的容？ a. 确定安全需要 b. 设计实施安全方案 c. 进行信息安全评测 d. 实施信息安全监控和维护 12. 信息安全评测的流程？ 见课本p19图1.4 受理申请、静态评测、现场评测、风险分析 13. 信息监控的流程？ 见课本p20图1.5 受理申请、非现场准备、现场准备、现场监控、综合分析 1.1.1信息技术及其发展阶段
信息技术两个方面：生产：信息技术产业；应用：信息技术扩散 信息技术核心：微电子技术，通信技术，计算机技术，网络技术 第一阶段，电讯技术的发明；第二阶段，计算机技术的发展；第三阶段，互联网的使用 1.1.2信息技术的影响 积极：社会发展，科技进步，人类生活 消极：信息泛滥，信息污染，信息犯罪 1.2信息安全保障基础 1.2.1信息安全发展阶段 通信阶段（20世纪四十年代）：性，密码学 计算机安全阶段（20世纪六十和七十年代）：性、访问控制与认证，公钥密码学（Diffie Hellman , DES）,计算机安全标准化（安全评估标准） 信息安全保障阶段：信息安全保障体系（IA ）, PDRR模型：保护（protection ）、检测（detection ）、响应（response）、恢复（restore）,我国PWDRRC 模型：保护、预警（warning）、监测、应急、恢复、反击（counter-attack）, BS/ISO 7799标准（有代表性的信息安全管理体系标准）：信息安全管理实施细则、信息安全管理体系规 1.2.2信息安全的含义 一是运行系统的安全，二是系统信息的安全：口令鉴别、用户存取权限控制、数据存取权限方式控制、审计跟踪、数据加密等 信息安全的基本属性：完整性、性、可用性、可控制性、不可否认性 1.2.3信息系统面临的安全风险 1.2.4信息安全问题产生的根源：信息系统的复杂性，人为和环境的威胁 1.2.5信息安全的地位和作用 1.2.6信息安全技术 核心基础安全技术：密码技术 安全基础设施技术：标识与认证技术，授权与访问控制技术 基础设施安全技术：主机系统安全技术，网络系统安全技术 应用安全技术：网络与系统安全攻击技术，网络与系统安全防护与响应技术，安全审计与责任认定技术，恶意代码监测与防护技术 支撑安全技术：信息安全评测技术，信息安全管理技术 1.3信息安全保障体系 1.3.1信息安全保障体系框架 生命周期：规划组织，开发采购，实施交付，运行维护，废弃 保障要素：技术，管理，工程，人员 安全特征：性，完整性，可用性 1.3.2信息系统安全模型与技术框架 P2DR安全模型：策略（policy ）,防护，检测，响应；防护时间大于检测时间加上响应时间，安全目标暴露时间 =检测时间+响应时间，越小越好；提高系统防护时间，降低检测时间和响应时间信息保障技术框架（IATF ）:纵深防御策略（）：人员，技术，操作；技术框架焦点域：保护本地计算机，保护区域边界，保护网络及基础设施，保护支撑性基础设施 1.4信息安全保障基本实践1.4.1国外信息安全保障工作概况 1.4.2信息安全保障工作的容 确定安全需求，设计和实施安全方案，进行信息安全评测，实施信息安全监控 第二章信息安全基础技术与原理
(完整版)12月大学英语三级考试A级真题
Part I 1.A)Book a ticket B)Leave Beijing C)Go to America D)Buy some gifts 2.A)An engineer B)A professor C)A secretary D)A manager 3.A)At a book store B)At a bank C)In a office D)In a restaurant 4.A)She can’t see the movie today B) She doesn’t like the movie C) She has already seen the movie D)She prefers to watch movies alone 5.A)Very happy B)Excited C)A little worried D)Proud Conversation 1 6.A)Discussing a project B)Meeting a customer C)Giving a welcome speech D)Taking a job interview 7.A)She can have a higher pay there B)She likes the environment there C)The company isclose to her home D)The company offers a longer paid holiday Conversation 2 8.A)To place an order B)To book a hotel room C)To change an appointment D)To discuss a program 9.A)To sign a contract B)To take a holiday C)To visit his partner D)To have a family gethering 10．A)9 am B)10 am C)2 pm D)3 pm 11.What do many young people think of the Internet？ It is a good place to . 12.What can young people practice on the Internet？ They can practice by talking with people. 13.What is important for young people to know when talking with strangers online？ Talking with strangers online can be . 14.What should you do to protect yourself online？ Never give your to anyone. 15What should you do if you feel uncomfortable with the topics of conversation？ Stop . Part II Structure (15 minutes) Section A 16. When I am away _____ business, I contact my office every day by email. A. with B. of C. on D. to 17. In addition to economic considerations, there are other reasons _____ people work long hours. A. what B. why C. when D. where 18. There may be a need for retraining if you expect employees _____ new technology. A. using B. use C. to use D. used 19. A survey suggests that nearly one in six children has difficulty _____ to talk. A. to learn B. learning C. learn D. learnt 20. It was in their London branch _____ we met and discussed the issue. A. that B. which C. how D. what 21. The decision about such a big project can not be made _____ each member of the board agrees. A. if B. unless C. though D. as 22. There was no proof to show that Charles had committed the crime, _____ he was set free. A. but B. for C. or D. so 23. Medical accidents _____ by drugs have attracted much attention in that country. A. causing B. to be caused C. be caused D. caused 24. No sooner _____ than I realized I’d left the document at home. A. have we sat down B. had we sat down C. we had sat down D. we sat down 25. the sales department of a company is engaged in _____ the products and making profits. A. selling B. sell C. being sold D. having sold Section B 26. All the staff of the company (work) _______ very hard last year and 15% more profit was gained.